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<!ENTITY appversion "0.31.0">
<!ENTITY manrevision "1.12">
<!ENTITY date "May 2018">
<!ENTITY app "gparted">
<!ENTITY appname "GParted">
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       Use the app entity to specify the command name of the application.
       Use the appname entity to specify the formal name of the application.
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<article id="index" lang="ru">
<!-- Please do not change the id. -->
<!-- For translations, change lang to appropriate code -->
  <articleinfo>
    <title>Руководство пользователя GParted</title>
    <publisher>
      <publishername>Проект GParted</publishername>
    </publisher>

    <abstract role="description">
      <para lang="en">
      GParted is the GNOME Partition Editor for creating,
      reorganizing, and deleting disk partitions.
      GParted enables you to change the partition organization while preserving
      the partition contents.
      </para>
    </abstract>

    <copyright lang="en">
      <year>2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017</year>
      <holder>Curtis Gedak</holder>
    </copyright>
    <copyright lang="en">
      <year>2014, 2015, 2017, 2018</year>
      <holder>Mike Fleetwood</holder>
    </copyright>

<!-- translators: uncomment this:
    <copyright>
      <year>2009</year>
      <holder>ME-THE-TRANSLATOR (Latin translation)</holder>
    </copyright>
-->

    <legalnotice>
      <para lang="en">
      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
      under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
      or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
      with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
      Texts.  You can find a copy of the GFDL at this
      <ulink type="help" url="help:fdl">link</ulink> or at
      <ulink type="http" url="https://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/fdl.html"/>
      or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.
      </para>
    </legalnotice>

    <authorgroup>
      <author role="maintainer" lang="en">
        <firstname>Curtis</firstname>
        <surname>Gedak</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>GParted Project</orgname>
          <address>
            <email>gedakc@users.sf.net</email>
          </address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>
      <author role="developer" lang="en">
        <firstname>Mike</firstname>
        <surname>Fleetwood</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>GParted Project</orgname>
          <address>
            <email>mike.fleetwood@googlemail.com</email>
          </address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>

<!-- This is appropriate place for other contributors: translators,
     maintainers,  etc. Commented out by default.
      <othercredit role="translator">
        <firstname>Latin</firstname>
        <surname>Translator 1</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>Latin Translation Team</orgname>
          <address> <email>translator@gnome.org</email> </address>
        </affiliation>
        <contrib>Latin translation</contrib>
      </othercredit>
-->
    </authorgroup>

<!-- According to GNU FDL, revision history is mandatory if you are -->
<!-- modifying/reusing someone else's document.  If not, you can omit it. -->
    <revhistory>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.12</revnumber>
        <date>May 2018</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Mike Fleetwood</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.31.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.11</revnumber>
        <date>September 2017</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak &amp; Mike Fleetwood</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.29.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.10</revnumber>
        <date>January 2017</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak &amp; Mike Fleetwood</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.28.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.9</revnumber>
        <date>March 2015</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak &amp; Mike Fleetwood</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.22.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.8</revnumber>
        <date>September 2014</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.20.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.7</revnumber>
        <date>February 2014</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.18.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.6</revnumber>
        <date>December 2013</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.17.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.5</revnumber>
        <date>September 2013</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.16.2 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.4</revnumber>
        <date>February 2012</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.12.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.3</revnumber>
        <date>January 2011</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.8.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.2</revnumber>
        <date>June 2010</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.6.0 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.1</revnumber>
        <date>July 2009</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.4.6 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V1.0</revnumber>
        <date>January 2009</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.4.2 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
      <revision lang="en">
        <revnumber>GParted Manual V0.3.9</revnumber>
        <date>September 2008</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author" lang="en">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher" lang="en">GParted Project</para>
          <para role="annotations" lang="en">Describes version 0.3.9 of GParted</para>
        </revdescription>
      </revision>
    </revhistory>

    <releaseinfo lang="en">
    This manual describes version 0.31.0 of GParted
    </releaseinfo>

    <legalnotice>
      <title>Обратная связь</title>
      <para lang="en">
      To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the
      <application>gparted</application> application or this manual,
      follow the directions at
      <ulink type="http" url="https://gparted.org/bugs.php"/>.
      </para>
<!-- Translators may also add here feedback address for translations -->
    </legalnotice>

  </articleinfo>

<!-- ============= Document Body ===================================== -->
<!-- ============= Introduction ====================================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-introduction">
    <title>Введение</title>
    <para lang="en">
    The <application>gparted</application> application is the GNOME Partition
    Editor for creating, reorganizing, and deleting disk partitions.
    </para>
    <para>Дисковое устройство можно разбивать, создавать на нём различные разделы. Программа <application>gparted</application> позволяет изменять структуру разделов дискового устройства, сохраняя при этом имеющиеся на диске данные.</para>
    <para lang="en">
    With <application>gparted</application> you can accomplish the following
    tasks:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Create a partition table on a disk device.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Enable and disable partition flags such as boot and hidden.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Perform actions with partitions such as create, delete,
          resize, move, check, label, copy, and paste.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <caution>
      <para>Редактирование разделов является потенциально опасной операцией, которая может привести к ПОТЕРЕ ДАННЫХ НА ЖЁСТКОМ ДИСКЕ.</para>
      <para>Программа <application>gparted</application> позволяет редактировать разделы с минимальным риском потерять данные. Программа GParted была внимательно протестирована и используется командой проекта GParted, однако потеря данных все-таки возможна по другим причинам, связанным с проблемами с оборудованием, потерей питания от электрической сети и различными ошибками в программном обеспечении.</para>
      <para>Чтобы снизить вероятность потери данных, не выполняйте операции монтирования и размонтирования разделов вне <application>gparted</application> во время работы <application>gparted</application>.</para>
      <para lang="en">
      You are advised to BACKUP your DATA before using
      the <application>gparted</application> application.  This is
      especially true for encrypted data where all of the data can
      become permanently inaccessible after a failure.  Please refer to
      <ulink type="http" url="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/FrequentlyAskedQuestions">The Cryptsetup FAQ</ulink>
      for backup and recovery advice of encrypted data.
      </para>
    </caution>
  </sect1>
  
<!-- ============= Getting Started =================================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-getting-started">
    <title>Начало работы</title>
    <para>
    </para>

<!-- ============= To Start gparted ================================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-to-start">
      <title>Запуск gparted</title>
      <para><application>gparted</application> можно запустить следующими способами:</para>
      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Из меню <guimenu>Приложения</guimenu></term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Выберите <menuchoice><guisubmenu>Системные</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Редактор разделов GParted</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Из командной строки</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Выполните команду: <command>gparted</command></para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>При запуске <application>gparted</application> выполнит сканирование компьютера и обнаружит все доступные дисковые устройства.</para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= When You Start gparted ============================ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-when-you-start">

