\name{event.chart}
\alias{event.chart}
\title{
  Flexible Event Chart for Time-to-Event Data
}
\description{
  Creates an event chart on the current graphics device.  Also, allows user
  to plot legend on plot area or on separate page.
  Contains features useful for plotting data with time-to-event outcomes
  Which arise in a variety of studies
  including randomized clinical trials and non-randomized cohort studies.
  This function can use as input a matrix or a data frame, although greater
  utility and ease of use will be seen with a data frame.
}
\usage{
event.chart(data, subset.r = 1:dim(data)[1], subset.c = 1:dim(data)[2],

           sort.by = NA, sort.ascending = TRUE,
           sort.na.last = TRUE, sort.after.subset = TRUE,
           y.var = NA, y.var.type = "n",
           y.jitter = FALSE, y.jitter.factor = 1,
           y.renum = FALSE, NA.rm = FALSE, x.reference = NA,
           now = max(data[, subset.c], na.rm = TRUE),
           now.line = FALSE, now.line.lty = 2,
           now.line.lwd = 1, now.line.col = 1, pty = "m",
           date.orig = c(1, 1, 1960), titl = "Event Chart",

           y.idlabels = NA, y.axis = "auto",
           y.axis.custom.at = NA, y.axis.custom.labels = NA,
           y.julian = FALSE, y.lim.extend = c(0, 0),
           y.lab = ifelse(is.na(y.idlabels), "", as.character(y.idlabels)),

           x.axis.all = TRUE, x.axis = "auto",
           x.axis.custom.at = NA, x.axis.custom.labels = NA,
           x.julian = FALSE, x.lim.extend = c(0, 0), x.scale = 1,
           x.lab = ifelse(x.julian, "Follow-up Time", "Study Date"),

           line.by = NA, line.lty = 1, line.lwd = 1, line.col = 1,
           line.add = NA, line.add.lty = NA,
           line.add.lwd = NA, line.add.col = NA,
           point.pch = 1:length(subset.c),
           point.cex = rep(0.6, length(subset.c)),
           point.col = rep(1, length(subset.c)),

           point.cex.mult = 1., point.cex.mult.var = NA,
           extra.points.no.mult = rep(NA, length(subset.c)),

           legend.plot = FALSE, legend.location = "o", legend.titl = titl,
           legend.titl.cex = 3, legend.titl.line = 1,
           legend.point.at = list(x = c(5, 95), y = c(95, 30)),
           legend.point.pch = point.pch,
           legend.point.text = ifelse(rep(is.data.frame(data), length(subset.c)),
                                      names(data[, subset.c]),
                                      subset.c),
           legend.cex = 2.5, legend.bty = "n",
           legend.line.at = list(x = c(5, 95), y = c(20, 5)),
           legend.line.text = names(table(as.character(data[, line.by]),
                                          exclude = c("", "NA"))),
           legend.line.lwd = line.lwd, legend.loc.num = 1,

