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<th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Menus and Toolbars</th>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="sec-menus-examples"></a>Examples</h2></div></div></div>


<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="menu-example-main"></a>Application Menu and Main Menu example</h3></div></div></div>

<p>
This program contains an application menu, a menubar and a toolbar.
Classes are derived from <code class="classname">Gtk::Application</code> and
<code class="classname">Gtk::ApplicationWindow</code>.
</p>

<div class="figure">
<a name="figure-menus-mainmenu"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 15.1. App and Main Menu</b></p>
<div class="figure-contents">
  
  <div class="screenshot">
    <div class="mediaobject"><img src="figures/main_menu.png" alt="App and Main Menu"></div>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="figure-break">

<p><a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtkmm-documentation/tree/master/examples/book/menus/main_menu/" target="_top">Source Code</a></p>

<p>File: <code class="filename">exampleapplication.h</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H

#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;

class ExampleApplication : public Gtk::Application
{
protected:
  ExampleApplication();

public:
  static Glib::RefPtr&lt;ExampleApplication&gt; create();

protected:
  //Overrides of default signal handlers:
  void on_startup() override;
  void on_activate() override;

private:
  void create_window();

  void on_menu_file_new_generic();
  void on_menu_file_quit();
  void on_menu_help_about();

  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Builder&gt; m_refBuilder;
};

#endif /* GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H */
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.h</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H

#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;

class ExampleWindow : public Gtk::ApplicationWindow
{
public:
  ExampleWindow();
  virtual ~ExampleWindow();

protected:
  //Signal handlers:
  void on_menu_others();

  void on_menu_choices(const Glib::ustring&amp; parameter);
  void on_menu_choices_other(int parameter);
  void on_menu_toggle();

  //Child widgets:
  Gtk::Box m_Box;

  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Builder&gt; m_refBuilder;

  //Two sets of choices:
  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gio::SimpleAction&gt; m_refChoice;
  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gio::SimpleAction&gt; m_refChoiceOther;

  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gio::SimpleAction&gt; m_refToggle;
};

#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">exampleapplication.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "exampleapplication.h"
#include "examplewindow.h"
#include &lt;iostream&gt;

ExampleApplication::ExampleApplication()
: Gtk::Application("org.gtkmm.example.main_menu")
{
  Glib::set_application_name("Main Menu Example");
}

Glib::RefPtr&lt;ExampleApplication&gt; ExampleApplication::create()
{
  return Glib::make_refptr_for_instance&lt;ExampleApplication&gt;(new ExampleApplication());
}

void ExampleApplication::on_startup()
{
  //Call the base class's implementation:
  Gtk::Application::on_startup();

  //Create actions for menus and toolbars.
  //We can use add_action() because Gtk::Application derives from Gio::ActionMap.

  //File|New sub menu:
  add_action("newstandard",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_new_generic));

  add_action("newfoo",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_new_generic));

  add_action("newgoo",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_new_generic));

  //File menu:
  add_action("quit", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_quit));

  //Help menu:
  add_action("about", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleApplication::on_menu_help_about));

  // Set accelerator keys:
  set_accel_for_action("app.newstandard", "&lt;Primary&gt;n");
  set_accel_for_action("app.quit", "&lt;Primary&gt;q");
  set_accel_for_action("win.copy", "&lt;Primary&gt;c");
  set_accel_for_action("win.paste", "&lt;Primary&gt;v");

  m_refBuilder = Gtk::Builder::create();

  //Layout the actions in a menubar and a menu:
  Glib::ustring ui_info =
    "&lt;interface&gt;"
    "  &lt;!-- menubar --&gt;"
    "  &lt;menu id='menu-example'&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_File&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;New _Standard&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;app.newstandard&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='accel'&gt;&amp;lt;Primary&amp;gt;n&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;New _Foo&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;app.newfoo&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;New _Goo&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;app.newgoo&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Quit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;app.quit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='accel'&gt;&amp;lt;Primary&amp;gt;q&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Edit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Copy&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.copy&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='accel'&gt;&amp;lt;Primary&amp;gt;c&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Paste&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.paste&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='accel'&gt;&amp;lt;Primary&amp;gt;v&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Something&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.something&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Choices&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Choice _A&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.choice&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='target'&gt;a&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Choice _B&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.choice&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='target'&gt;b&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Other Choices&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Choice 1&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.choiceother&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='target' type='i'&gt;1&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Choice 2&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.choiceother&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='target' type='i'&gt;2&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Some Toggle&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.sometoggle&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Help&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_About Window&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;win.about&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_About App&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;app.about&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "  &lt;/menu&gt;"
    "&lt;/interface&gt;";

  try
  {
    m_refBuilder-&gt;add_from_string(ui_info);
  }
  catch (const Glib::Error&amp; ex)
  {
    std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Building menus failed: " &lt;&lt; ex.what();
  }

