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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>i3 User’s Guide</h1>
<span id="author">Michael Stapelberg</span><br />
<span id="email"><code>&lt;<a href="mailto:michael@i3wm.org">michael@i3wm.org</a>&gt;</code></span><br />
<div id="toc">
  <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>This document contains all the information you need to configure and use the i3
window manager. If it does not you can <a href="https://i3wm.org/contact/">contact us</a> on
<a href="https://github.com/i3/i3/discussions">GitHub Discussions</a>, IRC, or the mailing
list.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_default_keybindings">1. Default keybindings</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>For the "too long; didn’t read" people, here is an overview of the default
keybindings (click to see the full-size image):</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Keys to use with $mod (Alt):</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="keyboard-layer1.png">
<img src="keyboard-layer1.png" alt="Keys to use with $mod (Alt)" width="600" />
</a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Keys to use with Shift+$mod:</strong></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<a class="image" href="keyboard-layer2.png">
<img src="keyboard-layer2.png" alt="Keys to use with Shift+$mod" width="600" />
</a>
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The red keys are the modifiers you need to press (by default), the blue keys
are your homerow.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that when starting i3 without a config file, i3-config-wizard will offer
you to create a config file in which the key positions (!) match what you see
in the image above, regardless of the keyboard layout you are using. If you
prefer to use a config file where the key letters match what you are seeing
above, just decline i3-config-wizard’s offer and base your config on
<code>/etc/i3/config</code>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_using_i3">2. Using i3</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Throughout this guide, the keyword <code>$mod</code> will be used to refer to the
configured modifier. This is the Alt key (<code>Mod1</code>) by default, with the Windows
key (<code>Mod4</code>) being a popular alternative that largely prevents conflicts with
application-defined shortcuts.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_opening_terminals_and_moving_around">2.1. Opening terminals and moving around</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One very basic operation is opening a new terminal. By default, the keybinding
for this is <code>$mod+Enter</code>, that is Alt+Enter (<code>Mod1+Enter</code>) in the default
configuration. By pressing <code>$mod+Enter</code>, a new terminal will be opened.  It
will fill the whole space available on your screen.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="single_terminal.png" alt="Single terminal" />
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you now open another terminal, i3 will place it next to the current one,
splitting the screen size in half. Depending on your monitor, i3 will put the
created window beside the existing window (on wide displays) or below the
existing window (rotated displays).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="two_terminals.png" alt="Two terminals" />
</span></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move the focus between the two terminals, you can use the arrow keys. For
convenience, the arrows are also available directly on the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_typing">keyboard’s home row</a> underneath your
right hand:</p></div>
<div class="tableblock">
<table rules="all"
width="100%"
frame="border"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4">
<col width="50%" />
<col width="50%" />
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><code>$mod+j</code></p></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">left</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><code>$mod+k</code></p></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">down</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><code>$mod+l</code></p></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">up</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table"><code>$mod+;</code></p></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><p class="table">right</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this differs by one key from the popular text editor <code>vi</code>, which was
<a href="https://twitter.com/hillelogram/status/1326600125569961991">developed on an
ADM-3A terminal and therefore uses <code>hjkl</code> instead of <code>jkl;</code></a>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;i3’s default is
meant to require minimal finger movement, but some <code>vi</code> users change their i3
config for consistency.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the moment, your workspace is split (it contains two terminals) in a
specific direction (horizontal by default). Every window can be split
horizontally or vertically again, just like the workspace. The terminology is
"window" for a container that actually contains an X11 window (like a terminal
or browser) and "split container" for containers that consist of one or more
windows.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To split a window vertically, press <code>$mod+v</code> before you create the new window.
To split it horizontally, press <code>$mod+h</code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_changing_the_container_layout">2.2. Changing the container layout</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A split container can have one of the following layouts:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
splith/splitv
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Windows are sized so that every window gets an equal amount of space in the
container. splith distributes the windows horizontally (windows are right next
to each other), splitv distributes them vertically (windows are on top of each
