@c =============================================================
@c = $B85(B $BK](B $BLu(B: $BNkLZ1Y;R!wDEED=NBg3X(B
@c = $B2CI.=$@5(B: $BBgLZFXM:!wBgDM(B.$BC^GHBg3X(B = 1998/11/25
@c =============================================================
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Buffers, Windows, Files, Top
@c @chapter Using Multiple Buffers
@chapter $BJ#?t$N%P%C%U%!$N;H$$J}(B

@c @cindex buffers
@c   The text you are editing in Emacs resides in an object called a
@c @dfn{buffer}.  Each time you visit a file, a buffer is created to hold the
@c file's text.  Each time you invoke Dired, a buffer is created to hold the
@c directory listing.  If you send a message with @kbd{C-x m}, a buffer named
@c @samp{*mail*} is used to hold the text of the message.  When you ask for a
@c command's documentation, that appears in a buffer called @samp{*Help*}.
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!(B
Emacs$BFb$GJT=8$7$F$$$k%F%-%9%H$O(B@dfn{$B%P%C%U%!(B}$B!J(Bbuffer$B!K$H(B
$B8F$P$l$k%*%V%8%'%/%H$NCf$KB8:_$7$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$?$S$K!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$N%F%-%9%H$rJ];}$9$k%P%C%U%!$r:n$j$^$9!#(B
dired$B$r5/F0$9$k$?$S$K!"%G%#%l%/%H%j0lMw$rJ];}$9$k%P%C%U%!$r:n$j$^$9!#(B
@kbd{C-x m}$B$G%a%C%;!<%8$rAw?.$9$k$H$-$K$O!"(B
$B%a%C%;!<%8$N%F%-%9%H$rJ];}$9$k$?$a$K%P%C%U%!(B@samp{*mail*}$B$,;H$o$l$^$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I$N@bL@J8$r5a$a$k$H!"(B@samp{*Help*}$B$H8F$P$l$k%P%C%U%!$K@bL@J8$,8=$l$^$9!#(B

@c @cindex selected buffer
@c @cindex current buffer
@cindex $BA*Br$5$l$?%P%C%U%!(B
@cindex $B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!(B
@c   At any time, one and only one buffer is @dfn{selected}.  It is also
@c called the @dfn{current buffer}.  Often we say that a command operates on
@c ``the buffer'' as if there were only one; but really this means that the
@c command operates on the selected buffer (most commands do).
$B$I$s$J$H$-$G$b!"(B1$B$D$N%P%C%U%!$@$1$,(B@dfn{$BA*Br(B}$B$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%P%C%U%!$r(B@dfn{$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!(B}$B$H$b8F$S$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!$,(B1$B$D$7$+$J$$$+$N$h$&$K!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$,!X%P%C%U%!!Y$K:nMQ$9$k$H$$$&$$$$J}$r$h$/$7$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"<B:]$K$O!"%3%^%s%I$,A*Br$5$l$?%P%C%U%!$K:nMQ$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$9(B
$B!JB?$/$N%3%^%s%I$O$=$&$9$k!K!#(B

@c   When Emacs has multiple windows, each window has a chosen buffer which
@c is displayed there, but at any time only one of the windows is selected and
@c its chosen buffer is the selected buffer.  Each window's mode line displays
@c the name of the buffer that the window is displaying (@pxref{Windows}).
$BJ#?t$N%&%#%s%I%&$,$"$k$H$-!"(B
$B3F%&%#%s%I%&$O$=$3$KI=<($7$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$rA*$s$G$$$^$9$,!"(B
$B$$$D$G$b$=$l$i$N%&%#%s%I%&$N$&$A(B1$B$D$@$1$,A*Br$5$l$F$$$F!"(B
$B$=$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($5$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$,A*Br$5$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$G$9!#(B
$B3F%&%#%s%I%&$N%b!<%I9T$O!"(B
$B$=$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($7$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$NL>A0$rI=<($7$^$9!J(B@pxref{Windows}$B!K!#(B

@c   Each buffer has a name, which can be of any length, and you can select
@c any buffer by giving its name.  Most buffers are made by visiting files,
@c and their names are derived from the files' names.  But you can also create
@c an empty buffer with any name you want.  A newly started Emacs has a buffer
@c named @samp{*scratch*} which can be used for evaluating Lisp expressions in
@c Emacs.  The distinction between upper and lower case matters in buffer
@c names.
$B3F%P%C%U%!$K$O$I$s$JD9$5$G$b$h$$L>A0$,$"$j!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!L>$r;XDj$7$F%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$G$-$^$9!#(B
$BB?$/$N%P%C%U%!$O%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$3$H$G:n@.$5$l!"(B
$B$=$l$i$NL>A0$O%U%!%$%kL>$+$iF3$-=P$7$^$9!#(B
$B9%$-$JL>A0$G6u$N%P%C%U%!$r:n$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
Emacs$B$r?7$?$K;O$a$k$H!"(BEmacs$BFb$G(BLisp$B<0$NI>2A$K;H$($k(B
@samp{*scratch*}$B$H$$$&L>A0$N%P%C%U%!$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!L>$G$OBgJ8;z>.J8;z$r6hJL$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Each buffer records individually what file it is visiting, whether it is
@c modified, and what major mode and minor modes are in effect in it
@c (@pxref{Major Modes}).  Any Emacs variable can be made @dfn{local to} a
@c particular buffer, meaning its value in that buffer can be different from
@c the value in other buffers.  @xref{Locals}.
$B3F%P%C%U%!$OFHN)$K!"$I$N%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F$$$k$+!"(B
$BJQ99$5$l$F$$$k$+!"$I$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$H%^%$%J%b!<%I$r;H$C$F$$$k$+(B
$B$r5-O?$7$F$$$^$9!#!J(B@pxref{Major Modes}$B!K!#(B
$B$I$N(BEmacs$BJQ?t$b3F%P%C%U%!$K(B@dfn{$B%m!<%+%k$K(B}$B$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"$"$k%P%C%U%!$G$NJQ?t$NCM$r(B
$BB>$N%P%C%U%!$G$N$=$NJQ?t$NCM$H$O0c$&CM$K$G$-$^$9!#(B
@xref{Locals}$B!#(B

