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|
# HTML 4 Character Entities
Table of the character entities required by HTML 4, to test web browser
compliance #
This page is ripped out of the HTML 4 documentation at W3 and massaged so you
can test your browser’s rendering of special characters.
Contents
1. Introduction to character entity references
2. Character entity references for ISO 8859-1 characters
1. The list of characters
3. Character entity references for symbols, mathematical symbols, and Greek
letters
1. The list of characters
4. Character entity references for markup-significant and
internationalization characters
1. The list of characters
## 24.1 Introduction to character entity references ##
A character entity reference is an SGML construct that references a character
of the document character set.
This version of HTML supports several sets of character entity references:
* ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters In accordance with section 14 of
[RFC1866], the set of Latin-1 entities has been extended by this
specification to cover the whole right part of ISO-8859-1 (all code
positions with the high-order bit set), including the already commonly
used , © and ®. The names of the entities are taken from
the appendices of SGML (defined in [ISO8879]).
* symbols, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters. These characters may be
represented by glyphs in the Adobe font “Symbol”.
* markup-significant and internationalization characters (e.g., for
bidirectional text).
The following sections present the complete lists of character entity
references. Although, by convention, [ISO10646] the comments following each
entry are usually written with uppercase letters, we have converted them to
lowercase in this specification for reasons of readability.
## 24.2 Character entity references for ISO 8859-1 characters ##
The character entity references in this section produce characters whose
numeric equivalents should already be supported by conforming HTML 2.0 user
agents. Thus, the character entity reference ÷ is a more convenient form
than ÷ for obtaining the division sign (÷).
To support these named entities, user agents need only recognize the entity
names and convert them to characters that lie within the repertoire of
[ISO88591].
Character 65533 (FFFD hexadecimal) is the last valid character in UCS-2. 65534
(FFFE hexadecimal) is unassigned and reserved as the byte-swapped version of
ZERO WIDTH NON-BREAKING SPACE for byte-order detection purposes. 65535 (FFFF
hexadecimal) is unassigned.
### 24.2.1 The list of characters ###
<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
-->
<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
<!ENTITY % HTMLlat1 PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Latin 1//EN//HTML">
%HTMLlat1;
-->
nbsp no-break space = non-breaking space U+00A0 ISOnum
iexcl ¡ inverted exclamation mark U+00A1 ISOnum
cent ¢ cent sign U+00A2 ISOnum
pound £ pound sign U+00A3 ISOnum
curren ¤ currency sign U+00A4 ISOnum
yen ¥ yen sign = yuan sign U+00A5 ISOnum
brvbar ¦ broken bar = broken vertical bar U+00A6 ISOnum
sect § section sign U+00A7 ISOnum
uml ¨ diaeresis = spacing diaeresis U+00A8 ISOdia
copy © copyright sign U+00A9 ISOnum
ordf ª feminine ordinal indicator U+00AA ISOnum
laquo « left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left U+00AB ISOnum
pointing guillemet
not ⫬ not sign U+00AC ISOnum
shy soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen U+00AD ISOnum
reg ® registered sign = registered trade mark sign U+00AE ISOnum
macr ¯ macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar U+00AF ISOdia
deg ° degree sign U+00B0 ISOnum
plusmn ± plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign U+00B1 ISOnum
sup2 ² superscript two = superscript digit two = squared U+00B2 ISOnum
sup3 ³ superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed U+00B3 ISOnum
acute ´ acute accent = spacing acute U+00B4 ISOdia
micro µ micro sign U+00B5 ISOnum
para ¶ pilcrow sign = paragraph sign U+00B6 ISOnum
middot · middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot U+00B7 ISOnum
cedil ¸ cedilla = spacing cedilla U+00B8 ISOdia
sup1 ¹ superscript one = superscript digit one U+00B9 ISOnum
ordm º masculine ordinal indicator U+00BA ISOnum
raquo » right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right U+00BB ISOnum
pointing guillemet
frac14 ¼ vulgar fraction one quarter = fraction one quarter U+00BC ISOnum
