@c =============================================================
@c = GNU$B@k8@!J(BGNU Manifesto 1993$BG/2~D{!K!](B $BF|K\8lHG(B $B!](B (1998$BG/(B11$B7n(B4$BF|(B)
@c = Copyright (C) 1998 Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi @*
@c =============================================================
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@ifclear justgnu
@node Manifesto,, MS-DOS, Top
@c @unnumbered The GNU Manifesto
@unnumbered GNU$B@k8@(B
@end ifclear
@ifset justgnu
Copyright (C) 1985, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@c Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
@c of this document, in any medium, provided that the
@c copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
@c and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
@c for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
$B$$$+$J$kG^BN$G$b<!$N>r7o$,A4$FK~$?$5$l$F$$$k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$BK\%I%-%e%a%s%H$r$=$N$^$^J#<L$7G[I[$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$9$k!#(B
$BG[I[<T$OBh;0<T$KBP$7$FK\Cx:n8"I=<($HK\5v2D9pCN$HF10l$N5v2D$r(B
$BM?$($k>l9g$K8B$j!":FG[I[$r5v2D$9$k!#(B
@itemize @bullet
@item
$B<uNN!"G[I[$5$l$?<L$7$KCx:n8"I=<($*$h$S5vBz9pCN$,A0$b$C$F:\$;$i$l$F$$$k$3$H!#(B
@item
$BBh;0<T(B($B<L$7$N<uNN<T(B)$B$,$5$i$K:FG[I[$9$k>l9g$O!"(B
$BG[I[<T$,K\9pCN$HF1$85v2D$rBh;0<T$KM?$($F$$$k$3$H!#(B
@end itemize

@c Modified versions may not be made.
$B=$@5HG$N:n@.$r6X$:$k!#(B

@display
$B!ZK\F|K\8lHG$K$D$$$F![(B @*
Copyright (C) 1998 Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi @*
$B>e5-$HA4$/F1$8>r7o$,K~$?$5$l$F$$$k>l9g$K8B$j!"(B
$B$=$N$^$^J#<L$7G[I[$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$9$k!#(B
@end display

@node Top
@c @top The GNU Manifesto
@top GNU$B@k8@(B
@end ifset

@quotation
@c The GNU Manifesto which appears below was written by Richard Stallman at
@c the beginning of the GNU project, to ask for participation and support.
@c For the first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for
@c developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most people
@c have seen it.
GNU$B@k8@!J(BGNU Manifesto$B!K!J0J2<;2>H!K$O!"(BGNU$B%W%m%8%'%/%H$N=i4|$N:"$K!"(B
Richard Stallman$B$,;22C$H%5%]!<%H$r5a$a$k$?$a$K=q$$$?$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
$BEv=i(B2$B!A(B3$BG/4V$O!"3+H/$K$D$$$F@bL@$9$k$?$a$K;29M$H$7$FMQ$$$D$D99?7$7$F$$$?$,!"(B
$B8=:_$G$O!"?M!9$,$h$/L\$K$9$k$N$GJQ99$7$J$$$G$*$/$3$H$,:GA1$G$"$k$H9M$($F$$$k!#(B

@c Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings
@c that different wording could help avoid.  Footnotes added in 1993 help
@c clarify these points.
$B$=$N;~0JMh!"2f!9$O!"$$$/$D$+$NI=8=$r$o$+$j$d$9$/$7$?$D$b$j$@$,(B
$B$h$/8m2r$r>7$/E@$,$"$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$?!#(B
$B$=$3$G!"$=$N$h$&$JE@$rL@3N$K$9$k$Y$/!"(B1993$BG/$K5SCm$H$7$FDI5-$7$?!#(B

@c For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please see
@c the latest issue of the GNU's Bulletin.  The list is much too long to
@c include here.
$B8=:_G[I[2DG=$J(BGNU$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$K4X$9$k:G?7>pJs$O!"(B
GNU's Bulletin$B!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$BF|K\8lHG$G$"$l$P!V(BGNU$B%@%$%8%'%9%H!W!K$N:G?79f$r(B
$B$4Mw$$$?$@$-$?$$!#(B
$B$3$3$K0zMQ$9$k$K$O>pJsNL$,B?$9$.$k$N$G!#(B
@end quotation

@c @unnumberedsec What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!
@unnumberedsec GNU$B$H$O2?$+!)(B Gnu$B$O(BUnix$B$G$O$J$$!J(BGnu's Not Unix$B!K!*(B

@c GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
@c Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it
@c away free to everyone who can use it.@footnote{The wording here was
@c careless.  The intention was that nobody would have to pay for
@c @emph{permission} to use the GNU system.  But the words don't make this
@c clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU
@c should always be distributed at little or no charge.  That was never the
@c intent; later on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies
@c providing the service of distribution for a profit.  Subsequently I have
@c learned to distinguish carefully between ``free'' in the sense of
@c freedom and ``free'' in the sense of price.  Free software is software
@c that users have the freedom to distribute and change.  Some users may
@c obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain copies---and if
@c the funds help support improving the software, so much the better.  The
@c important thing is that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to
@c cooperate with others in using it.} Several other volunteers are helping
@c me.  Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
@c needed.
GNU$B$H$O(BGnu's Not Unix$B$NN,$G$"$j!"C/$b$,%U%j!<$K;H$($k$h$&(B@footnote{
$B$3$3$N8@MU8/$$$OITCm0U$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B0U?^$9$k$3$H$O!"C/$b(BGNU$B%7%9%F%`$r;H$&(B@emph{$B5v2D(B}$B$N$?$a$K;YJ'$&I,MW$O$J$$!"(B
$B$H$$$&0UL#$G$"$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$3$l$G$bL@3N$K$J$C$F$$$J$$$7!"(B
GNU$B$NJ#<L$O>o$K$[$H$s$I$^$?$OA4$/$NL5NA$GG[I[$5$l$k$Y$-$G$"$k$H(B
$B8@$o$l$F$$$k$H2r<a$7$F$$$k?M$,B?$$!#(B
$B8e=R$G!"$3$N@k8@$G$O!"Mx1W$N$?$a$KG[I[%5!<%S%9$rDs6!$7$F$$$k(B
$B4k6H$N2DG=@-$K$D$$$F=R$Y$F$$$k$h$&$K!"$3$l$O0U?^$7$?0UL#$G$O7h$7$F$J$$!#(B
$B$=$N8e!";d$O!"<+M3$H$$$&0UL#$N!X%U%j!<!Y$H2A3J$H$$$&0UL#$N!XL5NA!Y$r(B
$BCm0U?<$/6hJL$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!#(B
$B%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$H$O!"G[I[$9$k<+M3$HJQ99$9$k<+M3$r%f!<%6$,;}$C$F$$$k(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$N$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$BL5NA$G%3%T!<$rF~<j$9$k$+$b$7$l$J$$%f!<%6$b$$$l$P!"(B
$B%3%T!<$NF~<j$K;YJ'$&%f!<%6$b$$$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(B
$B$^$?!"=8$^$C$?$*6b$,%=%U%H%&%'%"$N2~NI;Y1g$H$J$l$P$^$9$^$9NI$$$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$B=EMW$J$3$H$O!"%3%T!<$r;}$C$F$$$k?M$OC/$G$b!"$=$N%3%T!<$N;HMQ$K$"$?$j!"(B
$BB>?M$H6(NO$9$k$?$a$N<+M3$,$"$k$H$$$&E@$G$"$k!#(B}$B!"(B
$B;d$,:#:n@.$7$F$$$k(BUnix$B$H40A48_49$N%=%U%H%&%'%"!&%7%9%F%`$NL>>N$G$"$k!#(B
$B2??M$b$N%W%m%0%i%^$,;d$r<jEA$C$F$/$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B;~4V$d$*6b!"%W%m%0%i%`!"5!4o$N4sIU$rBg$$$KI,MW$H$7$F$$$k!#(B

@c So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands,
@c a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and
@c around 35 utilities.  A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed.  A
@c new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released
@c this year.  An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to
@c emulate Unix.  When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be
@c possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development.  We
@c will use @TeX{} as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on.  We
@c will use the free, portable X window system as well.  After this we will
@c add a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
@c other things, plus on-line documentation.  We hope to supply, eventually,
@c everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.
$B4{$K2f!9$N$b$H$K$O!"%(%G%#%?!&%3%^%s%I5-=RMQ$N(BLisp$B$rHw$($F$$$k(B
Emacs$B$H$$$&%F%-%9%H!&%(%G%#%?$d!"%=!<%9!&%l%Y%k!&%G%P%C%,!"(B
yacc$B8_49$N9=J82r@OIt@8@.%D!<%k!"%j%s%+!"$=$NB>Ls(B35$B8D$N%f!<%F%#%j%F%#$,$"$k!#(B
$B%7%'%k!J%3%^%s%I!&%$%s%?!<%W%j%?!K$O$[$\40@.$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B0\?"@-$NNI$$?7$7$$:GE,2=(BC$B%3%s%Q%$%i$O<+J,<+?H$r%3%s%Q%$%k$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j!"(B
$B:#G/Cf$K$O%j%j!<%9$G$-$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B=i4|CJ3,$N%+!<%M%k$O$"$k$,!"(BUnix$B$r%(%_%e%l!<%H$9$k$?$a$K$O(B
$B$b$C$HB?$/$N5!G=$,I,MW$G$"$k!#(B
$B%+!<%M%k$H%3%s%Q%$%i$,40@.$9$l$P!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`3+H/$K$U$5$o$7$$(BGNU$B%7%9%F%`$rG[I[$G$-$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B%F%-%9%H=hM}$K$O(B@TeX{}$B$r:NMQ$9$k$D$b$j$@$,!"(Bnroff$B4XO"$N:n6H$b?J9TCf$G$"$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"%U%j!<$G0\?"@-$NNI$$(BX Window System$B$b:NMQ$9$k!#(B
$B$=$N$"$H$O!"0\?"@-$NNI$$(BCommon Lisp$B$d!"(BEmpire$B%2!<%`!"%9%W%l%C%I%7!<%H!"(B
$B$=$NB>?tB?$/$N$b$N$r!"%*%s%i%$%s!&%I%-%e%a%s%H$H6&$KDI2C$7$F$$$/!#(B
$B:G=*E*$K$O!"(BUnix$B%7%9%F%`$KI8=`$GIU$$$F$$$kM-MQ$J%D!<%kA4$F$K2C$($F!"(B
$B$5$i$K$O$=$l0J>e$N$b$N$rDs6!$7$?$$$H9M$($F$$$k!#(B