@menu
* Select Buffer::       Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers::        Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer::	        Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text.
* Kill Buffer::	        Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers::     How to go through the list of all buffers
			  and operate variously on several of them.
* Indirect Buffers::    An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. 
@end menu

@node Select Buffer
@c @section Creating and Selecting Buffers
@c @cindex change buffers
@c @cindex switch buffers
@section $B%P%C%U%!$N:n@.$HA*Br(B
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!$NJQ99(B
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!$N@Z$jBX$((B

@table @kbd
@item C-x b @var{buffer} @key{RET}
@c Select or create a buffer named @var{buffer} (@code{switch-to-buffer}).
@var{buffer}$B$H$$$&L>A0$N%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$^$?$O:n@.$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{switch-to-buffer}$B!K!#(B
@item C-x 4 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}
@c Similar, but select @var{buffer} in another window
@c (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}).
$BF1MM$@$,!"JL$N%&%#%s%I%&$G(B@var{buffer}$B$rA*Br$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}$B!K!#(B
@item C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}
@c Similar, but select @var{buffer} in a separate frame
@c (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}).
$BF1MM$@$,!"JL$N%U%l!<%`$G(B@var{buffer}$B%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}$B!K!#(B
@end table

@kindex C-x 4 b
@findex switch-to-buffer-other-window
@kindex C-x 5 b
@findex switch-to-buffer-other-frame
@kindex C-x b
@findex switch-to-buffer
@c   To select the buffer named @var{bufname}, type @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname}
@c @key{RET}}.  This runs the command @code{switch-to-buffer} with argument
@c @var{bufname}.  You can use completion on an abbreviation for the buffer
@c name you want (@pxref{Completion}).  An empty argument to @kbd{C-x b}
@c specifies the most recently selected buffer that is not displayed in any
@c window.@refill
@var{bufname}$B$H$$$&L>A0$N%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$9$k$K$O!"(B
@kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}$B$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"0z?t(B@var{bufname}$B$G%3%^%s%I(B@code{switch-to-buffer}$B$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!L>$NN,>N7A$rJd40$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!J(B@pxref{Completion}$B!K!#(B
@kbd{C-x b}$B$K6u$N0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$B$I$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$bI=<($5$l$F$$$J$$:G6aA*Br$7$?%P%C%U%!$r0UL#$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Most buffers are created by visiting files, or by Emacs commands that
@c want to display some text, but you can also create a buffer explicitly
@c by typing @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}.  This makes a new, empty
@c buffer that is not visiting any file, and selects it for editing.  Such
@c buffers are used for making notes to yourself.  If you try to save one,
@c you are asked for the file name to use.  The new buffer's major mode is
@c determined by the value of @code{default-major-mode} (@pxref{Major
@c Modes}).
$B$[$H$s$I$N%P%C%U%!$O!"%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$3$H$G:n$i$l$k$+!"(B
$B%F%-%9%H$rI=<($9$k$h$&$J(BEmacs$B%3%^%s%I$K$h$C$F:n$i$l$^$9$,!"(B
@kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}$B$HBG$C$F!"(B
$BL@<(E*$K%P%C%U%!$r:n$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$3$&$9$k$H!"%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F$$$J$$?7$7$$6u$N%P%C%U%!$r:n$j!"(B
$BJT=8$G$-$k$h$&$K$=$N%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J%P%C%U%!$O!"<+J,MQ$N%a%b$r:n$k$N$K;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N%P%C%U%!$rJ]B8$7$h$&$H$9$k$H!"(B
$B;HMQ$9$k%U%!%$%kL>$rJ9$+$l$^$9!#(B
$B?7$7$$%P%C%U%!$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O!"(B
@code{default-major-mode}$B$NCM$G7h$^$j$^$9!J(B@pxref{Major Modes}$B!K!#(B

@c   Note that @kbd{C-x C-f}, and any other command for visiting a file,
@c can also be used to switch to an existing file-visiting buffer.
@c @xref{Visiting}.
@kbd{C-x C-f}$B$d%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$kB>$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F$$$k4{B8$N%P%C%U%!$X$N@Z$jBX$($K$b;H$($k$3$H$K(B
$BCm0U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
@xref{Visiting}$B!#(B

@c   Emacs uses buffer names that start with a space for internal purposes.
@c It treats these buffers specially in minor ways---for example, by
@c default they do not record undo information.  It is best to avoid using
@c such buffer names yourself.
Emacs$B$O!"FbItL\E*MQ$N%P%C%U%!$K$O!"6uGr$G;O$^$k%P%C%U%!L>$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
Emacs$B$O!"$3$l$i$N%P%C%U%!$r>/!9FCJL$K07$$$^$9!#(B
$B$?$H$($P!"%G%U%)%k%H$G$O!"%"%s%I%%>pJs$r5-O?$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J%P%C%U%!L>$OHr$1$k$N$,:GNI$G$9!#(B

@node List Buffers
@c @section Listing Existing Buffers
@section $B4{B8%P%C%U%!$N0lMw(B

@table @kbd
@item C-x C-b
@c List the existing buffers (@code{list-buffers}).
$B4{B8%P%C%U%!$r0lMwI=<($9$k!J(B@code{list-buffers}$B!K!#(B
@end table

