A DESCRIPTION OF A COMPUTER-USABLE DICTIONARY FILE BASED ON

THE OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH



Roger Mitton,

Department of Computer Science,

Birkbeck College,

University of London,

Malet Street,

London WC1E 7HX



June 1992  (supersedes the versions of March and Nov 1986)





     In 1985-86 I produced a dictionary file called CUVOALD  (Computer

Usable Version of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary).  This was

a partial dictionary of English in computer-usable  form  -  "partial"

because  each  entry  contained  only some of the information from the

original  dictionary,  and  "computer-usable"  (rather   than   merely

"computer-readable")  because  it  was in a form that made it easy for

programs to access it.  A second file, called CUV2,  was  produced  at

the  same time.  This was derived from CUVOALD and was the same except

that it also contained all inflected forms explicitly, eg it contained

"added",  "adding" and "adds" as well as "add".  I have now added some

information to each entry and some more entries to CUV2, to produce  a

new version of CUV2.  This document describes this new file.



     These files were derived  originally  from  the  Oxford  Advanced

Learner's  Dictionary of Current English [1], third edition, published

by the Oxford University Press, 1974, the machine-readable version  of

which  is  available to researchers from the Oxford Text Archive.  The

task of deriving them from the machine-readable OALDCE was carried out

as  part  of  a research project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust, into

spelling correction.  The more recent additions have been carried  out

as  part  of my research as a lecturer in Computer Science at Birkbeck

College.



THE FILE FORMAT



     CUV2 contains 70646  entries.   Each  entry  occupies  one  line.

Samples  are  given at the end of this document.  The longest spelling

is 23 characters; the longest pronunciation is also  23;  the  longest

syntactic-tag  field  is  also  (coincidentally)  23;  the  number  of

syllables is  just  one  character  ('1'  to  '9'),  and  the  longest

verb-pattern  field  is  58.  The fields are padded with spaces to the

lengths of the longest, ie 23, 23, 23, 1 and  58,  making  the  record

length  128.   The spelling begins at position 1, the pronunciation at

position 24, the syntactic-tag field at position  47,  the  number  of

syllables  is  character  70,  and  the  verb-pattern  field begins at

position 71.  The file is sorted in ASCII  sequence;  this  means,  of

course, that the entries are not in the same order as in the OALDCE.


                                                                Page 2







WHAT THE DICTIONARY CONTAINS



     Each entry consists of a spelling, a pronunciation, one  or  more

syntactic  tags (parts-of-speech) with rarity flags, a syllable count,

and a set of verb patterns for verbs.



     The first file derived from the OALDCE  (CUVOALD)  contained  all

the headwords and subentries from the original dictionary - subentries

are words like "abandonment" which comes under the headword  "abandon"

-  except for a handful that contained funny characters (such as "Lsd"

where the "L" was a pound sign).  Subentries were not included if they

consisted  of  two  or three separate words that occurred individually

elsewhere in the dictionary, such as "division bell" which comes under

the   headword  "division",  except  when  the  combination  formed  a

syntactic unit not immediately predictable from its  constituents,  eg

"above  board",  which  is listed as an adverb.  To this list of about

35,000 entries, I added about 2,500 proper names -  common  forenames,

British   towns   with   a   population   of  over  5,000,  countries,

nationalities, states, counties and major  cities  of  the  world.   I

would like to have added many more proper names, but I didn't have the

time.



     The second version of the file (CUV2) contained all these entries

plus  inflected  forms  making a total of about 68,000 entries.  Since

1986 I have made a number of corrections, added the rarity  flags  and

the  syllable  counts  and  inserted about 2,000 new entries.  The new

entries, nearly all of which were derived forms of  words  already  in

the  dictionary,  were  selected from a list of several thousand words

that occurred in the LOB Corpus[3] but were not in CUV2.  I also  made

changes  to  existing  entries  where  these  were  implied by the new

entries; for example, when adding  a  plural  form  of  a  word  whose

existing  tag was "uncountable", it was necessary to change the tag of

the  singular  form.   I  also  added  about  300  reasonably   common

abbreviations (see note below).