           \dots)
}
\arguments{
  \item{data}{
    a matrix or data frame with rows corresponding to subjects and
    columns corresponding to variables.  Note that for a data frame or
    matrix containing multiple time-to-event
    data (e.g., time to recurrence, time to death, and time to
    last follow-up), one column is required for each specific event.
  }
  \item{subset.r}{
    subset of rows of original matrix or data frame to place in event chart.
    Logical arguments may be used here (e.g., \code{treatment.arm == 'a'}, if
    the data frame, data, has been attached to the search directory;
    otherwise, \code{data$treatment.arm == "a"}).
  }
  \item{subset.c}{
    subset of columns of original matrix or data frame to place in event chart;
    if working with a data frame, a vector of data frame variable names may be
    used for subsetting purposes (e.g., \code{c('randdate', 'event1')}.
  }
  \item{sort.by}{
    column(s) or data frame variable name(s) with which to sort the chart's output.
    The default is \code{NA}, thereby resulting in a chart sorted by original row number.
  }
  \item{sort.ascending}{
    logical flag (which takes effect only if the argument \code{sort.by} is utilized).
    If \code{TRUE} (default), sorting is done in ascending order; if \code{FALSE}, descending order.
  }
  \item{sort.na.last}{
    logical flag (which takes effect only if the argument \code{sort.by} is utilized).
    If \code{TRUE} (default), \code{NA} values are considered as last values in ordering.
  }
  \item{sort.after.subset}{
    logical flag (which takes effect only if the argument sort.by is utilized).
    If \code{FALSE}, sorting data (via \code{sort.by} specified variables
    or columns) will be performed prior to row subsetting (via \code{subset.r});
    if \code{TRUE} (default), row subsetting of original data will be done before sorting.
  }
  \item{y.var}{
    variable name or column number of original matrix or data frame with
    which to scale y-axis.  
    Default is \code{NA}, which will result in equally spaced lines on y-axis
    (based on original data or sorted data if requested by sort.by).
    Otherwise, location of lines on y-axis will be dictated by specified variable
    or column.  Examples of specified variables may be date of an event
    or a physiological covariate.  Any observation which has
    a missing value for the y.var variable will not appear on the graph.
  }
  \item{y.var.type}{
    type of variable specified in \code{y.var} (which will only take effect if
    argument \code{y.var} is utilized). If \code{"d"}, specifed variable is a date (either
    numeric julian date or an S-Plus dates object);  if \code{"n"}, specifed variable
    is numeric (e.g., systolic blood pressure level) although not a julian date.
  }
  \item{y.jitter}{
    logical flag (which takes effect only if the argument \code{y.var} is utilized).
    Due to potential ties in \code{y.var} variable, \code{y.jitter} (when \code{TRUE}) will jitter
    the data to allow discrimination between observations at the possible cost
    of producing slightly inaccurate dates or covariate values;  if \code{FALSE} (the
    default), no jittering will be performed.  The \code{y.jitter} algorithm
    assumes a uniform distribution of observations across the range of \code{y.var}.
    The algorithm is as follows:

    \code{
    size.jitter <-
    ( diff(range(y.var)) /  (2 * (length(y.var) - 1)) ) * y.jitter.factor
    }