  //Get the menubar and the app menu, and add them to the application:
  auto gmenu = m_refBuilder-&gt;get_object&lt;Gio::Menu&gt;("menu-example");
  if (!gmenu)
  {
    g_warning("GMenu not found");
  }
  else
  {
    set_menubar(gmenu);
  }
}

void ExampleApplication::on_activate()
{
  //std::cout &lt;&lt; "debug1: " &lt;&lt; G_STRFUNC &lt;&lt; std::endl;
  // The application has been started, so let's show a window.
  // A real application might want to reuse this window in on_open(),
  // when asked to open a file, if no changes have been made yet.
  create_window();
}

void ExampleApplication::create_window()
{
  auto win = new ExampleWindow();

  //Make sure that the application runs for as long this window is still open:
  add_window(*win);

  //Delete the window when it is hidden.
  //That's enough for this simple example.
  win-&gt;signal_hide().connect([win]() { delete win; });

  win-&gt;set_show_menubar();
  win-&gt;set_visible(true);
}

void ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_new_generic()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "A File|New menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleApplication::on_menu_file_quit()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; G_STRFUNC &lt;&lt; std::endl;
  quit(); // Not really necessary, when Gtk::Widget::set_visible(false) is called.

  // Gio::Application::quit() will make Gio::Application::run() return,
  // but it's a crude way of ending the program. The window is not removed
  // from the application. Neither the window's nor the application's
  // destructors will be called, because there will be remaining reference
  // counts in both of them. If we want the destructors to be called, we
  // must remove the window from the application. One way of doing this
  // is to hide the window.
  std::vector&lt;Gtk::Window*&gt; windows = get_windows();
  if (windows.size() &gt; 0)
    windows[0]-&gt;set_visible(false); // In this simple case, we know there is only one window.
}

void ExampleApplication::on_menu_help_about()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "Help|About App was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "examplewindow.h"
#include &lt;iostream&gt;

ExampleWindow::ExampleWindow()
: Gtk::ApplicationWindow(),
  m_Box(Gtk::Orientation::VERTICAL)
{
  set_title("Main menu example");
  set_default_size(300, 100);

  // ExampleApplication displays the menubar. Other stuff, such as a toolbar,
  // is put into the box.
  set_child(m_Box);

  // Create actions for menus and toolbars.
  // We can use add_action() because Gtk::ApplicationWindow derives from Gio::ActionMap.
  // This Action Map uses a "win." prefix for the actions.
  // Therefore, for instance, "win.copy", is used in ExampleApplication::on_startup()
  // to layout the menu.

  //Edit menu:
  add_action("copy", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_others));
  add_action("paste", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_others));
  add_action("something", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_others));

  //Choices menus, to demonstrate Radio items,
  //using our convenience methods for string and int radio values:
  m_refChoice = add_action_radio_string("choice",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_choices), "a");

  m_refChoiceOther = add_action_radio_integer("choiceother",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_choices_other), 1);

  m_refToggle = add_action_bool("sometoggle",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_toggle), false);

  //Help menu:
  add_action("about", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_others));

  //Create the toolbar and add it to a container widget:

  m_refBuilder = Gtk::Builder::create();

  Glib::ustring ui_info =
    "&lt;!-- Generated with glade 3.18.3 and then changed manually --&gt;"
    "&lt;interface&gt;"
    "  &lt;object class='GtkBox' id='toolbar'&gt;"
    "    &lt;property name='can_focus'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "    &lt;child&gt;"
    "      &lt;object class='GtkButton' id='toolbutton_new'&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='can_focus'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='tooltip_text' translatable='yes'&gt;New Standard&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='action_name'&gt;app.newstandard&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='icon_name'&gt;document-new&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='hexpand'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='vexpand'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "      &lt;/object&gt;"
    "    &lt;/child&gt;"
    "    &lt;child&gt;"
    "      &lt;object class='GtkButton' id='toolbutton_quit'&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='can_focus'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='tooltip_text' translatable='yes'&gt;Quit&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='action_name'&gt;app.quit&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='icon_name'&gt;application-exit&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='hexpand'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "        &lt;property name='vexpand'&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;"
    "      &lt;/object&gt;"
    "    &lt;/child&gt;"
    "  &lt;/object&gt;"
    "&lt;/interface&gt;";

  try
  {
    m_refBuilder-&gt;add_from_string(ui_info);
  }
  catch (const Glib::Error&amp; ex)
  {
    std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Building toolbar failed: " &lt;&lt;  ex.what();
  }

  auto toolbar = m_refBuilder-&gt;get_widget&lt;Gtk::Box&gt;("toolbar");
  if (!toolbar)
    g_warning("toolbar not found");
  else
    m_Box.append(*toolbar);
}