@c @cindex listing current buffers
@cindex $B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$N0lMw(B
@kindex C-x C-b
@findex list-buffers
@c   To display a list of all the buffers that exist, type @kbd{C-x C-b}.
@c Each line in the list shows one buffer's name, major mode and visited
@c file.  The buffers are listed in the order that they were current; the
@c buffers that were current most recently come first.
$B4{B8$N$9$Y$F$N%P%C%U%!$r0lMwI=<($9$k$K$O!"(B
@kbd{C-x C-b}$B$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B3F9T$O!"%P%C%U%!L>!"%a%8%c!<%b!<%I!"K,Ld$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!$OA*Br$5$l$?=g$KI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$b$C$H$b:G6a$KA*Br$5$l$?%P%C%U%!$,;O$a$K$-$^$9!#(B

@c   @samp{*} at the beginning of a line indicates the buffer is ``modified.''
@c If several buffers are modified, it may be time to save some with @kbd{C-x s}
@c (@pxref{Saving}).  @samp{%} indicates a read-only buffer.  @samp{.} marks the
@c selected buffer.  Here is an example of a buffer list:@refill
$B9TF,$N(B@samp{*}$B$O!"%P%C%U%!$,!X=$@5$5$l!Y$F$$$k$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$$$/$D$+$N%P%C%U%!$,=$@5$5$l$F$$$k$J$i!"(B
@kbd{C-x s}$B$G$$$/$D$+$N%P%C%U%!$rJ]B8$9$k;~4|$+$b$7$l$^$;$s(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Saving}$B!K!#(B
@samp{%}$B$O!"FI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$r<($7$^$9!#(B
@samp{.}$B$OA*Br$5$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$KIU$1$i$l$^$9!#(B
$B$D$.$O!"%P%C%U%!0lMw$NNc$G$9!#(B

@smallexample
 MR Buffer         Size  Mode           File
 -- ------         ----  ----           ----
.*  emacs.tex      383402 Texinfo       /u2/emacs/man/emacs.tex
    *Help*         1287  Fundamental	
    files.el       23076 Emacs-Lisp     /u2/emacs/lisp/files.el
  % RMAIL          64042 RMAIL          /u/rms/RMAIL
 *% man            747   Dired          /u2/emacs/man/		
    net.emacs      343885 Fundamental   /u/rms/net.emacs
    fileio.c       27691 C              /u2/emacs/src/fileio.c
    NEWS           67340 Text           /u2/emacs/etc/NEWS
    *scratch*	   0	 Lisp Interaction
@end smallexample

@noindent
@c Note that the buffer @samp{*Help*} was made by a help request; it is not
@c visiting any file.  The buffer @code{man} was made by Dired on the
@c directory @file{/u2/emacs/man/}.
$B%P%C%U%!(B@samp{*Help*}$B$O!"%X%k%WMW5a$G:n$i$l$?$b$N$G$9!#(B
$B$3$N%P%C%U%!$O%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!(B@code{man}$B$O!"(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B@file{/u2/emacs/man/}$B$KBP$7$F(Bdired$B$,:n$C$?$b$N$G$9!#(B

@need 2000
@node Misc Buffer
@c @section Miscellaneous Buffer Operations
@section $B$=$NB>$N%P%C%U%!A`:n(B

@table @kbd
@item C-x C-q
@c Toggle read-only status of buffer (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}).
$B%P%C%U%!$NFI$_=P$7@lMQ>uBV$r@Z$jBX$($k(B
$B!J(B@code{vc-toggle-read-only}$B!K!#(B
@item M-x rename-buffer @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}
@c Change the name of the current buffer.
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$NL>A0$rJQ99$9$k!#(B
@item M-x rename-uniquely
@c Rename the current buffer by adding @samp{<@var{number}>} to the end.
$BL>A0$N:G8e$K(B@samp{<@var{number}>}$B$rIU2C$7$F(B
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!L>$rJQ99$9$k!#(B
@item M-x view-buffer @key{RET} @var{buffer} @key{RET}
@c Scroll through buffer @var{buffer}.
$B%P%C%U%!(B@var{buffer}$B$r%9%/%m!<%k$9$k!#(B
@end table

@kindex C-x C-q
@findex vc-toggle-read-only
@vindex buffer-read-only
@c @cindex read-only buffer
@cindex $BFI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!(B
@c   A buffer can be @dfn{read-only}, which means that commands to change
@c its contents are not allowed.  The mode line indicates read-only buffers
@c with @samp{%%} or @samp{%*} near the left margin.  Read-only buffers are
@c usually made by subsystems such as Dired and Rmail that have special
@c commands to operate on the text; also by visiting a file whose access
@c control says you cannot write it.
$B%P%C%U%!$O!"(B@dfn{$BFI$_=P$7@lMQ(B}$B$K$b$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B$=$&$9$k$H!"$=$NFbMF$rJQ99$9$k%3%^%s%I$O5v$5$l$^$;$s!#(B
$B%b!<%I9T$G$O!":8C<IU6a$K(B@samp{%%}$B$d(B@samp{%*}$B$rI=<($7$F!"(B
$BFI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$G$"$k$3$H$r<($7$^$9!#(B
$BDL>o!"FI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$O!"%F%-%9%H$rA`:n$9$kFCJL$J%3%^%s%I$r;}$D(B
dired$B$d(Brmail$B$J$I$N%5%V%7%9%F%`$,:n$j$^$9!#(B
$B=q$-9~$_$r6X;_$5$l$?%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F$b(B
$BFI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$,:n$i$l$^$9!#(B