    The default of \code{y.jitter.factor} is 1.  The entire product is then used as an
    argument into \code{runif}:  \code{y.var <-
    y.var + runif(length(y.var), -size.jitter, size.jitter)}
  }
  \item{y.jitter.factor}{
    an argument used with the \code{y.jitter} function to scale the range of added noise.
    Default is 1.
  }
  \item{y.renum}{
    logical flag.  If \code{TRUE}, subset observations are listed on y-axis from
    1 to \code{length(subset.r)}; if \code{FALSE} (default), subset observations are listed
    on y-axis in original form.  As an example, if \code{subset.r = 301:340} and
    \code{y.renum ==TRUE}, y-axis will be shown as 1 through 40.  However, if
    \code{y.renum ==FALSE}, y-axis will be shown as 301 through 340.  The above examples
    assume the following argument, \code{NA.rm}, is set to \code{FALSE}.
  }
  \item{NA.rm}{
    logical flag.  If \code{TRUE}, subset observations which have
    \code{NA} for each variable specified in subset.c will not have an
    entry on the y-axis.  Also, if the following argument,
    \code{x.reference}, is specified, observations with missing
    \code{x.reference} values will also not have an entry on the y-axis.
    If \code{FALSE} (default), user can identify those observations
    which do have \code{NA} for every variable specified in
    \code{subset.c} (or, if \code{x.reference} is specified, also
    those observations which are missing only the \code{x.reference} value); this can
    easily be done by examining the resulting y-axis and
    recognizing the observations without any plotting symbols.
  }
  \item{x.reference}{
    column of original matrix or data frame with which to reference the x-axis.
    That is, if specified, all columns specified in \code{subset.c} will be substracted
    by \code{x.reference}.  An example may be to see the timing of events before and
    after treatment or to see time-to-event after entry into study.
    The event times will be aligned using the \code{x.reference} argument
    as the reference point.
  }
  \item{now}{
    the \dQuote{now} date which will be used for top of y-axis
    when creating the Goldman eventchart (see reference below).
    Default is \code{max(data[, subset.c], na.rm =TRUE)}.
  }
  \item{now.line}{
    logical flag.   A feature utilized by the Goldman Eventchart.
    When \code{x.reference} is specified as the start of follow-up and
    \code{y.var = x.reference}, then the Goldman chart can be created.
    This argument, if \code{TRUE}, will cause the plot region to be square, and will
    draw a line with a slope of -1 from the top of the y-axis to the right
    end of the x-axis.  Essentially, it denotes end of current follow-up period
    for looking at the time-to-event data.  Default is \code{FALSE}.
  }
  \item{now.line.lty}{
    line type of \code{now.line}.
  }
  \item{now.line.lwd}{
    line width of \code{now.line}.
  }
  \item{now.line.col}{
    color of \code{now.line}.
  }
  \item{pty}{
    graph option, \code{pty='m'} is the default; use \code{pty='s'} for the square looking
    Goldman's event chart.
  }
  \item{date.orig}{
    date of origin to consider if dates are in julian, SAS , or S-Plus dates
    object format;  default is January 1, 1960 (which is the default origin
    used by both  S-Plus and SAS).  Utilized when either
    \code{y.julian = FALSE} or \code{x.julian = FALSE}.
  }
  \item{titl}{
    title for event chart.  Default is 'Event Chart'.
  }
  \item{y.idlabels}{
    column or data frame variable name used for y-axis labels.  For example,
    if \code{c('pt.no')} is specified, patient ID (stored in \code{pt.no})
    will be seen on y-axis labels
    instead of sequence specified by \code{subset.r}.  This argument takes precedence
    over both \code{y.axis = 'auto'} and \code{y.axis = 'custom'} (see below).
    NOTE:  Program will issue warning if this argument is
    specified and if \code{is.na(y.var) == FALSE};  \code{y.idlabels} will not be
    used in this situation.  Also, attempting to plot too many patients
    on a single event chart will cause undesirable plotting of \code{y.idlabels}.
  }
  \item{y.axis}{
    character string specifying whether program will control labelling
    of y-axis (with argument \code{"auto"}), or if user will control labelling
    (with argument \code{"custom"}).  If \code{"custom"} is chosen, user must specify
    location and text of labels using \code{y.axis.custom.at} and
    \code{y.axis.custom.labels} arguments, respectively, listed below.
    This argument will not be utilized if \code{y.idlabels} is specified.
  }
  \item{y.axis.custom.at}{
    user-specified vector of y-axis label locations.
    Must be used when \code{y.axis = "custom"}; will not be used otherwise.
  }
  \item{y.axis.custom.labels}{
    user-specified vector of y-axis labels.
    Must be used when \code{y.axis = "custom"}; will not be used otherwise.
  }
  \item{y.julian}{
    logical flag (which will only be considered if \code{y.axis == "auto"} and
    \code{(!is.na(y.var) & y.var.type== "d")}.  If \code{FALSE} (default), will convert julian