@c GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix.
@c We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience
@c with other operating systems.  In particular, we plan to have longer
@c file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, file name
@c completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps
@c eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs
@c and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and Lisp will be
@c available as system programming languages.  We will try to support UUCP,
@c MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for communication.
GNU$B$O!"(BUnix$B$N%W%m%0%i%`$r<B9T$G$-$k$h$&$K$9$k$D$b$j$@$,!"(B
Unix$B$H$OF10l$N$b$N$K$O$J$i$J$$!#(B
$BB>$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`$G$N2f!9$N7P83$r4p$K!"(B
$B$h$j;H$$$d$9$/$J$k$h$&!"A4LLE*$K2~NI$7$F$$$/$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$BFC$K!"D9$$%U%!%$%kL>$N;HMQ$d%U%!%$%k$N%P!<%8%g%sHV9f!"(B
$BBQ%/%i%C%7%e@-$KM%$l$?%U%!%$%k!&%7%9%F%`!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$NJd405!G=!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$B%U%!%$%kL>$rESCf$^$G;XDj$7$?$@$1$G(B
$B$=$N$"$H$O%7%9%F%`$,40A4$J%U%!%$%kL>$rDI2C$7$F$/$l$k5!G=!K!"(B
$BC<Kv$K0MB8$7$J$$I=<($N%5%]!<%H!"$*$=$i$/:G=*E*$K$O!"(B
$B$$$/$D$+$N(BLisp$B%W%m%0%i%`$HDL>o$N(BUnix$B%W%m%0%i%`$,(B1$B$D$N2hLL$r(B
$B6&M-$G$-$k$h$&$J(BLisp$B%Y!<%9$N%&%#%s%I%&!&%7%9%F%`$r:n$kM=Dj$G$"$k!#(B
$B%7%9%F%`!&%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l$H$7$F$O!"(BC$B8@8l$H(BLisp$B$NN>J}$,;HMQ2DG=$K$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$BDL?.MQ$K$O!"(BUUCP$B!"(BMIT Chaosnet$B!"(BInternet$B$N3F%W%m%H%3%k$r(B
$B%5%]!<%H$7$h$&$H9M$($F$$$k!#(B

@c GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual
@c memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on.  The extra
@c effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants
@c to use it on them.
GNU$B$G$O!":G=i$O(B68000/16000$B!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$B%b%H%m!<%i(B68000$B$H%J%7%g%J%k!&(B
$B%;%_%3%s%@%/%?$N(B16000$B!K%/%i%9$N2>A[5-21$rHw$($?%^%7%s$rBP>]$H$9$k!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"(BGNU$B$r:G$b<B9T$7$d$9$$%^%7%s$@$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B$b$C$HG=NO$N>.$5$J%^%7%s>e$G(BGNU$B$rF0:n$5$;$k$?$a$NEXNO$O!"(B
$B$=$N%^%7%s>e$G;H$$$?$$?M$N<j$K0Q$M$k$3$H$K$9$k!#(B

@c To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the `G' in the word `GNU'
@c when it is the name of this project.
$B$H$s$G$b$J$$8m2r$rHr$1$k$?$a$K!"$3$N%W%m%8%'%/%H$NL>>N$H$7$F$N(B
$B!V(BGNU$B!W$N>l9g$O!"!V(BG$B!W$rH/2;$7$F$$$?$@$-$?$$!#(B
$B!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$B$b$H$b$HIaDLL>;l$N(BGnu$B$O%L!<$H$$$&F0J*$G$"$j!"(B
$B$=$NH/2;$r:NMQ$9$k$H(BGNU project$B$O%L!<!&%W%m%8%'%/%H$K$J$j(B
new project$B$H4V0c$o$l$k2DG=@-$b$"$k!#!K(B

@c @unnumberedsec Why I Must Write GNU
@unnumberedsec $B$J$<(BGNU$B$r:n@.$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$+!)(B

@c I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must
@c share it with other people who like it.  Software sellers want to divide
@c the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with
@c others.  I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way.  I
@c cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software
@c license agreement.  For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence
@c Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually
@c they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such
@c things are done for me against my will.
$B$b$7;d$N9%$-$J%W%m%0%i%`$rB>$N?M$b9%$-$G$"$l$P!"(B
$B;d$O$=$N?M$H%W%m%0%i%`$rJ,$+$A9g$o$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!"(B
$B$H$$$&2+6bN'!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$B<+J,$NM_$9$k$3$H$OB>$N?M$K$b0Y$9$H$$$&9M$(J}!K$r9M0F$7$?!#(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"HNGd2q<R$O!"%f!<%6(B1$B?M(B1$B?M$KB>?M$H6&M-$7$J$$7@Ls$r(B
$B$5$;$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"%f!<%6$rJ,N%$7;YG[$7$h$&$H$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$=$N$h$&$JJ}K!$GB>$N%f!<%6$H$NO"BS0U<1$r2u$9$3$H$O;d$O7y$G$"$k!#(B
$B5!L)J];}7@Ls$d%=%U%H%&%'%"!&%i%$%;%s%97@Ls$X$N%5%$%s$ONI?4$+$i$G$-$J$$!#(B
$B2?G/$b$N4V!";d$O$=$&$$$C$?798~$d$=$NB>$NNd6x$KDq93$9$k$?$a$K!"(B
AI$B%i%\Fb$G3hF0$7$F$-$?$,!":G8e$K$O$=$N798~$dNd6x$OEY$r1[$7$F$$$C$?!#(B
$B;d$KBP$7$F(BAI$B%i%\$,9T$J$C$?;v$O;d$N0U;V$KH?$9$k$N$G!"(B
$B$=$3$KN1$^$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$/$J$C$?!#(B

@c So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
@c put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
@c get along without any software that is not free.  I have resigned from the
@c AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.
$B?.G0$r6J$2$k$3$H$J$/%3%s%T%e!<%?$r;H$$B3$1$k$?$a$K!"(B
$B%U%j!<$G$J$$%=%U%H%&%'%"$,$J$/$F$b$&$^$/$d$C$F$$$1$k$h$&$J(B
$B%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$N$7$C$+$j$7$?CDBN$rAH?%$9$k$3$H$r7h0U$7$?!#(B
$B;d$,(BGNU$B$rG[I[$9$k$3$H$r(BMIT$B$,9gK!E*$KAK;_$9$k$N$r5qH]$9$k$?$a$K!"(B
$B;d$O(BAI$B%i%\$r<-?&$7$?!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix
@unnumberedsec $B$J$<(BGNU$B$O(BUnix$B8_49$J$N$+!)(B

@c Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad.  The essential features
@c of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks
@c without spoiling them.  And a system compatible with Unix would be
@c convenient for many other people to adopt.
Unix$B$O;d$NM}A[$H$9$k%7%9%F%`$G$O$J$$$,!"$=$l$[$I0-$$%7%9%F%`$G$b$J$$!#(B
Unix$B$N4pK\E*$J5!G=$ONI$$$b$N$J$N$G!"$=$l$i$r@8$+$7$D$D!"(B
Unix$B$K7g$1$F$$$k$b$N$rJd$C$F$$$1$k$@$m$&$H9M$($F$$$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"(BUnix$B8_49$N%7%9%F%`$G$"$l$P!"(B
GNU$B$r:NMQ$9$kB>$NB?$/$N?M!9$K$H$C$F$bM-MQ$G$"$m$&!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec How GNU Will Be Available
@unnumberedsec GNU$B$r$I$&$d$C$FG[I[$9$k$+!)(B

@c GNU is not in the public domain.  Everyone will be permitted to modify and
@c redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its
@c further redistribution.  That is to say, proprietary modifications will not
@c be allowed.  I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free.
GNU$B$O%Q%V%j%C%/!&%I%a%$%s$K$OCV$+$J$$!#(B
$B$=$l$K$h$j!"C/$b$,(BGNU$B$r=$@5$7$F:FG[I[$G$-!"(B
$BG[I[<T$,:FG[I[$9$k$3$H$r6X;_$5$l$k$3$H$b$J$$!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"FH@jE*$J=$@5$O$G$-$J$$$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B;d$O!"$"$i$f$k%P!<%8%g%s$N(BGNU
$B!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$BC/$G$b%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r%"%/%;%9$G$-$k$H$$$&0UL#$G!K$,(B
$B3N<B$K%U%j!<$G$"$jB3$1$FM_$7$$$N$G$"$k!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help
@unnumberedsec $B$J$<B>$NB?$/$N%W%m%0%i%^$,6(NO$7$F$/$l$k$N$+!)(B

