#This file was created by <jamesb> Thu Dec  3 07:00:26 1998
#LyX 0.12 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
\textclass book
\language default
\inputencoding default
\fontscheme times
\graphics default
\paperfontsize 10
\spacing single 
\papersize Default
\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 0
\use_amsmath 0
\paperorientation portrait
\secnumdepth 2
\tocdepth 2
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle default

\layout Title
\added_space_top vfill \added_space_bottom vfill 
gpasm 0.0.7
\layout Author

James Bowman
\layout Date

Dec 2 1998
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents

\end_inset 


\layout Chapter*

Introduction
\layout Standard

gpasm is meant to be an open source replacement for the Microchip (
\shape smallcaps 
TM
\shape default 
) product MPASM, an assembler for Microchip's popular PICmicro (TM) line
 of microcontrollers.
 This manual covers the basics of running gpasm: for more details on a microproc
essor, consult the manual for the specific PICmicro product that you are
 using.
\layout Standard

This document is part of gpasm.
\layout Standard

gpasm is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
 terms of the 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{GNU}

\end_inset 

GNU General Public 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{License}

\end_inset 

License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2,
 or (at your option) any later version.
\layout Standard

gpasm is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{NO WARRANTY}

\end_inset 

WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
 FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 See the GNU General Public License for more details.
\layout Standard

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 with gpasm; see the file COPYING.
 If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite
 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
\layout Chapter

Running gpasm
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{options}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

The general syntax for running gpasm is
\layout LyX-Code

gpasm <options> <asm-file>
\layout Standard

Where options can be one of:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol4
10 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 4in
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Option
\newline 
Meaning
\newline 
a <format>
\newline 
Produce 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{hex file}

\end_inset 

hex file in one of three formats: inhx8m (the default), inhx8s, inhx32.
\newline 
d symbol[=value] 
\newline 
Equivalent to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#define <symbol> <value>
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\newline 
c
\newline 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{case}

\end_inset 

Do not ignore case in source code.
 By default gpasms to treat 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fooYa
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

FOOYA
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

as equal.
\newline 

\newline 

\newline 

\newline 

\newline 
p
\protected_separator 
<processor> 
\newline 
Select target processor, which may be one of the processors listed in section
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:processors}

\end_inset 

.
\newline 
r <radix>
\newline 
Set the 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{radix}

\end_inset 

radix, i.e.
 the number base that gpasm uses when interpreting numbers.
\newline 

\newline 
<radix> can be one of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

oct
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

dec
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for bases eight, ten, and sixteen respectively.
 Default is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\newline 
v
\newline 
Print gpasm version information and exit.
\layout Standard

Unless otherwise specified, gpasm removes the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.asm
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 suffix from its input file, replacing it with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.lst
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for the list and hex output files respectively.
 On most modern operating systems case is significant in filenames.
 For this reason you should ensure that filenames are named consistently,
 and that the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.asm
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 suffix on any source file is in lower case.
\layout Standard

gpasm always produces a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.lst
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 file.
 If it runs without errors, it also produces a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 file.
\layout Section

Using gpasm with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

make
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{make}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

On most operating systems, you can build a project using the make utility.
 To use gpasm with make, you might have a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

makefile
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 like this:
\layout LyX-Code

tree.hex: tree.asm treedef.inc
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 gpasm tree.asm
\layout Standard

This will rebuild 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

tree.hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 whenever either of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

tree.asm
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

treedef.inc
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 files change.
\layout Section

Dealing with errors
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{error file}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

gpasm doesn't specifically create an error file.
 This can be a problem if you want to keep a record of errors, or if your
 assembly produces so many errors that they scroll off the screen.
 To deal with this if your shell is 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{sh}

\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sh
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{bash}

\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bash
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ksh}

\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

ksh
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, you can do something like:
\layout LyX-Code

gpasm tree.asm 2>&1 | tee tree.err
\layout Standard

This redirects standard error to standard output (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2>&1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

), then pipes this output into 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{tee}

\end_inset 

tee
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which copies it input to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

tree.err
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and then displays it.
\layout Chapter

