@c =============================================================
@c = $B85(B $BK](B $BLu(B: $BGt@n@5=<!w$*Cc$N?e=w;RBg3X(B
@c = $B2CI.=$@5(B: $BBgLZFXM:!wBgDM(B.$BC^GHBg3X(B = 1998/11/25
@c = 20.4$B2~D{(B: $BBgLZFXM:!wBgDM(B.$BC^GHBg3X(B = 1999/09/12
@c =============================================================
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top
@c @chapter Dired, the Directory Editor
@chapter $B%G%#%l%/%H%j%(%G%#%?(Bdired
@c @cindex Dired
@cindex dired

@c   Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
@c optionally some of its subdirectories as well.  You can use the normal
@c Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
@c to operate on the files listed.
dired$B$O%G%#%l%/%H%j0lMw$r%P%C%U%!$K:n@.$7$^$9!#(B
$B>l9g$K$h$C$F$O!"%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N0lMw$b4^$^$l$^$9!#(B
$BIaDL$N(BEmacs$B%3%^%s%I$G$3$N%P%C%U%!$NCf$rF0$-2v$C$?$j!"(B
$BFCJL$J(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$G0lMwCf$K$"$k%U%!%$%k$rA`:n$G$-$^$9!#(B

@menu
* Enter: Dired Enter.         How to invoke Dired.
* Commands: Dired Commands.   Commands in the Dired buffer.
* Deletion: Dired Deletion.   Deleting files with Dired.
* Flagging Many Files::       Flagging files based on their names.
* Visit: Dired Visiting.      Other file operations through Dired.
* Marks vs Flags::	      Flagging for deletion vs marking.
* Operating on Files::	      How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
			        either one file or several files.
* Shell Commands in Dired::   Running a shell command on the marked files.
* Transforming File Names::   Using patterns to rename multiple files.
* Comparison in Dired::	      Running `diff' by way of Dired.
* Subdirectories in Dired::   Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
* Subdirectory Motion::	      Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
* Hiding Subdirectories::     Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Updating: Dired Updating.   Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Find: Dired and Find.	      Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
@end menu

@node Dired Enter
@c @section Entering Dired
@section dired$B$N5/F0(B

@findex dired
@kindex C-x d
@vindex dired-listing-switches
@c   To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}.  The command reads
@c a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
@c to specify which files to list.  Where @code{dired} differs from
@c @code{list-directory} is in putting the buffer into Dired mode so that
@c the special commands of Dired are available.
dired$B$r5/F0$9$k$K$O!"(B@kbd{C-x d}$B$+(B@kbd{M-x dired}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"0lMwI=<($9$k%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$9$k$?$a$N(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$d%U%!%$%k$N%o%$%k%I%+!<%I%Q%?!<%s$r%_%K%P%C%U%!$GFI$_<h$j$^$9!#(B
@code{dired}$B$,(B@code{list-directory}$B$H0c$&$N$O!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!$,(Bdired$B%b!<%I$K$J$C$F$$$F(B
$BFCJL$J(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$($k$h$&$K$J$k$3$H$G$9!#(B

@c   The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
@c give to @code{ls} for listing directory; this string @emph{must} contain
@c @samp{-l}.  If you use a numeric prefix argument with the @code{dired}
@c command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the minibuffer
@c before you enter the directory specification.
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-listing-switches}$B$K$O!"(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%j0lMw$r:n@.$9$k(B@code{ls}$B%W%m%0%i%`$KM?$($k%*%W%7%g%s$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
$B%*%W%7%g%sCf$K$O(B@samp{-l}$B$,I,$:4^$^$l$F$$$k(B@emph{$BI,MW(B}$B$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
@code{dired}$B%3%^%s%I$K?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!$G%G%#%l%/%H%j$r;XDj$9$k$^$($K(B
@code{ls}$B$N%*%W%7%g%s$r;XDj$G$-$^$9!#(B

@findex dired-other-window
@kindex C-x 4 d
@findex dired-other-frame
@kindex C-x 5 d
@c   To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
@c selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead
@c of @kbd{C-x d}.  @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a
@c separate frame to display the Dired buffer.
dired$B%P%C%U%!$r8=:_A*Br$7$F$$$k%&%#%s%I%&$G$O$J$/(B
$BJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($7$?$$>l9g$K$O!"(B
@kbd{C-x d}$B$N$+$o$j$K(B@kbd{C-x 4 d}$B!J(B@code{dired-other-window}$B!K$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
@kbd{C-x 5 d}$B!J(B@code{dired-other-frame}$B!K$O(B
$BJL$N%U%l!<%`$K(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$rI=<($7$^$9!#(B

@node Dired Commands
@c @section Commands in the Dired Buffer
@section dired$B%P%C%U%!Fb$N%3%^%s%I(B

@c     The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
@c useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are
@c used for special Dired commands.  Some Dired commands @dfn{mark} or
@c @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current
@c line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged
@c files.
dired$B%P%C%U%!$O!XFI$_=P$7@lMQ!Y$G$"$j!"(B
$B$3$N%P%C%U%!$KJ8;z$rA^F~$7$F$b0UL#$,$J$$$N$G!"(B
@kbd{d}$B$d(B@kbd{x}$B$N$h$&$JDL>o$N0u;zJ8;z$OFCJL$J(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$K;H$o$l$^$9!#(B
dired$B%3%^%s%I$N$$$/$D$+$O!"(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$N(B
@dfn{$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k(B}$B!J(Bcurrent file$B!"$D$^$j!"8=:_9T$N%U%!%$%k!K$K(B
@dfn{$B0u(B}$B!J(Bmark$B!K$d(B@dfn{$B%U%i%0(B}$B!J(Bflag$B!K$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
$BB>$N%3%^%s%I$O!"0u$d%U%i%0$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k72$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B

@c @kindex C-n @r{(Dired)}
@c @kindex C-p @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-n @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@kindex C-p @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c   All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
@c buffers.  Some special-purpose cursor motion commands are also
@c provided.  The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the
@c cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at the
@c beginning of the line.
Emacs$B$NIaDL$N%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$O(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$G$b;H$($^$9!#(B
$BFC<lMQES$N%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
@kbd{C-n}$B$H(B@kbd{C-p}$B$O!"%+!<%=%k$r9T$N@hF,$G$O$J$/(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$N@hF,$K0LCV9g$o$;$9$k$h$&$K:FDj5A$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B

@c @kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
@kindex SPC @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c   For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
@c to @kbd{C-n}.  @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}.  (Moving by lines is
@c so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.)  @key{DEL}
@c (move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
$B$5$i$KJXMx$J$h$&$K!"(B
dired$B%b!<%I$G$O(B@key{SPC}$B$H(B@kbd{n}$B$O(B@kbd{C-n}$B$KEy2A$G$9!#(B
@kbd{p}$B$O(B@kbd{C-p}$B$KEy2A$G$9!#(B
$B!J(Bdired$B$G$O9TC10L$N0\F0$r$h$/9T$&$?$a!"BG80$7$d$9$/$7$F$"$k!#!K(B
@key{DEL}$B!J>e$K0\F0$7$F%U%i%0$r>C$9!K$O!"C1$K>e$X0\F0$9$k>l9g$K$OJXMx$G$9!#(B

@node Dired Deletion
@c @section Deleting Files with Dired
@section dired$B$G$N%U%!%$%k:o=|(B
@c @cindex flagging files (in Dired)
@c @cindex deleting files (in Dired)
@cindex $B%U%!%$%k$K%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@cindex $B%U%!%$%k$N:o=|!J(Bdired$B!K(B

@c   The primary use of Dired is to @dfn{flag} files for deletion and then
@c delete the files previously flagged.
dired$B$N<g$JMxMQK!$O!"%U%!%$%k$K:o=|$N%U%i%0$rIU$1$F$+$i!"(B
$B%U%i%0$NIU$$$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$r!JK\Ev$K!K:o=|$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item d
@c Flag this file for deletion.
$B$3$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B
@item u
@c Remove deletion flag on this line.
$B$3$N9T$N:o=|%U%i%0$r>C$9!#(B
@item @key{DEL}
@c Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line.
$B%]%$%s%H$r$^$($N9T$K0\$7!"$=$N9T$N:o=|%U%i%0$r>C$9!#(B
@item x
@c Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
$B:o=|%U%i%0$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k$r!JK\Ev$K!K:o=|$9$k!#(B
@end table

@c @kindex d @r{(Dired)}
@kindex d @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-flag-file-deletion
@c   You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the
@c file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}).  The deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at
@c the beginning of the line.  This command moves point to the next line,
@c so that repeated @kbd{d} commands flag successive files.  A numeric
@c argument serves as a repeat count.
$B%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k$K$O!"(B
$B$=$N%U%!%$%k$rI=<($7$F$$$k9T$K0\F0$7$F(B@kbd{d}$B$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B:o=|%U%i%0$O!"9TF,$KI=<($5$l$k(B@samp{D}$B$H$$$&J8;z$G$o$+$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O%]%$%s%H$r$D$.$N9T$K?J$a$^$9$+$i!"(B
@kbd{d}$B%3%^%s%I$r7+$jJV$7<B9T$9$l$P8eB3$N%U%!%$%k$K$b%U%i%0$r(B
$BIU$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B?t0z?t$OH?I|2s?t$K$J$j$^$9!#(B