      <title>Окно программы gparted</title>
      <para>При запуске <application>gparted</application> появится следующее окно:</para>

      <!-- ==== Figure ==== -->
      <!-- The GNOME Documentation Project recommends a maximum image
           width of 510 pixels.
           http://library.gnome.org/devel/gdp-style-guide/stable/screenshot-4.html.en
      -->
      <figure id="gparted-window">
        <title>Окно gparted</title>
        <screenshot>
          <mediaobject lang="en">
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="figures/gparted_window.png" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            <textobject>
              <phrase>Shows gparted main window.</phrase>
            </textobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </screenshot>
      </figure>

      <para>Окно <application>gparted</application> состоит из следующих элементов:</para>
      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Панель меню</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Меню содержат все команды программы <application>gparted</application> для работы с дисковыми устройствами и разделами.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Панель инструментов</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Панель инструментов содержит подмножество команд, которые присутствуют в меню.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Графическая схема выбранного диска</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Эта область содержит визуальное представление разделов на выбранном дисковом устройстве.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Список разделов выбранного диска</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Эта область содержит список разделов выбранного дискового устройства.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Панель состояния</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Показывает информацию о текущей операции, которую выполняет <application>gparted</application> или количество операций, которые должны выполниться.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Панель информации об устройстве</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>Показывает информацию о выбранном дисковом устройстве.</para>
            <para>По умолчанию панель информации об устройстве не отображается. Чтобы ей показать, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Вид</guimenu><guimenuitem>Информация об устройстве</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Панель запланированных операций</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>В панели ожидаемых операций находится список текущих операций с разделами, которые ожидают своей очереди на выполнение.</para>
            <para>По умолчанию панель ожидаемых операций не отображается, если очередь операций пуста. Чтобы её показать, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Вид</guimenu><guimenuitem>Ожидающие операции</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>При нажатии левой кнопки мыши на любом разделе, он становится активным для выполнения любых действий с ним.</para>
      <para>При нажатии правой кнопки мыши на любом разделе, появляется контекстное меню со списком основных действий, которые можно выполнить с разделом.</para>

      <para>Как и в других приложениях GNOME, действия в <application>gparted</application> можно выполнять несколькими способами: с помощью меню, с помощью панели инструментов или с помощью комбинаций клавиш.</para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Specify Devices on the Command Line ============ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-run-from-cmd-line">
      <title>Запуск gparted из командной строки</title>
      <para>Вы можете запустить <application>gparted</application> из командной строки, указав одно или несколько дисковых устройств.</para>
      <para>Чтобы запустить gparted из командной строки для работы с несколькими выбранными разделами, выполните следующую команду и нажмите клавишу <keycap>Enter</keycap>:</para>
      <para>
      <screen lang="en"><prompt>$ </prompt><command>gparted <replaceable>/path-to-your-device1 /path-to-your-device2</replaceable></command></screen>
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Usage ============================================= -->
<!-- ============= Viewing File System Support ======================= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-usage">
    <title>Просмотр поддержки файловых систем</title>
      <para>Чтобы просмотреть действия, которые поддерживаются в различных файловых системах, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Вид</guimenu><guimenuitem>Поддержка файловых систем</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Появится диалоговое окно <guilabel>Поддержка файловых систем</guilabel>.</para>
      <para>Если во время работы <application>gparted</application> было установлено дополнительное программное обеспечение, которое могло повлиять на файловые системы, нажмите кнопку <guibutton>Пересканировать поддерживаемые действия</guibutton>, и таблица обновится.</para>
      <para>Чтобы закрыть диалоговое окно <guilabel>Поддержка файловых систем</guilabel>, нажмите кнопку <guibutton>Закрыть</guibutton>.</para>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Working With Devices ============================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-devices">
    <title>Работа с устройствами</title>

<!-- ============= To Select a Device ================================ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-select-device">
      <title>Выбор устройства</title>
      <para>Чтобы выбрать устройство для работы, выполните <menuchoice><guimenu>GParted</guimenu><guimenuitem>Устройства</guimenuitem></menuchoice> и выберите устройство из списка. Приложение покажет схему разделов выбранного устройства в окне <application>gparted</application>.</para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To View Device Information ======================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-view-device-information">
      <title>Просмотр информации об устройстве</title>
      <para lang="en">
        To view information about a disk device: 
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Select:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>Device Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application opens a side pane in the
            <application>gparted</application> window
            and displays information about the device.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </orderedlist>
      </para>
      <para>Чтобы закрыть панель <guilabel>Информация об устройстве</guilabel>, уберите флажок в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Вид</guimenu><guimenuitem>Информация об устройстве</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Refresh a Device =============================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-refresh-device">
      <title>Обновление информации обо всех устройствах</title>
      <para>Чтобы обновить информацию обо всех дисковых устройствах, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>GParted</guimenu><guimenuitem>Обновить список устройств</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Программа повторно просканирует все дисковые устройства и обновит в окне <application>gparted</application> информацию о разделах.</para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Create a New Partition Table =================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-create-partition-table">
      <title>Создание новой таблицы разделов</title>
      <para lang="en">
      To create a new partition table on a disk device:
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Choose:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>Device</guimenu><guimenuitem>Create Partition Table</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application displays a
            <guilabel>Create partition table on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable></guilabel>
            dialog.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Optionally select a different partition table type from the
            list.
            </para>
            <note>
              <para lang="en">
              The default partition table type is
              <guimenuitem>msdos</guimenuitem> for disks smaller than 2
              Tebibytes in size (assuming a 512 byte sector size) and
              <guimenuitem>gpt</guimenuitem> for disks 2 Tebibytes and
              larger.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-type"/> for
              <guimenuitem>msdos</guimenuitem> partition table
              limitations.
              </para>
            </note>
            <note>
              <para lang="en">
              To use a disk without a partition table, choose
              <guimenuitem>loop</guimenuitem> to create a virtual
              partition that spans the disk.  Then format to the
              desired file system.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              See <xref linkend="gparted-format-partition"/> to format
              a virtual partition with a file system.
              </para>
            </note>
            <caution>
              <para lang="en">
              Many operating systems recognize
              <guimenuitem>gpt</guimenuitem> and
              <guimenuitem>msdos</guimenuitem> partition tables, but
              do not recognize all types of file systems.  This lack
              of file system recognition means that using a disk
              without a partition table involves more risk.  For
              example, some operating systems might prompt to format an
              unpartitioned disk if the file system is not recognized.
              </para>
            </caution>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> to create the new partition table.
            The application writes the new partition table to the disk device.
            The application refreshes the device partition layout in the
            <application>gparted</application> window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>
      <caution>
        <para>ОСТОРОЖНО: эта операция УДАЛИТ ВСЕ ДАННЫЕ СО ВСЕГО ДИСКОВОГО УСТРОЙСТВА.</para>
        <para>Если таблица разделов была случайно перезаписана, см. <xref linkend="gparted-recover-partition-table"/></para>
      </caution>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Attempt Data Rescue =================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-attempt-data-rescue">
      <title>Попытка восстановления данных</title>
      <para lang="en">
      To attempt data rescue from a disk device:
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Choose:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>Device</guimenu><guimenuitem>Attempt Data Rescue</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application displays a
            <guilabel>Search for file systems on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable></guilabel>
            dialog.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to start the full disk scan.
            </para>
            <tip>
              <para lang="en">
              Large disk devices can take a very long time to scan.
              If you do not have the time to wait for a full disk scan
              then click <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton>.
              </para>
            </tip>
            <note>
              <para lang="en">
              A maximum of 4 partitions with file systems might be
              discovered.  If you want to discover more than 4
              partitions and restore the partition table, see
              <xref linkend="gparted-recover-partition-table"/>.
              </para>
            </note>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            When the full disk scan completes one of two possible
            dialogs is displayed:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guilabel>No file systems found
                  on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable>
                  </guilabel>
                  </para>
                  <para lang="en">
                  If no file systems are found, you have other options
                  to try to rescue your data.
                  The <application>photorec</application> application
                  is designed to help recover many different types of
                  lost files.  For more information
                  about <application>photorec</application>, see
                  <ulink type="http" url="https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec"/>.
                  </para>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to close the dialog
                  box, and end this attempt to rescue data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guilabel>File systems found
                  on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable>
                  </guilabel>
                  </para>
                  <para lang="en">
                  If file systems are found, each file system is
                  displayed in a list along with
                  a <guibutton>View</guibutton> button.  The dialog
                  will indicate if there are data inconsistencies.
                  Inconsistencies in the data might prevent you from
                  viewing the data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            To rescue data, use the following steps for each file system:
              <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Click <guibutton>View</guibutton> to mount and display
                  the file system.  Your default file manager is opened
                  and displays a read-only view of the file system.
                  </para>
                  <note>
                    <para lang="en">
                    If the dialog <guilabel>Unable to open the default
                    file manager</guilabel> is displayed, then you
                    will need to open a file manager and navigate to
                    the mount point for the file system.
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    The mount point is shown in the dialog, for
                    example "/tmp/gparted-roview-XXXXXX".
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to close the
                    <guilabel>Unable to open the
                    default file manager</guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </note>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Use the file manager to copy your data to other
                  storage media.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  When you are finished copying your data, close the
                  file manager.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </orderedlist>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            When you are finished rescuing data,
            click <guibutton>Close</guibutton> to end this attempt to
            rescue data.  The application umounts any file systems
            that were mounted for viewing.  Then the application
            rescans all the disk devices and refreshes the device
            partition layout in the <application>gparted</application>
            window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Working with Partitions =========================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-partitions">
    <title>Работа с разделами</title>