ExampleWindow::~ExampleWindow()
{
}

void ExampleWindow::on_menu_others()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "A menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleWindow::on_menu_choices(const Glib::ustring&amp; parameter)
{
  //The radio action's state does not change automatically:
  m_refChoice-&gt;change_state(parameter);

  Glib::ustring message;
  if (parameter == "a")
    message = "Choice a was selected.";
  else
    message = "Choice b was selected.";

  std::cout &lt;&lt; message &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleWindow::on_menu_choices_other(int parameter)
{
  //The radio action's state does not change automatically:
  m_refChoiceOther-&gt;change_state(parameter);

  Glib::ustring message;
  if (parameter == 1)
    message = "Choice 1 was selected.";
  else
    message = "Choice 2 was selected.";

  std::cout &lt;&lt; message &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleWindow::on_menu_toggle()
{
  bool active = false;
  m_refToggle-&gt;get_state(active);

  //The toggle action's state does not change automatically:
  active = !active;
  m_refToggle-&gt;change_state(active);

  Glib::ustring message;
  if (active)
    message = "Toggle is active.";
  else
    message = "Toggle is not active.";

  std::cout &lt;&lt; message &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">main.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "exampleapplication.h"

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  auto application = ExampleApplication::create();

  // Start the application, showing the initial window,
  // and opening extra windows for any files that it is asked to open,
  // for instance as a command-line parameter.
  // run() will return when the last window has been closed by the user.
  const int status = application-&gt;run(argc, argv);
  return status;
}
</code></pre>


</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="menu-example-main2"></a>Main Menu example</h3></div></div></div>

<p>
This program contains a menubar and a toolbar.
A class is derived from <code class="classname">Gtk::Window</code>.
</p>

<div class="figure">
<a name="figure-menus-mainmenu2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 15.2. Main Menu</b></p>
<div class="figure-contents">
  
  <div class="screenshot">
    <div class="mediaobject"><img src="figures/menus_and_toolbars.png" alt="Main Menu"></div>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="figure-break">

<p><a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtkmm-documentation/tree/master/examples/book/menus_and_toolbars" target="_top">Source Code</a></p>

<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.h</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H

#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;

class ExampleWindow : public Gtk::Window
{
public:
  ExampleWindow(const Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Application&gt;&amp; app);
  virtual ~ExampleWindow();

private:
  //Signal handlers:
  //void on_action_file_new();
  void on_action_file_quit();
  void on_action_others();
  void on_action_toggle();

  //Child widgets:
  Gtk::Box m_Box;

  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Builder&gt; m_refBuilder;
  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gio::SimpleActionGroup&gt; m_refActionGroup;
  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gio::SimpleAction&gt; m_refActionRain;
};

#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "examplewindow.h"
#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;

ExampleWindow::ExampleWindow(const Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Application&gt;&amp; app)
: m_Box(Gtk::Orientation::VERTICAL)
{
  set_title("main_menu example");
  set_default_size(200, 200);

  set_child(m_Box); //We can put a MenuBar at the top of the box and other stuff below it.

  //Define the actions:
  m_refActionGroup = Gio::SimpleActionGroup::create();

  // There are several ways of calling a function that takes a sigc::slot.
  // If the slot function is very short, it might be easy to skip the on_xxx()
  // method and put its contents directly in a lambda expression.
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("new",
    [] { std::cout &lt;&lt; "A File|New menu item was selected.\n"; /* on_action_file_new() */});
  // With sigc::mem_fun() or (for non-member functions and static member functions)
  // sigc::ptr_fun(). The only way before C++11 introduced lambda expressions.
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("open",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_action_others) );

  // With a lambda expression. Does not disconnect automatically when ExampleWindow
  // is deleted, like sigc::mem_fun() does.
  m_refActionRain = m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action_bool("rain",
    [this] { on_action_toggle(); }, false);

