@c =============================================================
@c = $B85(B $BK](B $BLu(B: $BNkLZ1Y;R!wDEED=NBg3X(B
@c = $B2CI.=$@5(B: $BBgLZFXM:!wBgDM(B.$BC^GHBg3X(B = 1998/11/25
@c = 20.4$B2~D{(B: $BBgLZFXM:!wBgDM(B.$BC^GHBg3X(B = 1999/09/12
@c =============================================================
@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
@c @chapter Major Modes
@c @cindex major modes
@c @cindex mode, major
@chapter $B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I(B
@cindex $B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I(B
@cindex $B%b!<%I!"%a%8%c!<(B
@c @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
@c @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
@c @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
@kindex TAB @r{$B!J$H%a%8%c!<%b!<%I!K(B}
@kindex DEL @r{$B!J$H%a%8%c!<%b!<%I!K(B}
@kindex C-j @r{$B!J$H%a%8%c!<%b!<%I!K(B}

@c   Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
@c customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort.  The major modes
@c are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
@c The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
@c parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
Emacs$B$K$O!"B??t$NA*Br$G$-$k(B@dfn{$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I(B}$B!J(Bmajor mode$B!K$,$"$j!"(B
$B3F%b!<%I$OFCDj$N<oN`$N%F%-%9%H$rJT=8$9$k$?$a$K(BEmacs$B$r%+%9%?%^%$%:$7$^$9!#(B
$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$OAj8_$KGSB>E*$G!"(B
$B3F%P%C%U%!$O$$$D$G$b(B1$B$D$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$@$1$r;}$A$^$9!#(B
$B%b!<%I9T$O!"DL>o!"8=9T$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$NL>A0$r3g8L$NCf$KI=<($7$^$9(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Mode Line}$B!K!#(B

@c   The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
@c This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
@c that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
@c option is in its default state.  For editing text of a specific type
@c that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English text, you should
@c switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp mode or Text mode.
$B$b$C$H$bFC<l2=$5$l$F$$$J$$%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O!"(B
@dfn{$B4pK\!J(Bfundamental$B!K%b!<%I(B}$B$H8F$P$l$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%b!<%I$K$O!"%b!<%IFH<+$N:FDj5A$dJQ?t@_Dj$,$J$/!"(B
$B3F(BEmacs$B%3%^%s%I$O$b$C$H$b0lHLE*$J$U$k$^$$$r$7$F!"(B
$B3F%*%W%7%g%s$O%G%U%)%k%H$N>uBV$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
Lisp$B$d1QJ8$N$h$&$K!"(BEmacs$B$,CN$C$F$$$kFCDj$N<oN`$N%F%-%9%H$rJT=8$9$k$K$O!"(B
Lisp$B%b!<%I$d!"%F%-%9%H!J(Btext$B!K%b!<%I$N$h$&$J(B
$BE,@Z$J%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$K@Z$jBX$($k$Y$-$G$9!#(B

@c   Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
@c more specifically adapted to the language being edited.  The ones that
@c are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}.  The
@c prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands.  In
@c addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
@c how comments are to be delimited.  Many major modes redefine the
@c syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
@c @xref{Syntax}.
$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rA*Br$9$k$3$H$O!"(B
$BJT=8BP>]$N8@8l$K$h$jL@3N$KE,1~$9$k$h$&$K%-!<$N0UL#$rB?>/JQ99$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B$h$/JQ99$5$l$k%-!<$O(B@key{TAB}$B!"(B@key{DEL}$B!"(B@kbd{C-j}$B$G$9!#(B
$B%W%l%U%#%C%/%9%-!<(B@kbd{C-c}$B$O!"%b!<%IFCM-$N%3%^%s%I$r4^$_$^$9!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"%3%a%s%H$r07$&%3%^%s%I$O!"(B
$B%b!<%I$r;H$C$F%3%a%s%H$N6h@Z$jJ}$r7hDj$7$^$9!#(B
$BB?$/$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$G$O!"(B
$B%P%C%U%!Fb$K8=$l$kJ8;z$N9=J8>e$NB0@-$r:FDj5A$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
@xref{Syntax}$B!#(B

