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><H1
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><A
NAME="AEN231"
>Toploops and runtime systems</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN233"
>Dynamic toploops</A
></H2
><P
>Recent versions of OCaml support dynamic loading of stub libraries
(but only for the more widely used operating systems). This means
that one can start a toploop by running
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>$ ocaml
Objective Caml version 3.07+2
# _</PRE
>
and that it is now possible to load .cma archive files referring to
shared C libraries ("DLLs"). In older versions of OCaml this was
not possible and one had to create a so-called custom toploop
with the ocamlmktop command. This method is still supported and
explained below; however, nowadays it is often not necessary to
do so. For the modern way, findlib includes a small script called
"topfind" (i.e. "ocamlfind for the toploop") that can be directly
loaded into the toploop:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># #use "topfind";;
- : unit = ()
Findlib has been successfully loaded. Additional directives:
#require "package";; to load a package
#list;; to list the available packages
#camlp4o;; to load camlp4 (standard syntax)
#camlp4r;; to load camlp4 (revised syntax)
#predicates "p,q,...";; to set these predicates
Topfind.reset();; to force that packages will be reloaded
#thread;; to enable threads
- : unit = ()
# _</PRE
></P
><P
>A number of additional directives are now available. The "#require"
directive loads additional packages (with all dependencies):</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># #require "q1,q2,...,qM";;</PRE
><P
>"#require" loads the listed packages and all their ancestors in the
right order, but leaves packages out that have already been loaded.
Scripts can now simply load and document which packages are used by a
"#require" directive right at the beginning of the script.</P
><P
>The #list directive lists the available packages as "ocamlfind list"
would do it.</P
><P
>If you need additional predicates, you can set them with #predicates.
Note that this should be done before the first package is loaded in
order to ensure a consistent library system.</P
><P
>The #thread directive enables multi-threading if possible. Note that
this is only supported for installations basing on the POSIX thread
library. (However, if you have only have VM threads, you can still
create a custom toploop supporting threads. See below.) Furthermore,
the #thread directive should be executed before any packages are
loaded.</P
><P
>The #camlp4o and #camlp4r directives load the camlp4 syntax parsers
for the standard and the revised syntax, respectively.</P
><P
>Especially when developing packages, it is sometimes necessary to
reload all dynamically loaded packages in the toploop. This can be
forced by</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Topfind.reset();;</PRE
><P
>which causes the "#require" directive to load all packages again. The
Topfind module implements all the mentioned directives.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN248"
>Custom toploops</A
></H2
><P
>It is very simple to create toploops. In order to make a toploop
executable that includes directly the packages p1,p2,..,pN simply
execute the command</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>ocamlfind ocamlmktop -o toploop -package p1,p2,...,pN,findlib -linkpkg</PRE
><P
>(Maybe you have to add the -custom switch.) Note that one of the
packages should be "findlib" itself, because this adds the
additional directives mentioned above, i.e. you can directly use
these directives without #use "topfind" (but running "topfind"
is harmless).</P
><P
>Note that such a toploop includes the code of the packages given
on the command line, but that it does not automatically add the
package directories to the search path (in previous versions of
findlib this was tried, but it never really worked). To do so,
you still have to #require the packages.</P
><P
>In order to create a toploop supporting VM-style threads, use the
command
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>ocamlfind ocamlmktop -o toploop -package p1,p2,...,pN,findlib,threads -vmthread -linkpkg</PRE
>
Now the #thread directive will work and enable the access to the
multi-threading modules.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN256"
>Runtime systems</A
></H2
><P
>Building of runtime systems is supported, too. For example, you can run</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>ocamlfind ocamlc -o runtime -make-runtime -package p1,p2,...,pN -linkpkg</PRE
><P
>but the problem is which options to specify when a program is linked
for this runtime system. If you executed</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>ocamlfind ocamlc -o program -use-runtime runtime -package p1,p2,...,pN\
-linkpkg m1.cmo ... mM.cmo</PRE
><P
>it would be tried to link the archives from the packages again into
the bytecode binary. Because of this, it is necessary to suppress
linking in packages of the runtime system when linking binaries for a
runtime system. The -dontlink option can be used for this:</P
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>ocamlfind ocamlc -o program -use-runtime runtime -package p1,p2,...,pN\
-dontlink p1,p2,...,pN -linkpkg m1.cmo ... mM.cmo</PRE
><P
>Note that the -package option can enumerate more packages than
-dontlink, and in this case the additional packages are actually
linked in as they are not contained in the runtime system.</P
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