@c I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to
@c help.
$B;d$O!"B>$N?tB?$/$N%W%m%0%i%^$,(BGNU$B$KG.68$7!"(B
$B$=$7$F6(NO$7$?$,$C$F$$$k$3$H$rCN$C$?!#(B

@c Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
@c software.  It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to
@c feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as
@c comrades.  The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
@c sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially
@c forbid programmers to treat others as friends.  The purchaser of software
@c must choose between friendship and obeying the law.  Naturally, many decide
@c that friendship is more important.  But those who believe in law often do
@c not feel at ease with either choice.  They become cynical and think that
@c programming is just a way of making money.
$BB?$/$N%W%m%0%i%^$,!"%7%9%F%`!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$N1DMx2=$KITK~$rJz$$$F$$$k!#(B
$B$=$N1DMx2=$H$O!"%W%m%0%i%^$K6bLY$1$r$5$;$kBe$o$j$K!"(B
$BB>$N0lHL$N%W%m%0%i%^$rCg4V$G$O$J$/6%AhAj<j$H$7$F8+$k$h$&;E8~$1$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^4V$NM'>p$r<($94pK\E*$J9T0Y$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$N6&M-$G$"$k!#(B
$B8=:_$NE57?E*$J;T>l$N<h$j7h$a$O!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$,B>$N%W%m%0%i%^$rM'?M$H$7$F@\$9$k$3$H$r:,K\E*$K6X$8$F$7$^$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$N9XF~<T$O!"M'>p$r$H$k$+!"K!N'$K=>$&$+$rA*Br$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B
$BEvA3!"M'>p$N$[$&$,Bg@Z$G$"$k$H9M$($k?M$N$[$&$,B?$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"K!N'$K=>$&$Y$-$G$"$k$H9M$($k?M$N$J$+$K$O!"(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J$3$H$,4JC1$KA*Br$G$-$J$$?M$,B?$$!#(B
$B$=$&$$$&?M$O?M$N@?0U$r?.$8$J$$?M4V$K$J$C$F$*$j!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$OC1$J$k6bLY$1$N0l<jCJ$G$7$+$J$$$H9M$($F$$$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B

@c By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be
@c hospitable to everyone and obey the law.  In addition, GNU serves as an
@c example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing.
@c This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use
@c software that is not free.  For about half the programmers I talk to, this
@c is an important happiness that money cannot replace.
$BFH@jE*$J%W%m%0%i%`$G$O$J$/(BGNU$B$K4X$9$k:n6H$r9T$J$$!"(BGNU$B$r;H$C$F$$$l$P!"(B
$BC/$KBP$7$F$bGS@ME*$G$O$J$/$J$jK!$r<i$k$3$H$b$G$-$k!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"(BGNU$B$O6&M-$H$$$&E@$K$*$$$F!"7cNe$9$k$?$a$N0lNc$H$J$j!"(B
$B?M!9$,2f!9$K;22C$9$Y$/7k=8$9$k$?$a$N4z0u$H$J$k!#(B
$B$3$l$K$h$j!"$b$72f!9$,%U%j!<$G$J$$%=%U%H%&%'%"$r;H$C$F$$$F$O(B
$BF@$i$l$J$$$"$k<o$NOB$N46>p$rJz$/$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B
$B;d$,BPOC$7$?%W%m%0%i%^$N$&$A$NLsH>?t$,!"(B
$B$3$l$O$*6b$K$O49$($i$l$J$$Bg@Z$J9,J!$G$"$k$H8@$C$F$$$k!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec How You Can Contribute
@unnumberedsec $B$"$J$?$O$I$N$h$&$K$7$?$i9W8%$G$-$k$+!)(B

@c I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
@c I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
$B;d$O!"%3%s%T%e!<%?!&%a!<%+$K$O%^%7%s$H$*6b$N4sIU$r5a$a$F$$$k!#(B
$B8D?M$KBP$7$F$O%W%m%0%i%`$HO+F/$N4sIU$r5a$a$F$$$k!#(B

@c One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run
@c on them at an early date.  The machines should be complete, ready to use
@c systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of
@c sophisticated cooling or power.
$B%^%7%s$N4sIU$r<u$1$?>l9g$O!"$=$N8+JV$j$N(B1$B$D$H$7$F!"(B
GNU$B$,6a$$$&$A$K$=$N%^%7%s>e$GF0:n$9$k$h$&$K$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B%^%7%s$O40@.$7$F$$$F%7%9%F%`$,;H$($k>uBV$G$"$j!"(B
$B=;Bp6h0h$G;HMQ2DG=$G!"FC<l$JNd5Q$dEENO$rI,MW$H$7$J$$$b$N$G$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#(B

@c I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for
@c GNU.  For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard
@c to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together.
@c But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  A
@c complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which
@c is documented separately.  Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix
@c compatibility.  If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for
@c a single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original
@c on a Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together.
@c Even allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling
@c these components will be a feasible task.  (The kernel will require closer
@c communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)
$B;d$OHs>o$KB?$/$N%W%m%0%i%^$,(BGNU$B$N$?$a$K%Q!<%H%?%$%`$G:n6H$9$k(B
$BG.0U$,$"$k$3$H$rCN$C$?!#(B
$B$[$H$s$I$N%W%m%8%'%/%H$G$O!"(B
$B$=$&$$$C$?%Q!<%H%?%$%`$G$NJ,;6$7$?:n6H$r$^$H$a$F$$$/$3$H$OHs>o$K:$Fq$@$m$&!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"(BUnix$B$rCV$-49$($k$H$$$&$3$NFCDj$N:n6H$K4X$7$F$O!"$=$N$h$&$JLdBj$O$J$$!#(B
$B40A4$J(BUnix$B%7%9%F%`$K$O?tI4$b$N%f!<%F%#%j%F%#!&%W%m%0%i%`$,$"$j!"(B
$B$=$N(B1$B$D(B1$B$D$K$OJL8D$K%I%-%e%a%s%H$,IU$$$F$$$k!#(B
$B$?$$$F$$$N%$%s%?%U%'!<%9;EMM$O!"(BUnix$B$H$N8_49@-$N4QE@$+$i7hDj$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^3F?M$,C10l$N(BUnix$B%f!<%F%#%j%F%#$H8_49$NBeBXIJ$r:n@.$G$-$l$P!"(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J%f!<%F%#%j%F%#$r$R$H$^$H$a$K$7$F$b@5$7$/F0:n$9$k$O$:$G$"$k!#(B
$B%^!<%U%#!<$NNc$G8@$($P!"$$$/$D$+M=4|$;$LLdBj$,@8$8$?$H$7$F$b!"(B
$B$3$l$i$N9=@.MWAG$r$^$H$a$k$3$H$O2DG=$J:n6H$G$"$m$&!#(B
$B!J%+!<%M%k:n6H$K$O!"$h$j6[L)$J%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$,I,MW$J$N$G!"(B
$B>/?M?t$GL)@\$J%0%k!<%W$G$N:n6H$H$J$k!#!K(B

@c If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
@c part time.  The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm
@c looking for people for whom building community spirit is as important as
@c making money.  I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote
@c their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a
@c living in another way.
$B$*6b$N4sIU$r<u$1$?>l9g$O!"%U%k%?%$%`$+%Q!<%H%?%$%`$G(B2$B!A(B3$B?M$r8[$($k$@$m$&!#(B
$B5kNA$O%W%m%0%i%^$NI8=`<}F~$[$I9b$/$O$J$$$,!"$*6b$r2T$0$3$H$HF1$8$h$&$K(B
$B6&F1BN@:?@$rC[$/$3$H$O=EMW$@$H9M$($F$$$k?M$r;d$OA\$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B;d$O!"$3$N5kNA$H$O!"%W%m%0%i%^$,JL$NJ}K!$G@87W$rN)$F$J$/$F$b!"(B
GNU$B:n6H$KA4NOEj5e$G$-$k$h$&$K$9$k$?$a$N0l<jCJ$H$7$F$H$i$($F$$$k!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec Why All Computer Users Will Benefit
@unnumberedsec $B$J$<A4$F$N%3%s%T%e!<%?!&%f!<%6$,287C$r$&$1$k$N$+!)(B

@c Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
@c software free, just like air.@footnote{This is another place I failed to
@c distinguish carefully between the two different meanings of ``free''.
@c The statement as it stands is not false---you can get copies of GNU
@c software at no charge, from your friends or over the net.  But it does
@c suggest the wrong idea.}
$B$$$C$?$s(BGNU$B$,:n@.$5$l$l$P!"C/$b$,NI<A$N%7%9%F%`!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$rL5NA$G(B
$BF~<j$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$k!#(B@footnote{
$B$3$l$O!"(B2$B<oN`$N0UL#$r;}$D!X%U%j!<!Y$K$D$$$F;d$,Cm0U?<$/6hJL$9$k$N$r(B
$BBU$C$?$b$&(B1$B$D$N2U=j$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$NJ8$OJ8;z$I$*$j$N0UL#$G$"$k!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"(BGNU$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$N%3%T!<$rM'?M$d%M%C%H7PM3$GL5NA$GF~<j$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!"(B
$B$H$$$&0UL#$G$"$k!#(B
$B$?$@$7!"4V0c$C$?9M$(J}$rDs<($7$F$7$^$C$F$$$k!#(B}