@c @kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)}
@c @kindex DEL @r{(Dired)}
@kindex u @r{$B!J(Bdired$B$N:o=|!K(B}
@kindex DEL @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c   The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to
@c reduce the danger of deleting a file accidentally.  Until you direct
@c Dired to expunge the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using
@c the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}.  @kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works
@c just like @kbd{d}, but removes flags rather than making flags.
@c @key{DEL} (@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags;
@c it is like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
$BB(:B$K%U%!%$%k$r:o=|$9$k$+$o$j$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k$N$G!"(B
$B8m$C$F%U%!%$%k$r>C$7$F$7$^$&4m81@-$ODc$/$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B%U%i%0$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$rKu>C$9$k$h$&$K(Bdired$B$K;X<($9$k$^$G$O!"(B
@kbd{u}$B$d(B@key{DEL}$B$r;H$C$F:o=|%U%i%0$r>C$;$^$9!#(B
@kbd{u}$B!J(B@code{dired-unmark}$B!K$O!"(B@kbd{d}$B$HF1$8$h$&$KF0:n$7$^$9$,!"(B
$B%U%i%0$rIU$1$k$N$G$O$J$/%U%i%0$r>C$7$^$9!#(B
@kbd{DEL}$B!J(B@code{dired-unmark-backward}$B!K$O>e$K0\F0$7$F%U%i%0$r>C$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"?t0z?t(B@minus{}1$B$r;XDj$7$?(B@kbd{u}$B$HF1$8$G$9!#(B

@c @kindex x @r{(Dired)}
@kindex x @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-expunge
@c @cindex expunging (Dired)
@cindex $BKu>C!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@c   To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} (@code{dired-expunge}).
@c This command first displays a list of all the file names flagged for
@c deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}.  If you confirm,
@c Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their lines from the text
@c of the Dired buffer.  The shortened Dired buffer remains selected.
$B:o=|%U%i%0$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k$r!JK\Ev$K!K:o=|$9$k$K$O!"(B
@kbd{x}$B!J(B@code{dired-expunge}$B!K$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!":o=|%U%i%0$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k$N0lMw$rI=<($7!"(B
@kbd{yes}$B$G$N3NG'1~Ez$r5a$a$^$9!#(B
$B3NG'$9$k$H(Bdired$B$O%U%i%0$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k$r:o=|$7!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$+$i$=$l$i$KBP1~$9$k9T$r:o=|$7$^$9!#(B
$B>.$5$/$J$C$?(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$OA*Br$5$l$?$^$^$G$9!#(B

@c   If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
@c return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
@c the buffer, and no files actually deleted.
$B3NG'$K(B@kbd{no}$B$HEz$($?$j!"(B@kbd{C-g}$B$GCfCG$9$k$H!"(B
$B$?$@$A$K(Bdired$B$KLa$j$^$9$,!":o=|%U%i%0$OIU$$$?$^$^$G!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$r<B:]$K:o=|$7$^$;$s!#(B

@node Flagging Many Files
@c @section Flagging Many Files at Once
@section $B0lEY$KB??t$N%U%!%$%k$K%U%i%0$rIU$1$k(B

@table @kbd
@item #
@c Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
@c for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
$B!JL>A0$,(B@samp{#}$B$G;O$^$j(B@samp{#}$B$G=*$k!K(B
$B$9$Y$F$N<+F0J]B8%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Auto Save}$B!K!#(B

@item ~
@c Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
@c (@pxref{Backup}).
$B!JL>A0$,(B@samp{~}$B$G=*$k!K$9$Y$F$N%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Backup}$B!K!#(B

@item &
@c Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names, names that
@c suggest you could easily create the files again.
$B4JC1$K:n@.$7D>$;$k$h$&$JL>A0$N$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B

@c @item .@: @r{(Period)}
@item .@: @r{$B!J%T%j%*%I!K(B}
@c Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion.  The oldest and newest
@c few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
@c flagged.
$BM>J,$JHV9fIU$-%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B?7$7$$%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k?t8D$H8E$$$N$b$N?t8D$r=|$$$F!"(B
$B$=$N$"$$$@$N$b$N$K%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B

@item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
@c Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
@c @var{regexp}.
$BL>A0$,@55,I=8=(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$k$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k!#(B
@end table

@c   The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
@c deletion, based on their file names.  These commands are useful
@c precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
@c remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
@c keep.@refill
@kbd{#}$B!"(B@kbd{~}$B!"(B@kbd{&}$B!"(B@kbd{.}$B$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$K4p$E$$$F?tB?$/$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$OK\Ev$KJXMx$G$9!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"%U%!%$%k$r<B:]$K$O:o=|$7$J$$$+$i$G$9!#(B
$B;D$7$F$*$-$?$$%U%!%$%k$N:o=|%U%i%0$O>C$;$P$$$$$N$G$9!#(B

@c @kindex & @r{(Dired)}
@kindex & @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-flag-garbage-files
@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
@c   @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
@c match the regular expression specified by the variable
@c @code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}.  By default, this matches certain
@c files produced by @TeX{}, and the @samp{.orig} and @samp{.rej} files
@c produced by @code{patch}.
@kbd{&}$B!J(B@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}$B!K$O!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}$B$G;XDj$5$l$k(B
$B@55,I=8=$K0lCW$9$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
$B%G%U%)%k%H$O!"(B@TeX{}$B$,@8@.$9$k$"$k<o$N%U%!%$%k$H(B
@code{patch}$B%W%m%0%i%`(B
@footnote{$B!ZLuCm![?t<oN`$N7A<0$N(B@code{diff}$B$N=PNO$r2r<a$7$F!"(B
$B%F%-%9%H%U%!%$%k$r99?7$9$k$?$a$N%W%m%0%i%`(B}
$B$,@8@.$9$k(B@samp{.orig}$B$H(B
@samp{.rej}$B$N%U%!%$%k$G$9!#(B

@c @kindex # @r{(Dired)}
@c @kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
@kindex # @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@kindex ~ @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
@findex dired-flag-backup-files
@c   @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
@c files whose names look like auto-save files (@pxref{Auto Save})---that
@c is, files whose names begin and end with @samp{#}.  @kbd{~}
@c (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all files whose
@c names say they are backup files (@pxref{Backup})---that is, whose names
@c end in @samp{~}.
@kbd{#}$B!J(B@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}$B!K$O!"(B
$B<+F0J]B8%U%!%$%k$H;W$o$l$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B$9$J$o$A!"L>A0$,(B@samp{#}$B$G;O$^$j(B@samp{#}$B$G=*$k$b$N(B
$B$9$Y$F$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
@kbd{~}$B!J(B@code{dired-flag-backup-files}$B!K$O!"(B
$B%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$H;W$o$l$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B$9$J$o$A!"L>A0$,(B@samp{~}$B$G=*$k$b$N$9$Y$F$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B

@c @kindex . @r{(Dired)}
@kindex . @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@vindex dired-kept-versions
@findex dired-clean-directory
@c   @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
@c backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
@c of any one file.  Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
@c @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
@c number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
@c @code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
@c keep.
@kbd{.}$B!J%T%j%*%I!"(B@code{dired-clean-directory}$B!K$O!"(B
$B%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$N$$$/$D$+!"$D$^$j!"(B
$B8E$$$b$N?t8D$H?7$7$$$b$N?t8D$r=|$/$9$Y$F$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
$BDL>o!"JQ?t(B@code{dired-kept-versions}
$B!JJ]B8$9$k$H$-$KE,MQ$5$l$kJQ?t(B@code{kept-new-versions}$B$G$O(B@strong{$B$J$$(B}$B!K(B
$B$K$O?7$7$$HG$r2?8D;D$9$+$r;XDj$7!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{kept-old-versions}$B$K$O8E$$HG$r2?8D;D$9$+$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
@c specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
@c @code{dired-kept-versions}.  A negative numeric argument overrides
@c @code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
@c specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
@kbd{C-u 3 .}$B$N$h$&$K@5$N?t0z?t$r%T%j%*%I$K;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-kept-versions}$B$rL5;k$7$F?7$7$$HG$r2?8D;D$9$+;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
$BIi$N?t0z?t$OJQ?t(B@code{kept-old-versions}$B$rL5;k$7$F(B
$B?t0z?t$N@dBPCM$G8E$$HG$r2?8D;D$9$+;XDj$7$^$9!#(B

@findex dired-flag-files-regexp
@c @kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % d @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c   The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
@c regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}).  Only the
@c non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.  You can use
@c @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches.  You can exclude subdirectories
@c by hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
@kbd{% d}$B%3%^%s%I$O!";XDj$7$?@55,I=8=!J(B@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}$B!K$K(B
$B0lCW$9$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$K:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$N$&$A%G%#%l%/%H%j$KL54X78$JItJ,$K$D$$$F$@$10lCW$rD4$Y$^$9!#(B
@samp{^}$B!J@hF,!K$d(B@samp{$}$B!JKvHx!K$G!"0lCW2U=j$r8GDj$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r1#JC$9$l$P!"%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r0lCW8!::$+$i=|30$G$-$^$9(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}$B!K!#(B

@node Dired Visiting
@c @section Visiting Files in Dired
@section dired$B$G$N%U%!%$%k$NK,Ld(B

@c   There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files
@c listed in the Dired buffer.  All of them apply to the current line's
@c file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on
@c that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer).
dired$B$K$O!"(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$KI=<($7$?%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$?$jD4$Y$?$j$9$k$?$a$N(B
$B%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$O8=:_9T$N%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$N%U%!%$%k$,<B:]$K$O%G%#%l%/%H%j$G$"$k$H!"(B
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O$=$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$KBP$7$F(B
$B!JJL$N(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$r:n$C$F!K(Bdired$B$r5/F0$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item f
@c @kindex f @r{(Dired)}
@kindex f @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-find-file
@c Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f}
@c and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}).  @xref{Visiting}.
@kbd{C-x C-f}$B$HBG80$7$?$N$HF1MM$K!"(B
$B8=:_9T$,I=$9%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k!J(B@code{dired-find-file}$B!K(B
@pxref{Visiting}$B!#(B