@c   If you wish to make changes in a read-only buffer, use the command
@c @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}).  It makes a read-only buffer
@c writable, and makes a writable buffer read-only.  In most cases, this
@c works by setting the variable @code{buffer-read-only}, which has a local
@c value in each buffer and makes the buffer read-only if its value is
@c non-@code{nil}.  If the file is maintained with version control,
@c @kbd{C-x C-q} works through the version control system to change the
@c read-only status of the file as well as the buffer.  @xref{Version
@c Control}.
$BFI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$GJQ99$7$?$$$H$-$K$O!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{C-x C-q}$B$r;H$$$^$9!J(B@code{vc-toggle-read-only}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"FI$_=P$7@lMQ%P%C%U%!$O=q$-9~$_2DG=$K$7!"(B
$B=q$-9~$_2DG=%P%C%U%!$OFI$_=P$7@lMQ$K$7$^$9!#(B
$BB?$/$N>l9g!"$3$l$OJQ?t(B@code{buffer-read-only}$B$r@_Dj$9$k$3$H$GF0:n$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$NJQ?t$O3F%P%C%U%!$G%m!<%+%k$JCM$r;}$A!"(B
$BCM$,(B@code{nil}$B0J30$@$H%P%C%U%!$OFI$_=P$7@lMQ$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$,HG4IM}$N2<$KCV$+$l$F$$$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
@kbd{C-x C-q}$B$OHG4IM}%7%9%F%`$r2p$7$F(B
$B%P%C%U%!$@$1$G$J$/%U%!%$%k$NFI$_=P$7@lMQ$N>uBV$bJQ99$7$^$9!#(B
@xref{Version Control}$B!#(B

@c @findex rename-buffer
@c   @kbd{M-x rename-buffer} changes the name of the current buffer.  Specify
@c the new name as a minibuffer argument.  There is no default.  If you
@c specify a name that is in use for some other buffer, an error happens and
@c no renaming is done.
@kbd{M-x rename-buffer}$B$O!"%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$NL>A0$rJQ99$7$^$9!#(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!0z?t$H$7$F?7$7$$L>A0$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
$B%G%U%)%k%H$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$9$G$KB>$N%P%C%U%!$K;H$C$F$$$kL>A0$r;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$B%(%i!<$K$J$j!"L>A0$OJQ99$5$l$^$;$s!#(B

@c   @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely} renames the current buffer to a similar name
@c with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique.  This
@c command does not need an argument.  It is useful for creating multiple
@c shell buffers: if you rename the @samp{*Shell*} buffer, then do @kbd{M-x
@c shell} again, it makes a new shell buffer named @samp{*Shell*};
@c meanwhile, the old shell buffer continues to exist under its new name.
@c This method is also good for mail buffers, compilation buffers, and most
@c Emacs features that create special buffers with particular names.
@kbd{M-x rename-uniquely}$B$O!"(B
$BB>$N$I$l$H$b0c$&M#0l$NL>A0$K$9$k$?$a$K!"(B
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!L>$K?t;z$N@\Hx<-$rIU$12C$($F;w$?L>A0$KJQ99$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O0z?t$rI,MW$H$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$OJ#?t$N%7%'%k%P%C%U%!$r:n$k$N$KJXMx$G$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!(B@samp{*Shell*}$B$r2~L>$9$l$P!"(B
@kbd{M-x shell}$B$r$U$?$?$S<B9T$7$F(B
$B%P%C%U%!L>(B@samp{*Shell*}$B$N?7$7$$%7%'%k%P%C%U%!$r:n$l$^$9!#(B
$B0lJ}!"8E$$%7%'%k%P%C%U%!$O!"?7$7$$L>A0$GB8:_$7B3$1$^$9!#(B
$B$3$NJ}K!$O!"%a%$%k%P%C%U%!!"%3%s%Q%$%k%P%C%U%!!"(B
$BFCDj$NL>A0$N%P%C%U%!$r:n$k(BEmacs$B$NB?$/$N5!G=$K$bM-8z$G$9!#(B

@findex view-buffer
@c   @kbd{M-x view-buffer} is much like @kbd{M-x view-file} (@pxref{Misc
@c File Ops}) except that it examines an already existing Emacs buffer.
@c View mode provides commands for scrolling through the buffer
@c conveniently but not for changing it.  When you exit View mode with
@c @kbd{q}, that switches back to the buffer (and the position) which was
@c previously displayed in the window.  Alternatively, if you exit View
@c mode with @kbd{e}, the buffer and the value of point that resulted from
@c your perusal remain in effect.
@kbd{M-x view-buffer}$B$O!"4{B8$N(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$rD4$Y$k$3$H$r=|$1$P!"(B
@kbd{M-x view-file}$B!J(B@pxref{Misc File Ops}$B!K$K$h$/;w$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B1\Mw!J(Bview$B!K%b!<%I$K$O!"%P%C%U%!$r4JC1$K%9%/%m!<%k$9$k$?$a$N(B
$B%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9$,!"JQ99$9$k%3%^%s%I$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
@kbd{q}$B$G1\Mw!J(Bview$B!K%b!<%I$+$iH4$1$k$H!"(B
$B%&%#%s%I%&$K$^$($KI=<($7$F$$$?%P%C%U%!!J$H$=$NCf$G$N2U=j!K$K@Z$jBX$o$j$^$9!#(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"(B@kbd{e}$B$G1\Mw!J(Bview$B!K%b!<%I$+$iH4$1$k$H!"(B
$B1\Mw$7$F$$$?%P%C%U%!$H$=$N%]%$%s%H0LCV$O$=$N$^$^;D$j$^$9!#(B

@c   The commands @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer} and @kbd{M-x insert-buffer}
@c can be used to copy text from one buffer to another.  @xref{Accumulating
@c Text}.@refill
$B%3%^%s%I!"(B@kbd{M-x append-to-buffer}$B$H(B@kbd{M-x insert-buffer}$B$O!"(B
1$B$D$N%P%C%U%!$+$iJL$N%P%C%U%!$X%F%-%9%H$r%3%T!<$9$k$N$K;H$$$^$9!#(B
@xref{Accumulating Text}$B!#(B