     A number of words (ie spellings) have more than one entry in  the

OALDCE,  eg "water 1" (noun) and "water 2" (verb).  In CUV2, each word

has only one entry unless it  has  two  different  pronunciations,  eg

"abuse"  (noun  and verb).  I have departed from this rule in the case

of compound adjectives, such as "hard-working", which have a  slightly

different   stress   pattern   depending  on  whether  they  are  used

attributively ("she's a hard-working girl") or  predicatively  ("she's

very hard-working").  These are entered only once; they generally have

the attributive stress pattern except when the predicative one  seemed

the  more natural.  (See also the note below on abbreviations.) I have

also given only one entry to those words that  have  strong  and  weak

forms  of  pronunciation, such as "am" (which can be pronounced &m, @m

or m).  Generally it is the strong form that is entered.



     As regards the coverage  of  the  dictionary,  readers  might  be

interested  in  a paper by Geoffrey Sampson [4] in which he analyses a

set of words from a sample of the LOB Corpus[3] that were not in CUV2.

The  recent  additions  should have gone some way to plugging the gaps

that his study identified.


                                                                Page 3







THE SPELLINGS



     The spelling contains the characters "A"  to  "Z",  "a"  to  "z",

hyphen, apostrophe, space, umlaut or diaeresis (HEX 22), cedilla (3C),

circumflex (5E),  acute  (5F),  grave  (60)  and  tilde  (7E).   These

diacritic  characters  precede the letter that they mark, eg "se~nor".

(There are also the characters "5" and "6" in "MI5" and "MI6".)



THE PRONUNCIATIONS



     The pronunciation uses a set of  characters  very  like  the  one

adopted  by  the  Alvey Speech Club for representing IPA in ASCII [2].

The system is as follows:



 i   as in  bead       N  as in  sing

 I           bid       T         thin

 e           bed       D         then

 & (ampsnd)  bad       S         shed

 A          bard       Z        beige

 0 (zero)    cod      tS         etch

 O (cap O)  cord      dZ         edge

 U          good

 u          food       p t k b d g

 V           bud       m n f v s z

 3 (three)  bird       r l w h j

 @  "a" in about



eI   as in   day      R-linking (the sounding

@U            go      of a /r/ at the end of a

aI           eye      word when it is

aU           cow      followed by a vowel)

oI           boy      is marked R

I@          beer      eg fAR for "far"

e@          bare      (compare "far away"

U@          tour      with "far beyond").



Primary stress: apostrophe eg @'baUt ("about")

Secondary stress : comma eg ,&ntI'septIk

Plus-sign as in "courtship" and "bookclub"

'kOt+Sip  'bUk+klVb



When the spelling contains a space and/or a

hyphen, the pronunciation has one also, eg

above board  @,bVv 'bOd   air-raid  'e@-reId



THE SYNTACTIC TAGS



     Every entry in the dictionary has  at  least  one  syntactic  tag

(part-of-speech  code).   If  an  entry has more than one (eg "report"

noun and verb), they are in ASCII order and separated  by  commas.   A

code  consists  of three characters, the first two being the syntactic

tag and the third a frequency class.  The first is one of the  capital

letters "G" to "Z" (inclusive), which have the following meanings:




                                                                Page 4





G  Anomalous verb

H  Transitive verb

I  Intransitive verb

J  Both transitive and intransitive verb



K  Countable noun

L  Uncountable noun

M  Both countable and uncountable noun

N  Proper noun



O  Adjective

P  Adverb

Q  Pronoun

R  Definite article

S  Indefinite article

T  Preposition

U  Prefix

V  Conjunction

W  Interjection

X  Particle

Y  Abbreviation

Z  Not classified



     Into the M class go nouns used frequently in both ways,  such  as

"coffee"  ("a  pot  of  coffee", "two coffees please"), and also nouns

that  are  predominantly  one  or  the  other;  they  may  be   mainly

uncountable  with  an  occasional  countable  use, such as "waste" and

"understanding" ("the barren wastes", "reach  an  understanding"),  or

mainly  countable  with an occasional uncountable use, like "ceremony"

and "line" ("too much ceremony", "stand in line").



     The second character in the tag code is either in the  group  "0"

(zero)  to  "9", "@", or "A" to "E", in which case it indicates how to

form inflexions, or it is one of the characters "a"  to  "z",  "+"  or

"-",  in  which  case  it gives some extra information about the word.

(Abbreviations have the following extra  code  symbols,  not  used  by

other entries:  ">", ")", "]", "}", ":", "=" and "~".)