@c This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license.
@c It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will
@c be avoided.  This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the
@c art.
$B$3$l$O!"(BUnix$B%i%$%;%s%9$N2A3J$rC/$b$,@aLs$G$-$k$3$H$@$1$G$O$J$/(B
$BB?$/$N$3$H$r0UL#$9$k!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"Hs>o$KL5BL$H$J$k%7%9%F%`!&%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$N=EJ#$rHr$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B
$BBe$o$j$K!"$=$NO+NO$O8=:_$N5;=Q?e=`$N?JJb$K8~$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

@c Complete system sources will be available to everyone.  As a result, a user
@c who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself,
@c or hire any available programmer or company to make them for him.  Users
@c will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the
@c sources and is in sole position to make changes.
$B40A4$J%7%9%F%`!&%=!<%9$OC/$KBP$7$F$bG[I[2DG=$K$J$k!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"%7%9%F%`$KJQ99$r;\$5$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$%f!<%6$O!"(B
$B<+J,$G$$$D$G$b<+M3$K$=$l$r9T$J$C$?$j!"$"$k$$$O!"(B
$B<+J,$NBe$o$j$K$=$l$r9T$J$C$F$/$l$k%W%m%0%i%^$d4k6H$r(B
$B8[$&$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$k!#(B
$B%f!<%6$O$b$O$d!"%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r=jM-$9$k%W%m%0%i%^$d4k6H$N$J$9$,$^$^$K(B
$B$J$k$3$H$O$J$/!"JQ99$r;\$9$3$H$K4X$7$F$OFHN)$7$?B8:_$G$$$i$l$k!#(B

@c Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by
@c encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.  Harvard's
@c computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on
@c the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by
@c actually refusing to install certain programs.  I was very much inspired by
@c this.
$BBg3XB&$O!"3X@8$K%7%9%F%`!&%3!<%I$r3X=,$7!"2~NI$9$k$h$&>)$a$k$3$H$K$h$j!"(B
$B$O$k$+$KNI$$650i4D6-$NDs6!$,2DG=$K$J$k!#(B
$B%O!<%P!<%IBg3X$N%3%s%T%e!<%?8&5f=j$G$O!"(B
$B%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$r8x3+$7$F8+$l$J$$$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$O0l@Z!"(B
$B%7%9%F%`$K%$%s%9%H!<%k$7$J$$$H$$$&J}?K$,=,47$G$"$j!"(B
$BFCDj$N%W%m%0%i%`$r%$%s%9%H!<%k$9$k$3$H$r<B:]$K5qH]$9$k$3$H$r;Y;}$7$?!#(B
$B$3$N$3$H$K;d$OHs>o$KM&5$$E$1$i$l$?!#(B

@c Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what
@c one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.
$B:G8e$K!"%7%9%F%`!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$rC/$,=jM-$7$F$$$k$N$+$r!"(B
$B$=$l$r;H$C$F$d$C$F$$$$$3$H$H$$$1$J$$$3$H$r9MN8$9$k$3$H$N(B
$B%*!<%P!<%X%C%I$,2r>C$5$l$k$@$m$&!#(B

@c Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of
@c copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome
@c mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a
@c person must pay for.  And only a police state can force everyone to obey
@c them.  Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great
@c cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the
@c metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can
@c afford to pay the air bill.  And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you
@c ever take the mask off are outrageous.  It's better to support the air
@c plant with a head tax and chuck the masks.
$B?M!9$K%W%m%0%i%`$N;HMQNA$r;YJ'$o$;$k7@Ls!JJ#@=$N%i%$%;%s%9$r4^$`!K$O(B
$B>o$K!"?M$,$$$/$i!J$D$^$j!"$I$N%W%m%0%i%`$K!K;YJ'$o$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$+$r(B
$BM}2r$9$k$N$K7g$/$3$H$N$G$-$J$$Lq2p$J5!9=$rDL$8$F!"(B
$B<R2q$OB?Bg$J%3%9%H$rHo$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B$=$7$F!"7Y;!9q2H$G$b$J$1$l$P!"(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J5!9=$KA4$F$N?M$r=>$o$;$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#(B
$BNc$($P!"B?Bg$J%3%9%H$r$+$1$F6u5$$r@=B$$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B
$B1'Ch%9%F!<%7%g%s$N$3$H$r9M$($F$_$h$&!#(B
$B6u5$(B1$B%j%C%H%k$4$H$NB)7Q$.$K2]6b$9$l$P8xJ?$+$b$7$l$J$$$,!"(B
$B$?$H$(3'$,6u5$NA6b$r;YJ'$&M>M5$,$"$C$?$H$7$F$b!"(B
$B$=$N$?$a$K0lF|Cf%a!<%?IU$-$N6u5$%^%9%/$rIU$1$k$H$J$l$PBQ$(Fq$$$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$B$^$7$F!"%^%9%/$r30$7$?$+$I$&$+$r(BTV$B%+%a%i$,;j$k=j$G8+D%$C$F$$$k$J$I$H$$$&$N$O!"(B
$BA4$/$H$s$G$b$J$$$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$l$h$j$O!"NA6b$rF,3d$j$K$7$?@G6b$G6u5$9)>l$r0];}$7$F!"(B
$B%^%9%/$r30$9$[$&$,$^$7$G$"$k!#(B

@c Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
@c breathing, and as productive.  It ought to be as free.
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N0lIt$^$?$OA4$F$rJ#<L$9$k$3$H$O!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$K$H$C$F8F5[$9$k$N$HF1$8$/$i$$<+A3$J$3$H$G$"$j@8;:E*$J$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$@$+$i!"%W%m%0%i%`$O%U%j!<$G$"$k$Y$-$G$"$k!#(B

@c @unnumberedsec Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals
@unnumberedsec GNU$B$NL\I8$X$N0[5A$H!"4JC1$K$G$-$kH?>Z(B

@quotation
@c ``Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't rely
@c on any support.''
$B!X%W%m%0%i%`$,%U%j!<$G$"$l$PC/$b$=$l$r;H$o$J$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B$J$<$J$i$P!"L5NA$H$$$&$3$H$O!"%5%]!<%H$rEv$F$K$G$-$J$$$+$i$G$"$k!#!Y(B

@c ``You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the
@c support.''
$B!X%5%]!<%H$rDs6!$9$k$?$a$KNA6b$r%W%m%0%i%`$K2]$9I,MW$,$"$k!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without
@c service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU
@c free ought to be profitable.@footnote{Several such companies now exist.}
$B?M!9$,!"%5!<%S%9$N$J$$L5NA$N(BGNU$B$h$j$b!"(B
$B%5!<%S%9IU$-$NM-NA$N(BGNU$B$N$[$&$K;YJ'$&$H$$$&$N$G$"$l$P!"(B
GNU$B$rL5NA$GF~<j$7$??M!9$KBP$7$F!"(B
$B%5!<%S%9$@$1$rDs6!$9$k4k6H$OMx1W$rF@$FEvA3$G$"$k!#(B@footnote{
$B$=$N$h$&$J4k6H$O8=$K?t<RB8:_$9$k!#(B}

@c We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work
@c and mere handholding.  The former is something one cannot rely on from a
@c software vendor.  If your problem is not shared by enough people, the
@c vendor will tell you to get lost.
$BK\Ev$N%W%m%0%i%_%s%0:n6H$r9T$J$&%5%]!<%H$H!"(B
$BC1$J$k;Y1g$H$O6hJL$9$Y$-$G$"$k!#(B
$BA0<T$O!"%=%U%H%&%'%"6H<T$+$i$N%5%]!<%H$rEv$F$K$G$-$J$$<oN`$N$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$b$7$"$J$?$NLdBj$,B?$/$N?M!9$NLdBj$K$J$C$F$$$J$+$C$?>l9g$K$O!"(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"6H<T$O<YKb$7$J$$$G$[$7$$$H8@$&$@$m$&!#(B

@c If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to
@c have all the necessary sources and tools.  Then you can hire any available
@c person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual.
@c With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most
@c businesses.  With GNU this will be easy.  It is still possible for there to
@c be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on
@c distribution arrangements.  GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems,
@c only some of them.
$B$"$J$?$N%S%8%M%9$,%5%]!<%H$KMj$i$6$k$r$($J$$>l9g$O!"(B
$BI,MW$J%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$H%D!<%k$rA4$F<+J,$GJz$($k$7$+$J$$!#(B
$B$=$&$9$l$P!"$"$J$?$NLdBjE@$rD>$7$F$b$i$&$?$a$N?M$r8[$&$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B
$B?M$KK]O.$5$l$k$3$H$O$J$$!#(B
Unix$B$r;H$&>l9g!"%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$,9b2A$J$N$G!"(B
$B$[$H$s$I$N%S%8%M%9$G$O$3$N$h$&$J$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#(B
GNU$B$r;H$($P!"$3$l$O4JC1$K<B8=$9$k!#(B
$BM-G=$J?M:`$,$$$J$+$C$?$H$7$F$b2DG=$G$"$j!"$7$+$b!"(B
$BLdBjE@$r=$@5$G$-$J$$$N$OG[I[5,Dj$N$;$$$G$OCG$8$F$J$$!#(B
GNU$B$O!"@$3&Cf$NA4$F$NLdBj$G$O$J$/!"$=$N0lIt$N$_$r<h$j=|$$$F$$$k!#(B

@c Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding:
@c doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know
@c how.
$B0lJ}!"%3%s%T%e!<%?$K$D$$$F2?$bCN$i$J$$%f!<%6$K$O;Y1g$,I,MW$G$"$k!#(B
$B<+J,$GMF0W$K=hM}$G$-$kHOaF$G$"$C$F$b!"(B
$B$=$NJ}K!$rCN$i$J$$>l9g$K;Y1g$,I,MW$J$N$G$"$k!#(B