<!-- ============= Basic Partition Actions =========================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-basic-partition-actions">
      <title>Действия низкой сложности с разделами</title>
      <para>Эти действия не влияют на разделы на дисковом устройстве.</para>

<!-- ============= To Select a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-select-partition">
        <title>Выбор раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To select a partition, use one of the following:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click on a partition in the graphic display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click on a partition in the text display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>Приложение подсветит раздел и в графической, и в текстовой области в окне <application>gparted</application>.</para>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          Partition operations such as delete, move, copy, format,
          check, label, and often resize require the partition to be
          unmounted.
          See <xref linkend="gparted-unmount-partition"/>.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Select Unallocated Space ======================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-select-unallocated">
        <title>Выбор неразмеченной области</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To select unallocated space, use one of the following:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click on <guilabel>unallocated</guilabel> in the graphic display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click on <guilabel>unallocated</guilabel> in the text display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>Приложение подсветит неразмеченную область и в графической, и в текстовой области в окне <application>gparted</application>.</para>
        <tip>
          <para>Если у вас нет дисковых устройств с неразмеченными областями, можно попробовать следующее:</para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Добавить новый диск в компьютер.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Уменьшить раздел, который содержит неиспользуемое пространство. См. <xref linkend="gparted-resize-partition"/>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To View Partition Information ===================== -->
    <sect3 id="gparted-view-partition-information">
        <title>Просмотр информации о разделе</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To view information about a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select a partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens an <guilabel>Information about
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>Чтобы закрыть диалоговое окно <guilabel>Информация о <replaceable>/путь-к-разделу</replaceable></guilabel>, нажмите кнопку <guibutton>Закрыть</guibutton>.</para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Mount a Partition ============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-mount-partition">
        <title>Монтирование раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To mount a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
              and select a mount point from the list.
              The application mounts the partition on the mount point and
              refreshes the device partition layout in the
              <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <note>
          <para>Если пункт меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Раздел</guimenu><guimenuitem>Монтировать</guimenuitem></menuchoice> не виден, значит <application>gparted</application> не знает, к какой точке монтировать раздел.</para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Unmount a Partition ============================ -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-unmount-partition">
        <title>Размонтирование раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To unmount a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select a mounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Unmount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application unmounts the partition from the mount point and
              refreshes the device partition layout in the
              <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>Если операция <menuchoice><guimenu>Раздел</guimenu><guimenuitem>Размонтировать</guimenuitem></menuchoice> не выполнилась, то, скорее всего, раздел в данный момент используется другими процессами и по этой причине не может быть размонтирован.</para>
          <para>Если нужно, чтобы все разделы были размонтированы и доступны для операций редактирования, загрузитесь с Live CD и используйте приложение <application>gparted</application>. См. <xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/></para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Open an Encrypted Partition ==================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-open-encrypted-partition">
        <title lang="en">Opening an Encrypted Partition</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To open a LUKS encrypted partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select a closed LUKS encrypted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Open Encryption</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              If <application>gparted</application> doesn't yet know the
              LUKS Passphrase it will open a <guilabel>LUKS Passphrase
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.  Type the LUKS Passphrase into the
              <guilabel>Passphrase</guilabel> text box and click
              <guibutton>Unlock</guibutton>.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              The application opens the encrypted partition and
              refreshes the device partition layout in the
              <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          <application>gparted</application> remembers each LUKS
          Passphrase in the computer's memory for as long as it is
          running.  This is so that it doesn't have to prompt when
          reopening the same encrypted partition again.  When
          <application>gparted</application> is closed all remembered LUKS
          Passphrases are cleared from memory and forgotten.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>


<!-- ============= To Close an Encrypted Partition =================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-close-encrypted-partition">
        <title lang="en">Closing an Encrypted Partition</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To close a LUKS encrypted partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted and LUKS encrypted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Close Encryption</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application closes the LUKS encryption and refreshes
              the device partition layout in the
              <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

    </sect2>
<!-- ============= End of Basic Partition Actions ==================== -->