@c   The major modes fall into three major groups.  Lisp mode (which has
@c several variants), C mode, Fortran mode and others are for specific
@c programming languages.  Text mode, Nroff mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline
@c mode are for editing English text.  The remaining major modes are not
@c intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for
@c specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by Dired
@c (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m}
@c (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
@c communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
@c Shell}).
$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O(B3$B$D$N%0%k!<%W$KJ,$1$i$l$^$9!#(B
$B!J$$$/$D$+$NJQ<o$rM-$9$k!K(BLisp$B%b!<%I!"(BC$B%b!<%I!"(BFortran$B%b!<%I!"(B
$B$=$NB>$N%W%m%0%i%`8@8lFCM-$N%b!<%I$N%0%k!<%W$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B%F%-%9%H!J(Btext$B!K%b!<%I!"(Bnroff$B%b!<%I!"(B
@TeX{}$B$H%"%&%H%i%$%s!J(Boutline$B!K%b!<%I$J$I(B
$B1QJ8$rJT=8$9$k$?$a$N$b$N$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B;D$j$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O!"%f!<%6!<$N%U%!%$%k$K;H$&$?$a$N$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
Emacs$B$,FCJL$NL\E*$N$?$a$K:n$k%P%C%U%!$G;H$o$l$^$9!#(B
dired$B!J(B@pxref{Dired}$B!K$,:n$k%P%C%U%!8~$1$N(Bdired$B%b!<%I!J(B@pxref{Dired}$B!K!"(B
@kbd{C-x m}$B$G:n$i$l$k%P%C%U%!8~$1$N(B
$B%a%$%k!J(Bmail$B!K%b!<%I!J(B@pxref{Sending Mail}$B!K!"(B
$B2<0L$N%7%'%k%W%m%;%9$H$NDL?.MQ$N%P%C%U%!8~$1$N%7%'%k!J(Bshell$B!K%b!<%I(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Interactive Shell}$B!K$J$I$G$9!#(B

@c   Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
@c separate paragraphs.  This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
@c (@xref{Paragraphs}.)  They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
@c definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates.  This is
@c because most lines in a program are usually indented.
@c (@xref{Indentation}.)
$B$[$H$s$I$N%W%m%0%i%`8@8lMQ$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$G$O!"(B
$BCJMn$N6h@Z$j$O6u9T$@$1$G$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"CJMn%3%^%s%I$rLrN)$D$h$&$K$9$k$?$a$G$9!#(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Paragraphs}$B!#!K(B
$B$^$?!"$3$l$i$N%b!<%I$G$O!"(B
$B<+F05M$a9~$_!J(Bauto-fill$B!K%b!<%I$K$*$$$F!"(B
$B?7$?$K:n$C$?9T$r;z2<$2$9$k$h$&$K(B@key{TAB}$B$rDj5A$7$^$9!#(B
$B$H$$$&$N$O!"%W%m%0%i%`Cf$N$[$H$s$I$N9T$ODL>o;z2<$2$5$l$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
$B!J(B@pxref{Indentation}$B!#!K(B

@menu
* Choosing Modes::     How major modes are specified or chosen.
@end menu

@node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
@c @section How Major Modes are Chosen
@section $B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$NA*BrJ}<0(B

@c @cindex choosing a major mode
@cindex $B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$NA*Br(B
@c   You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
@c most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
@c name or on special text in the file.
$B%+%l%s%H%P%C%U%!$KBP$7$FL@<(E*$K%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rA*Br$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$?$$$F$$$O!"%U%!%$%kL>$d%U%!%$%kFb$NFCJL$N%F%-%9%H$K4p$E$$$F(B
Emacs$B$O$I$N%b!<%I$r;H$&$+$r7hDj$7$^$9!#(B

@c   Explicit selection of a new major mode is done with a @kbd{M-x} command.
@c From the name of a major mode, add @code{-mode} to get the name of a
@c command to select that mode.  Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by executing
@c @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}.
$BL@<(E*$K?7$7$$%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rA*Br$9$k$K$O!"(B@kbd{M-x}$B%3%^%s%I$G9T$$$^$9!#(B
$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$NL>A0$K(B@code{-mode}$B$rIU$12C$($k$H!"(B
$B$=$N%b!<%I$rA*$V%3%^%s%IL>$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B$7$?$,$C$F!"(BLisp$B%b!<%I$KF~$k$K$O(B@kbd{M-x lisp-mode}$B$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B