@node Kill Buffer
@c @section Killing Buffers
@section $B%P%C%U%!$N>C5n(B

@c @cindex killing buffers
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!$N>C5n(B
@c   If you continue an Emacs session for a while, you may accumulate a
@c large number of buffers.  You may then find it convenient to @dfn{kill}
@c the buffers you no longer need.  On most operating systems, killing a
@c buffer releases its space back to the operating system so that other
@c programs can use it.  Here are some commands for killing buffers:
Emacs$B$N%;%C%7%g%s$r$7$P$i$/B3$1$k$H!"(B
$B$?$/$5$s$N?t$N%P%C%U%!$,N/$C$F$$$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
$B$b$&I,MW$H$7$J$$%P%C%U%!$r(B@dfn{$B>C5n(B}$B$7$?$[$&$,$h$$$H;W$&$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
$BB?$/$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$G$O!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$H$=$N%a%b%jNN0h$r2rJ|$7$F(B
$B%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$KJV$9$N$G!"(B
$BB>$N%W%m%0%i%`$,;H$($k$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k%3%^%s%I$r$$$/$D$+$"$2$^$9!#(B

@c WideCommands
@table @kbd
@item C-x k @var{bufname} @key{RET}
@c Kill buffer @var{bufname} (@code{kill-buffer}).
$B%P%C%U%!(B@var{bufname}$B$r>C5n$9$k!J(B@code{kill-buffer}$B!K!#(B
@item M-x kill-some-buffers
@c Offer to kill each buffer, one by one.
1$B$D(B1$B$D3F%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$+$I$&$+J9$$$F$/$k!#(B
@end table

@findex kill-buffer
@findex kill-some-buffers
@kindex C-x k

@c   @kbd{C-x k} (@code{kill-buffer}) kills one buffer, whose name you
@c specify in the minibuffer.  The default, used if you type just @key{RET}
@c in the minibuffer, is to kill the current buffer.  If you kill the
@c current buffer, another buffer is selected; one that has been selected
@c recently but does not appear in any window now.  If you ask to kill a
@c file-visiting buffer that is modified (has unsaved editing), then you
@c must confirm with @kbd{yes} before the buffer is killed.
@kbd{C-x k}$B!J(B@code{kill-buffer}$B!K$O!"(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!$G;XDj$7$?L>A0$N%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$7$^$9!#(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!$G(B@key{RET}$B$@$1BG$C$?$H$-$K;H$o$l$k%G%U%)%k%H$O!"(B
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$H!"JL$N%P%C%U%!$,A*Br$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$I$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$bI=<($5$l$F$$$J$$!"(B
$B$b$C$H$b:G6a$KA*Br$5$l$?%P%C%U%!$G$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$F=$@5$7$F$"$k!JJT=88e$KJ]B8$7$F$$$J$$!K%P%C%U%!$r(B
$B>C5n$7$h$&$H$9$k$H!"%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$^$($K(B@kbd{yes}$B$G$N3NG'$r5a$a$^$9!#(B

@c   The command @kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers} asks about each buffer, one by
@c one.  An answer of @kbd{y} means to kill the buffer.  Killing the current
@c buffer or a buffer containing unsaved changes selects a new buffer or asks
@c for confirmation just like @code{kill-buffer}.
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers}$B$O!"(B
1$B$D(B1$B$D3F%P%C%U%!$K$D$$$F>C5n$9$k$+J9$$$F$-$^$9!#(B
@kbd{y}$B$HEz$($k$H!"$=$N%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$7$^$9!#(B
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$dL$J]B8$NJQ99$r4^$`%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$7$h$&$H$9$k$H!"(B
$B?7$7$$%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$9$k$+(B@code{kill-buffer}$B$N$h$&$K3NG'$r5a$a$F$-$^$9!#(B

@c   The buffer menu feature (@pxref{Several Buffers}) is also convenient
@c for killing various buffers.
$B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<5!G=!J(B@pxref{Several Buffers}$B!K$b!"(B
$B$5$^$6$^$J%P%C%U%!$r:o=|$9$k$N$KJXMx$G$9!#(B

@vindex kill-buffer-hook
@c   If you want to do something special every time a buffer is killed, you
@c can add hook functions to the hook @code{kill-buffer-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}).
$B%P%C%U%!$r:o=|$9$k$H$-$K!"Kh2s2?$+FCJL$J$3$H$r$7$?$$$J$i$P!"(B
$B%U%C%/(B@code{kill-buffer-hook}$B$K%U%C%/4X?t$rDI2C$7$^$9!J(B@pxref{Hooks}$B!K!#(B

@findex clean-buffer-list
@c   If you run one Emacs session for a period of days, as many people do,
@c it can fill up with buffers that you used several days ago.  The command
@c @kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list} is a convenient way to purge them; it kills
@c all the unmodified buffers that you have not used for a long time.  An
@c ordinary buffer is killed if it has not been displayed for three days;
@c however, you can specify certain buffers that should never be killed
@c automatically, and others that should be killed if they have been unused
@c for a mere hour.
$BB?$/$N?M!9$,$d$k$h$&$K!"2?F|$K$b$o$?$C$F$?$C$?(B1$B$D$N(BEmacs$B%;%C%7%g%s$r(B
$B<B9T$9$k>l9g!"?tF|A0$K;H$C$?%P%C%U%!$G0lGU$K$J$k$3$H$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list}$B$O!"(B
$B$=$l$i$N%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$kJXMx$JJ}K!$G$9!#(B
$BD9$$4|4V$K$o$?$C$F;H$C$F$$$J$$L$=$@5$N%P%C%U%!$9$Y$F$r>C5n$7$^$9!#(B
3$BF|4VI=<($7$F$$$J$$IaDL$N%P%C%U%!$O>C5n$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"FCDj$N%P%C%U%!$r<+F0E*$K$O>C5n$7$J$$$h$&$K$7$?$j!"(B
$B$[$s$N?t;~4V;HMQ$7$J$$$@$1$G>C5n$9$k$h$&$K$b;XDj$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c @cindex Midnight mode
@cindex $B??LkCf%b!<%I!J(BMidnight mode$B!K(B
@vindex midnight-mode
@vindex midnight-hook
@c   You can also have this buffer purging done for you, every day at
@c midnight, by enabling Midnight mode.  Midnight mode operates each day at
@c midnight; at that time, it runs @code{clean-buffer-list}, or whichever
@c functions you have placed in the normal hook @code{midnight-hook}
@c (@pxref{Hooks}).
$B??LkCf!J(Bmidnight$B!K%b!<%I$r%*%s$K$9$l$P!"(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J%P%C%U%!$N>C5n$rKhF|??LkCf$K9T$o$;$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B??LkCf!J(Bmidnight$B!K%b!<%I$O!"KhF|??LkCf$KF0:n$7$^$9!#(B
$B??LkCf$K!"(B@code{clean-buffer-list}$B!"$"$k$$$O!"(B
$B%N!<%^%k%U%C%/(B@code{midnight-hook}$B$K;XDj$7$?4X?t$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B