<!-- ============= Intermediate Partition Actions ==================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-intermediate-partition-actions">
      <title>Действия средней сложности с разделами</title>
      <para>Эти действия изменяют разделы на дисковом устройстве, но не изменяют начальную и конечную границы существующих разделов.</para>

<!-- ============= Creating a New Partition ========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-create-new-partition">
        <title>Создание нового раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To create a new partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unallocated space on the disk device.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-unallocated"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>New</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the <guilabel>Create new Partition</guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the size and the location for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the alignment for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the type of partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-type"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the name of the partition when the field is
              enabled.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-name"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the type of file system for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-file-system"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the label of the file system for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-file-system-label"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Add</guibutton> to add the create partition
              operation to the operation queue.
              The application displays the create partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane
              in the <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para> 
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Delete a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-delete-partition">
        <title>Удаление раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To delete a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Delete</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the delete partition operation in
              the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <caution>
          <para>Если удаляется логический раздел, то после удаления этого логического раздела, системные имена всех остальных логических разделов изменятся.</para>
          <para>Предположим, что расширенный раздел содержит логические разделы A, B, C и D. Эти логические разделы определяются в операционной системе как:</para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел A как /dev/sda5.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел B как /dev/sda6.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел C как /dev/sda7.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел D как /dev/sda8.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>После удаления раздела B, оставшиеся логические разделы будут именоваться следующим образом:</para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел A как /dev/sda5.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел C как /dev/sda6. Имя изменилось.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Раздел D как /dev/sda7. Имя изменилось.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para lang="en">
          Changes in a device name can cause problems if a
          partition is mounted using a device name.
          You can avoid the problem by using the file system label or
          Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) of
          the partition when mounting the partition.
          </para>
          <para lang="en">
          Changes in a device name might adversely affect the
          following files:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                /etc/fstab - Contains a list of file systems to mount.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                /boot/grub/menu.lst - Contains operating system boot
                instructions for the <application>grub</application>
                boot loader.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </caution>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          Disks with <guimenuitem>loop</guimenuitem> or
          <guimenuitem>none</guimenuitem> partition tables do not
          contain a partition table, and do not contain partitions.  A
          file system on a disk without a partition table is
          represented in GParted by a virtual partition.
          </para>
          <para lang="en">
          To delete the file system and virtual partition, choose
          format to <guimenuitem>cleared</guimenuitem>.
          </para>
          <para lang="en">
          See <xref linkend="gparted-format-partition"/>.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Name a Partition =============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-name-partition">
        <title lang="en">Naming a Partition</title>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          Naming of partitions is only available with GUID partition
          tables (GPT).
          </para>
          <para lang="en">
          Also see <xref linkend="gparted-create-partition-table"/>.
          </para>
        </note>
        <para lang="en">
        To set a name of a partition:
        </para>
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Выберите ещё не смонтированный раздел. См. <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu>
              <guimenuitem>Name Partition</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens a <guilabel>Set partition name on
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Type a partition name in the <guilabel>Name</guilabel> text box.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
              The application displays the set partition name operation
              in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Format a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-format-partition">
        <title>Форматирование раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To format a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Format to</guimenuitem></menuchoice>,
              and select a type of file system from the list.
              The application displays the format partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-file-system"/>
              for the meaning of the <guimenuitem>cleared</guimenuitem>
              file system type.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Set a Partition File System Label ============== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-setting-partition-file-system-label">
        <title lang="en">Setting a Partition File System Label</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To set a label or a volume name of a file system in a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu>
              <guimenuitem>Label File System</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens a <guilabel>Set file system label on
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Type a label name in the <guilabel>Label</guilabel> text box.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
              The application displays the set file system label operation
              in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Change a Partition's UUID ========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-changing-partition-uuid">
        <title>Изменение UUID раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To change the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) of a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu>
              <guimenuitem>New UUID</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the set a new random UUID
              operation in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel>
              pane.
              </para>
              <warning>
                <para lang="en">
                Changing the UUID might invalidate the Windows Product
                Activation key (WPA).
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                On FAT and NTFS file systems, the Volume Serial Number
                is used as UUID.  Changing the Volume Serial
                Number on the Windows system partition, normally C:,
                might invalidate the WPA key.  An invalid WPA key will
                prevent login until you reactivate Windows.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                In an attempt to avoid invalidating the WPA key, on
                NTFS file systems only half of the UUID is set to a
                new random value. On FAT file systems, such a precaution
                is not possible.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                The WPA key should not be affected by changing the
                UUID of data partitions or removable media partitions.
                In rare cases, a partition that is present
                at boot time might be an exception to this rule.
                </para>
              </warning>
              <warning>
                <para lang="en">
                Changing the UUID when there is no need to do so might
                cause a GNU/Linux system to fail to boot, or to fail
                to mount a file system.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                Changing the UUID is only required after copying a
                partition.  The UUID change is needed to prevent
                duplicate UUIDs when both the source and the copy of
                the partition are used on the same computer.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                If boot or mount problems occur you might need to edit
                configuration files, such as /etc/fstab, and
                regenerate the grub menu to ensure that the correct
                UUID is specified.
                </para>
              </warning>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= Specifying Partition Details ====================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-specify-partition-details">
        <title>Указание параметров раздела</title>
        <para>Указание параметров раздела, которые используются при выполнении таких действий, как создание, изменение размера и перемещение.</para>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Size and Location ========== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location">
          <title>Указание размера и расположения раздела</title>
          <para lang="en">
          To specify the size and the location of the partition,
          use one or a combination of the following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Click-and-hold the arrow at either end of the graphic area.
                Drag the arrow left or right within the display range.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Click-and-hold the middle of the partition in the graphic area.
                Drag the partition left or right within the display range.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Click the spin button arrows, or type numeric values
                to adjust the following fields:
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para lang="en">
                      <guilabel>Free Space Preceding</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para lang="en">
                      <guilabel>New Size</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para lang="en">
                      <guilabel>Free Space Following</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
          <para>Программа обновит графическую схему раздела и значения в этих трёх полях.</para>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Alignment ================== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-alignment">
          <title>Выравнивание размера раздела</title>
          <para>Чтобы округлить размер раздела, нажмите кнопку <guilabel>Выровнять по</guilabel> и выберите элемент из списка.</para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Для современных операционных систем используйте <guilabel>МиБ</guilabel>. Это выровнит разделы до мебибайта (1,048,576 байт). Такое выравнивание может дать прирост в производительности при использовании дисковых массивов RAID и USB-флэш накопителей.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Используйте выравнивание до <guilabel>цилиндров</guilabel>, чтобы сохранить совместимость с файловыми системами, выпущенными ранее 2000 года, такими как DOS. Это округлит размер раздела до границы последнего цилиндра.</para>
              <tip>
                <para>Значения цилиндров, головок и секторов, которые сообщают современные дисковые устройства уже не имеют ничего общего с физическим размещением данных на диске. Поэтому выравнивание размера по цилиндрам не влияет на производительность.</para>
              </tip>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>Укажите <guilabel>Нет</guilabel>, только если глубоко знаете структуру диска, типы разделов и загрузочные записи. Такая настройка привязывает границы раздела напрямую к концу предыдущего раздела. При такой настройке не гарантируется, что будет зарезервировано необходимое пространство для загрузочных записей.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Type ======================= -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-type">
          <title>Указание типа раздела</title>
          <para>Чтобы указать тип раздела, нажмите кнопку <guilabel>Создать как</guilabel> и выберите элемент из списка.</para>
          <note>
            <para lang="en">
            The msdos partition table limits partitions as follows:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Maximum of 4 primary partitions.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Maximum of 3 primary partitions, and 1 extended partition.
                  </para>
                  <para lang="en">
                  The extended partition can contain multiple logical
                  partitions.
                  Some GNU/Linux distributions support accessing at most
                  15 partitions on a disk device.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  Maximum size of a partition is 2 Tebibytes using
                  a sector size of 512 bytes.  The partition must also
                  start within the first 2 Tebibytes of the disk device.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </note>
          <tip>
            <para>Основные разделы проще восстанавливать при сбоях, потому что их границы расположены в известных местах дискового устройства.</para>
          </tip>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Name ======================= -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-name">
          <title lang="en">Specifying Partition Name</title>
          <note>
            <para lang="en">
            Naming of partitions is only available with GUID partition
            tables (GPT).  Therefore the field is only enabled on disk
            devices partitioned using GPT.
            </para>
            <para lang="en">
            Also see <xref linkend="gparted-create-partition-table"/>.
            </para>
          </note>
          <para lang="en">
          To specify the partition name, type the name in the
          <guilabel>Partition name</guilabel> text box.
          </para>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition File System ================ -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-file-system">
          <title>Указание файловой системы разделов</title>
          <para>Чтобы указать тип файловой системы раздела, нажмите кнопку <guilabel>Файловая система</guilabel> и выберите элемент из списка.</para>
          <note>
            <para lang="en">
            Examples of uses for some file systems are as follows:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guimenuitem>ext2</guimenuitem>,
                  <guimenuitem>ext3</guimenuitem> and
                  <guimenuitem>ext4</guimenuitem> file systems can be
                  used for installing GNU/Linux, and for data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guimenuitem>linux-swap</guimenuitem> can be used with
                  GNU/Linux to increase the virtual memory of your
                  computer.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guimenuitem>fat16</guimenuitem> and
                  <guimenuitem>fat32</guimenuitem> file systems can be
                  used to share data between free and commercial
                  operating systems.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guimenuitem>cleared</guimenuitem> can be used to
                  clear any existing file system signatures and ensure
                  that the partition is recognised as empty.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para lang="en">
                  <guimenuitem>unformatted</guimenuitem> can be used to
                  just create a partition without writing a file system.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </note>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Label ====================== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-file-system-label">
          <title lang="en">Specifying Partition File System Label</title>
          <para lang="en">
          To specify the file system label in the partition, also known
          as a volume label, type a label name in the
          <guilabel>Label</guilabel> text box.
          </para>
          <tip>
            <para lang="en">
            File system labels can be used to help you remember what is
            stored in the partition.
            </para>
            <para>Уникальные метки можно использовать при монтировании файловых систем в GNU/Linux.</para>
          </tip>
        </sect4>