frac12 ½ vulgar fraction one half = fraction one half U+00BD ISOnum
frac34 ¾ vulgar fraction three quarters = fraction three U+00BE ISOnum
quarters
iquest ¿ inverted question mark = turned question mark U+00BF ISOnum
Agrave À latin capital letter A with grave = latin capital U+00C0 ISOlat1
letter A grave
Aacute Á latin capital letter A with acute U+00C1 ISOlat1
Acirc  latin capital letter A with circumflex U+00C2 ISOlat1
Atilde à latin capital letter A with tilde U+00C3 ISOlat1
Auml Ä latin capital letter A with diaeresis U+00C4 ISOlat1
Aring Å latin capital letter A with ring above = latin capital U+00C5 ISOlat1
letter A ring
AElig Æ latin capital letter AE = latin capital ligature AE U+00C6 ISOlat1
Ccedil Ç latin capital letter C with cedilla U+00C7 ISOlat1
Egrave È latin capital letter E with grave U+00C8 ISOlat1
Eacute É latin capital letter E with acute U+00C9 ISOlat1
Ecirc Ê latin capital letter E with circumflex U+00CA ISOlat1
Euml Ë latin capital letter E with diaeresis U+00CB ISOlat1
Igrave Ì latin capital letter I with grave U+00CC ISOlat1
Iacute Í latin capital letter I with acute U+00CD ISOlat1
Icirc Î latin capital letter I with circumflex U+00CE ISOlat1
Iuml Ï latin capital letter I with diaeresis U+00CF ISOlat1
ETH Ð latin capital letter ETH U+00D0 ISOlat1
Ntilde Ñ latin capital letter N with tilde U+00D1 ISOlat1
Ograve Ò latin capital letter O with grave U+00D2 ISOlat1
Oacute Ó latin capital letter O with acute U+00D3 ISOlat1
Ocirc Ô latin capital letter O with circumflex U+00D4 ISOlat1
Otilde Õ latin capital letter O with tilde U+00D5 ISOlat1
Ouml Ö latin capital letter O with diaeresis U+00D6 ISOlat1
times × multiplication sign U+00D7 ISOnum
Oslash Ø latin capital letter O with stroke = latin capital U+00D8 ISOlat1
letter O slash
Ugrave Ù latin capital letter U with grave U+00D9 ISOlat1
Uacute Ú latin capital letter U with acute U+00DA ISOlat1
Ucirc Û latin capital letter U with circumflex U+00DB ISOlat1
Uuml Ü latin capital letter U with diaeresis U+00DC ISOlat1
Yacute Ý latin capital letter Y with acute U+00DD ISOlat1
THORN Þ latin capital letter THORN U+00DE ISOlat1
szlig ß latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed U+00DF ISOlat1
agrave à latin small letter a with grave = latin small letter a U+00E0 ISOlat1
grave
aacute á latin small letter a with acute U+00E1 ISOlat1
acirc â latin small letter a with circumflex U+00E2 ISOlat1
atilde ã latin small letter a with tilde U+00E3 ISOlat1
auml ä latin small letter a with diaeresis U+00E4 ISOlat1
aring å latin small letter a with ring above = latin small U+00E5 ISOlat1
letter a ring
aelig æ latin small letter ae = latin small ligature ae U+00E6 ISOlat1
ccedil ç latin small letter c with cedilla U+00E7 ISOlat1
egrave è latin small letter e with grave U+00E8 ISOlat1
eacute é latin small letter e with acute U+00E9 ISOlat1
ecirc ê latin small letter e with circumflex U+00EA ISOlat1
euml ë latin small letter e with diaeresis U+00EB ISOlat1
igrave ì latin small letter i with grave U+00EC ISOlat1
iacute í latin small letter i with acute U+00ED ISOlat1
icirc î latin small letter i with circumflex U+00EE ISOlat1
iuml ï latin small letter i with diaeresis U+00EF ISOlat1
eth ð latin small letter eth U+00F0 ISOlat1
ntilde ñ latin small letter n with tilde U+00F1 ISOlat1
ograve ò latin small letter o with grave U+00F2 ISOlat1
oacute ó latin small letter o with acute U+00F3 ISOlat1
ocirc ô latin small letter o with circumflex U+00F4 ISOlat1
otilde õ latin small letter o with tilde U+00F5 ISOlat1
ouml ö latin small letter o with diaeresis U+00F6 ISOlat1
divide ÷ division sign U+00F7 ISOnum
oslash ø latin small letter o with stroke, = latin small letter U+00F8 ISOlat1
o slash
ugrave ù latin small letter u with grave U+00F9 ISOlat1
uacute ú latin small letter u with acute U+00FA ISOlat1
ucirc û latin small letter u with circumflex U+00FB ISOlat1
uuml ü latin small letter u with diaeresis U+00FC ISOlat1
yacute ý latin small letter y with acute U+00FD ISOlat1
thorn þ latin small letter thorn U+00FE ISOlat1
yuml ÿ latin small letter y with diaeresis U+00FF ISOlat1
## 24.3 Character entity references for symbols, mathematical symbols, and
Greek letters ##
The character entity references in this section produce characters that may be
represented by glyphs in the widely available Adobe Symbol font, including
Greek characters, various bracketing symbols, and a selection of mathematical
operators such as gradient, product, and summation symbols.