     The inflexion codes "0"  to  "5"  are  for  verbs  and  have  the

following meanings:



0  stem+s, stem+ing, stem+ed (like "work")

1  stem+es, stem+ing, stem+ed (like "wish")

2  replace final "e" by es, ing or ed (like "love")

3  replace final "y" by ies, ying or ied (like "apply")

4  stem+s; double final letter +ing or +ed (like "abet")

5  all inflexions are given in full since at least one of them

   is irregular



     The inflexion codes "6" to "@" are for nouns:



6  add s to form the plural (like "cat")

7  add es (like "fox")

8  replace final y by ies (like "pony")

9  plural is the same as the singular (like "sheep")


                                                                Page 5





   (if there is another plural form, this is entered

    separately, eg "herring" - "shoals of herring/

    we'll have the herrings for tea")

@  no plural



     The remaining inflexion codes "A" to "E" are for adjectives:



A  No -r or -st form

B  Comp is +r, Sup is +st (like "subtle")

C  +er, +est (like "light")

D  Change final y to ier, iest (like "heavy")

E  Comp or Sup irregular - given in full



     The letters "a" to "z" give extra  information  about  the  word.

The letters "a" to "h" follow verbs, with the following meaning:



a  3rd person sing present tense

b  present participle (-ing form)

c  past tense

d  past participle

e  some other part of the verb



f to h follow anomalous verbs only:



f  contraction of pronoun with verb

g  contraction of verb with "not"

h  other contraction



     The letters "i" to "o" follow nouns:



i  singular form (pl is irregular or non-existent)

j  plural form

k  plural in form but behaves like a singular,

   eg "economics"  (may be used as a plural also,

   eg "acoustics is a modern science/ the acoustics

      of this hall are dreadful")



l to o follow proper nouns only:



l  forenames of people

m  countries, states, counties

n  towns and cities

o  other



     The letters "p" to "t" follow adjectives:



p  only used predicatively

q  only used attributively

r  comparative

s  superlative

t  can be attached to a preceding word by a hyphen



     The remaining small letters (and "+") are as follows:



u  adverb (not interrog or relative)


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v  interrogative adverb

w  relative adverb

+  adverbial particle



x  pronoun (not interrog or relative)

y  interrogative pronoun

z  relative pronoun



     If the first character of the tag code is "R" to "X" or "Z",  the

second   character  is  always  "-",  ie  there  is  never  any  extra

information about words in these classes.



     The  following  characters  are  used   only   after   "Y"   (the

abbreviation code):

>  singular noun  (see notes below)

)  plural noun

]  both sing and plur

}  uncountable noun

:  title

=  proper noun

~  other



     Examples of tags are:  K7, countable noun that forms  its  plural

by  adding  es;  H3,  transitive  verb  that forms its inflexions like

"apply"; Ic, past tense of an intransitive verb; Qz, relative pronoun;

T-,  preposition.   The  syntactic  tags are presented in tabular form

later in this document.



     There is, intentionally, some redundancy in this  coding  system.

With  the exception of "-", any given character in the second position

only occurs with a particular wordclass; a "6", for example, can  only

qualify a noun, an "r" can only qualify an adjective, and so on.  This

makes the programming a bit easier.  There is, obviously, no  mnemonic

significance  to the codes; it is not intended that people should have

to read these codes directly.



THE RARITY FLAGS



     The third character of the syntactic tag is either  "*",  "%"  or

"$".   This  is  a  marker of word-frequency.  "*" means that the word

occurs in the most frequent 500 words of the LOB Corpus[3], the  Brown

Corpus[5], the Thorndike-Lorge word count[6] and the American Heritage

Word Frequency Book[7], ie it occurs in the most frequent 500  of  all

four lists.



     The "$" code means that the word is, in my opinion, rare, with my

opinions  being  combined  to some extent with those of two friends of

mine.   I  realise  that  this  definition  of  rarity  seems   highly

unscientific,  but  there is no appreciably better way of doing it.  I

could perhaps have taken the opinions of many more  people,  but  this

would  have  been  a  long job and I doubt if the resulting list would

have   been   much   different.    The   problem   is   that   today's

computer-readable  corpora,  while  certainly  large enough to provide

data about common words, are nowhere near large enough to provide data

about  rare words.  A word that fails to appear in a corpus of several


                                                                Page 7





million words is not necessarily rare; conversely, a word that appears

several  times  in  one sample might still be rare in general use.  My

spelling corrector needed to know something  about  the  frequency  of

words  in  its  dictionary  and,  in  the absence of hard data, it was

better for it to have my estimates than none at all.



     The third code "%" is by far the commonest in the dictionary  and

denotes words that are neither "*" nor "$".