Syntax
\layout Section

File structure
\layout Standard

gpasm source files consist of a series of lines.
 Lines can contain a 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{labels}

\end_inset 

label (starting in column 1) or an operation (starting in any column after
 1), both, or neither.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{comments}

\end_inset 

Comments follow a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

;
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character, and are treated as a newline.
 Labels may be any series of the letters A-z, digits 0-9, and the underscore
 (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

_
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

); they may not begin with a digit.
 Labels may be followed by a colon (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

An operation is a single identifier (the same rules as for a label above)
 followed by a space, and a comma-separated list of parameters.
 For example, the following are all legal source lines:
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; Blank line
\newline 
loop
\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
sleep 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; Label and operation
\newline 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
incf
\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
6,1 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; Operation with 2 parameters
\newline 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
goto
\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
loop 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
; Operation with 1 parameter
\layout Section

Expressions
\layout Standard

gpasm supports a full set of 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{operators}

\end_inset 

operators, based on the C operator set.
 The operators in the following table are arranged in groups of equal precedence
, but the groups are arranged in order of increasing precedence.
 When gpasm encounters operators of equal precedence, it always evaluates
 from left to right.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol4
25 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 
8 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0

Operator
\newline 
Description
\newline 
=
\newline 
assignment
\newline 
&&
\newline 
logical and
\newline 
||
\newline 
logical or
\newline 
&
\newline 
bitwise and
\newline 
|
\newline 
bitwise or
\newline 
^
\newline 
bitwise exclusive-or
\newline 
<
\newline 
less than
\newline 
>
\newline 
greater than
\newline 
==
\newline 
equals
\newline 
!=
\newline 
not equals
\newline 
>=
\newline 
greater than or equal
\newline 
<=
\newline 
less than or equal
\newline 
<<
\newline 
left shift
\newline 
>>
\newline 
right shift
\newline 
+
\newline 
addition
\newline 
-
\newline 
subtraction
\newline 
*
\newline 
multiplication
\newline 
/
\newline 
division
\newline 
%
\newline 
modulo
\newline 
HIGH
\newline 
high byte
\newline 
LOW
\newline 
low byte
\newline 
-
\newline 
negation
\newline 
!
\newline 
logical not
\newline 
~
\newline 
bitwise not
\layout Section

Numbers
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{radix}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:numbers}

\end_inset 

gpasm gives you several ways of specifying numbers.
 You can use a syntax that uses an initial character to indicate the number's
 base.
 The following table summarizes the alternatives.
 Note the C-style option for specifying hexadecimal numbers.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol4
6 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 
8 1 0 
8 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0

base
\newline 
general syntax
\newline 
21 decimal written as
\newline 
binary
\newline 
B'[01]*'
\newline 
B'10101'
\newline 
octal
\newline 
O'[0-7]*'
\newline 
O'25'
\newline 
decimal
\newline 
D'[0-9]*'
\newline 
D'21'
\newline 
hex
\newline 
H'[0-F]*'
\newline 
H'15'
\newline 
hex
\newline 
0x[0-F]*
\newline 
0x15
\layout Standard

When you write a number without a specifying prefix such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

45
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, gpasm uses the current radix (base) to interpret the number.
 You can change this radix with the RADIX directive, or with the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

-r
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 option on gpasm's command-line.
 If you do not start hexadecimal numbers with a digit, gpasm will attempt
 to interpret what you've written as an identifier.
 For example, instead of writing C2, write either 0C2, 0xC2 or H'C2'.
\layout Standard

Case is not significant when interpreting numbers: 0ca, 0CA, h'CA' and H'ca'
 are all equivalent.
\layout Standard

You can write the 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ASCII}

\end_inset 

ASCII code for a 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{character}

\end_inset 

character X using 'X', or A'X'.
 