    numeric dates or S-Plus dates objects into \dQuote{mm/dd/yy} format
    for the y-axis labels.  If \code{TRUE}, dates will be printed in
    julian (numeric) format.
  }
  \item{y.lim.extend}{
    two-dimensional vector representing the number of units that the user
    wants to increase \code{ylim} on bottom and top of y-axis, respectively.
    Default \code{c(0,0)}.  This argument will not take effect if the Goldman chart
    is utilized.
  }
  \item{y.lab}{
    single label to be used for entire y-axis.  Default will be the variable name
    or column number of \code{y.idlabels} (if non-missing) and blank otherwise.
  }
  \item{x.axis.all}{
    logical flag. If \code{TRUE} (default), lower and upper limits of x-axis will be
    based on all observations (rows) in matrix or data frame.  If \code{FALSE}, lower and
    upper limits will be based only on those observations specified by \code{subset.r}
    (either before or after sorting depending on specification of \code{sort.by} and
    value of \code{sort.after.subset}).
  }
  \item{x.axis}{
    character string specifying whether program will control labelling
    of x-axis (with argument \code{"auto"}), or if user will control labelling
    (with argument \code{"custom"}).  If \code{"custom"} is chosen, user must specify
    location and text of labels using \code{x.axis.custom.at} and
    \code{x.axis.custom.labels} arguments, respectively, listed below.
  }
  \item{x.axis.custom.at}{
    user-specified vector of x-axis label locations.
    Must be used when \code{x.axis == "custom"}; will not be used otherwise.
  }
  \item{x.axis.custom.labels}{
    user-specified vector of x-axis labels.
    Must be used when \code{x.axis == "custom"}; will not be used otherwise.
  }
  \item{x.julian}{
    logical flag (which will only be considered if \code{x.axis == "auto"}).
    If \code{FALSE} (default), will convert julian dates or S-plus dates objects
    into \dQuote{mm/dd/yy} format for the x-axis labels.  If \code{TRUE}, dates will be
    printed in julian (numeric) format.  NOTE:  This argument should remain \code{TRUE} if
    \code{x.reference} is specified.
  }
  \item{x.lim.extend}{
    two-dimensional vector representing the number of time units (usually in days)
    that the user wants to increase \code{xlim} on left-hand side and right-hand
    side of x-axis, respectively.  Default is \code{c(0,0)}.  This argument will not
    take effect if the Goldman chart is utilized.
  }
  \item{x.scale}{
    a factor whose reciprocal is multiplied to original units of the
    x-axis.  For example, if the original data frame is in units of days,
    \code{x.scale = 365} will result in units of years (notwithstanding leap years).
    Default is 1.
  }
  \item{x.lab}{
    single label to be used for entire x-axis.  Default will be \dQuote{On Study Date}
    if \code{x.julian = FALSE} and \dQuote{Time on Study} if \code{x.julian = TRUE}.
  }
  \item{line.by}{
    column or data frame variable name for plotting unique lines by unique
    values of vector (e.g., specify \code{c('arm')} to plot unique lines by
    treatment arm).  Can take at most one column or variable name.
    Default is \code{NA} which produces identical lines for each patient.
  }
  \item{line.lty}{
    vector of line types corresponding to ascending order of \code{line.by} values.
    If \code{line.by} is specified, the vector should be the length of
    the number of unique values of \code{line.by}.
    If \code{line.by} is \code{NA}, only \code{line.lty[1]} will be used.
    The default is 1.
  }
  \item{line.lwd}{
    vector of line widths corresponding to ascending order of \code{line.by} values.
    If \code{line.by} is specified, the vector should be the length of
    the number of unique values of \code{line.by}.
    If \code{line.by} is \code{NA}, only \code{line.lwd[1]} will be used.
    The default is 1.
  }
  \item{line.col}{
    vector of line colors corresponding to ascending order of \code{line.by} values.
    If \code{line.by} is specified, the vector should be the length of
    the number of unique values of \code{line.by}.
    If \code{line.by} is \code{NA}, only \code{line.col[1]} will be used.
    The default is 1.
  }
  \item{line.add}{
    a 2xk matrix with k=number of pairs of additional line segments to add.
    For example, if it is of interest to draw additional line segments
    connecting events one and two, two and three, and four and five,
    (possibly with different colors), an appropriate \code{line.add} argument would be
    \code{matrix(c('first.event','second.event','second.event','third.event',
    'fourth.event','fifth.event'), 2, 3)}.  One line segment
    would be drawn between \code{first.event} and \code{second.event},
    a second line segment would be drawn between \code{second.event} and \code{third.event},
    and a third line segment would be drawn between \code{fourth.event} and \code{fifth.event}.
    Different line types, widths and colors can be specified (in arguments
    listed just below).