To support these entities, user agents may support full [ISO10646] or use other
means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by being able to
display the relevant [ISO10646] characters or by other means, such as
internally mapping the listed entities, numeric character references, and
characters to the appropriate position in some font that contains the requisite
glyphs.
When to use Greek entities. This entity set contains all the letters used in
modern Greek. However, it does not include Greek punctuation, precomposed
accented characters nor the non-spacing accents (tonos, dialytika) required to
compose them. There are no archaic letters, Coptic-unique letters, or
precomposed letters for Polytonic Greek. The entities defined here are not
intended for the representation of modern Greek text and would not be an
efficient representation; rather, they are intended for occasional Greek
letters used in technical and mathematical works.
### 24.3.1 The list of characters ###
<!-- Mathematical, Greek and Symbolic characters for HTML -- >
<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
<!ENTITY % HTMLsymbol PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbols//EN//HTML">
%HTMLsymbol;
-- >
<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986:
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
-- >
<!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
character set. Names are ISO 10646 names.
-- >
Latin Extended-B
fnof ƒ latin small f with hook = function = florin U+0192 ISOtech
Greek
Alpha Α greek capital letter alpha U+0391
Beta Β greek capital letter beta U+0392
Gamma Γ greek capital letter gamma U+0393 ISOgrk3
Delta Δ greek capital letter delta U+0394 ISOgrk3
Epsilon Ε greek capital letter epsilon U+0395
Zeta Ζ greek capital letter zeta U+0396
Eta Η greek capital letter eta U+0397
Theta Θ greek capital letter theta U+0398 ISOgrk3
Iota Ι greek capital letter iota U+0399
Kappa Κ greek capital letter kappa U+039A
Lambda Λ greek capital letter lambda U+039B ISOgrk3
Mu Μ greek capital letter mu U+039C
Nu Ν greek capital letter nu U+039D
Xi Ξ greek capital letter xi U+039E ISOgrk3
Omicron Ο greek capital letter omicron U+039F
Pi Π greek capital letter pi U+03A0 ISOgrk3
Rho Ρ greek capital letter rho U+03A1
there is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either
Sigma Σ greek capital letter sigma U+03A3 ISOgrk3
Tau Τ greek capital letter tau U+03A4
Upsilon Υ greek capital letter upsilon U+03A5 ISOgrk3
Phi Φ greek capital letter phi U+03A6 ISOgrk3
Chi Χ greek capital letter chi U+03A7
Psi Ψ greek capital letter psi U+03A8 ISOgrk3
Omega Ω greek capital letter omega U+03A9 ISOgrk3
alpha α greek small letter alpha U+03B1 ISOgrk3
beta β greek small letter beta U+03B2 ISOgrk3
gamma γ greek small letter gamma U+03B3 ISOgrk3
delta δ greek small letter delta U+03B4 ISOgrk3
epsilon ε greek small letter epsilon U+03B5 ISOgrk3
zeta ζ greek small letter zeta U+03B6 ISOgrk3
eta η greek small letter eta U+03B7 ISOgrk3
theta θ greek small letter theta U+03B8 ISOgrk3
iota ι greek small letter iota U+03B9 ISOgrk3
kappa κ greek small letter kappa U+03BA ISOgrk3
lambda λ greek small letter lambda U+03BB ISOgrk3
mu μ greek small letter mu U+03BC ISOgrk3
nu ν greek small letter nu U+03BD ISOgrk3
xi ξ greek small letter xi U+03BE ISOgrk3
omicron ο greek small letter omicron U+03BF NEW
pi π greek small letter pi U+03C0 ISOgrk3
rho ρ greek small letter rho U+03C1 ISOgrk3
sigmaf ς greek small letter final sigma U+03C2 ISOgrk3
sigma σ greek small letter sigma U+03C3 ISOgrk3
tau τ greek small letter tau U+03C4 ISOgrk3
upsilon υ greek small letter upsilon U+03C5 ISOgrk3
phi φ greek small letter phi U+03C6 ISOgrk3
chi χ greek small letter chi U+03C7 ISOgrk3
psi ψ greek small letter psi U+03C8 ISOgrk3
omega ω greek small letter omega U+03C9 ISOgrk3
thetasym ϑ greek small letter theta symbol U+03D1 NEW
upsih ϒ greek upsilon with hook symbol U+03D2 NEW
piv ϖ greek pi symbol U+03D6 ISOgrk3
General Punctuation
bull • bullet = black small circle U+2022 ISOpub
bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U+2219