\layout Section

Preprocessor
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{include}

\end_inset 

A line such as:
\layout LyX-Code

include foo.inc
\layout Standard

will make gpasm fetch source lines from the file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foo.inc
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 until the end of the file, and then return to the original source file
 at the line following the include.
\layout Standard

Lines beginning with a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 are preprocessor directives, and are treated differently by gpasm.
 They may contain a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#define
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, or a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#undefine
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 directive.
\layout Standard

Once gpasm has processed a line such as:
\layout LyX-Code

#define X Y
\layout Standard

every subsequent occurrence of X is replaced with Y, until the end of file
 or a line
\layout LyX-Code

#undefine X
\layout Standard

appears.
\layout Standard

The preprocessor in gpasm is only 
\shape italic 
like
\shape default 
 the C preprocessor; its syntax is rather different from that of the C preproces
sor.
 gpasm uses a simple internal preprocessor to implement 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

include
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#define
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#undefine
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Chapter

Directives
\layout Section

Code generation
\layout Standard

To set the PIC memory location where gpasm will start assembling code, use
 the ORG directive.
 If you don't specify an address with ORG, gpasm assumes 0x0000.
\layout Section

Configuration
\layout Standard

You can choose the fuse settings for your PIC implementation using the __CONFIG
 directive, so that the hex file set the fuses explicitly.
 Naturally you should make sure that these settings match your PIC hardware
 design.
\layout Standard

The __MAXRAM and __BADRAM directives specify which RAM locations are legal.
 These directives are mostly used in processor-specific configuration files.
\layout Section

Conditional assembly
\layout Standard

The IF, IFNDEF, IFDEF, ELSE and ENDIF directives enable you to assemble
 certain sections of code only if a condition is met.
 In themselves, they do not cause gpasm to emit any PIC code.
 The example in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:macros}

\end_inset 

 for demonstrates conditional assembly.
\layout Section

Macros
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:macros}

\end_inset 

gpasm supports a simple macro scheme; you can define and use macros like
 this:
\layout LyX-Code

any 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 macro parm
\newline 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
movlw parm
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 endm
\layout LyX-Code

...
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 any 
\protected_separator 
 33
\layout Standard

A more useful example of some macros in use is:
\layout LyX-Code

; Shift reg left, result (w or f) in 'dst'
\layout LyX-Code

slf 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 macro 
\protected_separator 
 reg,dst
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 clrc
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 rlf 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 reg,f
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 endm
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 

\layout LyX-Code

; Scale W by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

factor
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 
\protected_separator 
Result in 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

reg
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, W unchanged.
\layout LyX-Code

scale 
\protected_separator 
 macro 
\protected_separator 
 reg, factor
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 if (factor == 1)
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 movwf reg 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; multiplication by 1 is easy
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 else
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 scale 
\protected_separator 
 reg, (factor / 2) ; reg = W * (factor / 2)
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 slf
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
reg,f
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
; double reg
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 if ((factor & 1) == 1) 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
; if lo-bit of factor is 1 ..
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 addwf 
\protected_separator 
 reg,f 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; ..
 add W to reg
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 endif
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 endif
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 endm
\layout Standard

This recursive macro generates code to multiply W by a constant 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

factor
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and stores the result in 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

reg
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 So writing:
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 scale 
\protected_separator 
 tmp,D'10'
\layout Standard

is the same as writing:
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 movwf 
\protected_separator 
 tmp 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; tmp = W
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 clrc
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 rlf 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 tmp,f 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; tmp = 2 * W
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 clrc
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 rlf 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 tmp,f 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; tmp = 4 * W
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 addwf 
\protected_separator 
 tmp,f 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; tmp = (4 * W) + W = 5 * W
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 clrc
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 rlf 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 tmp,f 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; tmp = 10 * W
\layout Section

Suggestions for structuring your code
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:structuring}

\end_inset 

Nested IF operations can quickly become confusing.
 Indentation is one way of making code clearer.
 Another way is to add braces on IF, ELSE and ENDIF, like this:
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 IF (this) ; {
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ...
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ELSE 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
; }{
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ...
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ENDIF 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 ; }
\layout Standard

After you've done this, you can use your text editor's show-matching-brace
 to check matching parts of the IF structure.
 In vi this command is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

%
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, in emacs it's M-C-f and M-C-b.
\layout Section