    The convention use of \code{subset.c} and \code{line.add} must match (i.e., column name
    must be used for both or column number must be used for both).


    If \code{line.add != NA}, length of \code{line.add.lty}, \code{line.add.lwd}, and \code{line.add.col}
    must be the same as number of pairs of additional line segments to add.


    NOTE:  The drawing of the original default line
    may be suppressed (with \code{line.col = 0}),
    and \code{line.add} can be used to do all the line plotting for the event chart.
  }
  \item{line.add.lty}{
    a kx1 vector corresponding to the columns of \code{line.add}; specifies the line
    types for the k line segments.
  }
  \item{line.add.lwd}{
    a kx1 vector corresponding to the columns of \code{line.add}; specifies the line
    widths for the k line segments.
  }
  \item{line.add.col}{
    a kx1 vector corresponding to the columns of \code{line.add}; specifies the line
    colors for the k line segments.
  }
  \item{point.pch}{
    vector of \code{pch} values for points representing each event.  If similar
    events are listed in multiple columns (e.g., regular visits or
    a recurrent event), repeated \code{pch} values may be listed in the
    vector (e.g., \code{c(2,4,rep(183,3))}).
    If \code{length(point.pch) < length(subset.c)}, \code{point.pch} will be repeated until
    lengths are equal; a warning message will verify this condition.
  }
  \item{point.cex}{
    vector of size of points representing each event.
    If \code{length(point.cex) < length(subset.c)}, \code{point.cex} will be repeated until
    lengths are equal; a warning message will verify this condition.
  }
  \item{point.col}{
    vector of colors of points representing each event.
    If \code{length(point.col) < length(subset.c)}, \code{point.col} will be repeated until
    lengths are equal; a warning message will verify this condition.
  }
  \item{point.cex.mult}{
    a single number (may be non-integer), which is the base multiplier for the value of
    the \code{cex} of the plotted points, when interest lies in 
    a variable size allowed for certain points, as a function of
    the quantity of the variable(s) in the dataset specified in the \code{point.cex.mult.var} argument;
    multiplied by original \code{point.cex} value and then the value of interest (for an individual)
    from the \code{point.cex.mult.var argument}; 
    used only when non-\code{NA} arguments are provided to \code{point.cex.mult.var};
    default is 1. .
  }
  \item{point.cex.mult.var}{
    vector of variables to be used in determining what point.cex.mult is multiplied by
    for determining size of plotted points from (possibly a subset of) 
    \code{subset.c} variables, when interest lies in 
    a variable size allowed for certain points, as a function of
    the level of some variable(s) in the dataset;
    default is \code{NA}.
  }
  \item{extra.points.no.mult}{
    vector of variables in the dataset to ignore for purposes of using 
    \code{point.cex.mult}; for example, for some variables there may be interest in
    allowing a variable size allowed for the plotting of the points, whereas
    other variables (e.g., dropout time), there may be no interest in such manipulation;
    the vector should be the same size as the number of variables specified in \code{subset.c},
    with \code{NA} entries where variable point size is of interest 
    and the variable name (or location in \code{subset.c}) specified when the variable
    point size is not of interest; in this latter case, 
    the associated argument in \code{point.cex} is instead used as the point \code{cex};
    used only when non-\code{NA} arguments are provided to \code{point.cex.mult.var};
    default is \code{NA}

