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<TITLE>
EMBOSS: banana
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<table align=center border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
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<A HREF="/" ONMOUSEOVER="self.status='Go to the EMBOSS home page';return true"><img border=0 src="emboss_icon.jpg" alt="" width=150 height=48></a>
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<td align=left valign=middle>
<b><font size="+6">
banana
</font></b>
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</table>
<br>
<p>
<H2>
Function
</H2>
Bending and curvature plot in B-DNA
<H2>
Description
</H2>
<b>banana</b> predicts bending of a normal (B) DNA double helix, using
the method of Goodsell & Dickerson, NAR 1994 11;22(24):5497-5503.
<p>
This program calculates the magnitude of local bending and macroscopic
curvature at each point along an arbitrary B-DNA sequence, using any
desired bending model that specifies values of twist, roll and tilt as a
function of sequence.
<p>
The data, based on the nucleosome positioning data of Satchwell et al
1986 (J. Mol. Biol. 191, 659-675), correctly predicts experimental
A-tract curvature as measured by gel retardation and cyclization
kinetics and successfully predicts curvature in regions containing
phased GGGCCC sequences. (This is the model 'a' described in the
Goodsell & Dickerson paper).
<p>
This model - showing local bending at mixed sequence DNA, strong bends
at the sequence GGC, and straight, rigid A-tracts - is the only model,
out of six models investigated in Goodsell & Dickerson paper, that is
consistent with both solution data from gel retardation and cyclization
kinetics and structural data from x-ray crystallography.
<p>
The consensus sequence for DNA bending is 5 As and 5 non-As alternating.
"N" is an ambiguity code for any base, and "B" is the ambiguity code for
"not A" so "BANANA" is itself a bent sequence - hence the name of this
program.
<p>
The program outputs both a graphical display and a text file of the
results.
<p>
<h3>Background</h3>
Sequence-dependent DNA bending, like sequence-dependent prtoein folding, is a problem taht remains frustratingly elusive.
The issue has obvious biological importance in such matters as the winding of DNA in nucleosomes, or the recognition of particular DNA loci by restriction enzymes, repressors and other control proteins.
the binding of the catabolite gene activator protein and of the TATA-box recognition protein to a double DNA helix are only two spectacular examples in which major bends in the helix are induced at specific sequence loci.
It is of interest to consider whether the particular recognition sequences are bent even in the absence of proteins: a preformed bend in the DNA would form a custom site for protein binding, or an enhanced bendability of a given sequence would facilitate protein-induced bending.
<p>
Two possible models of sequence-dependent bending in free DNA have been proposed in the past.
Nearest neighbor models propose that large-scale measurable curvature may arise by the accumulation of many small local deformations in helical twist, roll, tilt and slide at individual steps between base pairs.
junction models, on the other hand, propose that bending occurs at the interface between two different structural variants of the B-DNA double helix.
Note that in both of these models, sequences which are anisotropically bendable - for instance, sequences with steps that preferentially bend only to compress the major groove - will lead to an average structure which is similar to a sequence with a rigid, intrinsic bend.
The Goodsell & Dickerson paper does not distinguish between these two possibilities.
<p>
B-DNA has the special property of having its base pairs very nearly perpendicular to the overall helix axis.
Hence the normal vector to each base pair can be taken as representing the local helix at that point, and curvature and bending can be studied simply by observing the behaviour of the normal vectors from one base to another along the helix.
This is both easy to calculate and simple to interpret.
This program display the <i>magnitude</i> of bending and curvature at each point along the sequence.
It is not intended as a substitute for more elaborate three-dimensional trajectory calculations, but only to express bending tendencies as a function of sequence.
The power of this simple appraoch is in its ease of screening for regions of a given DNA sequence where phased local bends add constructively to form an overall curve.
<p>
For purposes of clarity the terms <i>bending</i> and <i>curvature</i> will be used in a restricted sense here.
<i>Bending</i> of DNA describes the tendency for successive base pairs to be non-parallel in an additive manner over several base pair steps.
Bending most commonly is produced by a rolling of adjacent base pairs over one another about thir long axis, although in principle, tilting of base pairs about their short axis could make a contribution.