      </sect3>
<!-- ============= End of Specifying Partition Details =============== -->

    </sect2>
<!-- ============= End of Intermediate Partition Actions ============= -->

<!-- ============= Advanced Partition Actions ======================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-advanced-partition-actions">
      <title>Действия повышенной сложности с разделами</title>
      <para>Эти действия изменяют разделы на дисковом устройстве. Эти действия могут изменять границы существующих разделов, кроме того, они могут привести к проблемам при загрузке операционной системы.</para>

<!-- ============= To Resize a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-resize-partition">
        <title>Изменение размера раздела</title>
        <para>Процедуры изменения размера раздела и перемещение раздела могут выполняться в <application>gparted</application> одной операцией.</para>
        <para lang="en">
        To resize a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select a partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
              <tip>
                <para lang="en">
                Unmounted or inactive partitions enable the most
                resize options.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                Support is available for online resize of some
                mounted or otherwise active partitions.  However this
                support is often limited to grow only.
                </para>
              </tip>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Resize/Move</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Resize/Move <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Adjust the size of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
              <tip>
                <para lang="en">
                If you do not want the start of an existing partition
                to move, then do not change the <guilabel>free space
                preceding</guilabel> value.  If the partition is
                mounted or otherwise active, then you will not be able
                to change the <guilabel>free space
                preceding</guilabel> value.
                </para>
              </tip>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the alignment of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Resize/Move</guibutton>.
              The application displays the resize/move partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Examine the operation that was added to the
              <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              If the operation involves a move step, then
              consider the following:
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    A move step might take a long time
                    to complete.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    If the partition is an operating system boot partition,
                    then a move step might cause the operating system
                    to fail to boot.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              If you are not prepared to wait
              or to fix potential operating system boot problems,
              then you might want to undo the operation.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-undo-last-operation"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>Чтобы расширить или переместить раздел, необходимо чтобы до или после этого раздела было свободное пространство.</para>
          <para>Чтобы увеличить размер логического раздела, свободное пространство должно быть внутри расширенного раздела, в котором находится этот логический раздел.</para>
          <para>Для увеличения первичного раздела, свободное пространство не должно находиться внутри расширенного раздела.</para>
          <para>Можно переместить свободное пространство внутрь расширенного раздела или вынести его из расширенного раздела путём изменения границ расширенного раздела.</para>
        </tip>
        <tip>
          <para lang="en">
          A LUKS encrypted partition and the file system within can only
          be resized when the encryption mapping is open.
          </para>
        </tip>
        <tip>
          <para lang="en">
          To improve the ability to shrink NTFS partitions, you
          might consider one or more of the following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Defragment the file system.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                Booting into Safe Mode with the
                commercial operating system that uses NTFS
                can improve the ability to defragment
                the file system.
                To enter Safe Mode press <keycap>F8</keycap>
                while your computer is booting
                the operating system.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Check the partition for errors with the following command:
                <screen lang="en"><prompt>C:&gt; </prompt><command>chkdsk</command> /f /r</screen>
                Remember to reboot back into the commercial operating system
                that uses NTFS to allow the <command>chkdsk</command> command
                to execute.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Temporarily disable the paging file.
                The paging file occupies a fixed location
                in the partition that the defragmentation
                process is unable to move.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Temporarily move large files to another partition
                or disk device.  Large files are defined as greater
                than a few hundred Megabytes (MB).
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Ensure a proper shut down of the commercial operating
                system that uses NTFS before you resize the NTFS
                partition
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Leave at least 10 percent unused space in the NTFS partition.
                If you shrink the partition too much,
                then the commercial operating system might have difficulty
                functioning properly.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Reboot twice into the commercial operating system that
                uses NTFS after shrinking the NTFS partition. 
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Move a Partition =============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-move-partition">
        <title>Перемещение раздела</title>
        <para>Перемещение и изменение размера раздела могут выполняться в <application>gparted</application> одной операцией.</para>
        <para lang="en">
        To move a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Resize/Move</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Resize/Move <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Adjust the location of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Specify the alignment of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Resize/Move</guibutton>.
              The application displays the resize/move partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>Если перемещаемый раздел является загрузочным, операционная система может не загрузиться после операции перемещения.</para>
          <para>Если операционная система не загружается, см. <xref linkend="gparted-fix-operating-system-boot-problems"/>.</para>
        </tip>
        <tip>
          <para lang="en">
          A LUKS encrypted partition can only be moved when the
          encryption mapping is closed.
          </para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Copy and Paste a Partition ===================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-copy-and-paste-partition">
        <title>Копирование и вставка раздела</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To copy a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Copy</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application marks the partition as the
              source partition.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para lang="en">
        To Paste a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unallocated space on a disk device.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-unallocated"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Paste</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Paste <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              If you want you can adjust the size and location of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              If you want you can specify the alignment of partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Paste</guibutton>.
              The application displays the copy partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <caution>
          <para lang="en">
          The copy of the partition has the same file system label
          and Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) as the source
          partition.
          This can cause a problem when booting, or when mount actions
          use the file system label or UUID to identify the partition.
          </para>
          <para>Проблема в том, что операционная система будет случайным образом выбирать монтирование либо исходного раздела, либо его копии. Например, при первом монтировании может быть смонтирован исходный раздел. В следующий раз может быть смонтирована копия раздела. Со временем такое случайное монтирование разделов может привести к «мистическому» появлению или исчезновению файлов, в зависимости от того, какой из разделов смонтирован. Оно также может вызвать серьёзные повреждения или потерю данных.</para>
          <para lang="en">
          To avoid the problem you are advised to do one of the