@c   To enable Midnight mode, use the Customization buffer to set the
@c variable @code{midnight-mode} to @code{t}.  @xref{Easy Customization}.
$B??LkCf!J(Bmidnight$B!K%b!<%I$r%*%s$K$9$k$K$O!"(B
$B%+%9%?%^%$%:!J(Bcustomization$B!K%P%C%U%!$r;H$C$F!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{midnight-mode}$B$K(B@code{t}$B$r@_Dj$7$^$9!#(B
@xref{Easy Customization}$B!#(B

@node Several Buffers
@c @section Operating on Several Buffers
@c @cindex buffer menu
@section $BJ#?t%P%C%U%!$NA`:n(B
@cindex $B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<(B

@c   The @dfn{buffer-menu} facility is like a ``Dired for buffers''; it allows
@c you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing an Emacs
@c buffer containing a list of them.  You can save buffers, kill them
@c (here called @dfn{deleting} them, for consistency with Dired), or display
@c them.
@dfn{$B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<(B}$B!J(Bbuffer-menu$B!K5!G=$O(B
$B!X%P%C%U%!$KBP$9$k(Bdired$B!Y$K;w$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%P%C%U%!0lMw$r<}$a$?(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$rJT=8$9$k$3$H$G!"(B
$B$5$^$6$^$J(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$rA`:n$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!$NJ]B8!">C5n!J$3$3$G$O(Bdired$B$H$N0l4S@-$N$?$a$K(B@dfn{$B:o=|(B}$B$H8F$V!K!"(B
$BI=<($r9T$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item M-x buffer-menu
@c Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers.
$B$9$Y$F$N(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$N0lMw$r<}$a$?%P%C%U%!$rJT=8$7;O$a$k!#(B
@end table

@findex buffer-menu
@c   The command @code{buffer-menu} writes a list of all Emacs buffers into
@c the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}, and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu
@c mode.  The buffer is read-only, and can be changed only through the
@c special commands described in this section.  The usual Emacs cursor
@c motion commands can be used in the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer.  The
@c following commands apply to the buffer described on the current line.
$B%3%^%s%I(B@code{buffer-menu}$B$O!"(B
$B$9$Y$F$N(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$N0lMw$r%P%C%U%!(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B$K=q$-!"(B
$B$=$N%P%C%U%!$r%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<!J(Bbuffer-menu$B!K%b!<%I$K$7$F(B
$BA*Br$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N%P%C%U%!$OFI$_=P$7@lMQ$G!"K\@a$G=R$Y$kFCJL$J%3%^%s%I$G$N$_JQ99$G$-$^$9!#(B
$BIaDL$N(BEmacs$B%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$O!"(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$G$b;H$($^$9!#(B
$B$D$.$K$"$2$k%3%^%s%I$O!"8=:_9T$K=q$+$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item d
@c Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down.  The request
@c shows as a @samp{D} on the line, before the buffer name.  Requested
@c deletions take place when you type the @kbd{x} command.
$B%P%C%U%!$r:o=|!J>C5n!K$9$k$h$&$K;X<($7!"(B1$B9T2<$X0\F0$9$k!#(B
$B$3$N;X<($O!"$=$N9T$N%P%C%U%!L>$N$^$($K(B@samp{D}$B$rI=<($9$k!#(B
$B;X<($7$?:o=|$O!"(B@kbd{x}$B%3%^%s%I$rBG$C$?$H$-$K<B9T$5$l$k!#(B
@item C-d
@c Like @kbd{d} but move up afterwards instead of down.
@kbd{d}$B$K;w$F$$$k$,!"(B1$B9T2<$X0\F0$9$k$+$o$j$K>e$X0\F0$9$k!#(B
@item s
@c Request to save the buffer.  The request shows as an @samp{S} on the
@c line.  Requested saves take place when you type the @kbd{x} command.
@c You may request both saving and deletion for the same buffer.
$B%P%C%U%!$rJ]B8$9$k$h$&$K;X<($9$k!#(B
$B$3$N;X<($K$h$j!"9T$K$O(B@samp{S}$B$,I=<($5$l$k!#(B
$B;X<($7$?J]B8$O!"(B@kbd{x}$B%3%^%s%I$rBG$C$?$H$-$K<B9T$5$l$k!#(B
$BF1$8%P%C%U%!$KBP$7$F!"J]B8$H:o=|$NN>J}$r;X<($G$-$k!#(B
@item x
@c Perform previously requested deletions and saves.
$B$^$($K;X<($7$?:o=|$HJ]B8$r<B9T$9$k!#(B
@item u
@c Remove any request made for the current line, and move down.
$B8=:_9T$KBP$9$k;X<($r>C$7!"(B1$B9T2<$X0\F0$9$k!#(B
@item @key{DEL}
@c Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line.
1$B$D$^$($N9T$K0\F0$7!"$=$N9T$KBP$9$k$I$s$J;X<($b>C$9!#(B
@end table

