#!/usr/bin/python3 -u
# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

"""Run a task after performing common actions.

This script is meant to be the "driver" for TaskCluster based tasks.
It receives some common arguments to control the run-time environment.

It performs actions as requested from the arguments. Then it executes
the requested process and prints its output, prefixing it with the
current time to improve log usefulness.
"""

import sys

if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 5):
    print("run-task requires Python 3.5+")
    sys.exit(1)


import argparse
import datetime
import errno
import io
import json
import os
import random
import re
import shutil
import socket
import stat
import subprocess
import threading
import urllib.error
import urllib.request

FINGERPRINT_URL = (
    "http://taskcluster/secrets/v1/secret/project/taskcluster/gecko/hgfingerprint"
)
FALLBACK_FINGERPRINT = {
    "fingerprints": "sha256:4D:EB:21:6E:35:2F:99:C6:8F:C3:47:9B:57:B8:6C:17:15:8F:86:09:D4:6C:17:1D:87:B0:DE:F9:0E:51:70:FC,"
    "sha256:90:85:39:A8:4F:47:20:58:98:0D:48:4D:8A:AC:71:DB:5C:AF:76:44:F1:B1:3E:56:92:FF:21:8C:C9:A9:F7:11"
}

HGMOINTERNAL_CONFIG_URL = (
    "http://taskcluster/secrets/v1/secret/project/taskcluster/gecko/hgmointernal"
)

CACHE_UID_GID_MISMATCH = """
There is a UID/GID mismatch on the cache. This likely means:

a) different tasks are running as a different user/group
b) different Docker images have different UID/GID for the same user/group

Our cache policy is that the UID/GID for ALL tasks must be consistent
for the lifetime of the cache. This eliminates permissions problems due
to file/directory user/group ownership.

To make this error go away, ensure that all Docker images are use
a consistent UID/GID and that all tasks using this cache are running as
the same user/group.
"""


NON_EMPTY_VOLUME = """
error: volume %s is not empty

Our Docker image policy requires volumes to be empty.

The volume was likely populated as part of building the Docker image.
Change the Dockerfile and anything run from it to not create files in
any VOLUME.

A lesser possibility is that you stumbled upon a TaskCluster platform bug
where it fails to use new volumes for tasks.
"""


FETCH_CONTENT_NOT_FOUND = """
error: fetch-content script not found

The `fetch-content` script could not be detected in the current environment.

If this task clones gecko, make sure the GECKO_PATH environment variable
is set to proper location. Otherwise, the script may need to be mounted
or added to the task's docker image then added to the PATH.
"""

# The exit code to use when caches should be purged and the task retried.
# This is EX_OSFILE (from sysexits.h):
#     Some system file  does not exist, cannot be opened, or has some
#     sort of error (e.g., syntax error).
EXIT_PURGE_CACHE = 72


IS_MACOSX = sys.platform == "darwin"
IS_POSIX = os.name == "posix"
IS_WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"


def print_line(prefix, m):
    now = (
        datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
        .isoformat(timespec="milliseconds")
        .encode("utf-8")
    )
    bytes = b"[%s %s] %s" % (prefix, now, m)
    written = 0
    while written < len(bytes):
        written += sys.stdout.buffer.write(bytes[written:]) or 0
    sys.stdout.buffer.flush()


def reap_zombies(main_subprocess):
    """Wait for main_subprocess to exit, while awaiting any other child processes"""
    while main_subprocess.poll() is None:
        with main_subprocess._waitpid_lock:
            if main_subprocess.returncode is not None:
                return
            pid, status = os.wait()
            if pid == main_subprocess.pid:
                main_subprocess._handle_exitstatus(status)


def run_and_prefix_output(prefix, args, *, extra_env=None, cwd=None):
    """Runs a process and prefixes its output with the time.

    Returns the process exit code.
    """
    print_line(
        prefix,
        b"executing %r%s\n" % (args, b"in %s" % (cwd.encode("utf-8"),) if cwd else b""),
    )

    env = dict(os.environ)
    env.update(extra_env or {})

    # Note: TaskCluster's stdin is a TTY. This attribute is lost
    # when we pass sys.stdin to the invoked process. If we cared
    # to preserve stdin as a TTY, we could make this work. But until
    # someone needs it, don't bother.

