.. role:: ref(emphasis)

.. _futhark-literate(1):

================
futhark-literate
================

SYNOPSIS
========

futhark literate [options...] program

DESCRIPTION
===========

The command ``futhark literate foo.fut`` will compile the given
program and then generate a Markdown file ``foo.md`` that contains a
prettyprinted form of the program.  This is useful for demonstrating
programming techniques.

* Top-level comments that start with a line comment marker (``--``)
  and a space in the next column will be turned into ordinary text in
  the Markdown file.

* Ordinary top-level definitions will be enclosed in Markdown code
  blocks.

* Any *directives* will be executed and replaced with their output.
  See below.

**Warning:** Do not run untrusted programs.  See SAFETY below.

Image directives and builtin functions shell out to ``convert`` (from
ImageMagick).  Video and audio generation uses ``ffmpeg``.

For an input file ``foo.fut``, all generated files will be in a
directory named ``foo-img``.  A ``file`` parameter passed to a
directive may not contain a directory component or spaces.

OPTIONS
=======

--backend=name

  The backend used when compiling Futhark programs (without leading
  ``futhark``, e.g. just ``opencl``).  Defaults to ``c``.

--futhark=program

  The program used to perform operations (eg. compilation).  Defaults
  to the binary running ``futhark literate`` itself.

--output=FILE

  Override the default output file.  The image directory will be set
  to the provided ``FILE`` with its extension stripped and ``-img/``
  appended.

--pass-option=opt

  Pass an option to benchmark programs that are being run.  For
  example, we might want to run OpenCL programs on a specific device::

    futhark literate prog.fut --backend=opencl --pass-option=-dHawaii

--pass-compiler-option=opt

  Pass an extra option to the compiler when compiling the programs.

--skip-compilation

  Do not run the compiler, and instead assume that the program has
  already been compiled.  Use with caution.

--stop-on-error

  Terminate immediately without producing an output file if a
  directive fails.  Otherwise a file will still be produced, and
  failing directives will be followed by an error message.

-v, --verbose

  Print verbose information on stderr about directives as they are
  executing.  This is also needed to see ``#[trace]`` output.

DIRECTIVES
==========

A directive is a way to show the result of running a function.
Depending on the directive, this can be as simple as printing the
textual representation of the result, or as complex as running an
external plotting program and referencing a generated image.

Any directives that produce images for a program ``foo.fut`` will
place them in the directory ``foo-img/``.  If this directory already
exists, it will be deleted.

A directive is a line starting with ``-- >``, which must follow an
empty line.  Arguments to the directive follow on the remainder of the
line.  Any expression arguments are given in a very restricted subset
of Futhark called *FutharkScript* (see below).

Some directives take mandatory or optional parameters.  These are
entered after a semicolon *and a linebreak*.

The following directives are supported:

* ``> e``

  Shows the result of executing the FutharkScript expression ``e``,
  which can have any (transparent) type.

* ``> :video e[; parameters...]``

  Creates a video from ``e``.  The optional parameters are lines of
  the form *key: value*:

  * ``repeat: <true|false>``

  * ``fps: <int>``

  * ``format: <webm|gif>``

  * ``file: <name>``.  Make sure to provide a proper extension.

  ``e`` must be one of the following:

  * A 3D array where the 2D elements is of a type acceptable to
    ``:img``, and the outermost dimension is the number of frames.

  * A triple ``(s -> (img,s), s, i64)``, for some types ``s`` and
    ``img``, where ``img`` is an array acceptable to ``:img``.  This
    means not all frames have to be held in memory at once.

* ``> :brief <directive>``

  The same as the given *directive* (which must not start with another
  ``>``), but suppress parameters when printing it.

* ``> :covert <directive>``

  The same as the given *directive* (which must not start with another
  ``>``), but do not show the directive itself in the output, only its
  result.

* ``> :img e[; parameters...]``

  Visualises ``e``.  The optional parameters are lines of
  the form *key: value*:

  * ``file: NAME``.  Make sure to use a proper extension.

  The expression ``e`` must have one of the following types:

  * ``[][]i32`` and ``[][]u32``

    Interpreted as ARGB pixel values.

  * ``[][]f32`` and ``[][]f64``

    Interpreted as greyscale. Values should be between 0 and 1, with 0
    being black and 1 being white.

  * ``[][]u8``

    Interpreted as greyscale. 0 is black and 255 is white.

  * ``[][]bool``

    Interpreted as black and white. ``false`` is black and ``true`` is
    white.

* ``> :plot2d e[; size=(height,width)]``

  Shows a plot generated with ``gnuplot`` of ``e``, which must be an
  expression of type ``([]t, []t)``, where ``t`` is some numeric type.
  The two arrays must have the same length and are interpreted as
  ``x`` and ``y`` values, respectively.