Directive summary
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:directivesummary}

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection*

__BADRAM
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{BADRAM}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

__BADRAM <expression> [, <expression]*
\layout Standard

instructs gpasm that it should generate an error if there is any use of
 the given RAM locations.
 Specify a range of addresses with <lo>-<hi>.
 See any processor-specific header file for an example.
\layout Standard

See also: __MAXRAM
\layout Subsection*

__CONFIG
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{CONFIG}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

__CONFIG <expression>
\layout Standard

sets the PIC processor's configuration fuses.
\layout Subsection*

__MAXRAM
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MAXRAM}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

__MAXRAM <expression>
\layout Standard

instructs gpasm that an attempt to use any RAM location above the one specified
 should be treated as an error.
 See any processor specific header file for an example.
\layout Standard

See also: __BADRAM
\layout Subsection*

CBLOCK
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{CBLOCK}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

CBLOCK <expression>
\layout Standard

Marks the beginning of a block of constants.
 gpasm allocates values for symbols in the block starting at the value given
 to CBLOCK.
\layout Standard

See also: EQU
\layout Subsection*

DATA
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DATA}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

DATA <expression> [, <expression]*
\layout Standard

generates the specified data.
\layout Standard

See also: DT
\layout Subsection*

DT
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{DT}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

DT <expression> [, <expression]*
\layout Standard

generates the specified data as bytes in a sequence of RETLW instructions.
\layout Standard

See also: DATA
\layout Subsection*

ELSE
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ELSE}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

ELSE
\layout Standard

marks the alternate section of a conditional assembly block.
\layout Standard

See also: IF, IFDEF, IFNDEF, ELSE, ENDIF
\layout Subsection*

END
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{END}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

END
\layout Standard

marks the end of the source file.
\layout Subsection*

ENDC
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ENDC}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

ENDC
\layout Standard

marks the end of a CBLOCK.
\layout Standard

See also: CBLOCK
\layout Subsection*

ENDIF
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ENDIF}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

ENDIF
\layout Standard

ends a conditional assembly block.
\layout Standard

See also: IFDEF, IFNDEF, ELSE, ENDIF
\layout Subsection*

ENDM
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ENDM}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

ENDM
\layout Standard

ends a macro definition.
\layout Standard

See also: MACRO
\layout Subsection*

EQU
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{EQU}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

<label> EQU <expression>
\layout Standard

permanently assigns the value obtained by evaluating <expression> to the
 symbol <label>.
\layout Standard

See also: SET
\layout Subsection*

IF
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IF}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

IF <expression>
\layout Standard

begin a conditional assembly block.
 If the value obtained by evaluating <expression> is true (i.e.
 non-zero), code up to the following ELSE or ENDIF is assembled.
 If the value is false (i.e.
 zero), code is not assembled until the corresponding ELSE or ENDIF.
\layout Standard

See also: IFDEF, IFNDEF, ELSE, ENDIF
\layout Subsection*

IFDEF
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IFDEF}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

IFDEF <symbol>
\layout Standard

begin a conditional assembly block.
 If <symbol> appeared previously in a '#define' directive, gpasm assembles
 the following code.
\layout Standard

See also: IF, IFNDEF, ELSE, ENDIF
\layout Subsection*

IFNDEF
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{IFNDEF}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

IFNDEF <symbol>
\layout Standard

begin a conditional assembly block.
 If <symbol>has not appeared previously in a '#define' directive, gpasm
 assembles the following code.
\layout Standard

See also: IF, IFNDEF, ELSE, ENDIF
\layout Subsection*

LIST
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{LIST}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

LIST <expression> [ , <expression> ] *
\layout Standard

enables output to the list (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.lst
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) file.
 It may also change the state of gpasm in various surprising ways:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol4
5 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 
8 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0

option
\newline 
description
\newline 
n=<expression>
\newline 
Sets the number of lines per page
\newline 
r= [ oct | dec | hex ]
\newline 
Sets the radix
\newline 
st = [ ON | OFF ]
\newline 
Symbol table dump on or off
\newline 
p = <symbol>
\newline 
Sets the current processor
\layout Standard