hellip … horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader U+2026 ISOpub
prime ′ prime = minutes = feet U+2032 ISOtech
Prime ″ double prime = seconds = inches U+2033 ISOtech
oline ‾ overline = spacing overscore U+203E NEW
frasl ⁄ fraction slash U+2044 NEW
Letterlike Symbols
weierp ℘ script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p U+2118 ISOamso
image ℑ black letter capital I = imaginary part U+2111 ISOamso
real ℜ black letter capital R = real part symbol U+211C ISOamso
trade ™ trade mark sign U+2122 ISOnum
alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal
alefsym ℵ alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef, U+2135 NEW
U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to
depict both characters
Arrows
larr ← leftwards arrow U+2190 ISOnum
uarr ↑ upwards arrow U+2191 ISOnum
rarr → rightwards arrow U+2192 ISOnum
darr ↓ downwards arrow U+2193 ISOnum
harr ↔ left right arrow U+2194 ISOamsa
crarr ↵ downwards arrow with corner leftwards = carriage U+21B5 NEW
return
leftwards double arrow
ISO 10646 does not say that lArr is the same as the
lArr ⇐ is implied by' arrow but also does not have any other U+21D0 ISOtech
character for that function. So ? lArr can be used
for 'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests
uArr ⇑ upwards double arrow U+21D1 ISOamsa
rightwards double arrow
ISO 10646 does not say this is the 'implies'
rArr ⇒ character but does not have another character with U+21D2 ISOtech
this function so ? rArr can be used for 'implies' as
ISOtech suggests
dArr ↡ downwards double arrow U+21D3 ISOamsa
hArr ⇔ left right double arrow U+21D4 ISOamsa
Mathematical Operators
forall ∀ for all U+2200 ISOtech
part ∂ partial differential U+2202 ISOtech
exist ∃ there exists U+2203 ISOtech
empty ∅ empty set = null set = diameter U+2205 ISOamso
nabla ∇ nabla = backward difference U+2207 ISOtech
isin ∊ element of U+2208 ISOtech
notin ∉ not an element of U+2209 ISOtech
ni ∍ contains as member U+220B ISOtech
should there be a more memorable name than 'ni'?
n-ary product = product sign
prod ∏ prod is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'greek U+220F ISOamsb
capital letter pi' though the same glyph might be
used for both
n-ary summation
sum ∑ sum is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'greek U+2211 ISOamsb
capital letter sigma' though the same glyph might be
used for both
minus − minus sign U+2212 ISOtech
lowast ⁎ asterisk operator U+2217 ISOtech
radic √ square root = radical sign U+221A ISOtech
prop ∝ proportional to U+221D ISOtech
infin ∞ infinity U+221E ISOtech
ang ∠ angle U+2220 ISOamso
and ∧ logical and = wedge U+2227 ISOtech
or ∨ logical or = vee U+2228 ISOtech
cap ∩ intersection = cap U+2229 ISOtech
cup ∪ union = cup U+222A ISOtech
int ∫ integral U+222B ISOtech
there4 ∴ therefore U+2234 ISOtech
tilde operator = varies with = similar to
sim ∼ tilde operator is NOT the same character as the U+223C ISOtech
tilde, U+007E, although the same glyph might be used
to represent both
cong ≅ approximately equal to U+2245 ISOtech
asymp ≈ almost equal to = asymptotic to U+2248 ISOamsr
ne ≠ not equal to U+2260 ISOtech
equiv ≡ identical to U+2261 ISOtech
le ≤ less-than or equal to U+2264 ISOtech
ge ≥ greater-than or equal to U+2265 ISOtech
sub ⊂ subset of U+2282 ISOtech
superset of
note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U+2283' is not
sup ⊃ covered by the Symbol font encoding and is not U+2283 ISOtech
included. Should it be, for symmetry? It is in
ISOamsn
nsub ⊄ not a subset of U+2284 ISOamsn
sube ⊆ subset of or equal to U+2286 ISOtech
supe ⊇ superset of or equal to U+2287 ISOtech
oplus ⊕ circled plus = direct sum U+2295 ISOamsb
otimes ⊗ circled times = vector product U+2297 ISOamsb
perp ⟂ up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular U+22A5 ISOtech
dot operator
sdot ⋅ dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 U+22C5 ISOamsb
middle dot
Miscellaneous Technical
lceil ⌈ left ceiling = apl upstile U+2308 ISOamsc
rceil ⌉ right ceiling U+2309 ISOamsc