          following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                After you have queued or applied the copy operation:
                  <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para lang="en">
                      Change the UUID of either the source, or the copy
                      of the partition.
                      See <xref linkend="gparted-changing-partition-uuid"/>.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para lang="en">
                      If the file system label is not blank then change
                      the file system label of either the source, or the
                      copy of the partition.
                      See <xref linkend="gparted-setting-partition-file-system-label"/>.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </orderedlist>
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                After you have applied the copy operation, delete or
                reformat the source partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Use some other method to ensure that the source
                partition and the copy of the partition are not used
                on the same computer at the same time.  For example,
                if the copy of the partition is on a separate drive
                then remove the drive from the computer.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </caution>
        <tip>
          <para lang="en">
          The file system within a LUKS encrypted partition can only be
          copied when the encryption mapping is open.
          </para>
        </tip>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          To prevent unintended decryption of data, pasting into
          unallocated space creating a new partition is not permitted.
          However a LUKS encrypted partition can be pasted into an
          existing open LUKS encrypted partition maintaining an
          encrypted, or pasted into a plain partition making an
          unencrypted copy of the file system.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Manage Partition Flags ========================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-manage-partition-flags">
        <title>Управление флагами разделов</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To manage partition flags:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select a partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Manage Flags</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens a <guilabel>Manage flags on
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
              <para>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To enable a flag, select the check box beside the flag.
                    The application writes the enabled flag to the partition
                    and refreshes the <guilabel>Manage flags on
                    <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To disable a flag, deselect the check box beside the flag.
                    The application writes the disabled flag to the partition
                    and refreshes the <guilabel>Manage flags on
                    <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
              <note>
                <para lang="en">
                <guimenuitem>Manage Flags</guimenuitem> is only
                available for disks with partition tables.  Disks with
                <guimenuitem>loop</guimenuitem> or
                <guimenuitem>none</guimenuitem> partition tables do
                not contain a partition table, and do not have
                partition flags.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                See <xref linkend="gparted-view-device-information"/>
                to view the type of partition table.
                </para>
              </note>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>Чтобы закрыть диалоговое окно <guilabel>Управление флагами на <replaceable>/путь-к-разделу</replaceable></guilabel>, нажмите кнопку <guibutton>Закрыть</guibutton>.</para>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          A description of flags in an msdos partition table
          follows:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Boot is used by some commercial operating system
                boot loaders.
                The boot flag indicates the partition is active
                or bootable.
                Only one partition on a disk device can be active.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Diag is used to indicate the partition is used for
                diagnostics / recovery.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                ESP indicates an EFI System Partition used to boot
                computers with the Unified Extensible Firmware
                Interface (UEFI) class 2 that includes compatibility
                support for BIOS functions including the MBR partition
                structure.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Hidden is used by some commercial operating systems.
                The hidden flag makes the partition invisible to the
                operating system.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Irst identifies an Intel Rapid Start Technology
                partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                LBA is used by some commercial operating system
                boot loaders.
                The LBA flag indicates the partition should be
                accessed using Logical Block Addressing (LBA), instead
                of Cylinder-Head-Sector (CHS) addressing.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                LVM is used to indicate the partition is used by a
                Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Palo is used by the Precision Architecture - 
                Reduced Instruction Set Computing (PA-RISC)
                boot loader, palo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Prep is used to indicate the boot partition
                on Power Performance Computing (PowerPC) hardware.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                RAID is used to indicate the partition is used in a
                Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID).
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </note>
        <note>
          <para lang="en">
          A description of flags in a gpt partition table follows:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Atvrecv is used to indicate an Apple TV Recovery
                partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                BIOS_GRUB indicates a BIOS boot partition often used
                by the GRUB 2 boot loader.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Boot is used by some commercial operating system
                boot loaders.
                The boot flag indicates the partition is active
                or bootable.
                Only one partition on a disk device can be active.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Diag indicates the partition is used for diagnostics
                or recovery.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                ESP indicates an EFI System Partition used to boot
                computers with Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
                class 1 or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
                (UEFI) class 2 or UEFI class 3.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Hidden is used by some commercial operating systems.
                The hidden flag makes the partition invisible to the
                operating system.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                HP-service is used to indicate a Hewlett Packard
                service partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Irst identifies an Intel Rapid Start Technology
                partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Legacy_boot is used by some special purpose software
                to indicate the partition might be bootable.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                LVM indicates the partition is used by a Logical
                Volume Manager (LVM).
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Msftdata identifies partitions that contain Microsoft
                file systems such as NTFS or FAT.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Msftres is used to indicate a Microsoft Reserved
                partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                Prep is used to indicate the boot partition
                on Power Performance Computing (PowerPC) hardware.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para lang="en">
                RAID indicates the partition is used in a Redundant
                Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID).
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Check a Partition ============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-Check-partition">
        <title>Проверка раздела</title>
        <para>Операция проверки раздела попытается найти и исправить проблемы в файловой системой. Операция проверки раздела попытается расширить файловую систему, чтобы она занимала весь раздел.</para>
        <para lang="en">
        To check a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Check</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the check partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= End of Advanced Partition Actions ================= -->
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= Working with the Operation Queue ================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-operation-queue">
      <title>Работа с очередью операций</title>