other).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
stacking
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Only the focused window in the container is displayed. You get a list of
windows at the top of the container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
tabbed
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The same principle as <code>stacking</code>, but the list of windows at the top is only
a single line which is vertically split.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To switch modes, press <code>$mod+e</code> for splith/splitv (it toggles), <code>$mod+s</code> for
stacking and <code>$mod+w</code> for tabbed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><span class="image">
<img src="modes.png" alt="Container modes" />
</span></p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_toggling_fullscreen_mode_for_a_window">2.3. Toggling fullscreen mode for a window</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To display a window in fullscreen mode or to go out of fullscreen mode again,
press <code>$mod+f</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is also a global fullscreen mode in i3 in which the client will span all
available outputs (the command is <code>fullscreen toggle global</code>).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_opening_other_applications">2.4. Opening other applications</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Aside from opening applications from a terminal, you can also use the handy
<code>dmenu</code> which is opened by pressing <code>$mod+d</code> by default. Just type the name
(or a part of it) of the application which you want to open. The corresponding
application has to be in your <code>$PATH</code> for this to work.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Additionally, if you have applications you open very frequently, you can
create a keybinding for starting the application directly. See the section
<a href="#configuring">[configuring]</a> for details.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_closing_windows">2.5. Closing windows</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If an application does not provide a mechanism for closing (most applications
provide a menu, the escape key or a shortcut like <code>Control+w</code> to close), you
can press <code>$mod+Shift+q</code> to kill a window. For applications which support
the WM_DELETE protocol, this will correctly close the application (saving
any modifications or doing other cleanup). If the application doesn’t support
the WM_DELETE protocol your X server will kill the window and the behaviour
depends on the application.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_using_workspaces">2.6. Using workspaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Workspaces are an easy way to group a set of windows. By default, you are on
the first workspace, as the bar on the bottom left indicates. To switch to
another workspace, press <code>$mod+num</code> where <code>num</code> is the number of the workspace
you want to use. If the workspace does not exist yet, it will be created.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A common paradigm is to put the web browser on one workspace, communication
applications (<code>mutt</code>, <code>irssi</code>, &#8230;) on another one, and the ones with which you
work, on the third one. Of course, there is no need to follow this approach.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you have multiple screens, a workspace will be created on each screen at
startup. If you open a new workspace, it will be bound to the screen you
created it on.  When you switch to a workspace on another screen, i3 will set
focus to that screen.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_moving_windows_to_workspaces">2.7. Moving windows to workspaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move a window to another workspace, simply press <code>$mod+Shift+num</code> where
<code>num</code> is (like when switching workspaces) the number of the target workspace.
Similarly to switching workspaces, the target workspace will be created if
it does not yet exist.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_resizing">2.8. Resizing</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The easiest way to resize a container is by using the mouse: Grab the border
and move it to the wanted size.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also use <a href="#binding_modes">[binding_modes]</a> to define a mode for resizing via the
keyboard. To see an example for this, look at the
<a href="https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes">default config</a> provided
by i3.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_restarting_i3_inplace">2.9. Restarting i3 inplace</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To restart i3 in place (and thus get into a clean state if there is a bug, or
to upgrade to a newer version of i3) you can use <code>$mod+Shift+r</code>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_exiting_i3">2.10. Exiting i3</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To cleanly exit i3 without killing your X server, you can use <code>$mod+Shift+e</code>.
By default, a dialog will ask you to confirm if you really want to quit.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_floating">2.11. Floating</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Floating mode is the opposite of tiling mode. The position and size of
a window are not managed automatically by i3, but manually by
you. Using this mode violates the tiling paradigm but can be useful
for some corner cases like "Save as" dialog windows, or toolbar
windows (GIMP or similar). Those windows usually set the appropriate
hint and are opened in floating mode by default.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can toggle floating mode for a window by pressing <code>$mod+Shift+Space</code>. By
dragging the window’s titlebar with your mouse you can move the window
around. By grabbing the borders and moving them you can resize the window. You