  }
  \item{legend.plot}{
    logical flag;  if \code{TRUE}, a legend will be plotted.  Location of legend will
    be based on specification of legend.location along with values of other
    arguments listed below.  Default is \code{FALSE} (i.e., no legend plotting).
  }
  \item{legend.location}{
    will be used only if \code{legend.plot = TRUE}.
    If \code{"o"} (default), a one-page legend will precede the output of the chart.
    The user will need to hit \kbd{enter} in order for the event chart to be displayed.
    This feature is possible due to the \bold{\code{dev.ask}} option.
    If \code{"i"}, an internal legend will be placed in the plot region
    based on \code{legend.point.at}.  If \code{"l"}, a legend will be placed in the plot region
    using the locator option.  Legend will map points to events (via column
    names, by default) and, if \code{line.by} is specified, lines to groups (based on
    levels of \code{line.by}).
  }
  \item{legend.titl}{
    title for the legend; default is title to be used for main plot.
    Only used when \code{legend.location = "o"}.
  }
  \item{legend.titl.cex}{
    size of text for legend title.  Only used when \code{legend.location = "o"}.
  }
  \item{legend.titl.line}{
    line location of legend title dictated by \code{mtext} function with
    \code{outer = FALSE} option;
    default is 1.0.  Only used when \code{legend.location = "o"}.
  }
  \item{legend.point.at}{
    location of upper left and lower right corners of legend area to
    be utilized for describing events via points and text.
  }
  \item{legend.point.pch}{
    vector of \code{pch} values for points representing each event in the legend.
    Default is \code{point.pch}.
  }
  \item{legend.point.text}{
    text to be used for describing events;  the default is setup for a data frame,
    as it will print the names of the columns specified by \code{subset.c}.
  }
  \item{legend.cex}{
    size of text for points and event descriptions.  Default is 2.5 which is setup
    for \code{legend.location = "o"}.  A much smaller \code{cex} is recommended (possibly 0.75)
    for use with \code{legend.location = "i"} or \code{legend.location = "l"}.
  }
  \item{legend.bty}{
    option to put a box around the legend(s); default is to have no box
    (\code{legend.bty = "n"}).  Option \code{legend.bty = "o"} will produce a legend box.
  }
  \item{legend.line.at}{
    if \code{line.by} was specified (with \code{legend.location = "o"} or \code{legend.location = "i"}),
    this argument will dictate the location of the upper left and lower right
    corners of legend area to be utilized for describing the different
    \code{line.by} values (e.g., \code{treatment.arm}).  The default is setup for
    \code{legend.location = "o"}.
  }
  \item{legend.line.text}{
    text to be used for describing \code{line.by} values;  the default are the names
    of the unique non-missing \code{line.by} values as produced from the table function.
  }
  \item{legend.line.lwd}{
    vector of line widths corresponding to \code{line.by} values.
  }
  \item{legend.loc.num}{
    number used for locator argument when \code{legend.locator = "l"}.  If 1 (default),
    user is to locate only the top left corner of the legend box.  If 2, user
    is to locate both the top left corner and the lower right corner.  This will
    be done twice when \code{line.by} is specified (once for points and once for lines).
  }
  \item{...}{
    additional par arguments for use in main plot.
  }
}
\section{Side Effects}{
  an event chart is created on the current graphics device.
  If legend.plot =TRUE and legend.location = 'o',
  a one-page legend will precede the event chart.  Please note that par
  parameters on completion of function will be reset to par parameters
  existing prior to start of function.
}
\details{
  if you want to put, say, two eventcharts side-by-side, in a plot
  region, you should not set up \code{par(mfrow=c(1,2))} before running the
  first plot.  Instead, you should add the argument \code{mfg=c(1,1,1,2)}
  to the first plot call followed by the argument \code{mfg=c(1,2,1,2)}
  to the second plot call.


  if dates in original data frame are in a specialized form
  (eg., mm/dd/yy) of mode CHARACTER, the user must convert those columns to
  become class dates or julian numeric mode (see \code{\link{Date}} for more information).
  For example, in a data frame called \code{testdata}, with specialized
  dates in columns 4 thru 10, the following code could be used:
  \code{as.numeric(dates(testdata[,4:10]))}.  This will convert the columns
  to numeric julian dates based on the function's default origin
  of January 1, 1960.  If original dates are in class dates or julian form,
  no extra work is necessary.


  In the survival analysis, the data typically come  in  two
  columns: one column containing survival time and the other
  containing  censoring  indicator  or   event   code.   The
  \code{event.convert}  function  converts  this  type of data into
  multiple columns of event times, one column of each  event
  type, suitable for the \code{event.chart} function.
}
\author{
  J. Jack Lee and Kenneth R. Hess
  \cr
  Department of Biostatistics
  \cr
  University of Texas
  \cr
  M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
  \cr
  Houston, TX 77030
  \cr
  \email{jjlee@mdanderson.org}, \email{khess@mdanderson.org}


  Joel A. Dubin
  \cr
  Department of Statistics
  \cr
  University of Waterloo
  \cr
  \email{jdubin@uwaterloo.ca}
}
\references{
  Lee J.J., Hess, K.R., Dubin, J.A. (2000).  Extensions and applications
  of event charts.
  \emph{The American Statistician,}
  \bold{54:1}, 63--70.


  Dubin, J.A., Lee, J.J., Hess, K.R. (1997).
  The Utility of Event Charts.
  \emph{Proceedings of the Biometrics Section, American}
  Statistical Association.