See also: NOLIST, RADIX, PROCESSOR
\layout Subsection*

LOCAL
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{LOCAL}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

LOCAL <symbol> [ , <symbol> ]
\layout Standard

declares <symbol> as local to the macro that's currently being defined.
 This means that further occurrences of <symbol> in the macro definition
 refer to a local variable, with scope and lifetime limited to the execution
 of the macro.
\layout Standard

See also: MACRO, ENDM
\layout Subsection*

MACRO
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MACRO}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

<label> MACRO [ <symbol> [ , <symbol> ]* ]
\layout Standard

declares a macro with name <label>.
 gpasm replaces any occurrences of <symbol> in the macro definition with
 the parameters given at macro invocation.
\layout Standard

See also: LOCAL, ENDM
\layout Subsection*

MESSG
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{MESSG}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

MESSG <string>
\layout Standard

writes <string> to the list file, and to the standard error output.
\layout Subsection*

NOLIST
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{NOLIST}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

NOLIST
\layout Standard

disables list file output.
\layout Standard

See also: LIST
\layout Subsection*

ORG
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{ORG}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

ORG <expression>
\layout Standard

sets the location at which instructions will be placed.
 If the source file does not specify an address with ORG, gpasm assumes
 an ORG of zero.
\layout Subsection*

PAGE
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PAGE}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

PAGE
\layout Standard

causes the list file to advance to the next page.
\layout Standard

See also: LIST
\layout Subsection*

PROCESSOR
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{PROCESSOR}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

PROCESSOR <symbol>
\layout Standard

selects the target processor.
 See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:processors}

\end_inset 

 for more details.
\layout Standard

See also: LIST
\layout Subsection*

RADIX
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{RADIX}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

RADIX <symbol>
\layout Standard

selects the default radix from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

oct
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for octal, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

dec
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for decimal or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for hexadecimal.
 gpasm uses this radix to interpret numbers that don't have an explicit
 radix.
\layout Standard

See also: LIST
\layout Subsection*

SPACE
\begin_inset LatexCommand \index{SPACE}

\end_inset 


\layout LyX-Code

SPACE <expression>
\layout Standard

sets aside <expression> words in the code area.
 SPACE does this by advancing the code location by <expression>.
\layout Standard

See also: ORG
\layout Chapter

Instructions
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:instructions}

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Supported processors
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:processors}

\end_inset 

gpasm currently supports the following processors:
\layout Itemize

PIC12C508
\layout Itemize

PIC12C509
\layout Itemize

PIC16C54
\layout Itemize

PIC16C55
\layout Itemize

PIC16C56
\layout Itemize

PIC16C57
\layout Itemize

PIC16C58
\layout Itemize

PIC16C71
\layout Itemize

PIC16C84
\layout Itemize

PIC16F84
\layout Itemize

SX18
\layout Itemize

SX20
\layout Itemize

SX28
\layout Standard

The instruction set that gpasm supports depends on the selected processor.
 
\layout Section

Instruction set summary
\layout Standard

For 12-bit Microchip parts (12C5XX), the assembler supports the following
 instructions.
\layout Standard
\LyXTable
multicol4
33 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
ADDWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Add W to <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
ANDLW <f>,<dst>
\newline 
And W and literal, result in W
\newline 
ANDWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
And W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
BCF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Clear <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BSF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Set <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BTFSC <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is clear
\newline 
BTFSS <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is set
\newline 
CALL <addr>
\newline 
Call subroutine
\newline 
CLRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Write zero to <dst>
\newline 
CLRW
\newline 
Write zero to W
\newline 
CLRWDT
\newline 
Reset watchdog timer
\newline 
COMF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Complement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
GOTO <addr>
\newline 
Go to <addr>
\newline 
INCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
INCFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
IORLW <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Or W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
MOVF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Move <f> to <dst>
\newline 
MOVLW <imm8>
\newline 
Move literal to W
\newline 
MOVWF <f>
\newline 
Move W to <f>
\newline 
NOP
\newline 
No operation
\newline 
OPTION
\newline 