    # We want stdout to be bytes on Python 3. That means we can't use
    # universal_newlines=True (because it implies text mode). But
    # p.stdout.readline() won't work for bytes text streams. So, on Python 3,
    # we manually install a latin1 stream wrapper. This allows us to readline()
    # and preserves bytes, without losing any data.

    p = subprocess.Popen(
        args,
        # Disable buffering because we want to receive output
        # as it is generated so timestamps in logs are
        # accurate.
        bufsize=0,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
        stdin=sys.stdin.fileno(),
        env=env,
        cwd=cwd,
    )

    stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(p.stdout, encoding="latin1")

    if os.getpid() == 1:
        # in docker we're init, so we get to adopt unawaited zombies
        reaper_thread = threading.Thread(target=reap_zombies, args=(p,))
        reaper_thread.start()
    else:
        reaper_thread = None

    while True:
        data = stdout.readline().encode("latin1")

        if data == b"":
            break

        print_line(prefix, data)

    if reaper_thread:
        reaper_thread.join()
    return p.wait()


def get_posix_user_group(user, group):
    import grp
    import pwd

    try:
        user_record = pwd.getpwnam(user)
    except KeyError:
        print("could not find user %s; specify a valid user with --user" % user)
        sys.exit(1)

    try:
        group_record = grp.getgrnam(group)
    except KeyError:
        print("could not find group %s; specify a valid group with --group" % group)
        sys.exit(1)

    # Most tasks use worker:worker. We require they have a specific numeric ID
    # because otherwise it is too easy for files written to caches to have
    # mismatched numeric IDs, which results in permissions errors.
    if user_record.pw_name == "worker" and user_record.pw_uid != 1000:
        print("user `worker` must have uid=1000; got %d" % user_record.pw_uid)
        sys.exit(1)

    if group_record.gr_name == "worker" and group_record.gr_gid != 1000:
        print("group `worker` must have gid=1000; got %d" % group_record.gr_gid)
        sys.exit(1)

    # Find all groups to which this user is a member.
    gids = [g.gr_gid for g in grp.getgrall() if group in g.gr_mem]

    return user_record, group_record, gids


def write_audit_entry(path, msg):
    now = datetime.datetime.utcnow().isoformat().encode("utf-8")
    with open(path, "ab") as fh:
        fh.write(b"[%sZ %s] %s\n" % (now, os.environb.get(b"TASK_ID", b"UNKNOWN"), msg))


WANTED_DIR_MODE = stat.S_IXUSR | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR


def set_dir_permissions(path, uid, gid):
    st = os.lstat(path)

    if st.st_uid != uid or st.st_gid != gid:
        os.chown(path, uid, gid)

    # Also make sure dirs are writable in case we need to delete
    # them.
    if st.st_mode & WANTED_DIR_MODE != WANTED_DIR_MODE:
        os.chmod(path, st.st_mode | WANTED_DIR_MODE)


def chown_recursive(path, user, group, uid, gid):
    print_line(
        b"chown",
        b"recursively changing ownership of %s to %s:%s\n"
        % (path.encode("utf-8"), user.encode("utf-8"), group.encode("utf-8")),
    )

    set_dir_permissions(path, uid, gid)

    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
        for d in dirs:
            set_dir_permissions(os.path.join(root, d), uid, gid)

        for f in files:
            # File may be a symlink that points to nowhere. In which case
            # os.chown() would fail because it attempts to follow the
            # symlink. We only care about directory entries, not what
            # they point to. So setting the owner of the symlink should
            # be sufficient.
            os.lchown(os.path.join(root, f), uid, gid)


def configure_cache_posix(cache, user, group, untrusted_caches, running_as_root):
    """Configure a cache path on POSIX platforms.

    For each cache, we write out a special file denoting attributes and
    capabilities of run-task and the task being executed. These attributes
    are used by subsequent run-task invocations to validate that use of
    the cache is acceptable.

    We /could/ blow away the cache data on requirements mismatch.
    While this would be convenient, this could result in "competing" tasks
    effectively undoing the other's work. This would slow down task
    execution in aggregate. Without monitoring for this, people may not notice
    the problem and tasks would be slower than they could be. We follow the
    principle of "fail fast" to ensure optimal task execution.