@item @key{RET}
@c @kindex RET @r{(Dired)}
@kindex RET @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Equivalent to @kbd{f}.
@kbd{f}$B$HEy2A!#(B

@item o
@c @kindex o @r{(Dired)}
@kindex o @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-find-file-other-window
@c Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer
@c (@code{dired-find-file-other-window}).  The Dired buffer remains visible
@c in the first window.  This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the
@c file.  @xref{Windows}.
@kbd{f}$B$HF1MM$@$,!"%U%!%$%k$N%P%C%U%!$rJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-find-file-other-window}$B!K!#(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$O:G=i$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($5$l$?$^$^;D$k!#(B
$B$3$l$O(B@kbd{C-x 4 C-f}$B$G%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$N$K;w$F$$$k!#(B
@pxref{Windows}$B!#(B

@item C-o
@c @kindex C-o @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-o @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-display-file
@c Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in
@c another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}).
$B8=:_9T$,I=$9%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$FJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($9$k$,!"(B
$B$=$N%&%#%s%I%&$rA*Br$7$J$$!J(B@code{dired-display-file}$B!K!#(B

@item Mouse-2
@findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window
@c Visit the file named by the line you click on
@c (@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}).  This uses another window
@c to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command.
$B%/%j%C%/$7$?9T$,I=$9%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}$B!K!#(B
@kbd{o}$B%3%^%s%I$N$h$&$K!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$NI=<($K$OJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$r;H$&!#(B

@item v
@c @kindex v @r{(Dired)}
@kindex v @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-view-file
@c View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file}
@c (@code{dired-view-file}).
@kbd{M-x view-file}$B$rMQ$$$F8=:_9T$,I=$9%U%!%$%k$r1\Mw$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-view-file}$B!K!#(B

@c Viewing a file is like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around
@c in the file conveniently and does not allow changing the file.
@c @xref{Misc File Ops,View File}.
$B%U%!%$%k$r1\Mw$9$k$3$H$O%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$3$H$K;w$F$$$k$,!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$NCf$G0\F0$G$-$k$3$H$K=E$-$rCV$-!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$NJQ99$O5v$5$l$J$$!#(B
@pxref{Misc File Ops, View File}$B!#(B
@end table

@node Marks vs Flags
@c @section Dired Marks vs. Flags
@section dired$B$N0u$H%U%i%0(B

@c @cindex marking in Dired
@cindex dired$B$N0u(B
@cindex $B0u!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@c   Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the file
@c with some other character (usually @samp{*}).  Most Dired commands to
@c operate on files, aside from ``expunge'' (@kbd{x}), look for files
@c marked with @samp{*}.
$B%U%!%$%k$K(B@samp{D}$B$G<($5$l$k:o=|%U%i%0$rIU$1$k$+$o$j$K(B
$BB>$NJ8;z!JDL>o(B@samp{*}$B!K$G<($5$l$k(B@dfn{$B0u(B}$B$rIU$1$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B!XKu>C!Y!J(B@kbd{x}$B!K0J30$N$[$H$s$I$N(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
@samp{*}$B$G0uIU$1$7$?%U%!%$%k$r07$($^$9!#(B

@c   Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, or for unmarking or
@c operating on marks.  (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag and
@c unflag files.)
$B0J2<$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B@samp{*}$B$G0uIU$1$9$k%3%^%s%I!"(B
$B0u$r>C$9%3%^%s%I!"0u$K:nMQ$9$k%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(B
$B!J%U%i%0$rIU$1$?$j>C$7$?$j$9$k%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F$O(B@pxref{Dired Deletion}$B!#!K(B

@table @kbd
@item m
@itemx * m
@c @kindex m @r{(Dired)}
@c @kindex * m @r{(Dired)}
@kindex m @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@kindex * m @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-mark
@c Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}).  With a numeric
@c argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current
@c file.  (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n}
@c files.)
$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$rIU$1$k!J(B@code{dired-makr}$B!K!#(B
$B?t0z?t(B@var{n}$B$r;XDj$9$k$H!"%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$+$i;O$a$F8eB3$N(B
@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k$K0u$rIU$1$k!#(B
$B!J(B@var{n}$B$,Ii$N>l9g$O!">e$N(B@minus{}@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k$K0u$rIU$1$k!#!K(B

@item * *
@c @kindex * * @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * * @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-mark-executables
@c Mark all executable files with @samp{*}
@c (@code{dired-mark-executables}).  With a numeric argument, unmark all
@c those files.
$B<B9T%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$rIU$1$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-mark-executables}$B!K!#(B
$B?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"$3$l$i$N%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$N0u$r>C$9!#(B

@item * @@
@c @kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * @@ @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-mark-symlinks
@c Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}).
@c With a numeric argument, unmark all those files.
$B%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$9$Y$F$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$rIU$1$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-mark-symlinks}$B!K!#(B
$B?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"$3$l$i$N%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$N0u$r>C$9!#(B

@item * /
@c @kindex * / @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * / @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-mark-directories
@c Mark with @samp{*} all files which are actually directories, except for
@c @file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}).  With a numeric
@c argument, unmark all those files.
@file{.}$B$H(B@file{..}$B$r=|$/$9$Y$F$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$rIU$1$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-mark-directories}$B!K!#(B
$B?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"$3$l$i$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$9$Y$F$N0u$r>C$9!#(B

@item * s
@c @kindex * s @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * s @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-mark-subdir-files
@c Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.}
@c and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}).
$B8=:_$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%jFb$N(B@file{.}$B$H(B@file{..}$B$r=|$/$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$K(B
$B0u$rIU$1$k!J(B@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}$B!K!#(B

@item u
@itemx * u
@c @kindex u @r{(Dired)}
@c @kindex * u @r{(Dired)}
@kindex u @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@kindex * u @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-unmark
@c Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}).
$B$3$N9T$N0u$r>C$9!J(B@code{dired-unmark}$B!K!#(B

@item @key{DEL}
@itemx * @key{DEL}
@c @kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * DEL @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-unmark-backward
@c Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line
@c (@code{dired-unmark-backward}).
$B%]%$%s%H$r$^$($N9T$XF0$+$7!"$=$N9T$N0u$r>C$9(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-unmark-backward}$B!K!#(B

@item * !
@c @kindex * ! @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * ! @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-unmark-all-files-no-query
@c Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer
@c (@code{dired-unmark-all-files-no-query}).
dired$B%P%C%U%!$N$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$N0u$r>C$9(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-unmark-all-files-no-query}$B!K!#(B

@item * ? @var{markchar}
@c @kindex * ? @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * ? @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-unmark-all-files
@c Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar}
@c (@code{dired-unmark-all-files}).  The argument is a single
@c character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it.
$B;XDj$7$?J8;z(B@var{markchar}$B$N0u$9$Y$F$r>C$9(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-unmark-all-files}$B!K!#(B
$B0z?t$O(B1$BJ8;z!#(B
@key{RET}$B$GF~NO$r=*$($F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B

@c With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file,
@c asking whether to remove its mark.  You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes,
@c @kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining
@c files without asking about them.
$B?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"$3$N%3%^%s%I$O0u$NIU$$$?%U%!%$%k$4$H$K(B
$B0u$r>C$9$+$I$&$+J9$$$F$/$k!#(B
@kbd{y}$B$O>C$9$N0UL#!"(B@kbd{n}$B$O>C$5$J$$$N0UL#!#(B
@kbd{!}$B$GEz$($k$H;D$j$N%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K$D$$$FLd$$9g$o$;$:$K0u$r>C$9!#(B

@item * C-n
@findex dired-next-marked-file
@c @kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * C-n @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file})
@c A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark.
$B0u$,IU$$$F$$$k$D$.$N%U%!%$%k$X?J$`(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-next-marked-file}$B!K!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$K!X0u!Y$,IU$$$F$$$k$H$O!"$J$s$i$+$N0u$,$"$k$3$H!#(B

@item * C-p
@findex dired-prev-marked-file
@c @kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * C-p @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file})
$B0u$,IU$$$F$$$k$^$($N%U%!%$%k$XLa$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-prev-marked-file}$B!K(B

@item * t
@c @kindex * t @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * t @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-toggle
@c Toggle all marks (@code{dired-do-toggle}): files marked with @samp{*}
@c become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}.  Files
@c marked in any other way are not affected.
$B$9$Y$F$N0u$r@Z$jBX$($k!J(B@code{dired-do-toggle}$B!K!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$,IU$$$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$N0u$r>C$7!"(B
$B0u$,IU$$$F$$$J$+$C$?%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$rIU$1$k!#(B
@samp{*}$B0J30$G0u$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k72$O1F6A$5$l$J$$!#(B

@item * c @var{old} @var{new}
@c @kindex * c @r{(Dired)}
@kindex * c @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-change-marks
@c Replace all marks that use the character @var{old} with marks that use
@c the character @var{new} (@code{dired-change-marks}).  This command is
@c the primary way to create or use marks other than @samp{*} or @samp{D}.
@c The arguments are single characters---do not use @key{RET} to terminate
@c them.
$BJ8;z(B@var{old}$B$N0u$rJ8;z(B@var{new}$B$N0u$KCV$-49$($k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-change-marks}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B@samp{*}$B$d(B@samp{D}$B0J30$NJ8;z$G0u$rIU$1$k$?$a$N<gMW$J<jCJ!#(B
$B0z?t$O$=$l$>$l(B1$BJ8;z!#(B
@key{RET}$B$GF~NO$r=*$($F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B