\newline 
RETLW <imm8>
\newline 
Load W with immediate and return
\newline 
RLF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> left, result in <dst>
\newline 
RRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> right, result in <dst>
\newline 
SLEEP
\newline 
Enter sleep mode
\newline 
SUBWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Subtract W from <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
SWAPF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Swap nibbles of <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
TRIS
\newline 

\newline 
XORLW
\newline 
Xor W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
XORWF
\newline 
Xor W and immediate
\layout Standard

For 14-bit Microchip parts (16CXX), the assembler supports the following
 instructions.
\layout Standard
\LyXTable
multicol4
36 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
ADDLW <imm8>
\newline 
Add immediate to W
\newline 
ADDWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Add W to <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
ANDWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
And W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
BCF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Clear <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BSF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Set <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BTFSC <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is clear
\newline 
BTFSS <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is set
\newline 
CALL <addr>
\newline 
Call subroutine
\newline 
CLRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Write zero to <dst>
\newline 
CLRW
\newline 
Write zero to W
\newline 
CLRWDT
\newline 
Reset watchdog timer
\newline 
COMF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Complement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
GOTO <addr>
\newline 
Go to <addr>
\newline 
INCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
INCFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
IORLW <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Or W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
MOVF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Move <f> to <dst>
\newline 
MOVLW <imm8>
\newline 
Move literal to W
\newline 
MOVWF <f>
\newline 
Move W to <f>
\newline 
NOP
\newline 
No operation
\newline 
OPTION
\newline 

\newline 
RETFIE
\newline 
Return from interrupt
\newline 
RETLW <imm8>
\newline 
Load W with immediate and return
\newline 
RETURN
\newline 
Return from subroutine
\newline 
RLF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> left, result in <dst>
\newline 
RRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> right, result in <dst>
\newline 
SLEEP
\newline 
Enter sleep mode
\newline 
SUBLW
\newline 
Subtract W from literal
\newline 
SUBWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Subtract W from <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
SWAPF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Swap nibbles of <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
TRIS
\newline 

\newline 
XORLW
\newline 
Xor W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
XORWF
\newline 
Xor W and immediate
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align left 
For Scenix processors, the assembler supports the following instructions,
 in addition to those listed under 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

12-bit processors
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 above.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align left \LyXTable
multicol4
11 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
8 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
BANK <imm3>
\newline 

\newline 
IREAD
\newline 

\newline 
MODE <imm4>
\newline 

\newline 
MOVMW
\newline 

\newline 
MOVWM
\newline 

\newline 
PAGE <imm3>
\newline 

\newline 
RETI
\newline 

\newline 
RETIW
\newline 

\newline 
RETP
\newline 

\newline 
RETURN
\newline 

\layout Standard

There are also a number of standard additional macros that gpasm reads from
 the file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

special.inc
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Consult that file for more details.
 These macros are:
\layout Standard
\LyXTable
multicol4
19 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
ADDCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Add carry to <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
B <addr>
\newline 
Branch
\newline 
BC <addr>
\newline 
Branch on carry
\newline 
BZ <addr>
\newline 
Branch on zero
\newline 
BNC <addr>
\newline 
Branch on no carry
\newline 
BNZ <addr>
\newline 
Branch on not zero
\newline 
CLRC
\newline 
Clear carry
\newline 
CLRZ
\newline 
Clear zero
\newline 
SETC
\newline 
Set carry
\newline 
SETZ
\newline 
Set zero
\newline 
MOVFW <f>
\newline 
Move file to W
\newline 
NEGF <f>
\newline 
Negate <f>
\newline 
SKPC
\newline 
Skip on carry
\newline 
SKPZ 
\newline 
Skip on zero
\newline 
SKPNC
\newline 
Skip on no carry
\newline 
SKPNZ 
\newline 
Skip on not zero
\newline 
SUBCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Subtract carry from <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
TSTF <f>
\newline 
Test <f>
\layout Section