@vindex auto-mode-alist
@c   When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
@c on the file's name.  For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
@c edited in C mode.  The correspondence between file names and major modes is
@c controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}.  Its value is a list in
@c which each element has this form,
$B%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$9$k$H!"(BEmacs$B$ODL>o%U%!%$%kL>$K4p$E$$$F(B
$B@5$7$$%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rA*Br$7$^$9!#(B
$B$?$H$($P!"(B@samp{.c}$B$G=*$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$O!"(BC$B%b!<%I$GJT=8$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$H%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$H$NBP1~$O!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{auto-mode-alist}$B$G@)8f$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$NCM$O!"MWAG$,$D$.$N$h$&$J7A<0$N%j%9%H$G$9!#(B

@example
(@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
@end example

@noindent
@c or this form,
$B$^$?$O!"$D$.$N7A<0$G$9!#(B

@example
(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
@end example

@noindent
@c For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
@c @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
@c mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}.  (Note that @samp{\\} is
@c needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which is
@c needed to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.)  If the
@c element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
@c @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
@c @var{function}, the suffix that matched @var{regexp} is discarded and
@c the list is searched again for another match.
$B$?$H$($P!"$3$N%j%9%H$KDL>o$"$kMWAG$O!"(B
@code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"}. c-mode)}$B$G$9!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(B@file{.c}$B$G=*$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$K$O(BC$B%b!<%I$rA*$S$^$9!#(B
$B!J(BLisp$B$N9=J8$G$O!"(B@samp{\}$B$r4^$a$k$K$O(B@samp{\\}$B$,I,MW!#(B
$B$^$?!"(B@samp{\}$B$O!"@55,I=8=$N(B@samp{.}$B$NFCJL$J0UL#$rM^@)$9$k$?$a$KI,MW!#!K(B
$B%j%9%H$NMWAG$,(B
@code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})}$B$N7A<0$G(B
@var{flag}$B$,(B@code{nil}$B0J30$J$i$P!"(B
@var{function}$B$r8F$s$@$"$H$K(B@var{regexp}$B$K0lCW$9$k@\Hx<-$r<N$F$F!"(B
$B%j%9%H$GB>$K0lCW$9$k$b$N$r$U$?$?$SC5$7$^$9!#(B

@c   You can specify which major mode should be used for editing a certain
@c file by a special sort of text in the first nonblank line of the file.  The
@c mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
@c @samp{-*-}.  Other text may appear on the line as well.  For example,
$B%U%!%$%k$N6u9T$G$J$$:G=i$N9T$NFCJL$J<oN`$N%F%-%9%H$K$h$C$F!"(B
$B$=$N%U%!%$%k$rJT=8$9$k$?$a$K$I$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$r;H$&$+$r;XDj$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%b!<%IL>$O!"$=$N9T$K(B@samp{-*-}$B$G0O$^$l$F8=$l$^$9!#(B
$BB>$N%F%-%9%H$,$=$N9T$K$"$C$F$b$+$^$$$^$;$s!#(B
$B$?$H$($P!"(B

@example
;-*-Lisp-*-
@end example

@noindent
@c tells Emacs to use Lisp mode.  Such an explicit specification overrides
@c any defaulting based on the file name.  Note how the semicolon is used
@c to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
$B$O!"(BEmacs$B$K(BLisp$B%b!<%I$r;H$&$h$&$K;X<($7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$JL@<(E*$J;XDj$O!"(B
$B%U%!%$%kL>$K4p$E$$$?%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$KM%@h$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N9T$,(BLisp$B$N%3%a%s%H$K$J$k$h$&$K(B
$B%;%_%3%m%s$r;H$C$F$$$k$3$H$KCm0U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B

@c   Another format of mode specification is
$B%b!<%I$r;XDj$9$kJL$N=q<0$O!"$D$.$N$H$*$j$G$9!#(B

@example
-*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
@end example

@noindent
@c which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
$B$3$l$O!"F1MM$K%m!<%+%kJQ?t$b;XDj$G$-$F!"$D$.$N$h$&$K=q$-$^$9!#(B

@example
-*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
@end example

@noindent
@c @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
$B$h$j>\$7$/$O!"(B@xref{File Variables}$B!#(B