@c Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding
@c and repair service.  If it is true that users would rather spend money and
@c get a product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service
@c having got the product free.  The service companies will compete in quality
@c and price; users will not be tied to any particular one.  Meanwhile, those
@c of us who don't need the service should be able to use the program without
@c paying for the service.
$B$=$N$h$&$J%5!<%S%9$O!"C1$J$k;XF3$d=$M}%5!<%S%9$@$1$r9T$J$C$F$$$k(B
$B4k6H$,@A$1Ii$&$3$H$,$G$-$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B%f!<%6$,$*6b$r;YJ'$C$F$b%5!<%S%9IU$-$N@=IJ$r9XF~$9$k$[$&$,NI$$$H(B
$B9M$($F$$$k$N$G$"$l$P!"L5NA$N@=IJ$KBP$9$k%5!<%S%9$K$b4n$s$G$*6b$rJ'$&$@$m$&!#(B
$B%5!<%S%92q<R$O!"IJ<A$H2A3J$NLL$G6%Ah$9$k$3$H$K$J$j!"(B
$B%f!<%6$OFCDj$N%5!<%S%92q<R$K$3$@$o$kI,MW$,$J$/$J$k!#(B
$B0lJ}!"%5!<%S%9$rI,MW$H$7$J$$2f!9Ey$J$I$G$"$l$P!"(B
$B%5!<%S%9$X$NBP2A$r;YJ'$o$J$/$F$b!"%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

@quotation
@c ``You cannot reach many people without advertising,
@c and you must charge for the program to support that.''
$B!X9-9p$J$7$G$OB?$/$N?M!9$KCN$i$;$k$3$H$OL5M}$G$"$j!"(B
$B$=$NHqMQ$@$1$G$b%W%m%0%i%`$KNA6b$r2]$9$Y$-$G$"$k!#!Y(B

@c ``It's no use advertising a program people can get free.''
$B!XC/$b$,L5NA$GF~<j$G$-$k$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$r@kEA$7$F$b;EJ}$,$J$$!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to
@c inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU.  But it may be
@c true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising.  If this
@c is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and
@c mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its
@c advertising and more.  This way, only the users who benefit from the
@c advertising pay for it.
GNU$BEy$N>pJs$r!"B?$/$N%3%s%T%e!<%?!&%f!<%6$KCN$i$;$i$l$k$h$&$J(B
$BL5NA$^$?$O$-$o$a$F0B2A$J9-9pG^BN$,$$$m$$$m$H$"$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"@kEA$9$l$P!"$h$jB?$/$N%^%$%/%m%3%s%T%e!<%?!&%f!<%6$K(B
$BCN$i$;$i$l$k$H$$$&$N$b;v<B$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(B
$BK\Ev$K$=$&$G$"$l$P!"(BGNU$B$rL5NA$GJ#<L$7$?$jG[I[$9$k%5!<%S%9$r(B
$B@kEA$9$k%S%8%M%9$O!"$=$N9-9pHqMQ$K$+$+$C$?0J>e$N@.8y$r$*$5$a$k$O$:$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$NJ}K!$O!"@kEA$K$h$C$FMx1W$rF@$k%f!<%6$@$1$,9-9pNA$rJ'$&$b$N$G$"$k!#(B

@c On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such
@c companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really
@c necessary to spread GNU.  Why is it that free market advocates don't
@c want to let the free market decide this?@footnote{The Free Software
@c Foundation raises most of its funds from a distribution service,
@c although it is a charity rather than a company.  If @emph{no one}
@c chooses to obtain copies by ordering from the FSF, it will be unable
@c to do its work.  But this does not mean that proprietary restrictions
@c are justified to force every user to pay.  If a small fraction of all
@c the users order copies from the FSF, that is sufficient to keep the FSF
@c afloat.  So we ask users to choose to support us in this way.  Have you
@c done your part?}
$BB>J}$G$O!"B?$/$N?M!9$,M'?M$+$i(BGNU$B$rF~<j$9$k$N$G!"(B
$B>e5-$N$h$&$J4k6H$,@.8y$7$J$$$H$$$&$N$G$"$l$P!"$=$N@kEA$,(BGNU$B$r9-$a$k>e$G!"(B
$BK\Ev$KI,MW$J$b$N$G$O$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$B$J$<<+M3;T>lMJ8n<T$O!"(B
$B$3$N$3$H$r<+M3;T>l$K7h$a$5$;$?$/$J$$$N$@$m$&$+!)(B@footnote{
Free Software Foundation$B$O4k6H$G$O$J$/;|A1CDBN$G$O$"$k$,!"(B
$BG[I[%5!<%S%9$G;q6b$NBgH>$rD4C#$7$F$$$k!#(B
FSF$B$X$NCmJ8$K$h$C$F%3%T!<$rF~<j$9$k?M$,$$$J$/$J$k$H!"(B
$B:n6H$,$G$-$J$/$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$3$l$OFH@jE*@)8B$K$h$C$F%f!<%6$K;YJ'$$$r6/MW$9$k$3$H$,(B
$B@5$7$$$H$$$&0UL#$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$?$H$(>.$5$JCmJ8$G$"$C$F$b%f!<%6A4$F$,(BFSF$B$X%3%T!<$rH/Cm$7$F$/$l$l$P!"(B
$B$=$l$@$1$G(BFSF$B$O<Z6b$r$7$J$$$G:Q$`!#(B
$B$"$J$?$J$j$K2?$+9W8%$7$F$$$k$N$+!)(B}

@quotation
@c ``My company needs a proprietary operating system
@c to get a competitive edge.''
$B!X;d$N2q<R$O!"6%Ah$ND:E@$KN)$D$?$a$KFH@jE*$J%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&(B
$B%7%9%F%`$,I,MW$G$"$k!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition.
@c You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your
@c competitors be able to get an edge over you.  You and they will compete in
@c other areas, while benefiting mutually in this one.  If your business is
@c selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on
@c you.  If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being
@c pushed into the expensive business of selling operating systems.
GNU$B$K$h$j!"%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$O6%Ah$N@$3&$+$i(B
$B<h$j=|$+$l$k$3$H$K$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B$3$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$NJ,Ln$G$O!"(B
$B$"$J$?$O6%Ah$ND:E@$KN)$D$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$7!"6%AhAj<j$b$=$&$J$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#(B
$B$3$NJ,Ln$G$O!"$"$J$?$H$=$N6%AhAj<j$O8_$$$KMx1W$r<u$1!"(B
$B6%$$9g$&$N$OB>$NJ,Ln$G$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k!#(B
$B$"$J$?$N%S%8%M%9$,%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`$NHNGd$G$"$C$?>l9g$K$O!"(B
GNU$B$O9%$^$7$/$J$/!"$"$J$?$K$H$C$F87$7$$>u67$K$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B$"$k$$$OB>$N<oN`$N%S%8%M%9$J$i$P!"%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`$NHNGd$H$$$C$?(B
$B9b2A$J%S%8%M%9$K$"$J$?$,6/MW$5$l$J$$$h$&!"(BGNU$B$,$"$J$?$r5_$&$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

@c I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
@c manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.@footnote{A group of
@c computer companies recently pooled funds to support maintenance of the
@c GNU C Compiler.}
$B;d$O!"B?$/$N%a!<%+$d%f!<%6$+$i$N4sIU$K;Y$($i$l$F(BGNU$B$,H/E8$7!"(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J?M!9$N8D!9$N%3%9%H$,7Z8:$5$l$F$$$/$N$r(B
$B$3$NL\$G8+$?$$$H;W$&!#(B@footnote{
$B%3%s%T%e!<%?4k6H$,?t<R=8$^$C$F!"(BGNU C$B%3%s%Q%$%i$NJ]<i$r(B
$B%5%]!<%H$9$k$?$a$N;q6b$r:G6a6&F1=P;q$7$?!#(B}

@quotation
@c ``Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?''
$B!X%W%m%0%i%^$O<+J,$NAOB$@-$KBP$7$FJs=7$r<u$1$k$KCM$7$J$$$N$G$O$J$$$+!)!Y(B
@end quotation

@c If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.  Creativity can
@c be a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the
@c results.  If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative
@c programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict
@c the use of these programs.
$B2?;v$K$bJs=7$,$"$k$H$7$?$i!"$=$l$O<R2qE*9W8%$G$"$k!#(B
$BAOB$@-$O<R2qE*9W8%$H$J$j$&$k$,!"(B
$B$=$l$O<R2q$,$=$N@.2L$r<+M3$K;HMQ$G$-$k>l9g$K8B$i$l$k!#(B
$B$b$7%W%m%0%i%^$,!"3W?7E*$J%W%m%0%i%`$r:n@.$7$?$3$H$GJs=7$rF@$k$H$7$?$i!"(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$NMxMQ$r@)8B$7$?>l9g$K$bF1$8M}M3$GH3$KCM$9$k!#(B

@quotation
@c ``Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?''
$B!X%W%m%0%i%^$O!"<+J,$NAOB$@-$KBP$7$FJs=7$rMW5a$7$F$O$$$1$J$$$N$G$O$J$$$+!)!Y(B
@end quotation

@c There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize
@c one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive.  But
@c the means customary in the field of software today are based on
@c destruction.
$B;E;v$KBP$7$F;YJ'$$$r5a$a$?$j!"<+J,$N<}F~$r:GBg$KA}$d$9$h$&5a$a$k$3$H$O!"(B
$BGK2uE*$J<jCJ$r;H$o$J$$8B$j!"2?$i0-$$$3$H$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$7$+$7!":#F|$N%=%U%H%&%'%"J,Ln$G=,47$H$J$C$F$$$k<jCJ$O!"(B
$BGK2uE*9T0Y$K4p$E$$$F$$$k!#(B