In contrast <i>curvature</i> of DNA represents the tendency of the helix axis to follow a non-linear pathway over an appreciable length, in a manner that contributes to macroscopic behaviour such as gel retardation or ease of cyclization into DNA minicircles.
The distinction between local bending and macroscopic curvature is illustrated (poorly) in the following figure (see figure 1 of the Goodsell & Dickerson paper for a better view).
<p>
<pre>
bend bend bend
- - -
uncurved / \ / \ / \
-----/ \-/ \-/ \-----
bend bend
bend bend
/-------\
/ \
curved |bend |bend
| |
| |
</pre>
<p>
An x-ray crystal structure analysis cannot show curvature, but can and often does show local bending.
On the other hand gel electrophoresis and cyclization kinetics can detect macroscopic curvature, but not bending.
A complete knowledge of local bending would permit the precise calculation of curvature, but a knowledge of macroscopic curvature alone does not allow one to specify precisely the local bending elements that produce it.
This is one of the scale paradoxes that have plagued the DNA conformation field for a decade or more.
There is more than a passing resemblence to a familiar problem of classical statistical mechanics: A complete knowledge of instantaneous positions and velocities of all molecules of a gas allows one to calculate bulk properties such as temprature, pressure and volume.
But the most detailed knowledge of bulk properties cannot lead one to precise molecular positions.
Many molecular arrangements can produce identical bulk properties, and in the present case, many bending combinations can produce identical macroscopic curvature.
<h3>Method</h3>
The program reads a sequence and a matrix of standard twist, roll and tilt angles for each type of base pair step.
This matrix is entirely at the disposal of the user, and can be altered to represent any other DNA-bending model.
The program creates a table or a graphical image of the bending and the curvature at each base step.
<p>
The program begins by applying the indicated twist, roll and tilt at each step along the sequence, and calculating the resulting base pair normal vector.
The first base pair is aligned normal to the z axis, with a twist value of 0.0 degrees.
the specified twist is applied to the second base pair, and roll and tilt values are use dto calculate its normal vector relative to the first.
If either roll or tilt is non-zero, the new normal vector will be angled away from the z axis, producing the first 'bend'.
the process is continued along the sequence, applying the appropriate twist, roll and tilt to each new base pair relative to its predecessor.
The result is a list of normal vectors for all base pairs in the sequence.
<p>
Local bends are then calculated from the normal vectors.
The bend for base N is calculated across a window from N-1 to N+1.
<p>
Curvature is calculated in two steps.
Base pair normals are first averaged over a 10-base-pair window to filter out the local writhing of the helix.
The normals of the nine base pairs from N-4 to N+4, and the two base pairs N-5 and N+5 at half weight, are averaged and assigned to base pair N.
Curvature then is calculated from these averaged normal vector values, using a bracket value, nc, with a value of 15.
That is, the curvature at base pair N is the angle between averaged normal vectors at base pairs N-nc and N+nc.