@c You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this
@c command, to distinguish various classes of files.  If @var{old} is a
@c space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; if
@c @var{new} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it acts on.
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$G$O$[$H$s$I$I$s$JJ8;z$G$b0u$H$7$F;H$($k$?$a!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$r$$$m$$$m$KJ,N`$G$-$k!#(B
@var{old}$B$,6uGr!J(B@samp{ }$B!K$G$"$k$H!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$O0u$,IU$$$F$$$J$$$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$9$k!#(B
@var{new}$B$,6uGr$G$"$k$H!"%3%^%s%I$O:nMQ$9$k%U%!%$%k$N0u$r>C$9!#(B

@c To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D}
@c flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those
@c that already have @samp{D} flags:
$B2<$NNc$O$3$N%3%^%s%I$NG=NO$rNc<($9$k$b$N$G$"$j!"(B
$B0u$N$J$$%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K(B@samp{D}$B%U%i%0$rIU$1!"(B
@samp{D}$B%U%i%0$,IU$$$F$$$k$b$N$9$Y$F$+$i$O%U%i%0$r>C$7$^$9!#(B

@example
* c D t  * c SPC D  * c t SPC
@end example

@c This assumes that no files are marked with @samp{t}.
$B$3$3$G$O!"(B@samp{t}$B$G0u$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$O$J$$$b$N$H2>Dj$7$^$9!#(B

@item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET}
@itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET}
@findex dired-mark-files-regexp
@c @kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
@c @kindex * % @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % m @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@kindex * % @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression
@c @var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}).  This command is like
@c @kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging
@c with @samp{D}.  @xref{Flagging Many Files}.
$B@55,I=8=(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K(B
$B!J(B@samp{*}$B$G!K0u$rIU$1$k!J(B@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@kbd{% d}$B$K;w$F$$$k$,!"(B
$B:o=|%U%i%0(B@samp{D}$B$N$+$o$j$K(B@samp{*}$B$G%U%!%$%k$K0u$rIU$1$k!#(B
@pxref{Flagging Many Files}$B!#(B

@c Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.  Use
@c @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches.  Exclude subdirectories by
@c hiding them (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
$B%U%!%$%kL>$N$&$A%G%#%l%/%H%j$KL54X78$JItJ,$@$1$G0lCW$r8!::$9$k!#(B
@samp{^}$B!J@hF,!K$d(B@samp{$}$B!JKvHx!K$G!"0lCW2U=j$r8GDj$G$-$k!#(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r0lCW8!::$+$i=|30$9$k$K$O!"(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r1#JC$9$k!#(B

@item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET}
@findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp
@c @kindex % m @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % m @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for
@c the regular expression @var{regexp}
@c (@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}).  This command is like
@c @kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file
@c name.
$B%U%!%$%k$N(B@emph{$BFbMF(B}$B$,@55,I=8=(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$k$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$K(B
$B!J(B@samp{*}$B$G!K0u$rIU$1$k!J(B@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@kbd{% m}$B$K;w$F$$$k$,!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$G$O$J$/$=$NFbMF$GC5$9!#(B

@item C-_
@c @kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-_ @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-undo
@c Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing
@c marks (@code{dired-undo}).
$B0u$NDI2C$d:o=|$J$I$N(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$KBP$9$kJQ99$r%"%s%I%%$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-undo}$B!K(B
@end table

@node Operating on Files
@c @section Operating on Files
@section $B%U%!%$%k$NA`:n(B
@c @cindex operating on files in Dired
@cindex dired$B$G$N%U%!%$%k$NA`:n(B
@cindex $B%U%!%$%k$NA`:n!J(Bdired$B!K(B

@c   This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file
@c or several files.  All of these commands are capital letters; all of
@c them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for
@c confirmation, before they act.  All of them give you several ways to
@c specify which files to manipulate:
$BK\@a$G$O!"%U%!%$%k$rA`:n$9$k4pK\E*$J(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$^$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I$O$9$Y$FBgJ8;z$G$"$j!"<B9TA0$K!"0z?t$rFI$_<h$C$?$j3NG'$r5a$a$k$?$a$K(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$9$Y$F$N%3%^%s%I$K$O!"(B
$BA`:nBP>]$H$J$k%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$9$kJ}K!$,$$$/$D$+$"$j$^$9!#(B

@itemize @bullet
@item
@c If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
@c on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file.  (If @var{n}
@c is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding
@c the current line.)
$B%3%^%s%I$K?t0z?t(B@var{n}$B$rM?$($k$H!"(B
$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$+$i;O$a$F8eB3$N(B@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k$rA`:n$9$k!#(B
$B!J(B@var{n}$B$,Ii$N>l9g$K$O!"8=:_9T$+$i>e$N(B@minus{}@var{n}$B8D$N(B
$B%U%!%$%k$rA`:n$9$k!#!K(B

@item
@c Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates
@c on all those files.
$B$5$b$J$1$l$P!"%U%!%$%k$K(B@samp{*}$B$G0u$,IU$$$F$$$l$P!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$O0u$,IU$$$F$$$k$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k$rA`:n$9$k!#(B

@item
@c Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
$B$5$b$J$1$l$P!"%3%^%s%I$O%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$N$_$rA`:n$9$k!#(B
@end itemize

@c   Here are the file-manipulating commands that operate on files in this
@c way.  (Some other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%}
@c commands, also use these conventions to decide which files to work on.)
$B0J2<$O!">e$N$h$&$KA`:nBP>]$rA*$V%U%!%$%kA`:n%3%^%s%I$N0lMw$G$9!#(B
$B!J(B@kbd{!}$B$d(B@kbd{%}$B$J$I$NB>$N(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$b!"(B
$BA`:nBP>]$H$9$k%U%!%$%k$r7hDj$9$k$N$K>e$NJ}K!$rMQ$$$k!#!K(B

@table @kbd
@findex dired-do-copy
@c @kindex C @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item C @var{new} @key{RET}
@c Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}).  The argument @var{new}
@c is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new
@c name.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r%3%T!<$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-copy}$B!K!#(B
$B0z?t(B@var{new}$B$O%3%T!<@h$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$+!"(B
$B!J(B1$B$D$N%U%!%$%k$r%3%T!<$9$k>l9g$O!K?7$7$$L>A0!#(B

@vindex dired-copy-preserve-time
@c If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying with
@c this command sets the modification time of the new file to be the same
@c as that of the old file.
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-copy-preserve-time}$B$,(B@code{nil}$B0J30$N>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$G%3%T!<$7$?%U%!%$%k$N99?7;~4V$O$b$H$N%U%!%$%k$HF1$8$K$J$k!#(B

@item D
@findex dired-do-delete
@c @kindex D @r{(Dired)}
@kindex D @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}).  Like the other
@c commands in this section, this command operates on the @emph{marked}
@c files, or the next @var{n} files.  By contrast, @kbd{x}
@c (@code{dired-expunge}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r:o=|$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-delete}$B!K!#(B
$BK\@a$NB>$N%3%^%s%I$HF1MM$K!"$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@emph{$B0uIU$1(B}$B$5$l$?%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"8eB3$N(B@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$9$k!#(B
$BBP>HE*$K!"(B@kbd{x}$B!J(B@code{dired-expunge}$B!K$O!"(B
@dfn{$B%U%i%0(B}$B$,IU$$$?%U%!%$%k$r:o=|$9$k!#(B

@findex dired-do-rename
@c @kindex R @r{(Dired)}
@kindex R @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item R @var{new} @key{RET}
@c Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}).  The argument
@c @var{new} is the directory to rename into, or (if renaming a single
@c file) the new name.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$rJQ99$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-rename}$B!K!#(B
$B0z?t(B@var{new}$B$O0\F0@h$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$+!"(B
$B!J(B1$B$D$N%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$rJQ$($k>l9g$K$O!K?7$7$$L>A0!#(B

@c Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
@c with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
dired$B$O!"L>A0$rJQ99$7$?%U%!%$%k$KBP1~$9$k%P%C%U%!$NK,Ld@h$N(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$r<+F0E*$KJQ99$9$k$N$G!"?7$7$$L>A0$,H?1G$5$l$k!#(B

@findex dired-do-hardlink
@c @kindex H @r{(Dired)}
@kindex H @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item H @var{new} @key{RET}
@c Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}).  The
@c argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if making
@c just one link) the name to give the link.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$K%O!<%I%j%s%/$rD%$k!J(B@code{dired-do-hardlink}$B!K!#(B
$B0z?t(B@var{new}$B$O%j%s%/$rCV$/%G%#%l%/%H%j$+!"(B
$B!J(B1$B$D$N%j%s%/$rD%$k>l9g$K$O!K%j%s%/$KM?$($kL>A0!#(B

@findex dired-do-symlink
@c @kindex S @r{(Dired)}
@kindex S @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item S @var{new} @key{RET}
@c Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}).
@c The argument @var{new} is the directory to make the links in, or (if
@c making just one link) the name to give the link.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$K%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$rD%$k!J(B@code{dired-do-symlink}$B!K!#(B
$B0z?t(B@var{new}$B$O%j%s%/$rCV$/%G%#%l%/%H%j$+!"(B
$B!J(B1$B$D$N%j%s%/$rD%$k>l9g$K$O!K%j%s%/$KM?$($kL>A0!#(B

@findex dired-do-chmod
@c @kindex M @r{(Dired)}
@kindex M @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item M @var{modespec} @key{RET}
@c Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files
@c (@code{dired-do-chmod}).  This uses the @code{chmod} program, so
@c @var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$N%b!<%I!J$$$o$f$k%Q!<%_%C%7%g%s%S%C%H!K$rJQ99$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-chmod}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@code{chmod}$B%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$&$N$G!"(B
@var{modspec}$B$K$O(B@code{chmod}$B$,07$($kG$0U$N0z?t$r;XDj$G$-$k!#(B