    We also write an audit log of who used the caches. This log is printed
    during failures to help aid debugging.
    """

    our_requirements = {
        # Include a version string that we can bump whenever to trigger
        # fresh caches. The actual value is not relevant and doesn't need
        # to follow any explicit order. Since taskgraph bakes this file's
        # hash into cache names, any change to this file/version is sufficient
        # to force the use of a new cache.
        b"version=1",
        # Include the UID and GID the task will run as to ensure that tasks
        # with different UID and GID don't share the same cache.
        b"uid=%d" % user.pw_uid,
        b"gid=%d" % group.gr_gid,
    }

    requires_path = os.path.join(cache, ".cacherequires")
    audit_path = os.path.join(cache, ".cachelog")

    # The cache is empty. Configure it.
    if not os.listdir(cache):
        print_line(
            b"cache",
            b"cache %s is empty; writing requirements: "
            b"%s\n" % (cache.encode("utf-8"), b" ".join(sorted(our_requirements))),
        )

        # We write a requirements file so future invocations know what the
        # requirements are.
        with open(requires_path, "wb") as fh:
            fh.write(b"\n".join(sorted(our_requirements)))

        # And make it read-only as a precaution against deletion.
        os.chmod(requires_path, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IROTH)

        write_audit_entry(
            audit_path,
            b"created; requirements: %s" % b", ".join(sorted(our_requirements)),
        )

        set_dir_permissions(cache, user.pw_uid, group.gr_gid)
        return

    # The cache has content and we have a requirements file. Validate
    # requirements alignment.
    if os.path.exists(requires_path):
        with open(requires_path, "rb") as fh:
            wanted_requirements = set(fh.read().splitlines())

        print_line(
            b"cache",
            b"cache %s exists; requirements: %s\n"
            % (cache.encode("utf-8"), b" ".join(sorted(wanted_requirements))),
        )

        missing = wanted_requirements - our_requirements

        # Allow requirements mismatch for uid/gid if and only if caches
        # are untrusted. This allows cache behavior on Try to be
        # reasonable. Otherwise, random tasks could "poison" cache
        # usability by introducing uid/gid mismatches. For untrusted
        # environments like Try, this is a perfectly reasonable thing to
        # allow.
        if (
            missing
            and untrusted_caches
            and running_as_root
            and all(s.startswith((b"uid=", b"gid=")) for s in missing)
        ):
            print_line(
                b"cache",
                b"cache %s uid/gid mismatch; this is acceptable "
                b"because caches for this task are untrusted; "
                b"changing ownership to facilitate cache use\n" % cache.encode("utf-8"),
            )
            chown_recursive(
                cache, user.pw_name, group.gr_name, user.pw_uid, group.gr_gid
            )

            # And write out the updated reality.
            with open(requires_path, "wb") as fh:
                fh.write(b"\n".join(sorted(our_requirements)))

            write_audit_entry(
                audit_path,
                b"chown; requirements: %s" % b", ".join(sorted(our_requirements)),
            )

        elif missing:
            print(
                "error: requirements for populated cache %s differ from "
                "this task" % cache
            )
            print(
                "cache requirements: %s"
                % " ".join(sorted(s.decode("utf-8") for s in wanted_requirements))
            )
            print(
                "our requirements:   %s"
                % " ".join(sorted(s.decode("utf-8") for s in our_requirements))
            )
            if any(s.startswith((b"uid=", b"gid=")) for s in missing):
                print(CACHE_UID_GID_MISMATCH)

            write_audit_entry(
                audit_path,
                b"requirements mismatch; wanted: %s"
                % b", ".join(sorted(our_requirements)),
            )

            print("")
            print("audit log:")
            with open(audit_path) as fh:
                print(fh.read())

            return True
        else:
            write_audit_entry(audit_path, b"used")

        # We don't need to adjust permissions here because the cache is
        # associated with a uid/gid and the first task should have set
        # a proper owner/group.

        return

    # The cache has content and no requirements file. This shouldn't
    # happen because run-task should be the first thing that touches a
    # cache.
    print(
        "error: cache %s is not empty and is missing a "
        ".cacherequires file; the cache names for this task are "
        "likely mis-configured or TASKCLUSTER_CACHES is not set "
        "properly" % cache
    )

    write_audit_entry(audit_path, b"missing .cacherequires")
    return True


def configure_volume_posix(volume, user, group, running_as_root):
    # The only time we should see files in the volume is if the Docker
    # image build put files there.
    #
    # For the sake of simplicity, our policy is that volumes should be
    # empty. This also has the advantage that an empty volume looks
    # a lot like an empty cache. Tasks can rely on caches being
    # swapped in and out on any volume without any noticeable change
    # of behavior.
    volume_files = os.listdir(volume)
    if volume_files:
        print(NON_EMPTY_VOLUME % volume)
        print("entries in root directory: %s" % " ".join(sorted(volume_files)))
        sys.exit(1)