@vindex interpreter-mode-alist
@c   When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
@c executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
@c the file's first line.  The rest of the file is used as input to the
@c interpreter.
$B%U%!%$%k$NFbMF$,(B@samp{#!}$B$G;O$^$k$H$-$O!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$N(B1$B9TL\$G;XDj$7$?%3%^%s%I%$%s%?!<%W%j%?$r<B9T$9$k$3$H$G!"(B
$B<B9T2DG=$J%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$H$7$FF/$-$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$N;D$j$NItJ,$O!"%$%s%?!<%W%j%?$X$NF~NO$H$7$F;H$o$l$^$9!#(B

@c   When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
@c specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
@c to choose a mode.  If the first line is the name of a recognized
@c interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
@c mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter.  The variable
@c @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
@c interpreter program names and major modes.
Emacs$B$G$=$N$h$&$J%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$?$H$-!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$,%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$r;XDj$7$J$$$H$-$K$O!"(B
Emacs$B$O%b!<%I$rA*Br$9$k$?$a$K(B1$B9TL\$N%$%s%?!<%W%j%?$NL>A0$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
1$B9TL\$,!"(B@samp{perl}$B$d(B@samp{tcl}$B$N$h$&$JG'<1$5$l$k(B
$B%$%s%?!<%W%j%?%W%m%0%i%`$NL>A0$J$i$P!"(B
Emacs$B$O%$%s%?!<%W%j%?$N%W%m%0%i%`$K$H$C$FE,@Z$J%b!<%I$r;HMQ$7$^$9!#(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{interpreter-mode-alist}$B$O!"(B
$B%$%s%?!<%W%j%?%W%m%0%i%`L>$H%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$H$NBP1~$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B

@c   When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
@c systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
@c system would get confused when running the interpreter.  So Emacs looks
@c for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
@c first line.
1$B9TL\$,(B@samp{#!}$B$G;O$^$k$H$-$K$O!"(B
$B%$%s%?!<%W%j%?$r<B9T$9$k$H$-$K%7%9%F%`$,:.Mp$9$k$?$a!"(B
1$B9TL\$G$O(B@samp{-*-}$B$N5!G=$r;H$($^$;$s!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"$=$N$h$&$J%U%!%$%k$G$O!"(BEmacs$B$O(B1$B9TL\$K2C$($F(B2$B9TL\$G$b(B
@samp{-*-}$B$rC5$7$^$9!#(B

@vindex default-major-mode
@c   When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
@c when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
@c @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use.  Normally
@c its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
@c Fundamental mode.  If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
@c mode is taken from the previously selected buffer.
$B;HMQ$9$k%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$r;XDj$7$J$$%U%!%$%k$rK,Ld$7$?$H$-!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O!"(B@kbd{C-x b}$B$G?7$?$K%P%C%U%!$r:n$k$H$-$K$O!"(B
$BJQ?t(B@code{default-major-mode}$B$,!";HMQ$9$k%b!<%I$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
$BDL>o!"$=$NCM$O!"4pK\!J(Bfundamental$B!K%b!<%I$r;XDj$9$k(B
$B%7%s%\%k(B@code{fundamental-mode}$B$G$9!#(B
@code{default-major-mode}$B$,(B@code{nil}$B$J$i!"(B
$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O$^$($KA*Br$7$F$$$?%P%C%U%!$N%b!<%I$HF1$8$b$N$H$J$j$^$9!#(B

@findex normal-mode
@c   If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
@c mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
@c normal-mode} to do this.  This is the same function that
@c @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode.  It also processes
@c the file's local variables list if any.
$B%P%C%U%!$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rJQ99$7$F$b!"(B
Emacs$B$,<+F0E*$KA*Br$9$k%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$KLa$l$^$9!#(B
$B$=$l$K$O!"%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{M-x normal-mode}$B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$rA*Br$9$k$?$a$K(B
@code{find-file}$B$,8F$S=P$94X?t$HF1$84X?t$G$9!#(B
$B$3$N4X?t$O!"%U%!%$%kCf$K%m!<%+%kJQ?t%j%9%H$,$"$l$P$=$l$b=hM}$7$^$9!#(B

@vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
@c   The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
@c a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
@c However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
@c mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
@c change.  You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
@c @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.
$B%3%^%s%I(B@kbd{C-x C-w}$B$H(B@code{set-visited-file-name}$B$O!"(B
$B?7$7$$%U%!%$%kL>$,%b!<%I$r<($9$b$N$G$"$k$J$i!"(B
$B?7$7$$%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$KJQ99$7$^$9!J(B@pxref{Saving}$B!K!#(B
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