<H2>
Usage
</H2>
<b>Here is a sample session with banana</b>
<p>
<p>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><pre>
% <b>banana -nooutfile -graph ps </b>
Bending and curvature plot in B-DNA
Input nucleotide sequence: <b>tembl:u68037</b>
Created banana.ps
</pre></td></tr></table><p>
<p>
<a href="#input.1">Go to the input files for this example</a><br><a href="#output.1">Go to the output files for this example</a><p><p>
<p>
<b>Example 2</b>
<p>
<p>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFFF"><pre>
% <b>banana -graph data </b>
Bending and curvature plot in B-DNA
Input nucleotide sequence: <b>tembl:u68037</b>
Created banana1.dat
Created banana2.dat
Created banana3.dat
Created banana4.dat
Created banana5.dat
Created banana6.dat
Created banana7.dat
Created banana8.dat
Created banana9.dat
</pre></td></tr></table><p>
<p>
<a href="#output.2">Go to the output files for this example</a><p><p>
<H2>
Command line arguments
</H2>
<table CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR="#f5f5ff" ><tr><td>
<pre>
Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers:
[-sequence] sequence Nucleotide sequence filename and optional
format, or reference (input USA)
-graph graph [$EMBOSS_GRAPHICS value, or x11] Graph type
(ps, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, meta, cps, x11,
tekt, tek, none, data, xterm, png, gif)
Additional (Optional) qualifiers:
-anglesfile datafile [Eangles_tri.dat] DNA base timer roll angles
data file
-residuesperline integer [50] Number of residues to be displayed on
each line (Any integer value)
-outfile outfile [banana.profile] Output file name
Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers: (none)
Associated qualifiers:
"-sequence" associated qualifiers
-sbegin1 integer Start of the sequence to be used
-send1 integer End of the sequence to be used
-sreverse1 boolean Reverse (if DNA)
-sask1 boolean Ask for begin/end/reverse
-snucleotide1 boolean Sequence is nucleotide
-sprotein1 boolean Sequence is protein
-slower1 boolean Make lower case
-supper1 boolean Make upper case
-sformat1 string Input sequence format
-sdbname1 string Database name
-sid1 string Entryname
-ufo1 string UFO features
-fformat1 string Features format
-fopenfile1 string Features file name
"-graph" associated qualifiers
-gprompt boolean Graph prompting
-gdesc string Graph description
-gtitle string Graph title
-gsubtitle string Graph subtitle
-gxtitle string Graph x axis title
-gytitle string Graph y axis title
-goutfile string Output file for non interactive displays
-gdirectory string Output directory
"-outfile" associated qualifiers
-odirectory string Output directory
General qualifiers:
-auto boolean Turn off prompts
-stdout boolean Write standard output
-filter boolean Read standard input, write standard output
-options boolean Prompt for standard and additional values
-debug boolean Write debug output to program.dbg
-verbose boolean Report some/full command line options
-help boolean Report command line options. More
information on associated and general
qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose
-warning boolean Report warnings
-error boolean Report errors
-fatal boolean Report fatal errors
-die boolean Report dying program messages
</pre>
</td></tr></table>
<P>
<table border cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 bgcolor="#ccccff">
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<th align="left" colspan=2>Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers</th>
<th align="left">Allowed values</th>
<th align="left">Default</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[-sequence]<br>(Parameter 1)</td>
<td>Nucleotide sequence filename and optional format, or reference (input USA)</td>
<td>Readable sequence</td>
<td><b>Required</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-graph</td>
<td>Graph type</td>
<td>EMBOSS has a list of known devices, including ps, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, meta, cps, x11, tekt, tek, none, data, xterm, png, gif</td>
<td><i>EMBOSS_GRAPHICS</i> value, or x11</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<th align="left" colspan=2>Additional (Optional) qualifiers</th>
<th align="left">Allowed values</th>
<th align="left">Default</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-anglesfile</td>
<td>DNA base timer roll angles data file</td>
<td>Data file</td>
<td>Eangles_tri.dat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-residuesperline</td>
<td>Number of residues to be displayed on each line</td>
<td>Any integer value</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-outfile</td>
<td>Output file name</td>
<td>Output file</td>
<td>banana.profile</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<th align="left" colspan=2>Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers</th>
<th align="left">Allowed values</th>
<th align="left">Default</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=4>(none)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<H2>
Input file format
</H2>
Any DNA sequence USA.
<p>
<a name="input.1"></a>
<h3>Input files for usage example </h3>
'tembl:u68037' is a sequence entry in the example nucleic acid database 'tembl'
<p>
<p><h3>Database entry: tembl:u68037</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#FFCCFF">
<pre>
ID U68037; SV 1; linear; mRNA; STD; ROD; 1218 BP.
XX
AC U68037;
XX
DT 23-SEP-1996 (Rel. 49, Created)
DT 04-MAR-2000 (Rel. 63, Last updated, Version 2)
XX
DE Rattus norvegicus EP1 prostanoid receptor mRNA, complete cds.
XX
KW .
XX
OS Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Sciurognathi; Muroidea;
OC Muridae; Murinae; Rattus.
XX
RN [1]
RP 1-1218
RA Abramovitz M., Boie Y.;
RT "Cloning of the rat EP1 prostanoid receptor";
RL Unpublished.