can also do that by using the <a href="#floating_modifier">[floating_modifier]</a>. Another way to resize
floating windows using the mouse is to right-click on the titlebar and drag.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For resizing floating windows with your keyboard, see the resizing binding mode
provided by the i3 <a href="https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes">default config</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Floating windows are always on top of tiling windows.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="tiling_drag">2.12. Moving tiling containers with the mouse</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since i3 4.21, it&#8217;s possible to drag tiling containers using the mouse. The
drag can be initiated either by dragging the window&#8217;s titlebar or by pressing
the <a href="#floating_modifier">[floating_modifier]</a> and dragging the container while holding the
left-click button. See the <a href="#config_tiling_drag">[config_tiling_drag]</a> option for configuring which
action triggers the tiling drag.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Once the drag is initiated and the cursor has left the original container, drop
indicators are created according to the position of the cursor relatively to
the target container. These indicators help you understand what the resulting
<a href="#tree">[tree]</a> layout is going to be after you release the mouse button.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The possible drop positions are:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Drop on container
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    This happens when the mouse is relatively near the center of a container.
    If the mouse is released, the result is exactly as if you had run the
    <code>move container to mark</code> command. See <a href="#move_to_mark">[move_to_mark]</a>.
    If the swap modifier is pressed before initiating the drag (<code>tiling_drag
    swap_modifier</code> set to Shift by default), the containers are swapped
    instead. In that case, the result is exactly as if you had run the <code>swap
    container with mark</code> command. See <a href="#swapping_containers">[swapping_containers]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Drop as sibling
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    This happens when the mouse is relatively near the edge of a container. If
    the mouse is released, the dragged container will become a sibling of the
    target container, placed left/right/up/down according to the position of
    the indicator.
    This might or might not create a new v-split or h-split according to the
    previous layout of the target container. For example, if the target
    container is in an h-split and you drop the dragged container below it, the
    new layout will have to be a v-split.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Drop to parent
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    This happens when the mouse is relatively near the edge of a container (but
    even closer to the border in comparison to the sibling case above) <strong>and</strong> if
    that edge is also the parent container&#8217;s edge. For example, if three
    containers are in a horizontal layout then edges where this can happen is
    the left edge of the left container, the right edge of the right container
    and all bottom and top edges of all three containers.
    If the mouse is released, the container is first dropped as a sibling to
    the target container, like in the case above, and then is moved
    directionally like with the <code>move left|right|down|up</code> command. See
    <a href="#move_direction">[move_direction]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The color of the indicator matches the <code>client.focused</code> setting. See <a href="#client_colors">[client_colors]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="tree">3. Tree</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3 stores all information about the X11 outputs, workspaces and layout of the
windows on them in a tree. The root node is the X11 root window, followed by
the X11 outputs, then dock areas and a content container, then workspaces and
finally the windows themselves. In previous versions of i3 we had multiple lists
(of outputs, workspaces) and a table for each workspace. That approach turned
out to be complicated to use (snapping), understand and implement.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_the_tree_consists_of_containers">3.1. The tree consists of Containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The building blocks of our tree are so-called <code>Containers</code>. A <code>Container</code> can
host a window (meaning an X11 window, one that you can actually see and use,
like a browser). Alternatively, it could contain one or more <code>Containers</code>. A
simple example is the workspace: When you start i3 with a single monitor, a
single workspace and you open two terminal windows, you will end up with a tree
like this:</p></div>
<div class="imageblock" style="float:right;">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-layout2.png" alt="layout2" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-shot4.png" alt="shot4" />
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. Two terminals on standard workspace</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="OrientationSplit">3.2. Orientation and Split Containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is only natural to use so-called <code>Split Containers</code> in order to build a
layout when using a tree as data structure. In i3, every <code>Container</code> has an
orientation (horizontal, vertical or unspecified) and the orientation depends
on the layout the container is in (vertical for splitv and stacking, horizontal
for splith and tabbed). So, in our example with the workspace, the default
layout of the workspace <code>Container</code> is splith (most monitors are widescreen
nowadays). If you change the layout to splitv (<code>$mod+v</code> in the default config)