@c Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is
@c destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that
@c the program can be used.  This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity
@c derives from the program.  When there is a deliberate choice to restrict,
@c the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction.
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N;HMQ$r@)8B$7$F%W%m%0%i%`$N%f!<%6$+$i$*6b$r$H$k$3$H$O!"(B
$B$=$N@)8B$N$;$$$G!";HMQ$G$-$k%W%m%0%i%`$N<oN`$dJ}K!$,8:$C$F$7$^$&$N$G!"(B
$BGK2uE*9T0Y$H$J$k!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"?MN`$,%W%m%0%i%`$+$iF@$i$l$kIY$NNL$r8:$i$7$F$7$^$&!#(B
$B8N0U$K@)8B$9$k$H7hDj$7$?$H$-$K$O!"(B
$B0U?^E*$JGK2u$H$$$&M-32$J7k2L$r$b$?$i$9$@$m$&!#(B

@c The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become
@c wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the
@c mutual destructiveness.  This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule.
@c Since I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards
@c information, I am required to consider it wrong for one to do so.
@c Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity does not
@c justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity.
$BA1NI$J;TL1$,$=$N$h$&$JGK2uE*<jCJ$rMQ$$$J$$$N$O!"(B
$B$=$&$7$J$$$3$H$3$=$,M5J!$G$"$k$H;W$C$F$$$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B$b$7C/$b$,GK2uE*<jCJ$rMQ$$$?$H$7$?$i!"(B
$B2f!9$O8_$$$NGK2u9T0Y$K$h$C$F$5$i$KIO$7$/$J$C$F$$$/$P$+$j$G$"$m$&!#(B
$B$3$l$,%+%s%HE/3X$NNQM}!"$^$?$O2+6bN'$G$"$k!#(B
$B3'$,>pJs$r1#$7;}$C$?7k2L$H$7$F@8$8$k7kKv$r;d$O9%$^$J$$$N$G!"(B
$B$=$&$9$k$3$H$O0-$$$3$H$G$"$k$H9M$($6$k$rF@$J$$!#(B
$BL@3N$K8@$($P!"<+J,$NAOB$@-$,Js$o$l$?$$$H$$$&M_K>$O!"(B
$B$=$NAOB$@-$NA4It$^$?$O0lIt$r!"0lHL$N@$$NCf$+$iC%$&8@$$Lu$K$O$J$i$J$$!#(B

@quotation
@c ``Won't programmers starve?''
$B!X%W%m%0%i%^$O52$($F$7$^$o$J$$$@$m$&$+!)!Y(B
@end quotation

@c I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer.  Most of us cannot
@c manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces.  But
@c we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the
@c street making faces, and starving.  We do something else.
$B%W%m%0%i%^$K6/MW$G$-$k<T$O$$$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$O8@$($k!#(B
$B2f!9$NBgH>$O!"39$KN)$C$F$7$+$aLL$r$7$F$b$I$&$K$b$*6b$r2T$0$3$H$O$G$-$J$$!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"7k2LE*$K$O!"2f!9$,$7$+$aLL$r$7$J$,$i$R$b$8$$;W$$$r$7$D$D39$KN)$C$F(B
$B0l@8$r2a$4$9$3$H$K$J$C$?$H$7$F$b!"$=$l$r87$7$/HsFq$5$l$O$7$J$$!#(B
$B2f!9$K$OB>$K$9$k$3$H$,$"$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B

@c But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit
@c assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly
@c be paid a cent.  Supposedly it is all or nothing.
$B$7$+$7!"$3$l$O!"<ALd<T$N0EL[$N2>Dj!"$D$^$j!"%=%U%H%&%'%"$N=jM-8"$,$J$1$l$P!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$O0lA,$?$j$H$b<}F~$rF@$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$H$$$&2>Dj$r(B
$B<u$1F~$l$F$$$k$N$G4V0c$C$?Ez$($G$"$k!#(B
$B$*$=$i$/!"0l$+H,$+$H$$$&$3$H$J$N$@$m$&!#(B

@c The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
@c possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
@c now.
$B%W%m%0%i%^$,52$($F$7$^$o$J$$K\Ev$NM}M3$O!"C1$K:#$[$I$N3[$G$O$J$$$@$1$G$"$C$F!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$KBP$7$F$O;YJ'$o$l$k2DG=@-$,0MA3$H$7$F$"$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B

@c Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.  It is
@c the most common basis because it brings in the most money.  If it were
@c prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to
@c other bases of organization which are now used less often.  There are
@c always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.
$BJ#<L$r@)8B$9$k$3$H$@$1$,!"%=%U%H%&%'%"$K$*$1$k%S%8%M%9$NM#0l$N4pAC$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$=$l$,:G$bB?$/$N$*6b$r$b$?$i$9$N$G!"0lHV$N6&DL4pHW$K$J$C$F$$$k$@$1$G$"$k!#(B
$B$b$78\5R$N$[$&$+$iJ#<L$N@)8B$r6X$8$?$j5q@d$9$l$P!"(B
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"!&%S%8%M%9$NAH?%$NEZBf$O!"(B
$B:#$G$O$"$^$jB?$/$O;HMQ$5$l$F$$$J$$$h$&$JJL$N<oN`$b$N$X$HJQ$o$k$@$m$&!#(B

@c Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is
@c now.  But that is not an argument against the change.  It is not considered
@c an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do.  If
@c programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either.  (In
@c practice they would still make considerably more than that.)
$B$*$=$i$/!"?7$7$$4pHW$N$b$H$G$O%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$O(B
$B8=:_$HF1$8$/$i$$$NMx1W$K$7$+$J$i$J$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$=$l$@$+$i$H$$$C$FJQ2=$KH?BP$9$kM}M3$K$O$J$i$J$$!#(B
$BHNGd0w$,:#$HF1$85kNA$rF@$k$3$H$,IT8xJ?$@$H$$$&$N$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$bF1MM$K:#$HF1$85kNA$rF@$?$H$7$F$b!"IT8xJ?$K$O$J$i$J$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B!J<B:]!"%W%m%0%i%^$O5kNA0J>e$N$3$H$r9T$J$&$@$m$&$+$i!#!K(B

@quotation
@c ``Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is used?''
$B!X?M!9$K$O<+J,$NAOB$@-$,$I$N$h$&$K;HMQ$5$l$k$N$+$r(B
$B@)8f$9$k8"Mx$,$"$k$N$G$O$J$$$+!)!Y(B
@end quotation

@c ``Control over the use of one's ideas'' really constitutes control over
@c other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more
@c difficult.
$B!X<+J,$N%"%$%G%"$N;HMQ$r@)8f$9$k$3$H!Y$O<B$O!"B>?M$N?M@8$r@)8f$7!"(B
$B0lHL$K$=$N?M$N?M@8$r$b$C$H:$Fq$K$9$k$?$a$KMQ$$$i$l$k@-<A$N$b$N$G$"$k!#(B

@c People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights carefully
@c (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual
@c property.  The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that the
@c government recognizes were created by specific acts of legislation for
@c specific purposes.
$B!JJ[8n;N$N$h$&$K!KCNE*=jM-8"$NLdBj$rJY6/$7$??M$K$h$l$P!"(B
$BCNE*=jM-J*$K$OK\Mh$N8"Mx$b$J$$$H8@$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B@/I\$,G'$a$F$$$k?dDj>e$NCNE*=jM-8"$NN`$O!"(B
$BFCDj$NL\E*$N$?$a$NFCDj$NK!N'$K$h$C$F:n$j=P$5$l$?$b$N$G$"$k!#(B

@c For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to
@c disclose the details of their inventions.  Its purpose was to help society
@c rather than to help inventors.  At the time, the life span of 17 years for
@c a patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the
@c art.  Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the
@c cost and effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up
@c production, the patents often do not do much harm.  They do not obstruct
@c most individuals who use patented products.
$BNc$($P!"FC5v@)EY$O!"H/L@2H$,$=$NH/L@$N:YIt$r8x3+$9$k$h$&(B
$BB%?J$9$k$?$a$K@)Dj$5$l$?!#(B
$B$=$NL\E*$O!"H/L@2H$rJ]8n$9$k$H$$$&$h$j$O!"<R2q$rJ]8n$9$k$3$H$K$"$C$?!#(B
$BEv;~!"(B17$BG/$H$$$&FC5v$NJ]8n4|4V$O!"5;=Q?e=`$N?JJb$KHf$Y$FC;$$$b$N$G$"$C$?!#(B
$BFC5v$O@=B$6H<T$N4V$@$1$NLdBj$J$N$G!"%i%$%;%s%97@Ls$N%3%9%H$d<j4V$,(B
$B@=IJ:n$j$N=`Hw$KHf$Y$l$P>/$J$$$h$&$J?M!9$K$H$C$F$NFC5v$H$O!"(B
$B$5$[$I$NB;32$K$O$J$i$J$$>l9g$,B?$$!#(B
$BFC5v@=IJ$r;HMQ$9$k$?$$$F$$$N8D?M$rK832$7$F$O$$$J$$!#(B