     The rarity codes are  attached  to  tags  rather  than  to  words

because  a  word  can be common in one use but rare in another.  "Go",

for example, is very common as a verb, but less common as a noun.  The

OALDCE  lists  "aneroid" as adjective and noun.  While I am reasonably

familiar with this word in the phrase  "aneroid  barometer",  I  can't

remember ever coming across it as a noun.



THE VERB PATTERNS



     The final string of letters and numbers, separated by commas,  is

for  verbs  only,  and  shows  the  "verb  patterns"  -  the  sentence

structures - in which the verbs can occur.  If an entry has more  than

one  verb pattern, they are entered in number order and then in letter

order within numbers.   This  (fairly  complicated)  system  is  taken

straight from the OALDCE, and is explained in the book's introduction.



THE SYLLABLE COUNTS



     The number of syllables was computed for each  word  by  separate

algorithms  applied  to  the  spelling and the pronunciation.  If they

produced the same number, as they did in the great majority of  cases,

this  was  entered in the dictionary.  The remaining three thousand or

so I did by hand.



     For the great majority of  words,  the  number  of  syllables  is

obvious.   There  are  a few, however, for which this is not the case.

The problems generally concern the "@" phoneme.



     The sounds "I@" ("pier"), "U@" ("tour") and "aI@"  ("hire")  seem

sometimes  to  be  one syllable and sometimes two.  I find that my own

feelings - and those of others I have spoken to -  are  influenced  by

the  spelling  of  the  word.  Whereas I am happy to count "higher" as

having two syllables, I am not so sure about "hire".   Similarly  with

"sear"  (one)  and  "seer" (two).  The sounds that follow the "@" also

seem to have an effect.  While I might be persuaded  that  "fire"  has

two  syllables,  I  would be not happy about "fire-alarm" having four.

Similarly, if "acquire" has three, does "acquiring" have four?



     The problem is that the "@" is such a small  part  of  the  sound

that  it  hardly  qualifies  as  a  syllable.  If, on the one hand, it

signifies the presence of a morpheme, its status seems raised and I am

happy  to  accept  it as a syllable.  If, on the other hand, it has no

special status and, furthermore, the adjacent sounds cause  it  almost

to  disappear, then I can't bring myself to call it a syllable at all.

If it is in-between, then I am simply not sure.  Being forced to  make

a  decision,  I  have generally counted "fire/hire/wire/pier/tour" and


                                                                Page 8





the like as one syllable, but, on another day,  I  might  easily  have

counted them as two.



     There is another continuum of "@" sounds in the middle  of  words

like  "labelling".   Some  seem  fairly  clear,  such as "enamelling";

others not so, like "gambling" and "peddling"  (and  are  "gambolling"

and "pedalling" any different?).  I suspect my decisions on these have

been somewhat arbitrary, depending on  whether  a  pronunciation  with

more "@" or less "@" seemed more natural at the time.



     One more group  of  problematic  words  are  those  ending  "ion"

pronounced sometimes "I@n" and sometimes "j@n".  I can imagine a vicar

intoning the word "communion" in church so as to give it a  full  four

syllables,  but  then ordering a case of communion wine over the phone

and giving it only three.  "Champion" in "Champion the  Wonder  Horse"

had  three  but  in  "We are the champions" it has two.  Some of these

have only  one  regular  pronunciation  -  "companion",  for  example,

clearly  has  three  syllables  -  but,  for  the others, I suspect my

decisions depended on which pronunciation came  to  mind  when  I  was

considering them.



THE ABBREVIATION ENTRIES



     Largely because of the paper  by  Geoffrey  Sampson  referred  to

above,  I have included many more abbreviations in the 1992 version of

the dictionary, but I have done so with some reluctance since they  do

not fit easily into the existing scheme.



     There were about 50 abbreviations (examples include  "eg",  "ie",

"OAP"  and "TNT") in the previous version, because they were listed in

the main body of the OALDCE.  They were not given any distinctive tags

in  the 1986 version of CUV2.  This was a nuisance since, for example,

any algorithm attempting to match spelling and pronunciation would  be

puzzled  by  an  entry such as "etc" pronounced It'set@r@.  I have now

added about 300 abbreviations that  seemed  to  me  to  be  reasonably

common, and given all abbreviations their own tag.



     Some abbreviations, such as  "amp"  and  "rev",  seem  to  behave

pretty  much  like  ordinary  words  and  I  have  not  marked them as

abbreviations.  The rest now have their own tag - "Y".  (The Y tag  in

the  previous  version was used for adverbial particles; these are now

tagged P+.)