XX
RN [2]
RP 1-1218
RA Abramovitz M., Boie Y.;
RT ;
RL Submitted (26-AUG-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RL Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic
RL Research, P. O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire - Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada
XX
FH Key Location/Qualifiers
FH
FT source 1..1218
FT /organism="Rattus norvegicus"
FT /strain="Sprague-Dawley"
FT /mol_type="mRNA"
FT /db_xref="taxon:10116"
FT CDS 1..1218
FT /codon_start=1
FT /product="EP1 prostanoid receptor"
FT /note="family 1 G-protein coupled receptor"
FT /db_xref="GOA:P70597"
FT /db_xref="InterPro:IPR000276"
FT /db_xref="InterPro:IPR000708"
FT /db_xref="InterPro:IPR001244"
FT /db_xref="InterPro:IPR008365"
FT /db_xref="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P70597"
FT /protein_id="AAB07735.1"
FT /translation="MSPYGLNLSLVDEATTCVTPRVPNTSVVLPTGGNGTSPALPIFSM
FT TLGAVSNVLALALLAQVAGRLRRRRSTATFLLFVASLLAIDLAGHVIPGALVLRLYTAG
FT RAPAGGACHFLGGCMVFFGLCPLLLGCGMAVERCVGVTQPLIHAARVSVARARLALALL
FT AAMALAVALLPLVHVGHYELQYPGTWCFISLGPPGGWRQALLAGLFAGLGLAALLAALV
FT CNTLSGLALLRARWRRRRSRRFRENAGPDDRRRWGSRGLRLASASSASSITSTTAALRS
FT SRGGGSARRVHAHDVEMVGQLVGIMVVSCICWSPLLVLVVLAIGGWNSNSLQRPLFLAV
FT RLASWNQILDPWVYILLRQAMLRQLLRLLPLRVSAKGGPTELSLTKSAWEASSLRSSRH
FT SGFSHL"
XX
SQ Sequence 1218 BP; 162 A; 397 C; 387 G; 272 T; 0 other;
atgagcccct acgggcttaa cctgagccta gtggatgagg caacaacgtg tgtaacaccc 60
agggtcccca atacatctgt ggtgctgcca acaggcggta acggcacatc accagcgctg 120
cctatcttct ccatgacgct gggtgctgtg tccaacgtgc tggcgctggc gctgctggcc 180
caggttgcag gcagactgcg gcgccgccgc tcgactgcca ccttcctgtt gttcgtcgcc 240
agcctgcttg ccatcgacct agcaggccat gtgatcccgg gcgccttggt gcttcgcctg 300
tatactgcag gacgtgcgcc cgctggcggg gcctgtcatt tcctgggcgg ctgtatggtc 360
ttctttggcc tgtgcccact tttgcttggc tgtggcatgg ccgtggagcg ctgcgtgggt 420
gtcacgcagc cgctgatcca cgcggcgcgc gtgtccgtag cccgcgcacg cctggcacta 480
gccctgctgg ccgccatggc tttggcagtg gcgctgctgc cactagtgca cgtgggtcac 540
tacgagctac agtaccctgg cacttggtgt ttcattagcc ttgggcctcc tggaggttgg 600
cgccaggcgt tgcttgcggg cctcttcgcc ggccttggcc tggctgcgct ccttgccgca 660
ctagtgtgta atacgctcag cggcctggcg ctccttcgtg cccgctggag gcggcgtcgc 720
tctcgacgtt tccgagagaa cgcaggtccc gatgatcgcc ggcgctgggg gtcccgtgga 780
ctccgcttgg cctccgcctc gtctgcgtca tccatcactt caaccacagc tgccctccgc 840
agctctcggg gaggcggctc cgcgcgcagg gttcacgcac acgacgtgga aatggtgggc 900
cagctcgtgg gcatcatggt ggtgtcgtgc atctgctgga gccccctgct ggtattggtg 960
gtgttggcca tcgggggctg gaactctaac tccctgcagc ggccgctctt tctggctgta 1020
cgcctcgcgt cgtggaacca gatcctggac ccatgggtgt acatcctgct gcgccaggct 1080
atgctgcgcc aacttcttcg cctcctaccc ctgagggtta gtgccaaggg tggtccaacg 1140
gagctgagcc taaccaagag tgcctgggag gccagttcac tgcgtagctc ccggcacagt 1200
ggcttcagcc acttgtga 1218
//
</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<H2>
Output file format
</H2>
The output is to both a graphical display and to a text file with the
default name 'banana.profile'.