    # The volume is almost certainly owned by root:root. Chown it so it
    # is writable.

    if running_as_root:
        print_line(
            b"volume",
            b"changing ownership of volume %s "
            b"to %d:%d\n" % (volume.encode("utf-8"), user.pw_uid, group.gr_gid),
        )
        set_dir_permissions(volume, user.pw_uid, group.gr_gid)


def vcs_checkout(
    source_repo,
    dest,
    store_path,
    base_repo=None,
    revision=None,
    branch=None,
    fetch_hgfingerprint=False,
    sparse_profile=None,
):
    # Specify method to checkout a revision. This defaults to revisions as
    # SHA-1 strings, but also supports symbolic revisions like `tip` via the
    # branch flag.
    if revision:
        revision_flag = "--revision"
        revision_value = revision
    elif branch:
        revision_flag = "--branch"
        revision_value = branch
    else:
        print("revision is not specified for checkout")
        sys.exit(1)

    if IS_MACOSX or IS_POSIX:
        hg_bin = "hg"
    elif IS_WINDOWS:
        # This is where OCC installs it in the AMIs.
        hg_bin = r"C:\Program Files\Mercurial\hg.exe"
        if not os.path.exists(hg_bin):
            print("could not find Mercurial executable: %s" % hg_bin)
            sys.exit(1)

    store_path = os.path.abspath(store_path)
    args = [
        hg_bin,
        "robustcheckout",
        "--sharebase",
        store_path,
        "--purge",
    ]

    robustcheckout = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "robustcheckout.py")
    if os.path.isfile(robustcheckout):
        args.extend(
            [
                "--config",
                f"extensions.robustcheckout={robustcheckout}",
            ]
        )

    # Obtain certificate fingerprints.  Without this, the checkout will use the fingerprint
    # on the system, which is managed some other way (such as puppet)
    if fetch_hgfingerprint:
        try:
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"fetching hg.mozilla.org fingerprint from %s\n"
                % FINGERPRINT_URL.encode("utf-8"),
            )
            res = urllib.request.urlopen(FINGERPRINT_URL, timeout=10)
            secret = res.read()
            try:
                secret = json.loads(secret.decode("utf-8"))
            except ValueError:
                print_line(b"vcs", b"invalid JSON in hg fingerprint secret")
                sys.exit(1)
        except (urllib.error.URLError, socket.timeout):
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"Unable to retrieve current hg.mozilla.org fingerprint"
                b"using the secret service, using fallback instead.",
            )
            # XXX This fingerprint will not be accurate if running on an old
            #     revision after the server fingerprint has changed.
            secret = {"secret": FALLBACK_FINGERPRINT}

        hgmo_fingerprint = secret["secret"]["fingerprints"]
        args.extend(
            [
                "--config",
                "hostsecurity.hg.mozilla.org:fingerprints=%s" % hgmo_fingerprint,
            ]
        )

    if base_repo:
        args.extend(["--upstream", base_repo])
    if sparse_profile:
        args.extend(["--sparseprofile", sparse_profile])

    dest = os.path.abspath(dest)
    args.extend(
        [
            revision_flag,
            revision_value,
            source_repo,
            dest,
        ]
    )

    res = run_and_prefix_output(b"vcs", args, extra_env={"PYTHONUNBUFFERED": "1"})
    if res:
        # Mitigation for bug 1539681: if for some reason the clone failed,
        # we just remove it, so that its possible incomplete state doesn't
        # interfere with cloning in subsequent tasks.
        shutil.rmtree(dest, ignore_errors=True)
        sys.exit(res)