     Some abbreviations  clearly  have  their  own  pronunciation,  eg

UNESCO,  and  others  clearly  don't,  eg cwt (hundredweight).  I have

given them their own pronunciation when  it  seemed  to  me  that  the

abbreviation  was sometimes pronounced on its own.  For example, I can

imagine someone saying that some event takes place in dZ&n @n feb (Jan

and Feb), but I can't imagine them saying it takes place in mAr @n &pr

                               _
(Mar and Apr), so "Jan" gets dZn whereas "Apr" gets 'eIprIl.  But this

is often pretty arbitrary.



     It is not uncommon for two words to share the same  abbreviation,

eg "Dr" for "Doctor" and "Drive" or "St" for "Saint" and "Street".  It

would have been a possibility  to  put  in  two  (or  sometimes  more)


                                                                Page 9





entries  for such items, along the lines of "convert" (noun and verb),

but I did not feel that 'd0kt@R (or draIv) was  the  pronunciation  of

"Dr"  in  the  way  that 'k0nv3t (or k@n'v3t) was the pronunciation of

"convert", so I was unwilling to give such abbreviations two  or  more

entries,  but  at  the  same  time  I  wanted  to put something in the

pronunciation field, so I just put one of the pronunciations in.



     There is also an unsatisfactorily arbitrary quality  to  some  of

the  tags.   Abbreviations  that can go after an article or possessive

("my PhD", "an FRS", "the MCC") were tagged singular noun ("Y>"),  and

a  few  can  be  plural  ("GCSEs")  ("Y)").   Some,  mostly  units  of

measurement ("cc", "rpm"),  can  be  both  ("Y]").   Uncountable  noun

abbreviations  ("LSD",  "TB") get "Y}".  Titles ("Mr", "Col") get "Y:"

while proper names ("Mon", "Aug") or abbreviations likely to form part

of  a  proper name ("Ave", "Rd") get "Y=".  Others ("asap", "viz") get

"Y~".  Oddly, some organization names seem to be proper names ("RADA",

"UNESCO") while others don't ("the BBC", "the UN").



     In short, then, I am uneasy about many of the  decisions  I  have

had  to  make in order to get these abbreviation entries into the same

form as the rest of the dictionary, but the important  thing  is  that

they  are  now  in  the  dictionary,  so a piece of software using the

dictionary will recognize them, and they are distinctively tagged  for

anyone who wants to take them out.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



     Most of the work of extracting the required information from  the

machine-readable  OALDCE,  putting  it into a standard form in CUVOALD

and generating CUV2 was carried out by me  between  January  1985  and

March  1986.  I added the rarity flags in 1988 and the syllable counts

in 1990 and inserted the new entries in  March-June 1992.  Susan  Drew

keyed  in  the pronunciations of some of the entries, and the file was

proofread by Philip Baker,  Sylvia Davidson,  Ann Jones,  Ed Hastings,

Kate Murray  and  Diana Whitaker.   Deepa  Dougal,  as part of her MSc

project, carried out the task of looking up all the words from the LOB

Corpus in CUV2.



COPYRIGHT



     I am making the file available to others,  via  the  Oxford  Text

Archive,   so   that   researchers   who   need   a  reasonably  large

computer-usable dictionary do not need to  spend  months,  as  I  did,

putting one together.  Anyone contemplating commercial use of the file

should contact the Oxford University Press.



REFERENCES



[1] Hornby A.S., Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of

    Current English, Third Edition, Oxford University

    Press, 1974



[2] Wells J.W., "A standardised machine-readable phonetic

    notation", IEE conference "Speech input/output:

    techniques and applications" London, Easter 1986


                                                               Page 10







[3] Hofland K, and S. Johansson, Word Frequencies in British

    and American English, Norwegian Computing Centre for the

    Humanities/ Longman, 1982



[4] Sampson G., "How fully does a machine-usable dictionary

    cover English text?" Literary and Linguistic Computing,

    Vol 4, No 1, 1989, pp 29-35



[5] Kucera H. and W.N. Francis, Computational Analysis of

    Present-day American English, Brown University Press,

    1967



[6] Thorndike E.L. and I. Lorge, The Teacher's Word Book of

    30,000 Words, Teachers College, Columbia University,

    1944



[7] Carroll J.B., P. Davies and B. Richman, Word Frequency

    Book, American Heritage, 1971


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SYNTACTIC TAGS



          FIRST CHARACTER            SECOND CHARACTER



VERBS:    G   Anomalous              0   inflects like "work"

          H   Transitive             1                 "wish"

          I   Intransitive           2                 "love"