<p>
The graphical display shows the sequence together with the local local
bending (solid line) and macroscopic curvature (dotted line).
<p>
<a name="output.1"></a>
<h3>Output files for usage example </h3>
<p><h3>Graphics File: banana.ps</h3>
<p><img src="banana.1.banana.gif" alt="[banana results]">
<a name="output.2"></a>
<h3>Output files for usage example 2</h3>
<p><h3>File: banana.profile</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">
<pre>
Base Bend Curve
a 0.0 0.0
t 19.7 0.0
g 17.7 0.0
a 21.1 0.0
g 28.5 0.0
c 26.2 0.0
c 19.7 0.0
c 18.7 0.0
c 12.5 0.0
t 9.7 0.0
a 14.9 0.0
c 16.5 0.0
g 17.5 0.0
g 26.2 0.0
g 28.5 0.0
c 20.7 0.0
t 11.7 0.0
t 6.4 0.0
a 9.3 0.0
a 14.9 0.0
c 17.7 20.0
c 15.7 19.2
t 15.7 18.5
g 17.7 17.9
a 21.1 17.1
g 28.5 15.9
c 25.2 14.6
c 12.5 13.3
t 7.2 11.9
a 13.2 10.8
g 20.1 10.1
t 19.5 9.6
g 15.1 9.2
g 14.9 9.1
a 19.5 9.5
t 19.7 10.2
g 17.7 10.8
a 17.7 11.0
g 25.2 11.2
g 26.2 11.3
c 15.3 11.5
a 11.4 11.7
a 14.5 12.0
c 13.9 12.2
a 11.4 12.3
a 14.9 12.5
c 17.7 12.8
g 19.5 13.3
t 19.1 13.5
<font color=red> [Part of this file has been deleted for brevity]</font>
g 15.1 15.2
a 17.7 15.5
g 25.2 15.8
g 32.5 16.0
c 25.2 15.8
c 15.7 15.0
a 16.3 14.2
g 15.5 13.5
t 10.8 12.8
t 13.7 12.3
c 19.5 12.1
a 20.1 12.1
c 16.3 12.1
t 16.7 11.9
g 22.1 11.4
c 21.1 11.1
g 14.9 10.7
t 9.7 10.3
a 16.1 9.8
g 24.5 9.4
c 21.1 8.9
t 15.1 8.4
c 16.1 7.7
c 17.5 7.3
c 15.3 6.9
g 24.0 6.4
g 26.2 5.8
c 20.5 5.4
a 19.1 5.1
c 15.3 26.0
a 16.3 0.0
g 20.1 0.0
t 19.5 0.0
g 25.2 0.0
g 28.5 0.0
c 20.7 0.0
t 13.3 0.0
t 13.7 0.0
c 15.7 0.0
a 19.1 0.0
g 28.5 0.0
c 25.2 0.0
c 19.5 0.0
a 20.1 0.0
c 17.9 0.0
t 13.9 0.0
t 13.9 0.0
g 19.1 0.0
t 19.5 0.0
g 0.0 0.0
a 0.0 0.0
</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<p><h3>File: banana1.dat</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">
<pre>
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</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<p><h3>File: banana2.dat</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">
<pre>
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</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<p><h3>File: banana3.dat</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">
<pre>
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<p><h3>File: banana4.dat</h3>
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<p><h3>File: banana5.dat</h3>
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<p><h3>File: banana6.dat</h3>
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<p><h3>File: banana7.dat</h3>
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<p><h3>File: banana8.dat</h3>
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</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<p><h3>File: banana9.dat</h3>
<table width="90%"><tr><td bgcolor="#CCFFCC">
<pre>
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</pre>
</td></tr></table><p>
<p>
The data file consists of three columns separated by blanks or tab
characters.