  The expression may also be a record expression (*not* merely the
  name of a Futhark variable of record type), where each field will be
  plotted separately and must have the type mentioned above.

* ``> :gnuplot e; script...``

  Similar to ``plot2d``, except that it uses the provided Gnuplot
  script.  The ``e`` argument must be a record whose fields are tuples
  of one-dimensional arrays, and the data will be available in
  temporary files whose names are in variables named after the record
  fields.  Each file will contain a column of data for each array in
  the corresponding tuple.

  Use ``set term png size width,height`` to change the size to
  ``width`` by ``height`` pixels.

* ``> :audio e[; parameters...]``

  Creates a sound-file from ``e``.  The optional parameters are lines of the
  form *key:value*:

  * ``sampling_frequency: <int>``

    The sampling frequency (in Hz) of the input.  Defaults to ``44100``.

  * ``codec: <name>``

    The codec of the output.  Defaults to ``wav``. Other common options include
    ``mp3``, ``flac``, ``ogg`` and ``opus``.

  The expression ``e`` must have one of the following types:

  * ``[]i8`` and ``[]u8``

    Interpreted as PCM signed/unsigned 8-bit audio.

  * ``[]i16`` and ``[]u16``

    Interpreted as PCM signed/unsigned 16-bit audio.

  * ``[]i32`` and ``[]u32``

    Interpreted as PCM signed/unsigned 32-bit audio.

  * ``[]f32`` and ``[]f64``

    Interpreted as PCM signed/unsigned 32/64 bit floating-point audio. Should
    only contain values between ``-1.0`` and ``1.0``.

  For each type of input, it is also possible to give expressions with a
  two-dimensional type instead, e.g. ``[][]f32``.  These expressions are
  interpreted as an array of channels, making it possible to do stereo audio by
  returning e.g. ``[2][]f32``.  For stereo output, the first row is the left
  channel and the second row is the right channel.  This functionality uses the
  amerge filter from ffmpeg, so consult the documentation there for additional
  information.

FUTHARKSCRIPT
=============

Only an extremely limited subset of Futhark is supported:

.. productionlist::
   script_exp:   `fun` `script_exp`*
            : | "(" `script_exp` ")"
            : | "(" `script_exp` ( "," `script_exp` )+ ")"
            : | "[" `script_exp` ( "," `script_exp` )+ "]"
            : | "empty" "(" ("[" `decimal` "]" )+ `script_type` ")"
            : | "{" "}"
            : | "{" (`id` = `script_exp`) ("," `id` = `script_exp`)* "}"
            : | "let" `script_pat` "=" `script_exp` "in" `script_exp`
            : | `literal`
   script_pat:  `id` | "(" `id` ("," `id`) ")"
   script_fun:  `id` | "$" `id`
   script_type: `int_type` | `float_type` | "bool"

Note that empty arrays must be written using the ``empty(t)``
notation, e.g. ``empty([0]i32)``.

Function applications are either of Futhark functions or *builtin
functions*.  The latter are prefixed with ``$`` and are magical
(usually impure) functions that could not possibly be implemented in
Futhark.  The following builtins are supported:

* ``$loadimg "file"`` reads an image from the given file and returns
  it as a row-major ``[][]u32`` array with each pixel encoded as ARGB.

* ``$loaddata "file"`` reads a dataset from the given file. When the file
  contains a singular value, it is returned as value. Otherwise, a tuple
  of values is returned, which should be destructured before use. For example:
  ``let (a, b) = $loaddata "foo.in" in bar a b``.

* ``$loadbytes "file"`` reads the contents of the given file as an
  array of type ``[]u8``.

* ``$loadaudio "file"`` reads audio from the given file and returns it as a
  ``[][]f64``, where each row corresponds to a channel of the original
  soundfile. Most common audio-formats are supported, including mp3, ogg, wav,
  flac and opus.

FutharkScript supports a form of automatic uncurrying. If a function
taking *n* parameters is applied to a single argument that is an
*n*-element tuple, the function is applied to the elements of the
tuple as individual arguments.

SAFETY
======

Some directives (e.g. ``:gnuplot``) can run arbitrary shell commands.
Other directives or builtin functions can read or write arbitrary
files.  Running an untrusted literate Futhark program is as dangerous
as running a shell script you downloaded off the Internet.  Before
running a program from an unknown source, you should always give it a
quick read to see if anything looks fishy.

BUGS
====

FutharkScript expressions can only refer to names defined in the file
passed to ``futhark literate``, not any names in imported files.

SEE ALSO
========

:ref:`futhark-script(1)`, :ref:`futhark-test(1)`, :ref:`futhark-bench(1)`