          J   Trans & Intrans        3                "apply"

                                     4                 "abet"

                                     5    irregular



                                     a   3rd pers sing pres tense

                                     b   present participle (-ing)

                                     c   past tense

                                     d   past participle

                                     e   other part of verb

                                     f   contraction pronoun+anom vb

                                     g   contraction anom vb+not

                                     h   contraction anom vb, other



NOUNS:    K   Countable              6   plural like "cat"

          L   Uncountable            7               "fox"

          M   C & U                  8              "pony"

          N   Proper noun            9   pl same as sg, like "salmon"

                                     @   no plural



                                     i   sing form

                                     j   plural form

                                     k   pl but acts sg, like "economics"

                                     l   proper, forename eg "Sandra"

                                     m   proper, country etc, eg "Scotland"

                                     n   proper, town eg "Scunthorpe"

                                     o   other, eg "Saturn"



ADJS:    O                           A   no -er or -est form

                                     B   +r, +st  like "subtle"

                                     C   +er, +est  like "light"

                                     D   y to ier, iest  like "heavy"

                                     E   irregular comp &/or sup



                                     p   predicative

                                     q   attributive

                                     r   comparative form

                                     s   superlative form

                                     t   can be attached by hyphen eg "bellied"



OTHER:   P   Adverb                  u   not interrog or relative

                                     v   interrogative

                                     w   relative

                                     +   adverbial particle



         Q   Pronoun                 x   not interrog or relative

                                     y   interrogative

                                     z   relative


                                                               Page 12







         R   Definite article        -

         S   Indefinite article      -

         T   Preposition             -

         U   Prefix                  -

         V   Conjunction             -

         W   Interjection            -

         X   Particle                -

         Y   Abbreviation            >   sing noun

                                     )   plur noun

                                     ]   both sing and plur

                                     }   uncountable noun

                                     :   title

                                     =   proper noun

                                     ~   other abbreviation

         Z   Not classified          -


                                                               Page 13







Samples from CUV2

First 50 lines, then 10 lines every 10000, then the last 50.