<p>
The first column is the sequence.
<br>
The second column is the local bending.
<br>
The third is the curvature.
<H2>
Data files
</H2>
It reads in angles files for the twist, roll and tilt angles. By
default Eangles_tri.dat is used, as in Goodsell & Dickerson, NAR 1994
11;22(24):5497-503 and Drew and Travers (1986) JMB 191, 659
<p>
The description of this bending model is as follows:
<p>
The roll-tilt-twist parameters of this model are derived purely from
experimental observations of sequence location preferences of base
trimers in small circles of DNA, without reference to solution
techniques that measure curvature <i>per se</i>. For this reason,
they may be the most objective and unbiased parameters of all.
Satchwell, Drew and Travers studied the positioning of DNA sequences
wrappped around nucleosome cores, and in closed circles of
double-helical DNA of comparable size. From the sequence data they
calculated a fractional preference of each base pair triplet for a
position 'facing out', or with the major groove on the concave side of
the curved helix. The sequence GGC, for example, has a 45% preference
for locations on a bent double helix in which its major groove faces
inward and is compressed by the curvature (tending towards positive
roll), whereas sequence AAA has a 36% preference for the opposite
orientation, with major groove facing outward and with minor groove
facing inward and compressed (tending toward negative roll). These
fractional variances have been converted into roll angles in the
following manner: Because x-ray cyrstal structure analysis uniformly
indicates that AA steps are unbent, a zero roll is assigned to the AAA
triplet; an arbitrary maximum roll of 10 degrees is asigned to GGC,
and all other triplets are scaled in a lenear manner. Where % is the
percent-out figure, then:
<p>
<pre>
Roll = 10 degrees * (% + 36)/(45 + 36)
</pre>
<p>
Chenging the maximum roll value will scale the entire profile up or
down proportionately, but will not change the shape of the profile.
Peaks will remain peaks, and valleys, valleys. The absolute magnitide
of all the roll values is less important than their relative
magnitude, or the order of roll preference. Twist angles were set to
zero. Because these values correspond to base trimers, the values of
roll, tilt and twist were applied to the first two bases for the
calculation.
<H2>
Notes
</H2>
None.
<H2>
References
</H2>
<ol>
<li> Goodsell, D.S. & Dickerson, R.E. (1994) "Bending and Curvature
Calculations in B-DNA" Nucl. Acids. Res. 22, 5497-5503.
<li>Drew and
Travers (1986) JMB 191, 659
</ol>
<H2>
Warnings
</H2>
Only ACTG allowed, if sequence contains a non ACTG character then the
program will exit with a fatal error message.
<H2>
Diagnostic Error Messages
</H2>
None.
<H2>
Exit status
</H2>
0 if successful.
<H2>
Known bugs
</H2>
None.
<h2><a name="See also">See also</a></h2>
<table border cellpadding=4 bgcolor="#FFFFF0">
<tr><th>Program name</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="btwisted.html">btwisted</a></td>
<td>Calculates the twisting in a B-DNA sequence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="chaos.html">chaos</a></td>
<td>Create a chaos game representation plot for a sequence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="compseq.html">compseq</a></td>
<td>Count composition of dimer/trimer/etc words in a sequence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="dan.html">dan</a></td>
<td>Calculates DNA RNA/DNA melting temperature</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="freak.html">freak</a></td>
<td>Residue/base frequency table or plot</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="isochore.html">isochore</a></td>
<td>Plots isochores in large DNA sequences</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="sirna.html">sirna</a></td>
<td>Finds siRNA duplexes in mRNA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wordcount.html">wordcount</a></td>
<td>Counts words of a specified size in a DNA sequence</td>
</tr>
</table>
<H2>
Author(s)
</H2>
Ian Longden (il © sanger.ac.uk)
<br>
Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton,
Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
<H2>
History
</H2>
The original program ('BEND') is described in the Goodsell & Dickerson paper.
Created 1999/06/09.
<H2>
Target users
</H2>
This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from naive users to embedded scripts.
<H2>
Comments
</H2>
None
</BODY>
</HTML>
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