and <strong>then</strong> open two terminals, i3 will configure your windows like this:</p></div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-shot2.png" alt="shot2" />
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 2. Vertical Workspace Orientation</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>An interesting new feature of i3 since version 4 is the ability to split anything:
Let’s assume you have two terminals on a workspace (with splith layout, that is
horizontal orientation), focus is on the right terminal. Now you want to open
another terminal window below the current one. If you would just open a new
terminal window, it would show up to the right due to the splith layout.
Instead, press <code>$mod+v</code> to split the container with the splitv layout (to
open a <code>Horizontal Split Container</code>, use <code>$mod+h</code>). Now you can open a new
terminal and it will open below the current one:</p></div>
<div class="imageblock" style="float:right;">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-layout1.png" alt="Layout" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-shot1.png" alt="shot" />
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 3. Vertical Split Container</div>
</div>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You probably guessed it already: There is no limit on how deep your hierarchy
of splits can be.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_focus_parent">3.3. Focus parent</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s stay with our example from above. We have a terminal on the left and two
vertically split terminals on the right, focus is on the bottom right one. When
you open a new terminal, it will open below the current one.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So, how can you open a new terminal window to the <strong>right</strong> of the current one?
The solution is to use <code>focus parent</code>, which will focus the <code>Parent Container</code> of
the current <code>Container</code>. In default configuration, use <code>$mod+a</code> to navigate one
<code>Container</code> up the tree (you can repeat this multiple times until you get to the
<code>Workspace Container</code>). In this case, you would focus the <code>Vertical Split Container</code>
which is <strong>inside</strong> the horizontally oriented workspace. Thus, now new windows will be
opened to the right of the <code>Vertical Split Container</code>:</p></div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="tree-shot3.png" alt="shot3" />
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 4. Focus parent, then open new terminal</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_implicit_containers">3.4. Implicit containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In some cases, i3 needs to implicitly create a container to fulfill your
command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>One example is the following scenario: You start i3 with a single monitor and a
single workspace on which you open three terminal windows. All these terminal
windows are directly attached to one node inside i3’s layout tree, the
workspace node. By default, the workspace node’s orientation is <code>horizontal</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now you move one of these terminals down (<code>$mod+Shift+k</code> by default). The
workspace node’s orientation will be changed to <code>vertical</code>. The terminal window
you moved down is directly attached to the workspace and appears on the bottom
of the screen. A new (horizontal) container was created to accommodate the
other two terminal windows. You will notice this when switching to tabbed mode
(for example). You would end up having one tab with a representation of the split
container (e.g., "H[urxvt firefox]") and the other one being the terminal window
you moved down.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="configuring">4. Configuring i3</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is where the real fun begins ;-). Most things are very dependent on your
ideal working environment so we can’t make reasonable defaults for them.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While not using a programming language for the configuration, i3 stays
quite flexible in regards to the things you usually want your window manager
to do.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For example, you can configure bindings to jump to specific windows,
you can set specific applications to start on specific workspaces, you can
automatically start applications, you can change the colors of i3, and you
can bind your keys to do useful things.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change the configuration of i3, copy <code>/etc/i3/config</code> to <code>~/.i3/config</code>
(or <code>~/.config/i3/config</code> if you like the XDG directory scheme) and edit it
with a text editor.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>On first start (and on all following starts, unless you have a configuration
file), i3 will offer you to create a configuration file. You can tell the
wizard to use either Alt (<code>Mod1</code>) or Windows (<code>Mod4</code>) as modifier in the config
file. Also, the created config file will use the key symbols of your current
keyboard layout. To start the wizard, use the command <code>i3-config-wizard</code>.
Please note that you must not have <code>~/.i3/config</code>, otherwise the wizard will
exit.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="include">4.1. Include directive</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since i3 v4.20, it is possible to include other configuration files from your i3
configuration.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>include &lt;pattern&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3 expands <code>pattern</code> using shell-like word expansion, specifically using the
<a href="https://manpages.debian.org/wordexp.3"><code>wordexp(3)</code> C standard library function</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Tilde expands to the user’s home directory:
include ~/.config/i3/assignments.conf