  Dubin, J.A., Muller H-G, Wang J-L (2001).
  Event history graphs for censored survival data.
  \emph{Statistics in Medicine,}
  \bold{20:} 2951--2964.


  Goldman, A.I. (1992).
  EVENTCHARTS:  Visualizing Survival and Other Timed-Events Data.
  \emph{The American Statistician,}
  \bold{46:1}, 13--18.
}

\seealso{
  \code{\link{event.history}}, \code{\link{Date}}
}

\examples{
# The sample data set is an augmented CDC AIDS dataset (ASCII)
# which is used in the examples in the help file.  This dataset is 
# described in Kalbfleisch and Lawless (JASA, 1989).
# Here, we have included only children 4 years old and younger.
# We have also added a new field, dethdate, which
# represents a fictitious death date for each patient.  There was
# no recording of death date on the original dataset.  In addition, we have
# added a fictitious viral load reading (copies/ml) for each patient at time of AIDS diagnosis,
# noting viral load was also not part of the original dataset.
#   
# All dates are julian with julian=0 being 
# January 1, 1960, and julian=14000 being 14000 days beyond
# January 1, 1960 (i.e., May 1, 1998).


cdcaids <- data.frame(
age=c(4,2,1,1,2,2,2,4,2,1,1,3,2,1,3,2,1,2,4,2,2,1,4,2,4,1,4,2,1,1,3,3,1,3),
infedate=c(
7274,7727,7949,8037,7765,8096,8186,7520,8522,8609,8524,8213,8455,8739,
8034,8646,8886,8549,8068,8682,8612,9007,8461,8888,8096,9192,9107,9001,
9344,9155,8800,8519,9282,8673),
diagdate=c(
8100,8158,8251,8343,8463,8489,8554,8644,8713,8733,8854,8855,8863,8983,
9035,9037,9132,9164,9186,9221,9224,9252,9274,9404,9405,9433,9434,9470,
9470,9472,9489,9500,9585,9649),
diffdate=c(
826,431,302,306,698,393,368,1124,191,124,330,642,408,244,1001,391,246,
615,1118,539,612,245,813,516,1309,241,327,469,126,317,689,981,303,976),
dethdate=c(
8434,8304,NA,8414,8715,NA,8667,9142,8731,8750,8963,9120,9005,9028,9445,
9180,9189,9406,9711,9453,9465,9289,9640,9608,10010,9488,9523,9633,9667,
9547,9755,NA,9686,10084),
censdate=c(
NA,NA,8321,NA,NA,8519,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,
NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,NA,10095,NA,NA),
viralload=c(
13000,36000,70000,90000,21000,110000,75000,12000,125000,110000,13000,39000,79000,135000,14000,
42000,123000,20000,12000,18000,16000,140000,16000,58000,11000,120000,85000,31000,24000,115000,
17000,13100,72000,13500)
)

cdcaids <- upData(cdcaids,
 labels=c(age     ='Age, y', infedate='Date of blood transfusion',
          diagdate='Date of AIDS diagnosis',
          diffdate='Incubation period (days from HIV to AIDS)',
          dethdate='Fictitious date of death',
          censdate='Fictitious censoring date',
	  viralload='Fictitious viral load'))


# Note that the style options listed with these
# examples are best suited for output to a postscript file (i.e., using
# the postscript function with horizontal=TRUE) as opposed to a graphical
# window (e.g., motif).


# To produce simple calendar event chart (with internal legend):
# postscript('example1.ps', horizontal=TRUE)
 event.chart(cdcaids,
  subset.c=c('infedate','diagdate','dethdate','censdate'),
  x.lab = 'observation dates',
  y.lab='patients (sorted by AIDS diagnosis date)',
  titl='AIDS data calendar event chart 1',
  point.pch=c(1,2,15,0), point.cex=c(1,1,0.8,0.8),
  legend.plot=TRUE, legend.location='i', legend.cex=1.0,
  legend.point.text=c('transfusion','AIDS diagnosis','death','censored'),
  legend.point.at = list(c(7210, 8100), c(35, 27)), legend.bty='o')