@c   The @kbd{d}, @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{s} and @kbd{u} commands to add or remove
@c flags also move down (or up) one line.  They accept a numeric argument
@c as a repeat count.
@kbd{d}$B!"(B@kbd{C-d}$B!"(B@kbd{s}$B!"(B@kbd{u}$B%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B%U%i%0$rDI2C$^$?$O:o=|$7$F!"(B1$B9T2<$X!J$"$k$$$O>e$X!K0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O!"H?I|2s?t$H$7$F?t0z?t$r<h$j$^$9!#(B

@c   These commands operate immediately on the buffer listed on the current
@c line:
$B$D$.$K$"$2$k%3%^%s%I$O!"8=:_9T$K=q$+$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$K$?$@$A$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item ~
@c Mark the buffer ``unmodified.''  The command @kbd{~} does this
@c immediately when you type it.
$B%P%C%U%!$K!XJQ99$J$7!Y$H0u$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{~}$B$rBG$D$H!"$?$@$A$K<B9T$9$k!#(B
@item %
@c Toggle the buffer's read-only flag.  The command @kbd{%} does
@c this immediately when you type it.
$B%P%C%U%!$NFI$_=P$7@lMQ%U%i%0$r%H%0%k$9$k!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{%}$B$rBG$D$H!"$?$@$A$K<B9T$9$k!#(B
@item t
@c Visit the buffer as a tags table.  @xref{Select Tags Table}.
$B%?%0%F!<%V%k$H$7$F%P%C%U%!$rK,Ld$9$k!#(B
@pxref{Select Tags Table}$B!#(B
@end table

@c   There are also commands to select another buffer or buffers:
$BB>$N%P%C%U%!$dJ#?t$N%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$9$k%3%^%s%I$b$"$j$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item q
@c Quit the buffer menu---immediately display the most recent formerly
@c visible buffer in its place.
$B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<$r$d$a$k!#(B
$B$3$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$O!"$3$3$KI=<($7$F$$$?$b$C$H$b:G6a$N%P%C%U%!$rI=<($9$k!#(B
@item @key{RET}
@itemx f
@c Immediately select this line's buffer in place of the @samp{*Buffer
@c List*} buffer.
@samp{*Buffer List*}$B$N$+$o$j$K!"$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r$?$@$A$KA*Br$9$k!#(B
@item o
@c Immediately select this line's buffer in another window as if by
@c @kbd{C-x 4 b}, leaving @samp{*Buffer List*} visible.
@kbd{C-x 4 b}$B$N$h$&$K!"JL$N%&%#%s%I%&$G$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r$?$@$A$KA*Br$9$k!#(B
@samp{*Buffer List*}$B$O$=$N$^$^!#(B
@item C-o
@c Immediately display this line's buffer in another window, but don't
@c select the window.
$BJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r$?$@$A$KI=<($9$k$,!"(B
$B$=$N%&%#%s%I%&$rA*Br$7$J$$!#(B
@item 1
@c Immediately select this line's buffer in a full-screen window.
$B$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r2hLL0lGU$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$?$@$A$KA*Br$9$k!#(B
@item 2
@c Immediately set up two windows, with this line's buffer in one, and the
@c previously selected buffer (aside from the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*})
@c in the other.
$B$?$@$A$K(B2$B$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$7$F!"(B
$B$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r$=$N(B1$B$D$K!"(B
$B!J(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$r=|$$$F!K$^$($KA*Br$7$F$$$?%P%C%U%!$r(B
$B$b$&(B1$B$D$KI=<($9$k!#(B
@item b
@c Bury the buffer listed on this line.
$B$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$r0lMw$N:G8e$K0\$9!#(B
@item m
@c Mark this line's buffer to be displayed in another window if you exit
@c with the @kbd{v} command.  The request shows as a @samp{>} at the
@c beginning of the line.  (A single buffer may not have both a delete
@c request and a display request.)
@kbd{v}$B%3%^%s%I$G%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<$r$d$a$?$H$-$K!"(B
$B$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$rJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($9$k$h$&$K0u$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B$3$N;X<($O!"9TF,$K(B@samp{>} $B$rI=<($9$k!#(B
$B!J(B1$B$D$N%P%C%U%!$K!":o=|;X<($HI=<(;X<($NN>J}$rIU$1$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#!K(B
@item v
@c Immediately select this line's buffer, and also display in other windows
@c any buffers previously marked with the @kbd{m} command.  If you have not
@c marked any buffers, this command is equivalent to @kbd{1}.
$B$?$@$A$K$3$N9T$N%P%C%U%!$rA*Br$7!"(B
$BJL$N%&%#%s%I%&72$K$O(B@kbd{m}$B%3%^%s%I$G0u$rIU$1$?%P%C%U%!72$rI=<($9$k!#(B
$B0u$rIU$1$?%P%C%U%!$,$J$1$l$P!"$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@kbd{1}$B%3%^%s%I$HF1$8!#(B
@end table