@findex dired-do-chgrp
@c @kindex G @r{(Dired)}
@kindex G @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET}
@c Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup}
@c (@code{dired-do-chgrp}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$N%0%k!<%W$r(B@var{newgroup}$B$KJQ99$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-chgrp}$B!K!#(B

@findex dired-do-chown
@c @kindex O @r{(Dired)}
@kindex O @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item O @var{newowner} @key{RET}
@c Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner}
@c (@code{dired-do-chown}).  (On most systems, only the superuser can do
@c this.)
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$N=jM-<T$r(B@var{newowner}$B$KJQ99$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-chown}$B!K!#(B
$B!J$[$H$s$I$N%7%9%F%`$G$O!"%9!<%Q!<%f!<%6!<$@$1$,$3$l$r<B9T$G$-$k!#!K(B

@vindex dired-chown-program
@c The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the
@c program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in
@c different places).
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-chown-program}$B$G!"(B
$B<B:]$NA`:n$r9T$&$?$a$K;HMQ$9$k%W%m%0%i%`$NL>A0$r;XDj$9$k!#(B
$B!J%7%9%F%`$K$h$C$F$O!"(B@code{chown}$B$rCV$/>l=j$,0[$J$k!#!K(B

@findex dired-do-print
@c @kindex P @r{(Dired)}
@kindex P @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item P @var{command} @key{RET}
@c Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}).  You must specify the
@c command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a
@c suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and
@c @code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses;
@c @pxref{Hardcopy}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r0u:~$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-print}$B!K!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$r0u:~$9$k%3%^%s%I$r;XDj$9$kI,MW$,$"$k$,!"(B
$B!J(B@code{lpr-buffer}$B$,;H$&$N$HF1$8!K(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{lpr-command}$B$H(B@code{lpr-switches}$B$H$+$i?dDj$7$?(B
$BE,@Z$J$b$N$,%_%K%P%C%U%!$K<($5$l$k!#(B

@findex dired-do-compress
@c @kindex Z @r{(Dired)}
@kindex Z @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item Z
@c Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}).  If the file
@c appears to be a compressed file already, it is uncompressed instead.
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r05=L$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-compress}$B!K!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$,$9$G$K05=L:Q$_$H;W$o$l$k$H$-$OE83+$9$k!#(B

@findex dired-do-load
@c @kindex L @r{(Dired)}
@kindex L @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item L
@c Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}).
@c @xref{Lisp Libraries}.
$B;XDj$7$?(BEmacs Lisp$B$N%U%!%$%k$r%m!<%I$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-load}$B!K!#(B
@pxref{Lisp Libraries}$B!#(B

@findex dired-do-byte-compile
@c @kindex B @r{(Dired)}
@kindex B @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item B
@c Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files
@c (@code{dired-do-byte-compile}).  @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte
@c Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
$B;XDj$7$?(BEmacs Lisp$B$N%U%!%$%k$r%P%$%H%3%s%Q%$%k$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-byte-compile}$B!K!#(B
@pxref{Byte Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}$B!#(B

@c @kindex A @r{(Dired)}
@kindex A @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-search
@item A @var{regexp} @key{RET}
@c Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp}
@c (@code{dired-do-search}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k72$KBP$7$F@55,I=8=(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$k$b$N$rC5$9(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-search}$B!K!#(B

@c This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}.  The search stops at
@c the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find
@c the next match.  @xref{Tags Search}.
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@code{tags-search}$B$NJQ7A!#(B
$B:G=i$K$_$D$+$C$?$H$3$m$GC5:w$O=*$k!#(B
$BC5:w$r:F3+$7$F$D$.$K0lCW$9$k$b$N$rC5$9$K$O!"(B@kbd{M-,}$B$r;H$&!#(B
@pxref{Tags Search}$B!#(B

@c @kindex Q @r{(Dired)}
@kindex Q @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-query-replace
@item Q @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
@c Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files,
@c replacing matches for @var{from} (a regular expression) with the string
@c @var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k72$N$=$l$>$l$K$D$$$F!"(B
@code{query-replace-regexp}$B!JLd$$9g$o$;$J$,$i@55,I=8=$rCV49$9$k!K$r<B9T$7!"(B
@var{from}$B!J@55,I=8=!K$K0lCW$9$kItJ,$r(B@var{to}$B$KCV49$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-do-query-replace}$B!K!#(B

@c This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}.  If you exit the
@c query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace
@c more matches.  @xref{Tags Search}.
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O(B@code{tags-search}$B$NJQ7A!#(B
$BCV49$N%k!<%W$rH4$1$?$"$H$K!"(B
$BC5:w$r:F3+$7$F$5$i$KCV49$r9T$&$K$O!"(B@kbd{M-,}$B$r;H$&!#(B
@pxref{Tags Search}$B!#(B
@end table

@c @kindex + @r{(Dired)}
@kindex + @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-create-directory
@c   One special file-operation command is @kbd{+}
@c (@code{dired-create-directory}).  This command reads a directory name and
@c creates the directory if it does not already exist.
@kbd{+}$B$OFCJL$J%U%!%$%kA`:n%3%^%s%I$G$9!J(B@code{dired-create-directory}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$rFI$_<h$j!"(B
$B$=$l$,4{B8$G$J$1$l$P?7$?$K:n@.$7$^$9!#(B

@node Shell Commands in Dired
@c @section Shell Commands in Dired
@section dired$B$G$N%7%'%k%3%^%s%I(B
@c @cindex shell commands, Dired
@cindex $B%7%'%k%3%^%s%I!J(Bdired$B!K(B

@findex dired-do-shell-command
@c @kindex ! @r{(Dired)}
@kindex ! @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c The dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a shell
@c command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on all the
@c specified files.  You can specify the files to operate on in the usual
@c ways for Dired commands (@pxref{Operating on Files}).  There are two
@c ways of applying a shell command to multiple files:
dired$B%3%^%s%I$N(B@kbd{!}$B!J(B@code{dired-do-shell-command}$B!K$O!"(B
$B%_%K%P%C%U%!$+$i%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$rFI$_<h$j!"(B
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$9$Y$F$K$D$$$F$=$N%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B
dired$B%3%^%s%I$NIaDL$NJ}K!$GA`:nBP>]$N%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$G$-$^$9(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Operating on Files}$B!K!#(B
$BJ#?t%U%!%$%k$K%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$rE,MQ$9$kJ}K!$O(B2$BDL$j$"$j$^$9!#(B

@itemize @bullet
@item
@c If you use @samp{*} in the shell command, then it runs just once, with
@c the list of file names substituted for the @samp{*}.  The order of file
@c names is the order of appearance in the Dired buffer.
$B%7%'%k%3%^%s%ICf$K(B@samp{*}$B$r;H$&$H!"(B
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%kL>$N%j%9%H$G(B@samp{*}$B$rCV$-49$($F%3%^%s%I$r0lEY$@$1<B9T$9$k!#(B
$B%j%9%HFb$G%U%!%$%k$,8=$l$k=gHV$O(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$KI=<($5$l$F$$$k=g!#(B

@c Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire
@c list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
$B$7$?$,$C$F!"(B@kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}}$B$O(B@code{tar}$B$r<B9T$7!"(B
$B;XDj$7$?0lO"$N%U%!%$%k$r(B@file{foo.tar}$B$H$$$&(Btar$B%U%!%$%k$K$^$H$a$k!#(B

@item
@c If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*}, then it runs once
@c @emph{for each file}, with the file name added at the end.
$B%3%^%s%IJ8;zNs$K(B@samp{*}$B$,4^$^$l$F$$$J$$>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B%3%^%s%IJ8;zNs$N:G8e$K$=$l$>$l$N%U%!%$%kL>$rIU$12C$($F(B
@emph{$B3F%U%!%$%k$4$H(B}$B$K%3%^%s%I$r(B1$B2s$:$D<B9T$9$k!#(B

@c For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
@c file.
$B$?$H$($P!"(B@kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}}$B$O!"(B
$B3F%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F(B@code{uudecode}$B%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k!#(B
@end itemize

@c What if you want to run the shell command once for each file but with
@c the file name inserted in the middle?  Or if you want to use the file
@c names in a more complicated fashion?  Use a shell loop.  For example,
@c this shell command would run @code{uuencode} on each of the specified
@c files, writing the output into a corresponding @file{.uu} file:
$B3F%U%!%$%k$4$H$K%3%^%s%I$r(B1$B2s<B9T$7$?$$$,!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$N:G8e$G$O$J$/ESCf$K%U%!%$%kL>$r;XDj$7$?$$>l9g$K$O$I$&$9$k$N$G$7$g$&!)(B@code{ }
$B$"$k$$$O!"$b$C$HJ#;($K%U%!%$%kL>$r;XDj$7$?$$>l9g$K$O$I$&$9$k$N$G$7$g$&!)(B@code{ }
$B$=$l$K$O%7%'%k$N%k!<%W$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B2<$NNc$G$O!";XDj$7$?3F%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F(B@code{uuencode}$B$r<B9T$7$^$9$,!"(B
$B$=$N=PNO$OBP1~$9$k(B@file{.uu}$B$H$$$&%U%!%$%k$K3JG<$7$^$9!#(B

@example
for file in *; do uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done
@end example

@c The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
@c of the Dired buffer.
$B%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$N:n6H%G%#%l%/%H%j$O!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$N%H%C%W%G%#%l%/%H%j$G$9!#(B