# To produce simple interval event chart (with internal legend):
# postscript('example2.ps', horizontal=TRUE)
 event.chart(cdcaids,
  subset.c=c('infedate','diagdate','dethdate','censdate'),
  x.lab = 'time since transfusion (in days)',
  y.lab='patients (sorted by AIDS diagnosis date)',
  titl='AIDS data interval event chart 1',
  point.pch=c(1,2,15,0), point.cex=c(1,1,0.8,0.8),
  legend.plot=TRUE, legend.location='i', legend.cex=1.0,
  legend.point.text=c('transfusion','AIDS diagnosis','death','censored'),
  x.reference='infedate', x.julian=TRUE,
  legend.bty='o', legend.point.at = list(c(1400, 1950), c(7, -1)))


# To produce simple interval event chart (with internal legend),
# but now with flexible diagdate symbol size based on viral load variable:
# postscript('example2a.ps', horizontal=TRUE)
 event.chart(cdcaids,
  subset.c=c('infedate','diagdate','dethdate','censdate'),
  x.lab = 'time since transfusion (in days)',
  y.lab='patients (sorted by AIDS diagnosis date)',
  titl='AIDS data interval event chart 1a, with viral load at diagdate represented',
  point.pch=c(1,2,15,0), point.cex=c(1,1,0.8,0.8),
  point.cex.mult = 0.00002, point.cex.mult.var = 'viralload', extra.points.no.mult = c(1,NA,1,1), 
  legend.plot=TRUE, legend.location='i', legend.cex=1.0,
  legend.point.text=c('transfusion','AIDS diagnosis','death','censored'),
  x.reference='infedate', x.julian=TRUE,
  legend.bty='o', legend.point.at = list(c(1400, 1950), c(7, -1)))


# To produce more complicated interval chart which is
# referenced by infection date, and sorted by age and incubation period:
# postscript('example3.ps', horizontal=TRUE)
 event.chart(cdcaids,
  subset.c=c('infedate','diagdate','dethdate','censdate'),
  x.lab = 'time since diagnosis of AIDS (in days)',
  y.lab='patients (sorted by age and incubation length)',
  titl='AIDS data interval event chart 2 (sorted by age, incubation)',
  point.pch=c(1,2,15,0), point.cex=c(1,1,0.8,0.8),
  legend.plot=TRUE, legend.location='i',legend.cex=1.0,
  legend.point.text=c('transfusion','AIDS diagnosis','death','censored'),
  x.reference='diagdate', x.julian=TRUE, sort.by=c('age','diffdate'),
  line.by='age', line.lty=c(1,3,2,4), line.lwd=rep(1,4), line.col=rep(1,4),
  legend.bty='o', legend.point.at = list(c(-1350, -800), c(7, -1)),
  legend.line.at = list(c(-1350, -800), c(16, 8)),
  legend.line.text=c('age = 1', '       = 2', '       = 3', '       = 4'))


# To produce the Goldman chart:
# postscript('example4.ps', horizontal=TRUE)
 event.chart(cdcaids,
  subset.c=c('infedate','diagdate','dethdate','censdate'),
  x.lab = 'time since transfusion (in days)', y.lab='dates of observation',
  titl='AIDS data Goldman event chart 1',
  y.var = c('infedate'), y.var.type='d', now.line=TRUE, y.jitter=FALSE,
  point.pch=c(1,2,15,0), point.cex=c(1,1,0.8,0.8), mgp = c(3.1,1.6,0),
  legend.plot=TRUE, legend.location='i',legend.cex=1.0,
  legend.point.text=c('transfusion','AIDS diagnosis','death','censored'),
  x.reference='infedate', x.julian=TRUE,
  legend.bty='o', legend.point.at = list(c(1500, 2800), c(9300, 10000)))


# To convert coded time-to-event data, then, draw an event chart:
surv.time <- c(5,6,3,1,2)
cens.ind   <- c(1,0,1,1,0)
surv.data  <- cbind(surv.time,cens.ind)
event.data <- event.convert(surv.data)
event.chart(cbind(rep(0,5),event.data),x.julian=TRUE,x.reference=1)
}
\keyword{hplot}
\keyword{survival}
% Converted by Sd2Rd version 1.21.