<!-- ============= To Undo Last Operation ============================ -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-undo-last-operation">
        <title>Отмена последней операции</title>
        <para>Чтобы отменить последнюю операцию, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Правка</guimenu><guimenuitem>Отменить последнюю операцию</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Приложение удалит последнюю операцию из очереди, указанную в панели <guilabel>Запланированные операции</guilabel>. Если после этого в очереди не останется ни одной операции, приложение закроет панель <guilabel>Запланированные операции</guilabel>.</para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Clear All Operations =========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-clear-all-operations">
        <title>Отмена всех операций</title>
        <para>Чтобы отменить все операции в очереди, выберите в меню <menuchoice><guimenu>Правка</guimenu><guimenuitem>Очистить список операций</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Приложение удалит все операции из очереди и закроет панель <guilabel>Запланированные операции</guilabel>.</para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Apply All Operations =========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-apply-all-operations">
        <title>Применение всех операций</title>
        <para lang="en">
        To apply all operations:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guimenuitem>Apply All Operations</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays an
              <guilabel>Apply operations to device</guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
              <caution>
                <para lang="en">
                Editing partitions has the potential to cause LOSS of DATA.
                You are advised to backup your data before applying your
                partition editing operations.
                </para>
              </caution>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>.
              The application displays an
              <guilabel>Applying pending operations</guilabel> dialog.
              The application applies each pending operation
              in the order you created the operations.
              The application displays a status update when each
              operation is completed.
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To view more information,
                    click <guibutton>Details</guibutton>.
                    The application displays more details about operations.
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To view more information about the steps in each operation,
                    click the arrow button beside each step.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To stop the operations while they are executing,
                    click <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton>.
                    The application displays a disabled
                    <guibutton>Force Cancel (5)</guibutton> button and
                    counts down for 5 seconds.
                    </para>
                    <note>
                      <para lang="en">
                      <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton> instructs the
                      application to stop or roll back operations
                      as necessary to ensure data integrity.
                      </para>
                    </note>
                    <para lang="en">
                    If operations have not halted after 5 seconds the
                    application enables the <guibutton>Force
                    Cancel</guibutton> button.
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    To force the operations to stop, click
                    <guibutton>Force Cancel</guibutton>.
                    The application displays a warning dialog.
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    Click <guibutton>Continue Operation</guibutton> to
                    allow the roll back operations to complete, or
                    click <guibutton>Cancel Operation</guibutton> to
                    cancel the roll back operations.
                    </para>
                    <warning>
                      <para lang="en">
                      <guibutton>Cancel Operation</guibutton>
                      terminates the safe roll back of operations and
                      might cause SEVERE file system damage and data
                      loss.  You are advised to click
                      <guibutton>Continue Operation</guibutton> to
                      allow the roll back to complete.
                      </para>
                    </warning>
                    <para lang="en">
                    When the application finishes performing operations,
                    the application displays the
                    <guibutton>Save Details</guibutton> button and the
                    <guibutton>Close</guibutton> button.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              If you want to save the details from applying all operations,
              then click <guibutton>Save Details</guibutton>.
              The application displays a <guilabel>Save Details</guilabel>
              dialog.
                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    If you want to change the default file name,
                    then type a file name in the
                    <guilabel>Name</guilabel> text box.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    If you want to save the file in a folder
                    different than /root,
                    Click <guibutton>Browse for other folders</guibutton>.
                    The application displays a file system navigator.
                    </para>
                    <para lang="en">
                    Use the file system navigator to select a folder.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para lang="en">
                    Click <guibutton>Save</guibutton> to save the file.
                    The application saves the details file.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
              </para>
              <caution>
                <para lang="en">
                If you use <application>gparted</application> from a Live CD, then
                the root file system exists in RAM memory.  All files saved
                to the Live CD root file system will be lost when you shut down
                the computer.
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                If you saved the gparted details to the Live CD root file system,
                then you need to copy the file to more permanent storage.
                Examples of more permanent storage are a hard disk drive
                or a USB flash memory drive.
                </para>
              </caution>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
              The application closes the
              <guilabel>Applying pending operations</guilabel> dialog.
              The application rescans all the disk devices and refreshes the device
              partition layout in the <application>gparted</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= End of Working with the Operation Queue =========== -->
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Acquiring GParted on Live CD ====================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-acquire-livecd">
    <title>Получение GParted на Live CD</title>
    <para>Live CD — это компакт-диск, содержащий загружаемую операционную систему. С помощью Live CD можно загрузить компьютер с этого диска.</para>
    <para lang="en">
    Using <application>gparted</application> from a Live CD
    has the following advantages:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          You can edit all of your partitions
          because the partitions are not mounted.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          You can edit partitions on computers that
          do not have a bootable operating system.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <para>Приложение <application>gparted</application> есть в составе Live CD многих дистрибутивов.</para>
    <para lang="en">
    You can download a Live CD image containing
    <application>gparted</application> from the following web sites:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          GParted Live CD
          <ulink type="http" url="https://gparted.org/livecd.php"/>
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          System Rescue CD
          <ulink type="http" url="http://www.system-rescue-cd.org"/>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <tip>
      <para lang="en">
      The GParted Live CD image can be written to a USB flash drive.
      </para>
      <para lang="en">
      If your computer can boot from Universal Serial Bus (USB) then
      you might prefer to boot and use
      <application>gparted</application> from a USB flash drive.
      </para>
    </tip>
    <tip>
      <para>Чтобы не испортить чистый компакт-диск, обратите внимание на следующие рекомендации:</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Сравните контрольную сумму загруженного файла с контрольной суммой, указанной на странице загрузки. Они должны совпадать.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>Записывайте файл .iso как образ диска, а не как файл данных. Если .iso файл будет записан как файл данных, с такого диска нельзя будет загрузить компьютер.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </tip>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Fixing Operating System Boot Problems ============= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-fix-operating-system-boot-problems">
    <title>Решение проблем с загрузкой операционной системы</title>
    <para lang="en">
    Your computer might fail to boot an operating system
    when you perform one of the following actions:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Delete a partition.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Move a partition.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para lang="en">
          Install another operating system and
          overwrite the Master Boot Record (MBR).
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <para lang="en">
    Fortunately the failure to boot can be often be fixed.
    </para>
    <para lang="en">
    If your computer uses the GRUB boot loader,
    see <xref linkend="gparted-fix-grub-boot-problem"/>
    to restore the ability to boot.
    </para>
    <para lang="en">
    If your computer does not use GRUB then you are advised to consult
    documentation for your boot loader to learn how to fix the
    problem.
    You might consult the
    <ulink type="http" url="https://gparted.org/faq.php">GParted FAQ</ulink>,
    or the
    <ulink type="http" url="https://gparted.org/forum.php">GParted forum</ulink>.
    You might also search the Internet to learn how other people have
    solved similar problems.
    </para>