@c   All that @code{buffer-menu} does directly is create and switch to a
@c suitable buffer, and turn on Buffer Menu mode.  Everything else
@c described above is implemented by the special commands provided in
@c Buffer Menu mode.  One consequence of this is that you can switch from
@c the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer to another Emacs buffer, and edit there.
@c You can reselect the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer later, to perform the
@c operations already requested, or you can kill it, or pay no further
@c attention to it.
@code{buffer-menu}$B$,D>@\9T$&$3$H$O!"(B
$BE,@Z$J%P%C%U%!$r:n@.$7$F$=$l$K@Z$jBX$($F$+$i!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<!J(Bbuffer-menu$B!K%b!<%I$K$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B$=$l0J30$N>e$K=R$Y$?$3$H$O$9$Y$F!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!%a%K%e!<!J(Bbuffer-menu$B!K%b!<%I$,MQ0U$7$?FCJL$J%3%^%s%I$G(B
$B<BAu$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N7k2L!"(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$+$iJL$N(BEmacs$B%P%C%U%!$X@Z$jBX$($F!"(B
$B$=$3$GJT=8$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$"$H$G(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$r$U$?$?$SA*Br$7$F$9$G$K;X<($7$?A`:n$r<B9T$7$?$j!"(B
$B$3$N%P%C%U%!$r:o=|$7$?$j!"L5;k$7$?$j$b$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c   The only difference between @code{buffer-menu} and @code{list-buffers}
@c is that @code{buffer-menu} switches to the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer
@c in the selected window; @code{list-buffers} displays it in another
@c window.  If you run @code{list-buffers} (that is, type @kbd{C-x C-b})
@c and select the buffer list manually, you can use all of the commands
@c described here.
@code{buffer-menu}$B$H(B@code{list-buffers}$B$NM#0l$N0c$$$O!"(B
@code{buffer-menu}$B$OA*Br$5$l$?%&%#%s%I%&$G(B
@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$K@Z$jBX$($k$3$H$G$9!#(B
@code{list-buffers}$B$OJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$K$3$N%P%C%U%!$rI=<($9$k$@$1$G$9!#(B
@code{list-buffers}$B$r<B9T$7!J$D$^$j!"(B@kbd{C-x C-b}$B$HBG$D!K!"(B
@samp{*Buffer List*}$B%P%C%U%!$r<jF0$GA*Br$9$k$H!"(B
$B$3$3$K=R$Y$?$9$Y$F$N%3%^%s%I$r;H$($^$9!#(B

@c   The buffer @samp{*Buffer List*} is not updated automatically when
@c buffers are created and killed; its contents are just text.  If you have
@c created, deleted or renamed buffers, the way to update @samp{*Buffer
@c List*} to show what you have done is to type @kbd{g}
@c (@code{revert-buffer}) or repeat the @code{buffer-menu} command.
$B%P%C%U%!$r:n@.$7$?$j:o=|$7$?$j$7$F$b!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B$O<+F0E*$K99?7$5$l$^$;$s!#(B
$B$=$NFbMF$O$?$@$N%F%-%9%H$K$9$.$^$;$s!#(B
$B%P%C%U%!$r:n@.!?:o=|!?2~L>$7$?$i!"(B
$B8=:_$N%P%C%U%!$N>uBV$r8+$k$?$a$K(B@samp{*Buffer List*}$B$r99?7$9$kJ}K!$O!"(B
@kbd{g}$B!J(B@code{revert-buffer}$B!K$rBG$D$+!"(B
@code{buffer-menu}$B%3%^%s%I$r:FEY<B9T$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B

@node Indirect Buffers
@c @section Indirect Buffers
@c @cindex indirect buffer
@c @cindex base buffer
@section $B4V@\%P%C%U%!(B
@cindex $B4V@\%P%C%U%!(B
@cindex $B4pDl%P%C%U%!(B

@c   An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which
@c is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer.  In some ways it
@c is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link between files.
@dfn{$B4V@\%P%C%U%!(B}$B$O!"B>$N%P%C%U%!$H%F%-%9%H$r6&M-$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N$h$&$JB>$N%P%C%U%!$r4V@\%P%C%U%!$N(B@dfn{$B4pDl%P%C%U%!(B}$B$H8F$S$^$9!#(B
$B$"$k0UL#$G!"%U%!%$%k$N$"$$$@$N%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$K;w$F$$$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@findex make-indirect-buffer
@item M-x make-indirect-buffer @var{base-buffer} @key{RET} @var{indirect-name} @key{RET}
@c Create an indirect buffer named @var{indirect-name} whose base buffer
@c is @var{base-buffer}.
@var{base-buffer}$B$r4pDl%P%C%U%!$H$9$k4V@\%P%C%U%!(B@var{indirect-name}$B$r:n$k!#(B
@end table

@c   The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its
@c base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately
@c in the other.  But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its
@c base buffer are completely separate.  They have different names,
@c different values of point, different narrowing, different markers,
@c different major modes, and different local variables.
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$N%F%-%9%H$O$D$M$K4pDl%P%C%U%!$N%F%-%9%H$HF1$8$G$9!#(B
$B$I$A$i$+JRJ}$rJT=8$7$FJQ99$9$k$H!"B>J}$N%P%C%U%!$G$b$9$0$K$=$l$,8+$($^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$=$l0J30$N$9$Y$F$NE@$G$O!"(B
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$H$=$N4pDl%P%C%U%!$O40A4$KJL$N$b$N$G$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$O!"0[$J$kL>A0!"0[$J$k%]%$%s%H$NCM!"0[$J$k%J%m%$%s%0!"(B
$B0[$J$k%^!<%+!"0[$J$k%a%8%c!<%b!<%I!"0[$J$k%m!<%+%kJQ?t$r;}$A$^$9!#(B

@c   An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can.  If
@c you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the
@c base buffer.  Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect
@c buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer.
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$G$O%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$G$-$^$;$s$,!"(B
$B4pDl%P%C%U%!$G$O$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$rJ]B8$7$h$&$H$9$k$H!"<B:]$K$O4pDl%P%C%U%!$rJ]B8$7$^$9!#(B
$B4pDl%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$9$k$H4V@\%P%C%U%!$b>C5n$5$l$^$9$,!"(B
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$r>C5n$7$F$b4pDl%P%C%U%!$K$O1F6A$7$^$;$s!#(B

@c   One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an
@c outline.  @xref{Outline Views}.
$B4V@\%P%C%U%!$N;H$$J}$N(B1$B$D$O!"%"%&%H%i%$%s$rJ#?t$N;kE@$GI=<($9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
@xref{Outline Views}$B!#(B