@c The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to show
@c new or modified files, because it doesn't really understand shell
@c commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed.  Use
@c the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
@c Updating}).
@kbd{!}$B%3%^%s%I$O!"<B9T8e$K?7$?$K$G$-$?%U%!%$%k$dJQ99$5$l$?(B
$B%U%!%$%k$rI=<($9$k$?$a$K(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$r99?7$9$k$3$H$O$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$l$O%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$r<B:]$K$OM}2r$7$F$*$i$:!"(B
$B%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$,$I$N%U%!%$%k$rJQ99$9$k$N$+$o$+$i$J$$$+$i$G$9!#(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$r99?7$9$k$K$O(B@kbd{g}$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$$$^$9(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Dired Updating}$B!K!#(B

@node Transforming File Names
@c @section Transforming File Names in Dired
@section dired$B$G$N%U%!%$%kL>$NJQ49(B

@c   Here are commands that alter file names in a systematic way:
$B$3$3$K$"$2$k%3%^%s%I$O%U%!%$%kL>$rAH?%E*$KJQ99$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@findex dired-upcase
@c @kindex % u @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % u @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item % u
@c Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name
@c (@code{dired-upcase}).  If the old file names are @file{Foo}
@c and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}.
$BA*Br$7$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$rBgJ8;z$KJQ$($k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-upcase}$B!K!#(B
$B8E$$%U%!%$%kL>$,(B@file{Foo}$B$H(B@file{bar}$B$@$C$?>l9g!"(B
$B?7$7$$%U%!%$%kL>$O(B@file{FOO}$B$H(B@file{BAR}$B$K$J$k!#(B

@item % l
@findex dired-downcase
@c @kindex % l @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % l @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name
@c (@code{dired-downcase}).  If the old file names are @file{Foo} and
@c @file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}.
$BA*Br$7$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$r>.J8;z$KJQ$($k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-downcase}$B!K!#(B
$B8E$$%U%!%$%kL>$,(B@file{Foo}$B$H(B@file{bar}$B$@$C$?>l9g!"(B
$B?7$7$$%U%!%$%kL>$O(B@file{foo}$B$H(B@file{bar}$B$K$J$k!#(B

@item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
@c @kindex % R @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % R @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-rename-regexp
@itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
@c @kindex % C @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % C @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-copy-regexp
@itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
@c @kindex % H @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % H @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp
@itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET}
@c @kindex % S @r{(Dired)}
@kindex % S @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-symlink-regexp
@c These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
@c in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution
@c from the name of the old file.
$B$3$l$i$N(B4$B$D$N%3%^%s%I$O!"$=$l$>$l!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$rJQ99$9$k!"%3%T!<$9$k!"%O!<%I%j%s%/$rD%$k!"(B
$B%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$rD%$k!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O!"$$$:$l$b!"(B
$B8E$$%U%!%$%kL>$+$i@55,I=8=$NCV49$G?7$7$$%U%!%$%kL>$r7hDj$9$k!#(B
@end table

@c   The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively perform
@c a search-and-replace on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
@c They read two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a
@c substitution pattern @var{to}.
$B@55,I=8=$NCV49$rMQ$$$k(B4$B$D$N%3%^%s%I$O!"<B<AE*$K$O!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$K$*$$$F0lO"$NA*Br$7$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$r(B
$BC5:w$7$FCV49$r9T$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$O0z?t$r(B2$B$DFI$_<h$j$^$9!#(B
$B@55,I=8=(B@var{from}$B$HCV49%Q%?!<%s(B@var{to}$B$G$9!#(B

@c   The commands match each ``old'' file name against the regular
@c expression @var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}.
@c You can use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to
@c all or part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in
@c @code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}).  If the regular expression
@c matches more than once in a file name, only the first match is replaced.
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O!"@55,I=8=(B@var{from}$B$K0lCW$9$k3F!X8E$$!Y%U%!%$%kL>$N(B
$B0lCW$7$?ItJ,$r(B@var{to}$B$GCV49$7$^$9!#(B
@code{replace-regexp}$B!J(B@pxref{Regexp Replace}$B!K$N$h$&$K!"(B
@var{to}$B$NCf$G$O(B@samp{\&}$B$d(B@samp{\@var{digit}}$B$rMQ$$$F(B
$B8E$$%U%!%$%kL>$K0lCW$7$?%Q%?!<%sA4BN$d$=$N0lIt$r;2>H$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$N(B2$B2U=j0J>e$NItJ,$K@55,I=8=$,0lCW$9$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B:G=i$N0lCWItJ,$,CV49$5$l$^$9!#(B

@c   For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each
@c selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name.  The inverse of this,
@c removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible:
@c one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is
@c @kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}.  (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor
@c matches that should span the whole filename.)
$B$?$H$($P!"(B@kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}}$B$O!"(B
$BA*Br$5$l$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$N@hF,$K(Bx-$B$rIU$12C$($k7A$G(B
$BL>A0$rJQ$($^$9!#(B
$B5U$K!"3F%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$N@hF,$N(B@samp{x-}$B$r<h$j5n$k$3$H$b$G$-$F!"(B
1$B$D$NJ}K!$O!"(B@kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}$B$G$9!#(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"(B@kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}$B$G$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B!J%U%!%$%kL>A4BN$K0lCW$9$k$h$&$K$9$k$K$O(B@samp{^}$B$H(B@samp{$}$B$r;H$&!#!K(B

@c   Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files'
@c directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory.  If
@c you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the
@c entire absolute file name including directory name.
$BDL>o!"CV49=hM}$G$O%U%!%$%kL>$N%G%#%l%/%H%jItJ,$O9MN8$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%jFb$N%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$@$1$rA`:n$7$^$9!#(B
$B?t0z?t(B0$B$r;XDj$9$k$H!"CV49$O%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$r4^$s$@@dBP%U%!%$%kL>$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Often you will want to select the set of files to operate on using the
@c same @var{regexp} that you will use to operate on them.  To do this,
@c mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}, then use the
@c same regular expression in the command to operate on the files.  To make
@c this easier, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files use the last
@c regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a default.
$B0lO"$N%U%!%$%k$rA`:nBP>]$KA*$V$H$-$K!"(B
$B$=$l$i$rA`:n$9$k$H$-$K;H$&$N$HF1$8(B@var{regexp}$B!J@55,I=8=!K$r;H$$$?$$>l9g$,(B
$B$"$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
$B$3$l$r9T$&$K$O!"(B@kbd{% m @var{regexp} @key{RET}}$B$G$^$:0lO"$N%U%!%$%k$K(B
$B0u$rIU$1$F$+$i!"$=$l$i$rA`:n$9$k%3%^%s%I$K$bF1$8@55,I=8=$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$l$r4JC1$K9T$($k$h$&$K!"(B
@kbd{%}$B$NIU$$$?%3%^%s%I$O!"(B@kbd{%}$BIU$-%3%^%s%I$$$:$l$+$K:G6a;XDj$7$?(B
$B@55,I=8=$r%G%U%)%k%H$G;H$$$^$9!#(B

@node Comparison in Dired
@c @section File Comparison with Dired
@section dired$B$G$N%U%!%$%k$NHf3S(B

@c   Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using
@c @code{diff}.
dired$B$K$O!";XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r(B@code{diff}$B$GHf3S$9$k%3%^%s%I$,(B2$B$D$"$j$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item =
@findex dired-diff
@c @kindex = @r{(Dired)}
@kindex = @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the file
@c at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}).  The
@c file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the file at
@c point is the second argument.
@code{diff}$B%W%m%0%i%`!J(B@code{dired-diff}$B!K$rMQ$$$F!"(B
$B!J%]%$%s%H$,$"$k2U=j$N!K%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$r(B
$B!J%^!<%/$,$"$k2U=j$N!KB>$N%U%!%$%k$HHf3S$9$k!#(B
$B%^!<%/$,$"$k2U=j$N%U%!%$%k$,(B@code{diff}$B$NBh(B1$B0z?t$G!"(B
$B%]%$%s%H$,$"$k2U=j$N%U%!%$%k$,Bh(B2$B0z?t$K$J$k!#(B

@findex dired-backup-diff
@c @kindex M-= @r{(Dired)}
@kindex M-= @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item M-=
@c Compare the current file with its latest backup file
@c (@code{dired-backup-diff}).  If the current file is itself a backup,
@c compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare
@c a file with any backup version of your choice.
$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$H$=$N:G?7$N%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$H$rHf3S$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-backup-diff}$B!K!#(B
$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$,%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$=$N$b$N$G$"$k$H$-$O!"(B
$B%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$N%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$H$NHf3S$r9T$&!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$K$7$F!"G$0U$NHG$N%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$H$NHf3S$r9T$($k!#(B

@c The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}.
$B%P%C%/%"%C%W%U%!%$%k$O(B@code{diff}$B$NBh(B1$B0z?t$K$J$k!#(B
@end table

@node Subdirectories in Dired
@c @section Subdirectories in Dired
@section dired$B$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j(B
@c @cindex subdirectories in Dired
@c @cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired
@cindex dired$B$G$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j(B
@cindex $B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@cindex dired$B$G$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NE83+(B

@c   A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case;
@c but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well.
$BDL>o!"(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$O(B1$B$D$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$@$1$rI=<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$=$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j72$r0l=o$KI=<($5$;$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c   The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is
@c to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}.  (If you give a
@c numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options
@c in the minibuffer.)  That produces a recursive directory listing showing
@c all subdirectories at all levels.
1$B$D$N(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!Fb$KJ#?t$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=<($5$;$k$b$C$H$b4JC1$JJ}K!$O!"(B
@code{ls}$B$r<B9T$9$k$H$-$K%*%W%7%g%s(B@samp{-lR}$B$r;XDj$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B!J(Bdired$B$r<B9T$9$k$H$-$K?t0z?t$r;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$B$3$l$i$N%*%W%7%g%s$r%_%K%P%C%U%!$G;XDj$G$-$k!#!K(B
$B$3$l$K$h$j!"$9$Y$F$N%l%Y%k$N$9$Y$F$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=<($7$?(B
$B:F5"E*$J%G%#%l%/%H%j0lMw$r:n$l$^$9!#(B