Line     1

'em                    @m                     Qx$                    1                                                          

'neath                 niT                    T-$                    1                                                          

'shun                  SVn                    W-$                    1                                                          

'twas                  tw0z                   Gf$                    1                                                          

'tween                 twin                   Pu$,T-$                1                                                          

'tween-decks           'twin-deks             Pu$                    2                                                          

'twere                 tw3R                   Gf$                    1                                                          

'twill                 twIl                   Gf$                    1                                                          

'twixt                 twIkst                 T-$                    1                                                          

'twould                twUd                   Gf$                    1                                                          

'un                    @n                     Qx$                    1                                                          

A                      eI                     Ki$                    1                                                          

A's                    eIz                    Kj$                    1                                                          

A-bomb                 'eI-b0m                K6$                    2                                                          

A-bombs                'eI-b0mz               Kj$                    2                                                          

A-level                'eI-levl               K6%                    3                                                          

A-levels               'eI-levlz              Kj%                    3                                                          

AA                     ,eI'eI                 Y>%                    2                                                          

ABC                    ,eI,bi'si              Y>%                    3                                                          

ABCs                   ,eI,bi'siz             Y)$                    3                                                          

AD                     ,eI'di                 Y~%                    2                                                          

AGM                    ,eIdZI'em              Y>%                    2                                                          

AIDS                   eIdz                   Y}%                    1                                                          

AWOL                   'eIw0l                 Y~%                    2                                                          

Aachen                 'Ak@n                  Nn$                    2                                                          

Aarhus                 'Ahus                  Nn$                    2                                                          

Abe                    eIb                    Nl$                    1                                                          

Abercarn               '&b@kAn                Nn$                    3                                                          

Aberdare               ,&b@'de@R              Nn$                    3                                                          

Aberdeen               ,&b@'din               Nn%                    3                                                          

Abergavenny            ,&b@g@'venI            Nn%                    5                                                          

Abergele               ,&b@'gelI              Nn$                    4                                                          

Abertillery            ,&b@tI'le@rI           Nn%                    5                                                          

Aberystwyth            ,&b@'rIstwIT           Nn%                    4                                                          

Abingdon               '&bINd@n               Nn%                    3                                                          

Abo                    '&b@U                  K6$                    2                                                          

Aborigine              ,&b@'rIdZ@nI           K6%                    5                                                          

Aborigines             ,&b@'rIdZ@nIz          Kj%                    5                                                          

Abos                   '&b@Uz                 Kj$                    2                                                          

Abraham                'eIbr@h&m              Nl%                    3                                                          

Accra                  @'krA                  Nn%                    2                                                          

Accrington             '&krINt@n              Nn%                    3                                                          

Achilles               @'kIliz                Nl%                    3                                                          

Ada                    'eId@                  Nl%                    2                                                          

Adam                   '&d@m                  Nl%                    2                                                          

Addis Ababa            ,&dIs '&b@b@           Nn%                    5                                                          

Addressograph          @'dres@UgrAf           K6$                    4                                                          

Addressographs         @'dres@UgrAfs          Kj$                    4                                                          

Adelaide               '&d@leId               Nn%                    3                                                          


                                                               Page 14





Adrian                 'eIdrI@n               Nl%                    3                                                          



Line 10001

boggling               'b0glIN                Ib%                    22A,3A                                                     

boggy                  'b0gI                  OD%                    2                                                          

bogie                  'b@UgI                 K6$                    2                                                          

bogies                 'b@UgIz                Kj$                    2                                                          

bogs                   b0gz                   Ja%,Kj%                12E,15B                                                    

bogus                  'b@Ug@s                OA%                    2                                                          

bogy                   'b@UgI                 K8$                    2                                                          

boh                    b@U                    W-%                    1                                                          

bohemian               b@U'himI@n             K6%,OA%                4                                                          

bohemians              b@U'himI@nz            Kj%                    4                                                          



Line 20001

dins                   dInz                   Ja$                    12C                                                        

dint                   dInt                   K6%                    1                                                          

dints                  dInts                  Kj$                    1                                                          

diocesan               daI'0sIsn              K6$,OA%                4                                                          

diocesans              daI'0sIsnz             Kj$                    4                                                          

diocese                'daI@sIs               K6%                    3                                                          

dioceses               'daI@sIsIz             Kj$                    4                                                          

dioxide                daI'0ksaId             K6%                    3                                                          

dioxides               daI'0ksaIdz            Kj%                    3                                                          

dip                    dIp                    J4%,M6%                12A,2C,3A,6A,14                                            



