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<html lang="en">
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<title>Fitting Examples - GNU Scientific Library -- Reference Manual</title>
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<p>
<a name="Fitting-Examples"></a>
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Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Multi_002dparameter-fitting.html">Multi-parameter fitting</a>,
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<hr>
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<h3 class="section">36.5 Examples</h3>
<p>The following program computes a least squares straight-line fit to a
simple dataset, and outputs the best-fit line and its
associated one standard-deviation error bars.
<pre class="example"><pre class="verbatim"> #include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_fit.h>
int
main (void)
{
int i, n = 4;
double x[4] = { 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 };
double y[4] = { 12, 11, 14, 13 };
double w[4] = { 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 };
double c0, c1, cov00, cov01, cov11, chisq;
gsl_fit_wlinear (x, 1, w, 1, y, 1, n,
&c0, &c1, &cov00, &cov01, &cov11,
&chisq);
printf ("# best fit: Y = %g + %g X\n", c0, c1);
printf ("# covariance matrix:\n");
printf ("# [ %g, %g\n# %g, %g]\n",
cov00, cov01, cov01, cov11);
printf ("# chisq = %g\n", chisq);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf ("data: %g %g %g\n",
x[i], y[i], 1/sqrt(w[i]));
printf ("\n");
for (i = -30; i < 130; i++)
{
double xf = x[0] + (i/100.0) * (x[n-1] - x[0]);
double yf, yf_err;
gsl_fit_linear_est (xf,
c0, c1,
cov00, cov01, cov11,
&yf, &yf_err);
printf ("fit: %g %g\n", xf, yf);
printf ("hi : %g %g\n", xf, yf + yf_err);
printf ("lo : %g %g\n", xf, yf - yf_err);
}
return 0;
}
</pre></pre>
<p class="noindent">The following commands extract the data from the output of the program
and display it using the <span class="sc">gnu</span> plotutils <code>graph</code> utility,
<pre class="example"> $ ./demo > tmp
$ more tmp
# best fit: Y = -106.6 + 0.06 X
# covariance matrix:
# [ 39602, -19.9
# -19.9, 0.01]
# chisq = 0.8
$ for n in data fit hi lo ;
do
grep "^$n" tmp | cut -d: -f2 > $n ;
done
$ graph -T X -X x -Y y -y 0 20 -m 0 -S 2 -Ie data
-S 0 -I a -m 1 fit -m 2 hi -m 2 lo
</pre>
<p>The next program performs a quadratic fit y = c_0 + c_1 x + c_2
x^2 to a weighted dataset using the generalised linear fitting function
<code>gsl_multifit_wlinear</code>. The model matrix X for a quadratic
fit is given by,
<pre class="example"> X = [ 1 , x_0 , x_0^2 ;
1 , x_1 , x_1^2 ;
1 , x_2 , x_2^2 ;
... , ... , ... ]
</pre>
<p class="noindent">where the column of ones corresponds to the constant term c_0.
The two remaining columns corresponds to the terms c_1 x and
c_2 x^2.
<p>The program reads <var>n</var> lines of data in the format (<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>,
<var>err</var>) where <var>err</var> is the error (standard deviation) in the
value <var>y</var>.
<pre class="example"><pre class="verbatim"> #include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_multifit.h>
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int i, n;
double xi, yi, ei, chisq;
gsl_matrix *X, *cov;
gsl_vector *y, *w, *c;
if (argc != 2)
{
fprintf (stderr,"usage: fit n < data\n");
exit (-1);
}
n = atoi (argv[1]);
X = gsl_matrix_alloc (n, 3);
y = gsl_vector_alloc (n);
w = gsl_vector_alloc (n);
c = gsl_vector_alloc (3);
cov = gsl_matrix_alloc (3, 3);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
int count = fscanf (stdin, "%lg %lg %lg",
&xi, &yi, &ei);
if (count != 3)
{
fprintf (stderr, "error reading file\n");
exit (-1);
}
printf ("%g %g +/- %g\n", xi, yi, ei);
gsl_matrix_set (X, i, 0, 1.0);
gsl_matrix_set (X, i, 1, xi);
gsl_matrix_set (X, i, 2, xi*xi);
gsl_vector_set (y, i, yi);
gsl_vector_set (w, i, 1.0/(ei*ei));
}
{
gsl_multifit_linear_workspace * work
= gsl_multifit_linear_alloc (n, 3);
gsl_multifit_wlinear (X, w, y, c, cov,
&chisq, work);
gsl_multifit_linear_free (work);
}
#define C(i) (gsl_vector_get(c,(i)))
#define COV(i,j) (gsl_matrix_get(cov,(i),(j)))
{
printf ("# best fit: Y = %g + %g X + %g X^2\n",
C(0), C(1), C(2));
printf ("# covariance matrix:\n");
printf ("[ %+.5e, %+.5e, %+.5e \n",
COV(0,0), COV(0,1), COV(0,2));
printf (" %+.5e, %+.5e, %+.5e \n",
COV(1,0), COV(1,1), COV(1,2));
printf (" %+.5e, %+.5e, %+.5e ]\n",
COV(2,0), COV(2,1), COV(2,2));
printf ("# chisq = %g\n", chisq);
}
gsl_matrix_free (X);
gsl_vector_free (y);
gsl_vector_free (w);
gsl_vector_free (c);
gsl_matrix_free (cov);
return 0;
}
</pre></pre>
<p class="noindent">A suitable set of data for fitting can be generated using the following
program. It outputs a set of points with gaussian errors from the curve
y = e^x in the region 0 < x < 2.
<pre class="example"><pre class="verbatim"> #include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_randist.h>
int
main (void)
{
double x;
const gsl_rng_type * T;
gsl_rng * r;
gsl_rng_env_setup ();
T = gsl_rng_default;
r = gsl_rng_alloc (T);
for (x = 0.1; x < 2; x+= 0.1)
{
double y0 = exp (x);
double sigma = 0.1 * y0;
double dy = gsl_ran_gaussian (r, sigma);
printf ("%g %g %g\n", x, y0 + dy, sigma);
}
gsl_rng_free(r);
return 0;
}
</pre></pre>
<p class="noindent">The data can be prepared by running the resulting executable program,
<pre class="example"> $ ./generate > exp.dat
$ more exp.dat
0.1 0.97935 0.110517
0.2 1.3359 0.12214
0.3 1.52573 0.134986
0.4 1.60318 0.149182
0.5 1.81731 0.164872
0.6 1.92475 0.182212
....
</pre>
<p class="noindent">To fit the data use the previous program, with the number of data points
given as the first argument. In this case there are 19 data points.
<pre class="example"> $ ./fit 19 < exp.dat
0.1 0.97935 +/- 0.110517
0.2 1.3359 +/- 0.12214
...
# best fit: Y = 1.02318 + 0.956201 X + 0.876796 X^2
# covariance matrix:
[ +1.25612e-02, -3.64387e-02, +1.94389e-02
-3.64387e-02, +1.42339e-01, -8.48761e-02
+1.94389e-02, -8.48761e-02, +5.60243e-02 ]
# chisq = 23.0987
</pre>
<p class="noindent">The parameters of the quadratic fit match the coefficients of the
expansion of e^x, taking into account the errors on the
parameters and the O(x^3) difference between the exponential and
quadratic functions for the larger values of x. The errors on
the parameters are given by the square-root of the corresponding
diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. The chi-squared per degree
of freedom is 1.4, indicating a reasonable fit to the data.
<hr>The GNU Scientific Library - a free numerical library licensed under the GNU GPL<br>Back to the <a href="/software/gsl/">GNU Scientific Library Homepage</a></body></html>
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