# Environment variables are expanded:
include $HOME/.config/i3/assignments.conf

# Wildcards are expanded:
include ~/.config/i3/config.d/*.conf

# Command substitution:
include ~/.config/i3/`hostname`.conf

# i3 loads each path only once, so including the i3 config will not result
# in an endless loop, but in an error:
include ~/.config/i3/config

# i3 changes the working directory while parsing a config file
# so that relative paths are interpreted relative to the directory
# of the config file that contains the path:
include assignments.conf</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a specified file cannot be read, for example because of a lack of file
permissions, or because of a dangling symlink, i3 will report an error and
continue processing your remaining configuration.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To list all loaded configuration files, run <code>i3 --moreversion</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>% i3 --moreversion
Binary i3 version:  4.19.2-87-gfcae64f7+ © 2009 Michael Stapelberg and contributors
Running i3 version: 4.19.2-87-gfcae64f7+ (pid 963940)
Loaded i3 config:
  /tmp/i3.cfg (main) (last modified: 2021-05-13T16:42:31 CEST, 463 seconds ago)
  /tmp/included.cfg (included) (last modified: 2021-05-13T16:42:43 CEST, 451 seconds ago)
  /tmp/another.cfg (included) (last modified: 2021-05-13T16:42:46 CEST, 448 seconds ago)</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Variables are shared between all config files, but beware of the following limitation:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
You can define a variable and use it within an included file.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You cannot use (in the parent file) a variable that was defined within an included file.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is a technical limitation: variable expansion happens in a separate stage
before parsing include directives.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Conceptually, included files can only add to the configuration, not undo the
effects of already-processed configuration. For example, you can only add new
key bindings, not overwrite or remove existing key bindings. This means:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The <code>include</code> directive is suitable for organizing large configurations into
  separate files, possibly selecting files based on conditionals.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The <code>include</code> directive is not suitable for expressing “use the default
  configuration with the following changes”. For that case, we still recommend
  copying and modifying the default config.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Implementation-wise, i3 does not currently construct one big configuration from
all <code>include</code> directives. Instead, i3’s config file parser interprets all
configuration directives in its <code>parse_file()</code> function. When processing an
<code>include</code> configuration directive, the parser recursively calls <code>parse_file()</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This means the evaluation order of files forms a tree, or one could say i3 uses
depth-first traversal.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_comments">4.2. Comments</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is possible and recommended to use comments in your configuration file to
properly document your setup for later reference. Comments are started with
a # and can only be used at the beginning of a line:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># This is a comment</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="fonts">4.3. Fonts</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3 has support for both X core fonts and FreeType fonts (through Pango) to
render window titles.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To generate an X core font description, you can use <code>xfontsel(1)</code>. To see
special characters (Unicode), you need to use a font which supports the
ISO-10646 encoding.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A FreeType font description is composed by a font family, a style, a weight,
a variant, a stretch and a size.
FreeType fonts support right-to-left rendering and contain often more
Unicode glyphs than X core fonts.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If i3 cannot open the configured font, it will output an error in the logfile
and fall back to a working font.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>font &lt;X core font description&gt;
font pango:&lt;family list&gt; [&lt;style options&gt;] &lt;size&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1
font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono 10
font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono, Terminus Bold Semi-Condensed 11
font pango:Terminus 11px</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="keybindings">4.4. Keyboard bindings</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A keyboard binding makes i3 execute a command (see below) upon pressing a
specific key. i3 allows you to bind either on keycodes or on keysyms (you can
also mix your bindings, though i3 will not protect you from overlapping ones).</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
A keysym (key symbol) is a description for a specific symbol, like "a"
  or "b", but also more strange ones like "underscore" instead of "_". These
  are the ones you use in Xmodmap to remap your keys. To get the current
  mapping of your keys, use <code>xmodmap -pke</code>. To interactively enter a key and
  see what keysym it is configured to, use <code>xev</code>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Keycodes do not need to have a symbol assigned (handy for custom vendor
  hotkeys on some notebooks) and they will not change their meaning as you
  switch to a different keyboard layout (when using <code>xmodmap</code>).
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>My recommendation is: If you often switch keyboard layouts but you want to keep
your bindings in the same physical location on the keyboard, use keycodes.
If you don’t switch layouts, and want a clean and simple config file, use
keysyms.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some tools (such as <code>xdotool</code>) might be unable to run upon a
KeyPress event, because the keyboard is still grabbed. For these
situations, the <code>--release</code> flag can be used, which will execute the command
after the keys have been released.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym [--release] [&lt;Group&gt;+][&lt;Modifiers&gt;+]&lt;keysym&gt; command
bindcode [--release] [&lt;Group&gt;+][&lt;Modifiers&gt;+]&lt;keycode&gt; command</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Fullscreen
bindsym $mod+f fullscreen toggle