    # Update the current revision hash and ensure that it is well formed.
    revision = subprocess.check_output(
        [hg_bin, "log", "--rev", ".", "--template", "{node}"],
        cwd=dest,
        # Triggers text mode on Python 3.
        universal_newlines=True,
    )

    assert re.match("^[a-f0-9]{40}$", revision)

    msg = (
        "TinderboxPrint:<a href={source_repo}/rev/{revision} "
        "title='Built from {repo_name} revision {revision}'>"
        "{revision}</a>\n".format(
            revision=revision,
            source_repo=source_repo,
            repo_name=source_repo.split("/")[-1],
        )
    )

    print_line(b"vcs", msg.encode("utf-8"))

    return revision


def fetch_artifacts():
    print_line(b"fetches", b"fetching artifacts\n")

    fetch_content = shutil.which("fetch-content")
    if not fetch_content and os.environ.get("GECKO_PATH"):
        fetch_content = os.path.join(
            os.environ["GECKO_PATH"],
            "third_party",
            "python",
            "taskcluster_taskgraph",
            "taskgraph",
            "run-task",
            "fetch-content",
        )

    if not fetch_content or not os.path.isfile(fetch_content):
        fetch_content = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "fetch-content")

    if not os.path.isfile(fetch_content):
        print(FETCH_CONTENT_NOT_FOUND)
        sys.exit(1)

    cmd = [sys.executable, "-u", fetch_content, "task-artifacts"]
    res = run_and_prefix_output(b"fetches", cmd)
    if res:
        sys.exit(res)

    print_line(b"fetches", b"finished fetching artifacts\n")


def add_vcs_arguments(parser, project, name):
    """Adds arguments to ArgumentParser to control VCS options for a project."""

    parser.add_argument(
        "--%s-checkout" % project,
        help="Directory where %s checkout should be created" % name,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--%s-sparse-profile" % project,
        help="Path to sparse profile for %s checkout" % name,
    )


def resolve_checkout_url(base_repo, head_repo):
    """Resolve the Mercurial URL to perform a checkout against, either the
    public hg.mozilla.org service or a CI-only regional mirror.

    The config will be of the form:
        {
            "aws/us-west-2": {  # key built from `TASKCLUSTER_WORKER_LOCATION` variable
                "rate": 0.5,
                "domain": "us-west-2.hgmointernal.net"
            },
            "google/us-central1": {...}
        }
    """
    worker_location = os.getenv("TASKCLUSTER_WORKER_LOCATION")
    if not worker_location:
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"TASKCLUSTER_WORKER_LOCATION environment variable not set; "
            b"using public hg.mozilla.org service\n",
        )
        return base_repo, head_repo

    try:
        worker_location = json.loads(worker_location)
    except json.JSONDecodeError:
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"Could not decode TASKCLUSTER_WORKER_LOCATION environment variable "
            b"as JSON. Content: %s\n" % worker_location.encode("utf-8"),
        )
        print_line(b"vcs", b"using public hg.mozilla.org service\n")
        return base_repo, head_repo

    if "cloud" not in worker_location or "region" not in worker_location:
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"TASKCLUSTER_WORKER_LOCATION missing required keys; "
            b"using public hg.mozilla.org service\n",
        )
        return base_repo, head_repo

    config_key = "%(cloud)s/%(region)s" % worker_location

    try:
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"fetching hgmointernal config from %s\n"
            % HGMOINTERNAL_CONFIG_URL.encode("utf-8"),
        )

        # Get the hgmointernal config Taskcluster secret
        res = urllib.request.urlopen(HGMOINTERNAL_CONFIG_URL, timeout=10)
        hgmointernal_config = json.loads(res.read().decode("utf-8"))["secret"]

        # Use public hg service if region not yet supported
        if config_key not in hgmointernal_config:
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"region %s not yet supported; using public "
                b"hg.mozilla.org service\n" % config_key.encode("utf-8"),
            )

            return base_repo, head_repo

        # Only send a percentage of traffic to the internal mirror
        rate = float(hgmointernal_config[config_key]["rate"])

        if random.random() > rate:
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"hgmointernal rate miss; using " b"public hg.mozilla.org service\n",
            )
            return base_repo, head_repo

        print_line(
            b"vcs", b"hgmointernal rate hit; cloning from " b"private hgweb mirror\n"
        )

        mirror_domain = hgmointernal_config[config_key]["domain"]

        if base_repo and base_repo.startswith("https://hg.mozilla.org"):
            base_repo = base_repo.replace("hg.mozilla.org", mirror_domain, 1)

        if head_repo and head_repo.startswith("https://hg.mozilla.org"):
            head_repo = head_repo.replace("hg.mozilla.org", mirror_domain, 1)

        return base_repo, head_repo

    except (KeyError, ValueError):
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"invalid JSON in hgmointernal config; "
            b"falling back to public hg.mozilla.org service\n",
        )