@c The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
@c frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction.  This
@c practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived
@c even in part.  The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose
@c of encouraging authorship.  In the domain for which it was
@c invented---books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
@c press---it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
@c who read the books.
$BCx:n8"$H$$$&35G0$O!"Cx<T$,%N%s%U%#%/%7%g%s:nIJ$NCf$KB>$NCx<T$+$iD9!9$H(B
$BIQHK$K??;w$F$$$?8EBe$K$OB8:_$7$J$+$C$?!#(B
$B$3$N=,47$OLr$KN)$C$F$$$?$7!"(B
$B8=:_$G$bB?$/$NCx<T$N:nIJ$KItJ,E*$K@8$-B3$1$F$$$k=,47$G$"$k!#(B
$BCx:n8"@)EY$O!"Cx=R6H$rL@Gr$KB%?J$9$k$?$a$K:n$i$l$?!#(B
$B$=$N@)EY$,:n$i$l$?J,Ln$H$7$FK\$,$"$k$,!"(B
$B$3$l$O0u:~$9$k$@$1$G0B$/J#@=$G$-$k$N$G$[$H$s$IB;32$rM?$($k$3$H$O$J$/!"(B
$B2?$h$j$bK\$rFI$`8D?M$rK832$9$k$3$H$O$J$+$C$?!#(B

@c All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
@c because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would
@c benefit by granting them.  But in any particular situation, we have to ask:
@c are we really better off granting such license?  What kind of act are we
@c licensing a person to do?
$BA4$F$NCNE*=jM-8"$O!"<R2q$,G'$a$k%i%$%;%s%9$K$9$.$J$$!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"NI$-$K$D$10-$7$-$K$D$1!"(B
$BCNE*=jM-8"$rG'$a$k$3$H$K$h$j<R2qA4BN$,Mx1W$rF@$k$H9M$($i$l$?$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$I$N$h$&$JFC<l$J>u67$K$*$$$F$b!"(B
$B2f!9$K$OLdD>$5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$,$"$k!#(B
$B!V2f!9$O$=$N$h$&$J%i%$%;%s%9$rG'$a$k$3$H$GK\Ev$K$h$jM5J!$K$J$k$N$+!)!W!"(B
$B!V2f!9$O$I$N$h$&$J<oN`$N9T0Y$r?M$K5v2D$7$F$$$k$H$$$&$@$m$&$+!)!W$H!#(B

@c The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred
@c years ago.  The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one
@c neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and
@c object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather
@c than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who
@c enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and
@c spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the
@c law enables him to.
$B:#F|$N%W%m%0%i%`;v>p$O!"(B100$BG/A0$N=qJ*$N$H$-$H$OA4$/0[$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$BNc$($P!"%W%m%0%i%`$rJ#<L$9$k$H$-$N:G$b4JC1$JJ}K!$O!"(B
$BNY$N?M$+$i$5$i$KNY$N?M$X$H=g$K$^$o$7$F$$$/$H$$$&;v<B$d!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$K$O%=!<%9!&%3!<%I$H%*%V%8%'%/%H!&%3!<%I$,$"$C$F(B
$B$=$l$>$lJL$N$b$N$G$"$k$H$$$&;v<B!"%W%m%0%i%`$OFI$s$@$j3Z$7$`$b$N$G$O$J$/(B
$B;HMQ$5$l$k$b$N$G$"$k$H$$$&;v<B$,:.$<9g$o$5$l$F!"Cx:n8"$r2!$7DL$9?M$,!"(B
$BJ*<AE*$K$b@:?@E*$K$b<R2qA4BN$K32$r5Z$\$7$F$$$k>u67$r:n$j=P$7$F$$$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"K!E*$KCx:n8"$N6/MW$,2DG=$+$I$&$+$K$+$+$o$i$:!"(B
$B?M$O$=$N$h$&$J$3$H$r$9$Y$-$G$O$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#(B

@quotation
@c ``Competition makes things get done better.''
$B!X6%Ah$,J*;v$r$h$jNI$/$7$F$$$/!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
@c encourage everyone to run faster.  When capitalism really works this way,
@c it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works
@c this way.  If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become
@c intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies---such as,
@c attacking other runners.  If the runners get into a fist fight, they will
@c all finish late.
$B6%Ah$NE57?$O%l!<%9$G$"$k!#(B
$B>!<T$K$OJs=7$,M?$($i$l$k$N$G!"C/$b$,$b$C$HB.$/Av$m$&$HEXNO$9$k!#(B
$B;qK\<g5A$,K\Ev$K$3$NJ}K!$G5!G=$9$l$P$h$$$,!";qK\<g5A$NMJ8n<T$O!"(B
$B$3$NJ}K!$G>o$K5!G=$9$k$3$H$rA0Ds$H$7$F$$$kE@$,4V0c$C$F$$$k!#(B
$BNc$($P!"$J$<Js=7$,M?$($i$l$k$N$+$rAv<T$,K:$l$F$7$^$$!"(B
$B<jCJ$rA*$P$:>!$D$3$H$N$_$K<9Ce$7$?$H$9$l$P!"(B
$BB>$NAv<T$r967b$9$k$H$$$C$?B>$N:n@o$r$H$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(B
$BAv<TC#$,??$C@h$K2%$j9g$$$r$7$F$7$^$($P!"3'$N%4!<%k%$%s$,CY$l$F$7$^$&$@$m$&!#(B

@c Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a
@c fist fight.  Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to
@c object to fights; he just regulates them (``For every ten yards you run,
@c you can fire one shot'').  He really ought to break them up, and penalize
@c runners for even trying to fight.
$B%=%U%H%&%'%"$N@jM-$HHkL)$O!"??$C@h$K2%$j9g$&Av<T$HF;5AE*$K$OF1$8$G$"$k!#(B
$BHa$7$$$3$H$K!"2f!9$NM#0l$N?3H=$G$5$(!"2%$j9g$$$KH?BP$7$F$$$J$$$h$&$K8+$($k!#(B
$B$?$@Av<T$r!J!X(B10$B%d!<%IAv$k$4$H$K(B1$BH/2%$C$F$b$h$$!Y$H$$$&$U$&$K$7$F!K(B
$B5,@)$9$k$@$1$G$"$k!#(B
$B?3H=$OK\Mh!"$=$N$h$&$JAv<TC#$NCf$KJ,$1F~$C$F!"(B
$BK=NO$rF/$3$&$H$7$?Av<T$rH3$7$F$7$+$k$Y$-$G$"$k!#(B

@quotation
@c ``Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?''
$B!X6bA,E*$J;I7c$,$J$/$J$C$F$OC/$b%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$J$I$7$J$$$N$G$O$J$$$+!)!Y(B
@end quotation

@c Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive.
@c Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the
@c people who are best at it.  There is no shortage of professional musicians
@c who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way.
$B<B:]$K$O!"B?$/$N?M!9$,6bA,E*;I7c$,3'L5$G$"$C$F$b%W%m%0%i%`$r=q$$$F$$$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K$O!"0lIt$N?M$K$H$C$F$O$?$^$i$J$$$[$I$NL%NO$,$"$j!"(B
$B$=$&$$$&?M$3$=%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K:G$b8~$$$F$$$k!#(B
$B2;3Z$G@87W$rN)$F$kK>$_$,$J$$$+$i$H$$$C$F!"%W%m$N2;3Z2H$,$$$J$/$J$k$3$H$O$J$$!#(B

@c But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the
@c situation.  Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less.  So
@c the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary
@c incentive?  My experience shows that they will.
$B$7$+$7!"$3$N5?Ld$O<B:]!"$h$/Ds5/$5$l$k$N$@$,!"8=<B$KB($7$F$O$$$J$$!#(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$X$N;YJ'$$$O>/$J$/$J$C$F$b!"L5$/$J$k$3$H$O$J$$!#(B
$B$7$?$,$C$F!"@5$7$$<ALd$O!"(B
$B!X6bA,E*$JL%NO$,8:$C$F$b?M$O%W%m%0%i%`$r=q$/$+!)!Y$H$J$k!#(B
$B;d$N7P83$,$=$l$r8l$C$F$$$k!#(B

@c For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the
@c Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had
@c anywhere else.  They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and
@c appreciation, for example.  And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself.
10$BG/0J>e$b$N4V!"@$3&Cf$NB?$/$N:GM%=(%W%m%0%i%^$,!"(B
$B$h$=$G$J$i$b$C$H<}F~$rF@$i$l$?$O$:$K$b4X$o$i$:!"(BAI$B%i%\$GF/$$$F$-$?!#(B
$BH`$i$O!"6bA,$G$O$J$$Js=7!"Nc$($P!"L>@<$d46<U$H$$$C$?$b$N$rF@$F$-$?!#(B
$B$=$7$F!"AOB$$O3Z$7$/$b$"$j!"$=$l<+BN$,<+J,$X$NJs=~$G$"$C$?!#(B

@c Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting
@c work for a lot of money.
$B$d$,$F!"H`$i$NBgH>$O!"B?$/$N5kNA$r$b$i$$$J$,$i0z$-B3$-6=L#$"$k(B
$BF1$8;E;v$,$G$-$k5!2q$rM?$($i$l$F5n$C$F$$$C$?!#(B

@c What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than
@c riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will
@c come to expect and demand it.  Low-paying organizations do poorly in
@c competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the
@c high-paying ones are banned.
$B$3$N;v<B$O!"?M$O6b;}$A$K$J$k$3$H0J30$NM}M3$G$b%W%m%0%i%`$r(B
$B=q$/$H$$$&$3$H$r<($7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$h$jB?$/$N$*6b$rF@$k5!2q$,$"$l$P!"?M$O$=$l$r4|BT$75a$a$b$9$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B5kNA$,>/$J$$AH?%$O!"B?$$$H$3$m$H6%Ah$9$l$PNt@*$K$O$J$k$,!"(B
$B5kNA$NB?$$AH?%$,B)5M$^$C$F$b!">/$J$$$[$&$^$G0-$/$J$k$o$1$G$O$J$$!#(B