Line 30001

half-tracks            'hAf-tr&ks             Kj$                    2                                                          

half-truth             'hAf-truT              K6%                    2                                                          

half-truths            'hAf-truDz             Kj%                    2                                                          

half-volley            hAf-'v0lI              K6%                    3                                                          

half-volleys           hAf-'v0lIz             Kj%                    3                                                          

half-yearly            hAf-'j3lI              OA%,Pu%                3                                                          

halfback               'hAfb&k                K6%                    2                                                          

halfbacks              'hAfb&ks               Kj%                    2                                                          

halfpennies            'heIpnIz               Kj%                    2                                                          

halfpenny              'heIpnI                K8%                    2                                                          



Line 40001

misdealt               ,mIs'delt              Jc$,Jd$                22A,6A                                                     

misdeed                ,mIs'did               K6%                    2                                                          

misdeeds               ,mIs'didz              Kj%                    2                                                          

misdemeanour           ,mIsdI'min@R           K6%                    4                                                          

misdemeanours          ,mIsdI'min@z           Kj%                    4                                                          

misdirect              ,mIsdI'rekt            H0%                    36A                                                        

misdirected            ,mIsdI'rektId          Hc%,Hd%                46A                                                        

misdirecting           ,mIsdI'rektIN          Hb%                    46A                                                        

misdirection           ,mIsdI'rekSn           K6$                    4                                                          

misdirections          ,mIsdI'rekSnz          Kj$                    4                                                          



Line 50001

question-master        'kwestS@n-mAst@R       K6%                    4                                                          

question-masters       'kwestS@n-mAst@z       Kj%                    4                                                          

questionable           'kwestS@n@bl           OA%                    4                                                          

questionably           'kwestS@n@blI          Pu%                    4                                                          


                                                               Page 15





questioned             'kwestS@nd             Hc%,Hd%                26A,10                                                     

questioner             'kwestS@n@R            K6%                    3                                                          

questioners            'kwestS@n@z            Kj%                    3                                                          

questioning            'kwestS@nIN            Hb%                    36A,10                                                     

questioningly          'kwestS@nINlI          Pu%                    4                                                          

questionnaire          ,kwestS@'ne@R          K6%                    3                                                          



Line 60001

statuesque             ,st&tSU'esk            OA%                    3                                                          

statuette              ,st&tSU'et             K6%                    3                                                          

statuettes             ,st&tSU'ets            Kj%                    3                                                          

stature                'st&tS@R               L@%                    2                                                          

status                 'steIt@s               L@%                    2                                                          

status quo             ,steIt@s 'kw@U         Ki%                    3                                                          

statute                'st&tSut               K6%                    2                                                          

statute-book           'st&tSut-bUk           K6%                    3                                                          

statute-books          'st&tSut-bUks          Kj$                    3                                                          

statutes               'st&tSuts              Kj%                    2                                                          



Line 70001

wolfram                'wUlfr@m               L@$                    2                                                          

wolfs                  wUlfs                  Ha%                    16A,15A                                                    

wolves                 wUlvz                  Kj%                    1                                                          

woman                  'wUm@n                 Ki*                    2                                                          

womanhood              'wUm@nhUd              L@%                    3                                                          

womanish               'wUm@nIS               OA%                    3                                                          

womanize               'wUm@naIz              I2%                    3                                                          

womanized              'wUm@naIzd             Ic%,Id%                3                                                          

womanizer              'wUm@naIz@R            K6%                    4                                                          

womanizers             'wUm@naIz@z            Kj%                    4                                                          



Line 70597

zest                   zest                   L@%                    1                                                          

zestful                'zestf@l               OA%                    2                                                          

zestfully              'zestf@lI              Pu%                    3                                                          

zigzag                 'zIgz&g                I4%,K6%,Pu%            2                                                          

zigzagged              'zIgz&gd               Ic%,Id%                2                                                          

zigzagging             'zIgz&gIN              Ib%                    3                                                          

zigzags                'zIgz&gz               Ia%,Kj%                2                                                          

zinc                   zINk                   L@%                    1                                                          

zing                   zIN                    L@%                    1                                                          

zinnia                 'zInI@                 K6$                    3                                                          

zinnias                'zInI@z                Kj$                    3                                                          

zip                    zIp                    H4%,K6%                16A,15B,22                                                 

zip code               'zIp k@Ud              K6%                    2                                                          

zip codes              'zIp k@Udz             Kj%                    2                                                          

zip-fastener           'zIp-f&sn@R            K6%                    3                                                          

zip-fasteners          'zIp-f&sn@z            Kj%                    3                                                          

zipped                 zIpt                   Hc%,Hd%                16A,15B,22                                                 

zipper                 'zIp@R                 K6%                    2                                                          

zippers                'zIp@z                 Kj%                    2                                                          

zipping                'zIpIN                 Hb%                    26A,15B,22                                                 

zips                   zIps                   Ha%,Kj%                16A,15B,22                                                 

zither                 'zID@R                 K6%                    2                                                          

zithers                'zID@z                 Kj%                    2                                                          


                                                               Page 16





zloty                  'zl0tI                 K6$                    2                                                          

zlotys                 'zl0tIz                Kj$                    2                                                          

zodiac                 'z@UdI&k               K6%                    3                                                          

zodiacs                'z@UdI&ks              Kj$                    3                                                          

zombie                 'z0mbI                 K6%                    2                                                          

zombies                'z0mbIz                Kj%                    2                                                          

zonal                  'z@Unl                 OA%                    2                                                          

zone                   z@Un                   H2%,K6%                16A                                                        

zoned                  z@Und                  Hc%,Hd%                16A                                                        

zones                  z@Unz                  Ha%,Kj%                16A                                                        

zoning                 'z@UnIN                Hb%,L@%                26A                                                        

zoo                    zu                     K6%                    1                                                          

zoological             ,zu@'l0dZIkl           OA%                    5                                                          

zoologist              zu'0l@dZIst            K6%                    4                                                          

zoologists             zu'0l@dZIsts           Kj%                    4                                                          

zoology                zu'0l@dZI              L@%                    4                                                          

zoom                   zum                    I0%,L@%                12A,2C                                                     

zoomed                 zumd                   Ic%,Id%                12A,2C                                                     

zooming                'zumIN                 Ib%                    22A,2C                                                     

zooms                  zumz                   Ia%                    12A,2C                                                     

zoophyte               'z@U@faIt              K6$                    3                                                          

zoophytes              'z@U@faIts             Kj$                    3                                                          

zoos                   zuz                    Kj%                    1                                                          

zoot suit              'zut sut               K6$                    2                                                          

zoot suits             'zut suts              Kj$                    2                                                          

zucchini               zU'kinI                M9%                    3                                                          

zucchinis              zU'kinIz               Kj$                    3                                                          



End of input file after line  70646.