    except (urllib.error.URLError, socket.timeout):
        print_line(
            b"vcs",
            b"Unable to retrieve hgmointernal config using "
            b"the secret service; falling back to public hg.mozilla.org "
            b"service\n",
        )

    return base_repo, head_repo


def collect_vcs_options(args, project):
    checkout = getattr(args, "%s_checkout" % project)
    sparse_profile = getattr(args, "%s_sparse_profile" % project)

    env_prefix = project.upper()

    base_repo = os.environ.get("%s_BASE_REPOSITORY" % env_prefix)
    head_repo = os.environ.get("%s_HEAD_REPOSITORY" % env_prefix)
    revision = os.environ.get("%s_HEAD_REV" % env_prefix)
    branch = os.environ.get("%s_HEAD_REF" % env_prefix)

    store_path = os.environ.get("HG_STORE_PATH")

    # Expand ~ in some paths.
    if checkout:
        checkout = os.path.expanduser(checkout)
    if store_path:
        store_path = os.path.expanduser(store_path)

    # Some callers set the base repository to mozilla-central for historical
    # reasons. Switch to mozilla-unified because robustcheckout works best
    # with it.
    if base_repo == "https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central":
        base_repo = "https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-unified"

    # No need to check the hgmointernal config if we aren't performing
    # a checkout.
    if checkout:
        base_repo, head_repo = resolve_checkout_url(base_repo, head_repo)

    return {
        "store-path": store_path,
        "project": project,
        "env-prefix": env_prefix,
        "checkout": checkout,
        "sparse-profile": sparse_profile,
        "base-repo": base_repo,
        "head-repo": head_repo,
        "revision": revision,
        "branch": branch,
    }


def vcs_checkout_from_args(args, project):
    options = collect_vcs_options(args, project)

    if not options["checkout"]:
        if options["branch"] and not options["revision"]:
            print("task should be defined in terms of non-symbolic revision")
            sys.exit(1)
        return

    os.environ["%s_HEAD_REV" % options["env-prefix"]] = vcs_checkout(
        options["head-repo"],
        options["checkout"],
        options["store-path"],
        base_repo=options["base-repo"],
        revision=options["revision"],
        fetch_hgfingerprint=args.fetch_hgfingerprint,
        branch=options["branch"],
        sparse_profile=options["sparse-profile"],
    )


def main(args):
    task_workdir = os.getcwd()

    # Task definitions generally expect to use forward slashes, so normalize to
    # avoid paths with mixed separators.
    if os.sep != "/":
        task_workdir = task_workdir.replace(os.sep, "/")

    os.environ["TASK_WORKDIR"] = task_workdir
    print_line(b"setup", b"run-task started in %s\n" % task_workdir.encode("utf-8"))
    running_as_root = IS_POSIX and os.getuid() == 0

    # Set a reasonable limit to the number of open files.
    # Running under docker inherits the system defaults, which are not subject
    # to the "standard" limits set by pam_limits.so, and while they work well
    # for servers that may receive a lot of connections, they cause performance
    # problems for things that close file descriptors before forking (for good
    # reasons), like python's `subprocess.Popen(..., close_fds=True)` (and while
    # the default was close_fds=False in python2, that changed in python3).
    # In some cases, Firefox does the same thing when spawning subprocesses.
    # Processes spawned by this one will inherit the limit set here.
    try:
        import resource

        # Keep the hard limit the same, though, allowing processes to change their
        # soft limit if they need to (Firefox does, for instance).
        (soft, hard) = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
        limit = os.environ.get("MOZ_LIMIT_NOFILE")
        if limit:
            limit = int(limit)
        else:
            # If no explicit limit is given, use 1024 if it's less than the current
            # soft limit. For instance, the default on macOS is 256, so we'd pick
            # that rather than 1024.
            limit = min(soft, 1024)
        # Now apply the limit, if it's different from the original one.
        if limit != soft:
            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (limit, hard))
    except ImportError:
        # The resource module is UNIX only.
        pass

    # Arguments up to '--' are ours. After are for the main task
    # to be executed.
    try:
        i = args.index("--")
        our_args = args[0:i]
        task_args = args[i + 1 :]
    except ValueError:
        our_args = args
        task_args = []