lfloor ⌊ left floor = apl downstile U+230A ISOamsc
rfloor ⌋ right floor U+230B ISOamsc
left-pointing angle bracket = bra
lang 〈 lang is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than' U+2329 ISOtech
or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark'
right-pointing angle bracket = ket
rang 〉 rang is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater U+232A ISOtech
than' or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle
quotation mark'
Geometric Shapes
loz ◊ lozenge U+25CA ISOpub
Miscellaneous Symbols
spades ♠ black spade suit U+2660 ISOpub
black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow
clubs ♣ black club suit = shamrock U+2663 ISOpub
hearts ♡ black heart suit = valentine U+2665 ISOpub
diams ♢ black diamond suit U+2666 ISOpub
## 24.4 Character entity references for markup-significant and
internationalization characters ##
The character entity references in this section are for escaping markup-
significant characters (these are the same as those in HTML 2.0 and 3.2), for
denoting spaces and dashes. Other characters in this section apply to
internationalization issues such as the disambiguation of bidirectional text
(see the section onbidirectional textfor details).
Entities have also been added for the remaining characters occurring in CP-1252
which do not occur in the HTMLlat1 or HTMLsymbol entity sets. These all occur
in the 128 to 159 range within the CP-1252 charset. These entities permit the
characters to be denoted in a platform-independent manner.
To support these entities, user agents may support full [ISO10646] or use other
means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by being able to
display the relevant [ISO10646] characters or by other means, such as
internally mapping the listed entities, numeric character references, and
characters to the appropriate position in some font that contains the requisite
glyphs.
### 24.4.1 The list of characters ###
<!-- Special characters for HTML -->
<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
<!ENTITY % HTMLspecial PUBLIC
"-//W3C//ENTITIES Special//EN//HTML">
%HTMLspecial; -->
<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986:
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
-->
<!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
character set. Names are ISO 10646 names.
-->
C0 Controls and Basic Latin
quot " quotation mark = APL quote U+0022 ISOnum
amp & ampersand U+0026 ISOnum
lt < less-than sign U+003C ISOnum
gt > greater-than sign U+003E ISOnum
Latin Extended-A
OElig Πlatin capital ligature OE U+0152 ISOlat2
latin small ligature oe
oelig Πligature is a misnomer, this is a separate U+0153 ISOlat2
character in some languages
Scaron š latin capital letter S with caron U+0160 ISOlat2
scaron š latin small letter s with caron U+0161 ISOlat2
Yuml Ÿ latin capital letter Y with diaeresis U+0178 ISOlat2
Spacing Modifier Letters
circ ^ modifier letter circumflex accent U+02C6 ISOpub
tilde ˜ small tilde U+02DC ISOdia
General Punctuation
ensp en space U+2002 ISOpub
emsp em space U+2003 ISOpub
thinsp thin space U+2009 ISOpub
zwnj zero width non-joiner U+200C NEW RFC 2070
zwj zero width joiner U+200D NEW RFC 2070
lrm left-to-right mark U+200E NEW RFC 2070
rlm right-to-left mark U+200F NEW RFC 2070
ndash – en dash U+2013 ISOpub
mdash — em dash U+2014 ISOpub
lsquo ‘ left single quotation mark U+2018 ISOnum
rsquo ’ right single quotation mark U+2019 ISOnum
sbquo ‚ single low-9 quotation mark U+201A NEW
ldquo “ left double quotation mark U+201C ISOnum
rdquo ” right double quotation mark U+201D ISOnum
bdquo " double low-9 quotation mark U+201E NEW
dagger † dagger U+2020 ISOpub
Dagger † double dagger U+2021 ISOpub
permil ‰ per mille sign U+2030 ISOtech
lsaquo ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark U+2039 ISO proposed
lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
rsaquo › single right-pointing angle quotation mark U+203A ISO proposed
rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized
euro € euro sign U+20AC NEW
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