@quotation
@c ``We need the programmers desperately.  If they demand that we
@c stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.''
$B!X2f!9$O@dK>E*$K$J$C$F%W%m%0%i%^$rI,MW$H$7$F$$$k$N$G$O$J$$$+!#(B
$B2f!9$NNY?M$r=u$1$k$N$r$d$a$k$h$&%W%m%0%i%^$,2f!9$KMW5a$9$l$P!"(B
$B2f!9$O$=$l$K=>$o$6$k$rF@$J$$!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
@c Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!
$B$"$J$?$O!"$=$&$$$C$?MW5a$K=>$&$[$I7h$7$F@dK>E*$G$O$J$$!#(B
$BK:$l$J$$$G$$$?$@$-$?$$!#(B
$B$=$N$h$&$JMW5a$K=>$o$J$1$l$P?tI4K|%I%k$N2ACM$H$J$k$,!"(B
$B=>$($P(B1$B%;%s%H$b$N;?<-$K$OCM$7$J$$$N$G$"$k!*(B

@quotation
@c ``Programmers need to make a living somehow.''
$B!X%W%m%0%i%^$O2?$H$+$7$F@87W$rN)$F$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$!#!Y(B
@end quotation

@c In the short run, this is true.  However, there are plenty of ways that
@c programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program.
@c This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the
@c most money, not because it is the only way to make a living.  It is easy to
@c find other ways if you want to find them.  Here are a number of examples.
$BC;$$L\$G8+$l$P$3$l$OEv$F$O$^$k!#(B
$B$@$,!"%W%m%0%i%^$,!"%W%m%0%i%`$N;HMQ8"$rGd$i$:$K@87W$rN)$F$F$$$1$kJ}K!$O(B
$B$$$/$i$G$b$"$k!#(B
$B$3$NJ}K!$O!"B>$K@87W$rN)$F$k<jN)$F$,$J$$$+$i$G$O$J$/!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%^$d%S%8%M%9%^%s$KB?3[$N$*6b$r$b$?$i$9$N$G!":#$G$O47=,E*$H$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$BB>$NJ}K!$r8+$D$1$h$&$H;W$($P4JC1$K8+$D$+$k!#(B
$B$=$NNc$r$$$/$D$+<($7$F$*$/!#(B

@c A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
@c operating systems onto the new hardware.
$B?7$7$$%3%s%T%e!<%?$rF3F~$7$F$$$k@=B$6H<T$O!"(B
$B?7$7$$%O!<%I%&%'%"$K%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0!&%7%9%F%`$r(B
$B0\?"$9$k:n6H$KBP$7$F;YJ'$&$@$m$&!#(B

@c The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance services could also
@c employ programmers.
$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K4X$9$k650i$d;XF3!"J]<i$H$$$C$?%5!<%S%9$r(B
$B%S%8%M%9$H$9$k>l9g$K$b%W%m%0%i%^$r8[$&$3$H$,$G$-$k$@$m$&!#(B

@c People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware, asking for
@c donations from satisfied users, or selling hand-holding services.  I have
@c met people who are already working this way successfully.
$B?7$7$$%"%$%G%"$r;}$C$??M$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$r%U%j!<%&%'%"$H$7$FG[I[$7!"(B
$B$=$l$KK~B-$7$?%f!<%6$K4sIU$r5a$a$?$j!"4JC1$J;XF3%5!<%S%9$r(B
$B%S%8%M%9$K$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B;d$O!"$3$NJ}K!$r4{$K<BA)$7$F@.8y$7$??M!9$rCN$C$F$$$k!#(B

@c Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues.  A group
@c would contract with programming companies to write programs that the
@c group's members would like to use.
$B;w$?$h$&$JMW5a$,$"$k%f!<%6F1;N$O!"%f!<%6!&%0%k!<%W$rAH?%$7!"2qHq$rJ'$&!#(B
$B%0%k!<%W$G$O!"%=%U%H%&%'%"6H<T$H7@Ls$7$F!"(B
$B%a%s%P!<$,;H$$$?$$%W%m%0%i%`$r:n@.$7$F$b$i$&!#(B

@c All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:
$B$"$i$f$k<oN`$N3+H/$,!"0J2<$K<($9!V%=%U%H%&%'%"@G!W$G@Q$_N)$F$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

@quotation
@c Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of
@c the price as a software tax.  The government gives this to
@c an agency like the NSF to spend on software development.
$B%3%s%T%e!<%?$rGc$&?M$OC/$G$b!"%=%U%H%&%'%"@G$H$7$F!"(B
$B$=$N2A3J$N(Bx$B%Q!<%;%s%H$r;YJ'$&$h$&$K$9$k!#(B
$B@/I\$O!"$3$l$r!"%=%U%H%&%'%"3+H/$N$?$a$K(BNSF
$B!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$BJF9q2J3X:bCD!"(BNational Science Foundation$B!K$N$h$&$J5!4X$KM?$($k!#(B

@c But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
@c himself, he can take a credit against the tax.  He can donate to
@c the project of his own choosing---often, chosen because he hopes to
@c use the results when it is done.  He can take a credit for any amount
@c of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.
$B$?$@$7!"%3%s%T%e!<%?$N9XF~<T$,%=%U%H%&%'%"3+H/$K4sIU$9$k>l9g$K$O!"(B
$BAjEv3[$N@G6b95=|$H$J$k!#(B
$B<+J,$GA*$s$@%W%m%8%'%/%H$X4sIU$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B
$B$[$H$s$I$O!"%W%m%8%'%/%H$N@.2L$rMxMQ$7$?$$$h$&$J=j$rA*$V$@$m$&!#(B
$BK\Mh;YJ'$&$Y$-@G6b$N9g7W$r>e8B$H$7$F!"4sIU6b$N3[$K1~$8$F95=|$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B

@c The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of
@c the tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.
$BA4BN$N@GN($O!"2]@G3[$K1~$8$F=E$_IU$1$r$7!"G<@G<T$NEjI<$K$h$C$F7hDj2DG=$H$9$k!#(B

@c The consequences:
$B$=$N7k2L!"(B

@itemize @bullet
@item
@c The computer-using community supports software development.
$B%3%s%T%e!<%?$r;HMQ$9$k%3%_%e%K%F%#$O%=%U%H%&%'%"3+H/$r;Y1g$9$k!#(B
@item
@c This community decides what level of support is needed.
$B$=$N%3%_%e%K%F%#$O!"$I$NDxEY$N%5%]!<%H$,I,MW$J$N$+$r7hDj$9$k!#(B
@item
@c Users who care which projects their share is spent on
@c can choose this for themselves.
$B<+J,C#$NIiC4$7$?$b$N$,$I$N%W%m%8%'%/%H$KHq$5$l$k$+$K4X?4$N$"$k%f!<%6$O!"(B
$B<+J,$G!J(B[$BLuCm(B]$BN)$A>e$2$FM_$7$$!K%W%m%8%'%/%H$rA*$V$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B
@end itemize
@end quotation

@c In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity
@c world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.
@c People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such
@c as programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required
@c tasks such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid
@c prospecting.  There will be no need to be able to make a living from
@c programming.
$BD9$$L\$G8+$?>l9g$K$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$r%U%j!<$K$9$k$3$H$O!"(B
$B7gK3$NL5$$@$3&$X$NBh0lJb$G$"$j!"(B
$B$=$3$G$OC/$b@87W$rN)$F$k$?$a$@$1$K$"$/$;$/F/$/I,MW$O$J$$$@$m$&!#(B
$B?M!9$O!"=5$K(B10$B;~4V$N2]$;$i$l$?;E;v!"Nc$($P!"K!N'$N@)Dj$d!"2HB2$H$NAjCL!"(B
$B%m%\%C%H$N=$M}!">.OG@1$N;n7!$H$$$C$?I,MW$J;E;v$r$3$J$7$?$"$H$O!"(B
$B%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$H$$$C$?3Z$7$a$k3hF0$K<+M3$K@lG0$9$k$3$H$K$J$k$@$m$&!#(B
$B$b$O$d%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$G@87W$rN)$F$kI,MW$O$J$/$J$k!#(B

@c We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society
@c must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has
@c translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive
@c activity is required to accompany productive activity.  The main causes of
@c this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition.  Free
@c software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software
@c production.  We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity
@c to translate into less work for us.
$B2f!9$O4{$K!"<R2qA4BN$,<B<AE*@8;:$N$?$a$K$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$:n6HNL$r(B
$BBgI}$K8:$i$7$F$-$?$,!"$=$N$&$A$N$[$s$N$o$:$+$,O+F/<T$N8d3Z$K(B
$BJQ$o$C$?$@$1$G$"$k!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"@8;:3hF0$KH<$$B?$/$NHs@8;:3hF0$,I,MW$H$5$l$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$N<g$J860x$O!"41N=<g5A$H6%Ah$KBP$9$k:9$NL5$$9|@^$j$G$"$k!#(B
$B%U%j!<!&%=%U%H%&%'%"$O!"%=%U%H%&%'%"@8;:$NJ,Ln$G$3$l$i$NMpHqN.=P$r(B
$BBgI}$K8:$i$9$@$m$&!#(B
$B@8;:$K$*$1$k5;=QE*MxF@$,2f!9$K$H$C$F$NO+F/$N7Z8:$K$J$k$h$&!"(B
$B2f!9$O$3$l$r9T$J$C$F$$$+$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$N$G$"$k!#(B