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--user", default="worker", help="user to run as")
    parser.add_argument("--group", default="worker", help="group to run as")
    parser.add_argument("--task-cwd", help="directory to run the provided command in")

    add_vcs_arguments(parser, "gecko", "Firefox")
    add_vcs_arguments(parser, "comm", "Comm")

    parser.add_argument(
        "--fetch-hgfingerprint",
        action="store_true",
        help="Fetch the latest hgfingerprint from the secrets store, "
        "using the taskclsuerProxy",
    )

    args = parser.parse_args(our_args)

    uid = gid = gids = None
    if IS_POSIX and running_as_root:
        user, group, gids = get_posix_user_group(args.user, args.group)
        uid = user.pw_uid
        gid = group.gr_gid

    if running_as_root and os.path.exists("/dev/kvm"):
        # Ensure kvm permissions for worker, required for Android x86
        st = os.stat("/dev/kvm")
        os.chmod("/dev/kvm", st.st_mode | 0o666)

    # Validate caches.
    #
    # Taskgraph should pass in a list of paths that are caches via an
    # environment variable (which we don't want to pass down to child
    # processes).

    if "TASKCLUSTER_CACHES" in os.environ:
        caches = os.environ["TASKCLUSTER_CACHES"].split(";")
        del os.environ["TASKCLUSTER_CACHES"]
    else:
        caches = []

    if "TASKCLUSTER_UNTRUSTED_CACHES" in os.environ:
        untrusted_caches = True
        del os.environ["TASKCLUSTER_UNTRUSTED_CACHES"]
    else:
        untrusted_caches = False

    for cache in caches:
        if not os.path.isdir(cache):
            print(
                "error: cache %s is not a directory; this should never "
                "happen" % cache
            )
            return 1

        if running_as_root:
            purge = configure_cache_posix(
                cache, user, group, untrusted_caches, running_as_root
            )

            if purge:
                return EXIT_PURGE_CACHE

    if "TASKCLUSTER_VOLUMES" in os.environ:
        volumes = os.environ["TASKCLUSTER_VOLUMES"].split(";")
        del os.environ["TASKCLUSTER_VOLUMES"]
    else:
        volumes = []

    if volumes and not IS_POSIX:
        print("assertion failed: volumes not expected on Windows")
        return 1

    # Sanitize volumes.
    for volume in volumes:
        # If a volume is a cache, it was dealt with above.
        if volume in caches:
            print_line(b"volume", b"volume %s is a cache\n" % volume.encode("utf-8"))
            continue

        if running_as_root:
            configure_volume_posix(volume, user, group, running_as_root)

    all_caches_and_volumes = set(map(os.path.normpath, caches))
    all_caches_and_volumes |= set(map(os.path.normpath, volumes))

    def path_in_cache_or_volume(path):
        path = os.path.normpath(path)

        while path:
            if path in all_caches_and_volumes:
                return True

            path, child = os.path.split(path)
            if not child:
                break

        return False

    def prepare_checkout_dir(checkout):
        if not checkout:
            return

        # The checkout path becomes the working directory. Since there are
        # special cache files in the cache's root directory and working
        # directory purging could blow them away, disallow this scenario.
        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(checkout, ".cacherequires")):
            print("error: cannot perform vcs checkout into cache root: %s" % checkout)
            sys.exit(1)

        # TODO given the performance implications, consider making this a fatal
        # error.
        if not path_in_cache_or_volume(checkout):
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"WARNING: vcs checkout path (%s) not in cache "
                b"or volume; performance will likely suffer\n"
                % checkout.encode("utf-8"),
            )

        # Ensure the directory for the source checkout exists.
        try:
            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(checkout))
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                raise

        # And that it is owned by the appropriate user/group.
        if running_as_root:
            os.chown(os.path.dirname(checkout), uid, gid)

    def prepare_hg_store_path():
        # And ensure the shared store path exists and has proper permissions.
        if "HG_STORE_PATH" not in os.environ:
            print("error: HG_STORE_PATH environment variable not set")
            sys.exit(1)

        store_path = os.environ["HG_STORE_PATH"]

        if not path_in_cache_or_volume(store_path):
            print_line(
                b"vcs",
                b"WARNING: HG_STORE_PATH (%s) not in cache or "
                b"volume; performance will likely suffer\n"
                % store_path.encode("utf-8"),
            )

        try:
            os.makedirs(store_path)
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                raise

        if running_as_root:
            os.chown(store_path, uid, gid)

    prepare_checkout_dir(args.gecko_checkout)
    if args.gecko_checkout or args.comm_checkout:
        prepare_hg_store_path()