  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("quit",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_action_file_quit) );

  // With a lambda expression and sigc::track_obj() or sigc::track_object().
  // Disconnects automatically like sigc::mem_fun().
#if SIGCXX_MINOR_VERSION &gt;= 4
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("cut",
    sigc::track_object([this] { on_action_others(); }, *this));
#else
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("cut",
    sigc::track_obj([this] { on_action_others(); }, *this));
#endif
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("copy",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_action_others) );
  m_refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("paste",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_action_others) );

  insert_action_group("example", m_refActionGroup);

  //Define how the actions are presented in the menus and toolbars:
  m_refBuilder = Gtk::Builder::create();

  //Layout the actions in a menubar and toolbar:
  const Glib::ustring ui_info =
    "&lt;interface&gt;"
    "  &lt;menu id='menubar'&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_File&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_New&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.new&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Open&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.open&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Rain&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.rain&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "      &lt;section&gt;"
    "        &lt;item&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Quit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "          &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.quit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;/section&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "    &lt;submenu&gt;"
    "      &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Edit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Cut&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.cut&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Copy&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.copy&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;_Paste&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;example.paste&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "    &lt;/submenu&gt;"
    "  &lt;/menu&gt;"
    "&lt;/interface&gt;";

  // Set accelerator keys:
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.new", "&lt;Primary&gt;n");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.open", "&lt;Primary&gt;o");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.quit", "&lt;Primary&gt;q");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.cut", "&lt;Primary&gt;x");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.copy", "&lt;Primary&gt;c");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("example.paste", "&lt;Primary&gt;v");

  try
  {
    m_refBuilder-&gt;add_from_string(ui_info);
    m_refBuilder-&gt;add_from_resource("/toolbar/toolbar.ui");
  }
  catch(const Glib::Error&amp; ex)
  {
    std::cerr &lt;&lt; "Building menus and toolbar failed: " &lt;&lt;  ex.what();
  }

  //Get the menubar:
  auto gmenu = m_refBuilder-&gt;get_object&lt;Gio::Menu&gt;("menubar");
  if (!gmenu)
    g_warning("GMenu not found");
  else
  {
    auto pMenuBar = Gtk::make_managed&lt;Gtk::PopoverMenuBar&gt;(gmenu);

    //Add the PopoverMenuBar to the window:
    m_Box.append(*pMenuBar);
  }

  //Get the toolbar and add it to a container widget:
  auto toolbar = m_refBuilder-&gt;get_widget&lt;Gtk::Box&gt;("toolbar");
  if (!toolbar)
    g_warning("toolbar not found");
  else
    m_Box.append(*toolbar);
}

ExampleWindow::~ExampleWindow()
{
}

void ExampleWindow::on_action_file_quit()
{
  set_visible(false); //Closes the main window to stop the app-&gt;make_window_and_run().
}

//void ExampleWindow::on_action_file_new()
//{
//   std::cout &lt;&lt; "A File|New menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
//}

void ExampleWindow::on_action_others()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "A menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleWindow::on_action_toggle()
{
  std::cout &lt;&lt; "The toggle menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;

  bool active = false;
  m_refActionRain-&gt;get_state(active);

  //The toggle action's state does not change automatically:
  active = !active;
  m_refActionRain-&gt;change_state(active);

  Glib::ustring message;
  if(active)
    message = "Toggle is active.";
  else
    message = "Toggle is not active";

  std::cout &lt;&lt; message &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">main.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;
#include "examplewindow.h"

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  auto app = Gtk::Application::create("org.gtkmm.example");

  //Shows the window and returns when it is closed.
  return app-&gt;make_window_and_run&lt;ExampleWindow&gt;(argc, argv, app);
}
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">toolbar.gresource.xml</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;gresources&gt;
  &lt;gresource prefix="/toolbar"&gt;
    &lt;file preprocess="xml-stripblanks"&gt;toolbar.ui&lt;/file&gt;
    &lt;file&gt;rain.png&lt;/file&gt;
  &lt;/gresource&gt;
&lt;/gresources&gt;
</code></pre>


</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="menu-example-popup"></a>Popup Menu example</h3></div></div></div>


<div class="figure">
<a name="figure-menus-popup"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 15.3. Popup Menu</b></p>
<div class="figure-contents">
  
  <div class="screenshot">
    <div class="mediaobject"><img src="figures/menu_popup.png" alt="Popup Menu"></div>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
<br class="figure-break">