Instruction set for PIC16CXX
\layout Standard
\LyXTable
multicol4
36 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
ADDLW <imm8>
\newline 
Add immediate to W
\newline 
ADDWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Add W to <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
ANDLW <f>,<dst>
\newline 
And W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
BCF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Clear <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BSF <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Set <bit> of <f>
\newline 
BTFSC <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is clear
\newline 
BTFSS <f>,<bit>
\newline 
Skip next instruction if <bit> of <f> is set
\newline 
CALL <addr>
\newline 
Call subroutine
\newline 
CLRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Write zero to <dst>
\newline 
CLRW
\newline 
Write zero to W
\newline 
CLRWDT
\newline 
Reset watchdog timer
\newline 
COMF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Complement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
DECFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Decrement <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
GOTO <addr>
\newline 
Go to <addr>
\newline 
INCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
INCFSZ <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Increment <f>, result in <dst>, skip if zero
\newline 
IORLW <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Or W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
MOVF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Move <f> to <dst>
\newline 
MOVLW <imm8>
\newline 
Move literal to W
\newline 
MOVWF <f>
\newline 
Move W to <f>
\newline 
NOP
\newline 
No operation
\newline 
OPTION
\newline 

\newline 
RETFIE
\newline 
Return from interrupt
\newline 
RETLW <imm8>
\newline 
Load W with immediate and return
\newline 
RETURN
\newline 
Return from subroutine
\newline 
RLF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> left, result in <dst>
\newline 
RRF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Rotate <f> right, result in <dst>
\newline 
SLEEP
\newline 
Enter sleep mode
\newline 
SUBLW
\newline 
Subtract W from literal
\newline 
SUBWF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Subtract W from <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
SWAPF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Swap nibbles of <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
TRIS
\newline 

\newline 
XORLW
\newline 
Xor W and <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
XORWF
\newline 
Xor W and immediate
\layout Standard

There are also a number of standard additional macros that gpasm reads from
 the file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

special.inc
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Consult that file for more details.
 These macros are:
\layout Standard
\LyXTable
multicol4
19 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 
2 1 1 
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0 0 0 0

Syntax
\newline 
Description
\newline 
ADDCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Add carry to <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
B <addr>
\newline 
Branch
\newline 
BC <addr>
\newline 
Branch on carry
\newline 
BZ <addr>
\newline 
Branch on zero
\newline 
BNC <addr>
\newline 
Branch on no carry
\newline 
BNZ <addr>
\newline 
Branch on not zero
\newline 
CLRC
\newline 
Clear carry
\newline 
CLRZ
\newline 
Clear zero
\newline 
SETC
\newline 
Set carry
\newline 
SETZ
\newline 
Set zero
\newline 
MOVFW <f>
\newline 
Move file to W
\newline 
NEGF <f>
\newline 
Negate <f>
\newline 
SKPC
\newline 
Skip on carry
\newline 
SKPZ 
\newline 
Skip on zero
\newline 
SKPNC
\newline 
Skip on no carry
\newline 
SKPNZ 
\newline 
Skip on not zero
\newline 
SUBCF <f>,<dst>
\newline 
Subtract carry from <f>, result in <dst>
\newline 
TSTF <f>
\newline 
Test <f>
\layout Chapter

Errors
\layout Standard

gpasm writes every error message to two locations:
\layout Itemize

the standard error output
\layout Itemize

the list file (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.lst
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

)
\layout Standard

The format of error messages is:
\layout LyX-Code

Error <src-file> <line> : <code> <description>
\layout Standard

where:
\layout Description

<src-file> is the source file where gpasm encountered the error
\layout Description

<line> is the line number
\layout Description

<code> is the 3-digit code for the error, given in the list below
\layout Description

<description> is a short description of the error.
 In some cases this contains further information about the error.
\layout Standard

Error messages are suitable for parsing by emacs' 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

compilation mode
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

This chapter lists the error messages that gpasm produces.
 