@c   But usually all the subdirectories are too many; usually you will
@c prefer to include specific subdirectories only.  You can do this with
@c the @kbd{i} command:
$B$7$+$7!"0lHL$K$O!"$9$Y$F$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$G$OB?$9$.$^$9!#(B
$BIaDL$O!"FCDj$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$@$1$r4^$a$?$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
$B$=$l$K$O!"(B@kbd{i}$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$$$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir
@c @kindex i @r{(Dired)}
@kindex i @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item i
@c @cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired)
@c @cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired)
@cindex $B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NA^F~!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@cindex $BKd$a9~$s$@%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@c Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer.
$B;XDj$7$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$r%P%C%U%!$N=*$j$KDI2C$9$k!#(B
@end table

@c Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line
@c that describes a file which is a directory.  It inserts the contents of
@c that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there.  Inserted
@c subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired
@c buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output.
$B%G%#%l%/%H%j$G$"$k%U%!%$%k$rI=$99T$G!"(B
@kbd{i}$B!J(B@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}$B!K%3%^%s%I$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B;XDj$7$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$rF1$8(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$KA^F~$7!"(B
$B$=$N2U=j$X0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
$BA^F~$5$l$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$O!"(B
@samp{ls -lR}$B$N=PNO$HF1MM$K!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$N%H%C%W%l%Y%k$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$N$"$H$KB3$-$^$9!#(B

@c If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
@c @kbd{i} command just moves to it.
$B$9$G$K%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$,%P%C%U%!$K$"$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
@kbd{i}$B%3%^%s%I$O$=$NI=<(2U=j$K0\F0$9$k$@$1$G$9!#(B

@c In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u
@c C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line
@c describing that subdirectory).
$B$I$A$i$N>l9g$K$*$$$F$b!"(B@kbd{i}$B$O0\F0$9$k$^$($K(BEmacs$B$N%^!<%/$r@_Dj$9$k$N$G!"(B
@kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}}$B$G%P%C%U%!Fb$N$b$H$N2U=j(B
$B!J$=$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=$99T!K$XLa$l$^$9!#(B

@c Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the
@c subdirectory's contents.  Use @kbd{k} to delete the subdirectory.
@c @xref{Dired Updating}.
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$r99?7$9$k$K$O!"(B
@kbd{l}$B!J(B@code{dired-do-redisplay}$B!K%3%^%s%I$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r:o=|$9$k$K$O(B@kbd{k}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
@xref{Dired Updating}$B!#(B

@node Subdirectory Motion
@c @section Moving Over Subdirectories
@section $B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$X$N0\F0(B

@c   When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion
@c commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories.
dired$B%P%C%U%!$K%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$,I=<($5$l$F$$$k>l9g!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{C-x [}$B$H(B@kbd{C-x ]}$B$G%G%#%l%/%H%jC10L$K0\F0$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c @cindex header line (Dired)
@c @cindex directory header lines
@cindex $B%X%C%@9T!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@cindex $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T(B
@c   The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of
@c directories within one Dired buffer.  They move to @dfn{directory header
@c lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the
@c beginning of the directory's contents.
$B0J2<$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B1$B$D$N(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!Fb$G(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%jLZ9=B$$r>e2<$K0\F0$9$k%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(B
$B$3$l$i$O$9$Y$F(B@dfn{$B%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T(B}
$B!J(Bdirectory header lines$B!K!"(B
$B$D$^$j!"%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$rI=<($9$kItJ,$N@hF,$K$"$k(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$r<($99T$K0\F0$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@findex dired-next-subdir
@c @kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-M-n @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item C-M-n
@c Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level
@c (@code{dired-next-subdir}).
$B%l%Y%k$K4X78$J$/$D$.$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$X?J$`(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-next-subdir}$B!K!#(B

@findex dired-prev-subdir
@c @kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-M-p @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item C-M-p
@c Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level
@c (@code{dired-prev-subdir}).
$B%l%Y%k$K4X78$J$/$^$($N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$XLa$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-prev-subdir}$B!K!#(B

@findex dired-tree-up
@c @kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-M-u @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item C-M-u
@c Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}).
$B?F%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%G%#%l%/%H%j%X%C%@9T$X0\F0$9$k!J(B@code{dired-tree-up}$B!K!#(B

@findex dired-tree-down
@c @kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)}
@kindex C-M-d @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item C-M-d
@c Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line
@c (@code{dired-tree-down}).
$B%G%#%l%/%H%jLZ9=B$$r(B1$B$D9_$j$F:G=i$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$X0\F0$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-tree-down}$B!K!#(B

@findex dired-prev-dirline
@c @kindex < @r{(Dired)}
@kindex < @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item <
@c Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
@c These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its
@c parent directory.
$B$^$($N%G%#%l%/%H%j%U%!%$%k$NI=<(9T$XLa$k!J(B@code{dired-prev-dirline}$B!K!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N9T$O!"?F%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$*$$$F%U%!%$%k$H$7$F%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=$99T!#(B

@findex dired-next-dirline
@c @kindex > @r{(Dired)}
@kindex > @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@item >
@c Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}).
$B$D$.$N%G%#%l%/%H%j%U%!%$%k$NI=<(9T$X?J$`!J(B@code{dired-next-dirline}$B!K!#(B
@end table

@node Hiding Subdirectories
@c @section Hiding Subdirectories
@section $B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N1#JC(B

@c @cindex hiding in Dired (Dired)
@cindex $B1#JC!J(Bdired$B!K(B
@c   @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
@c header line, via selective display (@pxref{Selective Display}).
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N(B@dfn{$B1#JC(B}$B!J(Bhide$B!K$H$O!"(B
$BA*BrE*I=<(!J(B@pxref{Selective Display}$B!K$rMQ$$$F(B
$B%X%C%@9T0J30$r8+$($J$/$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item $
@findex dired-hide-subdir
@c @kindex $ @r{(Dired)}
@kindex $ @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the
@c next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}).  A numeric argument serves
@c as a repeat count.
$B%]%$%s%H0LCV$K$"$k%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r1#JC!"$"$k$$$O!":FI=<($7$F!"(B
$B%]%$%s%H$r$D$.$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$X0\F0$9$k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-hide-subdir}$B!K!#(B
$B?t0z?t$OH?I|2s?t!#(B

@item M-$
@findex dired-hide-all
@c @kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)}
@kindex M-$ @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header
@c lines (@code{dired-hide-all}).  Or, if any subdirectory is currently
@c hidden, make all subdirectories visible again.  You can use this command
@c to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to
@c subdirectories far away.
dired$B%P%C%U%!Cf$N$9$Y$F$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r1#JC$7!"(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$@$1$r;D$9!J(B@code{dired-hide-all}$B!K!#(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"1#JC$5$l$F$$$k%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$,$"$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$9$Y$F$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r:FI=<($9$k!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$r;H$&$H!"(B
$B?<$$%G%#%l%/%H%jLZ9=B$$N357A$rD4$Y$?$j!"(B
$B1s$/N%$l$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$XAGAa$/0\F0$G$-$k!#(B
@end table

@c   Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden
@c subdirectory.  For example, the commands to operate on marked files
@c ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked.  Thus you
@c can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations
@c without having to remove the markers.
$BDL>o$N(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B1#JC$5$l$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%jFb$N%U%!%$%k$K$D$$$F$^$C$?$/9MN8$7$^$;$s!#(B
$B$?$H$($P!"0u$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$9$k%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B1#JC$5$l$?%G%#%l%/%H%jFb$K0u$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$,(B
$B$"$C$?$H$7$F$b$=$l$i$rL5;k$7$^$9!#(B
$B$7$?$,$C$F!"%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r0l;~E*$K1#JC$9$l$P!"(B
$B0u$r>C$5$J$/$F$b%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$rA`:nBP>]$+$i30$;$^$9!#(B

@c   The subdirectory hiding commands toggle; that is, they hide what was
@c visible, and show what was hidden.
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r1#JC$9$k%3%^%s%I$O%H%0%k$H$7$FF/$-$^$9!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"I=<($5$l$F$$$l$P1#JC$7!"1#JC$5$l$F$$$l$PI=<($7$^$9!#(B

@node Dired Updating
@c @section Updating the Dired Buffer
@section dired$B%P%C%U%!$N99?7(B

@c   This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect
@c outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete
@c part of the Dired buffer.
$BK\@a$G$O!"!J(Bdired$B$H$OL54X78$K!K30It$G$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$d%U%!%$%k$NJQ99$r(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$KH?1G$5$;$k%3%^%s%I!"$*$h$S!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$N0lIt$r:o=|$9$k%3%^%s%I$r@bL@$7$^$9!#(B

@table @kbd
@item g
@c Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}).
dired$B%P%C%U%!$NA4FbMF$r99?7$9$k!J(B@code{revert-buffer}$B!K!#(B

@item l
@c Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r99?7$9$k!J(B@code{dired-do-redisplay}$B!K!#(B

@item k
@c Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines
@c (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).
$B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$N(B@emph{$BI=<(9T(B}$B$r:o=|$9$k!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$G$O$J$/!"C1$KI=<(9T$@$1$r>C$9!J(B@code{dired-do-kill-lines}$B!K!#(B