<!-- ============= Fixing GRUB Boot Problem ========================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-fix-grub-boot-problem">
      <title>Исправление проблем с загрузкой GRUB</title>
      <para lang="en">
      The Grand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) is used by many GNU/Linux
      distributions.  To fix GRUB boot problems you start by
      determining which major version of GRUB was used.
      </para>
      <para lang="en">
      There are two major versions of GRUB:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            GRUB, also known as GRUB 2, covers versions 1.98 and
            higher.  GRUB 2 works with both GUID partition tables
            (GPT) and msdos partition tables.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            GRUB Legacy, traditionally known as GRUB, covers versions
            0.9x and earlier.  GRUB Legacy works with msdos partition
            tables only.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>
      <para lang="en">
      GRUB 2 is used as the default boot loader in the following
      GNU/Linux distributions:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            CentOS 7 and higher
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Debian 6 (Squeeze) and higher
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Fedora 16 (Verne) and higher
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            openSUSE 12.2 and higher
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para lang="en">
            Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) and higher
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>
      <para lang="en">
      If you are unsure whether your computer uses GRUB 2 or GRUB
      Legacy, you might try searching for the answer on the Internet.
      </para>

<!-- ============= To Restore GRUB 2 ================================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-restore-grub-2">
        <title lang="en">Restoring GRUB 2 Boot Loader</title>
        <para lang="en">
        Use the following steps to restore the GRUB 2 boot loader:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Boot from Live media such as GParted Live or your
              GNU/Linux distribution image.  Open a terminal window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Determine which partition contains the / file system for
              your GNU/Linux distribution.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              Use GParted to list the partitions on your disk device.
              Look for a partition that contains your GNU/Linux / file
              system.  This Linux partition will likely use a file
              system such as ext2, ext3, ext4, or btrfs.
              </para>
              <note>
                <para lang="en">
                If the / partition is on LVM then the Logical Volume
                Manager must be active.  LVM can be started with the
                command:
                <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>vgchange</command> -a y</screen>
                </para>
                <para lang="en">
                With LVM, the equivalent of a disk partition is a
                Logical Volume.  Logical Volumes can be listed with
                the command:
                <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>lvscan</command></screen>
                </para>
              </note>
              <note>
                <para lang="en">
                If the / partition is on RAID, then the RAID must be
                active.  Linux Software RAID can be started with the
                command:
                <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mdadm</command> --assemble --scan</screen>
                </para>
              </note>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Create a mount point directory by entering (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mkdir</command> /tmp/mydir</screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Mount the / partition on the mount point directory.  For
              example assume the / file system is contained in the
              /dev/sda5 partition.  Enter (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda5</replaceable> /tmp/mydir</screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              If you have a separate /boot partition, for example at
              /dev/sda3, then an extra step is required.  Mount the
              /boot partition at /tmp/mydir/boot by entering (as
              root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda3</replaceable> /tmp/mydir/boot</screen>
              </para>
              <note>
                <para lang="en">
                If you do not know whether you have a separate boot
                partition then you probably do not and can ignore this
                step.
                </para>
              </note>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Prepare to change the root environment by entering (as
              root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /dev /tmp/mydir/dev</screen>
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /proc /tmp/mydir/proc</screen>
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /sys /tmp/mydir/sys</screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Change the root environment by entering (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>chroot</command> /tmp/mydir</screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Reinstall GRUB 2 on the boot device.  Note that the
              device name is used and not the partition name.  For
              example, if the / partition is /dev/sda5 then the device
              is /dev/sda.
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              For Debian, Ubuntu, and other offshoot GNU/Linux
              distributions, enter the command (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>grub-install</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda</replaceable></screen>
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              For CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE and other offshoot
              GNU/Linux distributions, enter the command (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>grub2-install</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda</replaceable></screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Exit the chroot environment by entering (as root):
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>exit</command></screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Reboot your computer.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Restore GRUB Legacy ============================ -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-restore-grub-legacy">
        <title lang="en">Restoring GRUB Legacy Boot Loader</title>
        <para lang="en">
        Use the following steps to restore the GRUB Legacy boot
        loader:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Boot from Live media such as your GNU/Linux distribution
              image.  Open a terminal window.
              </para>
              <note>
                <para lang="en">
                The Live media must contain the GRUB Legacy boot
                loader.  If your GNU/Linux distribution uses GRUB
                Legacy, then the distribution Live media will also
                contain GRUB Legacy.
                </para>
              </note>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Start the <application>grub</application> application
              from the command line (as root).
              <screen lang="en"><prompt># </prompt><command>grub</command></screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Find where <application>grub</application> stage1 is
              located by using one of the following:
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              If the /boot folder is stored in the / partition,
              use the command:
              <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt><command>find</command> /boot/grub/stage1</screen>
              If the /boot folder is stored in a partition
              different than the / partition, use the command:
            <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt><command>find</command> /grub/stage1</screen>
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              The output from the <command>find</command> command
              might look like the following:
              <screen lang="en"><computeroutput> <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></computeroutput></screen>
              If more than one line is listed in the command output,
              you will need to decide which device you use for
              <application>grub</application>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Set the <application>grub</application> root device by
              specifying the device returned by the
              <command>find</command> command.  This should be the
              partition containing the boot directory.
              <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>root <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Reinstall the <application>grub</application> boot
              loader into the Master Boot Record (MBR) with:
              <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>setup <replaceable>(hd0)</replaceable></screen>
              </para>
              <para lang="en">
              If you want to install the
              <application>grub</application> boat loader into the
              boot sector of a partition, instead specify a partition
              with:
              <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>setup <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Exit <application>grub</application>.
              <screen lang="en"><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>quit</screen>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para lang="en">
              Reboot your computer.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= End of Fixing Operating System Boot Problems ====== -->
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Recovering Partition Tables ======================= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-recover-partition-table">
    <title>Восстановление таблиц разделов</title>
    <para>Если таблица разделов была случайно перезаписана, возможно её получится восстановить.</para>
    <para lang="en">
    The <application>testdisk</application> application is designed to help
    recover lost partitions.  For more information about 
    <application>testdisk</application>, see
    <ulink type="http" url="https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk"/>.
    </para>
    <para>Приложение <application>testdisk</application> есть на каждом из Live CD, которые перечислены в <xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/>.</para>
  </sect1>

</article>