\layout Description

101 ERROR directive
\layout Standard

A user-generated error.
 See the ERROR directive for more details.
\layout Description

102 Out of memory
\layout Standard

gpasm has run out of memory: check your operating system's settings to determine
 how much virtual memory is available.
 If there's plenty of memory available, this error probably means that there
 was a bug in gpasm.
\layout Description

103 Syntax error
\layout Standard

Check the source code at the given line for syntax.
 Ensure that labels start in column 1, parentheses are balanced, and numbers
 follow the rules in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:numbers}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

104 Can't evaluate expression
\layout Standard

gpasm was unable to determine the value of an expression.
 This usually means that a label was unresolved.
 
\layout Description

105 Too few/many operands for opcode, expected X
\layout Standard

If the operation was a machine instruction, check the opcode in chapter
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:instructions}

\end_inset 

.
 If the operation was a macro definition, check the macro's definition in
 the source.
\layout Description

106 Invalid RAM address
\layout Standard

A __MAXRAM or __BADRAM operation specified a RAM address that was out of
 range.
\layout Description

107 Unexpected "else"
\layout Standard

gpasm encountered an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

else
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 directive that didn't seem to have a preceding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

if
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 See the suggestions in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:structuring}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

108 Unexpected "endif"
\layout Standard

gpasm encountered an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

endif
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 directive that didn't seem to have a preceding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

if
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

else
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 See the suggestions in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:structuring}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

109 Expression too complex
\layout Standard

gpasm encountered a complex expression where it expected a simple one, usually
 a single identifier.
 Some directives that expect simple parameters: MACRO, IFDEF, IFNDEF, LOCAL,
 LIST, PROCESSOR, RADIX.
\layout Description

110 Expected string
\layout Standard

The MESSG directive only accepts a single string argument.
\layout Comment

111 NOT USED
\layout Description

112 Unknown opcode "X"
\layout Standard

The opcode is not a known instruction for the selected processor, nor is
 it a defined macro.
 Check the spelling of the opcode, and the selected processor.
 If it's a macro, check the macro definition.
\layout Description

113 Illegal character X in numeric constant
\layout Standard

Legal characters in number constants are 0-1 for binary, 0-8 for octal,
 0-9 for decimal, and 0-F for hexadecimal.
\layout Description

114 Value of symbol "X" differs on second pass
\layout Standard

gpasm is a two-pass assembler.
 If the value of a symbol is different on the first and second passes, there
 is a problem with the code.
\layout Description

115 Unable to open file "X"
\layout Standard

The file X could not be found.
 Check that it is in the include path.
 Filenames are case-sensitive on most modern operating systems.
\layout Description

116 Unexpected 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

endm
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

gpasm encountered an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

endm
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 directive that didn't seem to have a preceding 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

macro
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Check that the macro wasn't already ended.
\layout Description

117 Missing macro label
\layout Standard

Macros must have a label.
\layout Description

118 Attempt to redefine macro; first definition at line X
\layout Standard

A second attempt was made to define the same macro.
\layout Description

119 Attempt to use "local" outside macro definition
\layout Standard

The local directive is only meaningful inside a macro definition.
 See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:macros}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

120 Duplicate macro parameter
\layout Standard

You cannot use the same identifier more than one in a macro definition's
 parameter list.
\layout Description

121 Processor already selected
\layout Standard

A processor has already been selected.
 You must select the processor only once.
\layout Description

122 Unrecognized processor
\layout Standard

The specified processor is not recognized by gpasm.
 Check the processors listed in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:processors}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

123 Unrecognized radix
\layout Standard

A radix specified on the command-line or in the RADIX directive was invalid.
 Choices are OCT, DEC and HEX for octal, decimal and hexadecimal respectively.
\layout Comment

124 NOT USED
\layout Description

125 Option should be "OFF" or "ON"
\layout Standard

See the LIST directive in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:directivesummary}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description

126 Attempt to use illegal RAM location
\layout Standard

The instruction referenced a RAM location specified as illegal in a BADRAM
 or MAXRAM directive.
\layout Description

127 Bit address out of range
\layout Standard

The instruction specified a bit position that is out of range.
 Valid range is 0 (least significant bit) to 7 (most significant bit).
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \printindex

\end_inset 


\the_end