@item s
@c Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order
@c (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}).
$B%"%k%U%!%Y%C%H=g$NI=<($HF|IU!?;~4V=g$NI=<($r@Z$jBX$($k(B
$B!J(B@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}$B!K!#(B

@item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}
@c Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as
@c @code{dired-listing-switches}.
$B%*%W%7%g%s(B@var{switches}$B$r(B@code{dired-listing-switches}$B$H$7$FMQ$$$F(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$r99?7$9$k!#(B
@end table

@c @kindex g @r{(Dired)}
@kindex g @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c @findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)}
@findex revert-buffer @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@c   Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the
@c Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed.
@c This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished.
@c Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
@kbd{g}$B!J(B@code{revert-buffer}$B!K%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k$H!"(B
$BI=<($5$l$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$d%G%#%l%/%H%j$NJQ99$K4p$E$$$F(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$r(B
$B99?7$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O>C$5$l$?%U%!%$%k$KBP$9$k$b$N$r=|$$$F(B
$B$9$Y$F$N0u$d%U%i%0$rJ]B8$7$^$9!#(B
$B1#JC$5$l$?%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$b99?7$5$l$^$9$,!"1#JC$5$l$?$^$^$G$9!#(B

@c @kindex l @r{(Dired)}
@kindex l @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-redisplay
@c   To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l}
@c (@code{dired-do-redisplay}).  This command applies to the next @var{n}
@c files, or to the marked files if any, or to the current file.  Updating
@c them means reading their current status from the file system and
@c changing the buffer to reflect it properly.
$B$$$/$D$+$N%U%!%$%k$@$1$r99?7$9$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
@kbd{l}$B!J(B@code{dired-do-redisplay}$B!K$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"8eB3$N(B@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B0u$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$,$"$l$P$=$l$i$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B%+%l%s%H%U%!%$%k$N$$$:$l$+$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$l$i$r99?7$9$k$H$O!"$=$l$i$N%U%!%$%k$N8=>u$r%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$+$i<hF@$7!"(B
$B$=$l$r@5$7$/H?1G$9$k$h$&$K%P%C%U%!$r99?7$7$^$9!#(B

@c   If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
@c contents of the corresponding subdirectory.
@kbd{l}$B$r%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$G<B9T$9$k$H!"(B
$BBP1~$9$k%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$r99?7$7$^$9!#(B

@c @kindex k @r{(Dired)}
@kindex k @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-do-kill-lines
@c   To delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the
@c lines---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}).  With a numeric
@c argument @var{n}, this command applies to the next @var{n} files;
@c otherwise, it applies to the marked files.
$B;XDj$7$?(B@emph{$B%U%!%$%k$NI=<(9T(B}$B$r:o=|$9$k!"(B
$B$D$^$j!"%U%!%$%k$=$N$b$N$G$O$J$/9T$@$1$r:o=|$9$k$K$O(B
@kbd{k}$B!J(B@code{dired-do-kill-lines}$B!K$HBG$A$^$9!#(B
$B?t0z?t(B@var{n}$B$r;XDj$9$k$H!"(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"8eB3$N(B@var{n}$B8D$N%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B
$B$5$b$J$1$l$P!"0u$rIU$1$?%U%!%$%k$K:nMQ$7$^$9!#(B

@c   If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, the directory's
@c contents are also deleted from the buffer.  Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the
@c header line for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory
@c from the Dired buffer.
$B:o=|$9$k%U%!%$%k$NI=<(9T$,%G%#%l%/%H%j$@$C$?>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$=$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$b%P%C%U%!$+$i:o=|$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%X%C%@9T$G(B@kbd{C-u k}$B$HBG$C$F$b!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$+$i%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$NFbMF$r:o=|$G$-$^$9!#(B

@c   The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have
@c killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to
@c reinsert each subdirectory.
@kbd{g}$B%3%^%s%I$O!"$3$N$h$&$K$7$F:o=|$7$?I=<(9T$r2hLL$K8F$SLa$9$3$H$,(B
$B$G$-$^$9$,!"%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$K4X$7$F$O$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
$B3F%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$r:FEYA^F~$9$k$K$O(B@kbd{i}$B$r;H$&I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B

@c @cindex Dired sorting
@c @cindex sorting Dired buffer
@cindex dired$B$G$N%=!<%H(B
@cindex dired$B%P%C%U%!$N%=!<%H(B
@cindex $B%=!<%H!J(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!!K(B
@c @kindex s @r{(Dired)}
@kindex s @r{$B!J(Bdired$B!K(B}
@findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit
@c   The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order
@c by file names.  Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time.  The
@c Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches
@c between these two sorting modes.  The mode line in a Dired buffer
@c indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
dired$B%P%C%U%!Fb$N%U%!%$%k$O!"DL>o!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$N%"%k%U%!%Y%C%H=g$KJB$s$G$$$^$9!#(B
dired$B$OF|IU!?;~4V=g$KJB$YBX$($k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
dired$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{s}$B!J(B@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}$B!K$O!"(B
$B$3$l$i(B2$B$D$N%=!<%HJ}K!$r@Z$jBX$($^$9!#(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!$N%b!<%I9T$K$O!"%"%k%U%!%Y%C%H=g$HF|IU!?;~4V=g$N(B
$B$I$A$i$G8=:_I=<($7$F$$$k$+$,<($5$l$^$9!#(B

@c   @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for
@c @code{dired-listing-switches}.
@kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}}$B$G!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{dired-listing-switches}$B$K?7$7$$CM$r@_Dj$G$-$^$9!#(B

@node Dired and Find
@c @section Dired and @code{find}
@section dired$B$H(B@code{find}$B%W%m%0%i%`(B
@c @cindex @code{find} and Dired
@cindex @code{find}$B$H(Bdired

@c   You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
@c flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
@code{find}$B%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$C$F%U%!%$%k$rA*$Y$P!"(B
dired$B%P%C%U%!>e$KI=<($9$k0lO"$N%U%!%$%k$r$b$C$H=@Fp$KA*Br$G$-$^$9!#(B

@findex find-name-dired
@c   To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
@c @kbd{M-x find-name-dired}.  It reads arguments @var{directory} and
@c @var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its
@c subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}.
$B%o%$%k%I%+!<%I$K0lCW$9$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$rC5:w$9$k$K$O(B
@kbd{M-x find-name-dired}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"(B2$B$D$N0z?t(B@var{directory}$B$H(B@var{pattern}$B$rFI$_<h$j!"(B
@var{directory}$B$K$"$k$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"$=$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j2<$K$"$k(B@var{pattern}$B$K0lCW$9$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$r(B
$BA*Br$7$^$9!#(B

@c   The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
@c ordinary Dired commands are available.
$B$3$N$h$&$K$7$FA*Br$5$l$?%U%!%$%k$O(Bdired$B%P%C%U%!$KI=<($5$l!"(B
$B$3$N%P%C%U%!$G$O$b$H$N(Bdired$B%3%^%s%I$r;H$($^$9!#(B

@findex find-grep-dired
@c   If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
@c use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}.  This command reads two minibuffer
@c arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
@c @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
@c @var{regexp}.  It works by running the programs @code{find} and
@c @code{grep}.  See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Compilation}.
@c Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
$B%U%!%$%kL>$G$O$J$/%U%!%$%k$NFbMF$GD4$Y$?$$>l9g$K$O!"(B
@kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O%_%K%P%C%U%!$+$i(B2$B$D$N0z?t(B@var{directory}$B$H(B@var{regexp}$B$r(B
$BFI$_<h$j$^$9!#(B
@var{directory}$B$K$"$k$9$Y$F$N%U%!%$%k!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$k$b$N$r4^$`0lO"$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$rA*Br$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%W%m%0%i%`(B@code{find}$B$H(B@code{grep}$B$r<B9T$7$FF0:n$7$^$9!#(B
@ref{Compilation}$B$N(B@kbd{M-x grep-find}$B$b;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
Emacs$B$N@55,I=8=$G$O$J$/(B@code{grep}$B$N@55,I=8=$r=q$/$3$H$rK:$l$J$$$G$/$@$5$$!#(B

@findex find-dired
@c   The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
@c lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test.  It takes two
@c minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
@c @code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
@c @code{find} what condition to test.  To use this command, you need to
@c know how to use @code{find}.
$B$3$N$h$&$J0lO"$N%3%^%s%I$NCf$G$b$C$H$b0lHLE*$J%3%^%s%I$O(B@kbd{M-x find-dired}$B$G!"(B
@code{find}$B$,8!::$KMQ$$$kG$0U$N>r7o$r;XDj$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O%_%K%P%C%U%!$+$i(B2$B$D$N0z?t(B@var{directory}$B$H(B@var{find-args}$B$r(B
$BFI$_<h$j$^$9!#(B
$B8!::$9$Y$->r7o$r;X<($9$k(B@var{find-args}$B$rEO$7$F!"(B
@var{directory}$B$K$*$$$F(B@code{find}$B$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$r;H$&$K$O!"(B@code{find}$B$N;H$$J}$rCN$C$F$$$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B

@vindex find-ls-option
@c   The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
@c variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using
@c options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}.  If your listings are corrupted, you
@c may need to change the value of this variable.
$B$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$,=PNO$9$kI=<(7A<0$OJQ?t(B@code{find-ls-option}$B$G(B
$B@)8f$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B%G%U%)%k%H$O!"(B@code{ls}$B$K;H$&%*%W%7%g%s$H$7$F(B@samp{-ld}$B$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
$B=PNO7A<0$,2u$l$F8+$($k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B$3$NJQ?t$NCM$rJQ99$9$kI,MW$,$"$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B