<p><a class="ulink" href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtkmm-documentation/tree/master/examples/book/menus/popup/" target="_top">Source Code</a></p>

<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.h</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H

#include &lt;gtkmm.h&gt;

#include &lt;memory&gt;

class ExampleWindow : public Gtk::Window
{
public:
  ExampleWindow(const Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Application&gt;&amp; app);
  virtual ~ExampleWindow();

protected:
  //Signal handlers:
  void on_label_pressed(int n_press, double x, double y);

  void on_menu_file_popup_generic();

  //Child widgets:
  Gtk::Box m_Box;
  Gtk::Label m_Label;
  Gtk::PopoverMenu m_MenuPopup;

  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Builder&gt; m_refBuilder;
  Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::GestureClick&gt; m_refGesture;
};

#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">examplewindow.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "examplewindow.h"
#include &lt;iostream&gt;

ExampleWindow::ExampleWindow(const Glib::RefPtr&lt;Gtk::Application&gt;&amp; app)
: m_Box(Gtk::Orientation::VERTICAL),
  m_Label("Right-click to see the popup menu.")
{
  set_title("popup example");
  set_default_size(200, 200);

  set_child(m_Box);

  // Catch button_press events:
  m_Box.append(m_Label);
  m_Label.set_expand();
  m_refGesture = Gtk::GestureClick::create();
  m_refGesture-&gt;set_button(GDK_BUTTON_SECONDARY);
  m_refGesture-&gt;signal_pressed().connect(
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_label_pressed));
  m_Label.add_controller(m_refGesture);

  //Create actions:
  auto refActionGroup = Gio::SimpleActionGroup::create();

  //File|New sub menu:
  //These menu actions would normally already exist for a main menu, because a
  //context menu should not normally contain menu items that are only available
  //via a context menu.

  refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("edit",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_file_popup_generic));

  refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("process",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_file_popup_generic));

  refActionGroup-&gt;add_action("remove",
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &amp;ExampleWindow::on_menu_file_popup_generic));

  insert_action_group("examplepopup", refActionGroup);

  // Set accelerator keys:
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("examplepopup.edit", "&lt;Primary&gt;e");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("examplepopup.process", "&lt;Primary&gt;p");
  app-&gt;set_accel_for_action("examplepopup.remove", "&lt;Primary&gt;r");

  m_refBuilder = Gtk::Builder::create();

  //Layout the actions in a menubar and toolbar:
  Glib::ustring ui_info =
    "&lt;interface&gt;"
    "  &lt;menu id='menu-examplepopup'&gt;"
    "    &lt;section&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Edit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;examplepopup.edit&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Process&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;examplepopup.process&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "      &lt;item&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='label' translatable='yes'&gt;Remove&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "        &lt;attribute name='action'&gt;examplepopup.remove&lt;/attribute&gt;"
    "      &lt;/item&gt;"
    "    &lt;/section&gt;"
    "  &lt;/menu&gt;"
    "&lt;/interface&gt;";

  try
  {
    m_refBuilder-&gt;add_from_string(ui_info);
  }
  catch(const Glib::Error&amp; ex)
  {
    std::cerr &lt;&lt; "building menus failed: " &lt;&lt;  ex.what();
  }

  //Get the menu:
  auto gmenu = m_refBuilder-&gt;get_object&lt;Gio::Menu&gt;("menu-examplepopup");
  if(!gmenu)
    g_warning("GMenu not found");

  m_MenuPopup.set_parent(m_Label);
  m_MenuPopup.set_menu_model(gmenu);
  m_MenuPopup.set_has_arrow(false);
}

ExampleWindow::~ExampleWindow()
{
  m_MenuPopup.unparent();
}

void ExampleWindow::on_menu_file_popup_generic()
{
   std::cout &lt;&lt; "A popup menu item was selected." &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

void ExampleWindow::on_label_pressed(int /* n_press */, double x, double y)
{
  const Gdk::Rectangle rect(x, y, 1, 1);
  m_MenuPopup.set_pointing_to(rect);
  m_MenuPopup.popup();
}
</code></pre>
<p>File: <code class="filename">main.cc</code> (For use with gtkmm 4)</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><code class="code">#include "examplewindow.h"
#include &lt;gtkmm/application.h&gt;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  auto app = Gtk::Application::create("org.gtkmm.example");

  //Shows the window and returns when it is closed.
  return app-&gt;make_window_and_run&lt;ExampleWindow&gt;(argc, argv, app);
}
</code></pre>


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