    # Bug 1930944: work around docker-worker not running the image's entry point for interactive tasks.
    # Tests need a system bus, which needs to be started before dropping privileges, so do this here until we're off
    # docker-worker; see
    # https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/8c9c85c74e366c11ffacbb5a2e457b33b0acc9cd/taskcluster/docker/ubuntu1804-test/Dockerfile#79-83
    if (
        running_as_root
        and "TASKCLUSTER_INTERACTIVE" in os.environ
        and os.access("/etc/init.d/dbus", os.X_OK)
    ):
        subprocess.run(["/etc/init.d/dbus", "start"])

    if IS_POSIX and running_as_root:
        # Drop permissions to requested user.
        # This code is modeled after what `sudo` was observed to do in a Docker
        # container. We do not bother calling setrlimit() because containers have
        # their own limits.
        print_line(
            b"setup",
            b"running as %s:%s\n"
            % (args.user.encode("utf-8"), args.group.encode("utf-8")),
        )

        os.setgroups(gids)
        os.umask(0o22)
        os.setresgid(gid, gid, gid)
        os.setresuid(uid, uid, uid)

    vcs_checkout_from_args(args, "gecko")
    vcs_checkout_from_args(args, "comm")

    for k in (
        "CARGO_HOME",
        "GECKO_PATH",
        "MOZ_FETCHES_DIR",
        "MOZ_PYTHON_HOME",
        "PIP_CACHE_DIR",
        "UPLOAD_DIR",
        "UV_CACHE_DIR",
        "npm_config_cache",
        "MOZ_UV_HOME",
    ):
        if k in os.environ:
            # Normalize paths to use forward slashes. Some shell scripts
            # tolerate that better on Windows.
            os.environ[k] = os.path.abspath(os.environ[k]).replace(os.sep, "/")
            print_line(
                b"setup",
                b"%s is %s\n" % (k.encode("utf-8"), os.environ[k].encode("utf-8")),
            )

    if "MOZ_FETCHES" in os.environ:
        fetch_artifacts()

        # If Python is a fetch dependency, add it to the PATH and setting
        # the mozilla-specific MOZ_PYTHON_HOME to relocate binaries.
        if "MOZ_PYTHON_HOME" in os.environ:

            print_line(b"setup", b"Setting up local python environment\n")
            prev = [os.environ["PATH"]] if "PATH" in os.environ else []

            moz_python_home = os.environ["MOZ_PYTHON_HOME"]
            if IS_WINDOWS:
                ext = ".exe"
                moz_python_bindir = moz_python_home
            else:
                ext = ""
                moz_python_bindir = moz_python_home + "/bin"

            new = os.environ["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join([moz_python_bindir] + prev)

            # Relocate the python binary. Standard way uses PYTHONHOME, but
            # this conflicts with system python (e.g. used by hg) so we
            # maintain a small patch to use MOZPYTHONHOME instead.
            os.environ["MOZPYTHONHOME"] = moz_python_home

            pyinterp = os.path.join(moz_python_bindir, f"python3{ext}")
            # just a sanity check
            if not os.path.exists(pyinterp):
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "Inconsistent Python installation: "
                    "archive found, but no python3 binary "
                    "detected"
                )

            if IS_MACOSX:
                # On OSX, we may not have access to the system certificate,
                # so use the certifi ones.
                certifi_cert_file = subprocess.check_output(
                    [pyinterp, "-c", "import certifi; print(certifi.where())"],
                    text=True,
                )
                os.environ["SSL_CERT_FILE"] = certifi_cert_file.strip()
                print_line(b"setup", b"patching ssl certificate\n")

            print_line(
                b"setup", b"updated PATH with python artifact: " + new.encode() + b"\n"
            )

        if 'MOZ_UV_HOME' in os.environ:
            print_line(b'setup', b'Adding uv to PATH\n')
            current_env = [os.environ['PATH']] if 'PATH' in os.environ else []
            moz_python_bindir = os.environ['MOZ_UV_HOME']
            new = os.environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join([moz_python_bindir] + current_env)
            print_line(
                b"setup", b"updated PATH with uv artifact: " + new.encode() + b"\n"
            )

    return run_and_prefix_output(b"task", task_args, cwd=args.task_cwd)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))