# Restart
bindsym $mod+Shift+r restart

# Notebook-specific hotkeys
bindcode 214 exec --no-startup-id /home/michael/toggle_beamer.sh

# Simulate ctrl+v upon pressing $mod+x
bindsym --release $mod+x exec --no-startup-id xdotool key --clearmodifiers ctrl+v

# Take a screenshot upon pressing $mod+x (select an area)
bindsym --release $mod+x exec --no-startup-id import /tmp/latest-screenshot.png</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Available Modifiers:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Mod1-Mod5, Shift, Control
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Standard modifiers, see <code>xmodmap(1)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Group1, Group2, Group3, Group4
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When using multiple keyboard layouts (e.g. with <code>setxkbmap -layout us,ru</code>), you
can specify in which XKB group (also called “layout”) a keybinding should be
active. By default, keybindings are translated in Group1 and are active in all
groups. If you want to override keybindings in one of your layouts, specify the
corresponding group. For backwards compatibility, the group “Mode_switch” is an
alias for Group2.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="mousebindings">4.5. Mouse bindings</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A mouse binding makes i3 execute a command upon pressing a specific mouse
button in the scope of the clicked container (see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>). You
can configure mouse bindings in a similar way to key bindings.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym [--release] [--border] [--whole-window] [--exclude-titlebar] [&lt;Modifiers&gt;+]button&lt;n&gt; command</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the binding will only run when you click on the titlebar of the
window. If the <code>--release</code> flag is given, it will run when the mouse button
is released.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the <code>--whole-window</code> flag is given, the binding will also run when any part
of the window is clicked, with the exception of the border. To have a bind run
when the border is clicked, specify the <code>--border</code> flag.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If the <code>--exclude-titlebar</code> flag is given, the titlebar will not be considered
for the keybinding.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># The middle button over a titlebar kills the window
bindsym --release button2 kill

# The middle button and a modifier over any part of the window kills the window
bindsym --whole-window $mod+button2 kill

# The right button toggles floating
bindsym button3 floating toggle
bindsym $mod+button3 floating toggle

# The side buttons move the window around
bindsym button9 move left
bindsym button8 move right</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="binding_modes">4.6. Binding modes</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can have multiple sets of bindings by using different binding modes. When
you switch to another binding mode, all bindings from the current mode are
released and only the bindings defined in the new mode are valid for as long as
you stay in that binding mode. The only predefined binding mode is <code>default</code>,
which is the mode i3 starts out with and to which all bindings not defined in a
specific binding mode belong.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Working with binding modes consists of two parts: defining a binding mode and
switching to it. For these purposes, there are one config directive and one
command, both of which are called <code>mode</code>. The directive is used to define the
bindings belonging to a certain binding mode, while the command will switch to
the specified mode.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is recommended to use binding modes in combination with <a href="#variables">[variables]</a> in
order to make maintenance easier. Below is an example of how to use a binding
mode.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that it is advisable to define bindings for switching back to the default
mode.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that it is possible to use <a href="#pango_markup">[pango_markup]</a> for binding modes, but you
need to enable it explicitly by passing the <code>--pango_markup</code> flag to the mode
definition.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># config directive
mode [--pango_markup] &lt;name&gt;

# command
mode &lt;name&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Press $mod+o followed by either f, t, Escape or Return to launch firefox,
# thunderbird or return to the default mode, respectively.
set $mode_launcher Launch: [f]irefox [t]hunderbird
bindsym $mod+o mode "$mode_launcher"

mode "$mode_launcher" {
    bindsym f exec firefox
    bindsym t exec thunderbird

    bindsym Escape mode "default"
    bindsym Return mode "default"
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="floating_modifier">4.7. The floating modifier</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move floating windows with your mouse, you can either grab their titlebar
or configure the so-called floating modifier which you can then press and
click anywhere in the window itself to move it. The most common setup is to
use the same key you use for managing windows (Mod1 for example). Then
you can press Mod1, click into a window using your left mouse button, and drag
it to the position you want.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When holding the floating modifier, you can resize a floating window by
pressing the right mouse button on it and moving around while holding it. If
you hold the shift button as well, the resize will be proportional (the aspect
ratio will be preserved).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>floating_modifier &lt;Modifier&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>floating_modifier Mod1</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_constraining_floating_window_size">4.8. Constraining floating window size</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum and minimum dimensions of floating windows can be specified. If
either dimension of <code>floating_maximum_size</code> is specified as -1, that dimension
will be unconstrained with respect to its maximum value. If either dimension of
<code>floating_maximum_size</code> is undefined, or specified as 0, i3 will use a default
value to constrain the maximum size. <code>floating_minimum_size</code> is treated in a
manner analogous to <code>floating_maximum_size</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>floating_minimum_size &lt;width&gt; x &lt;height&gt;
floating_maximum_size &lt;width&gt; x &lt;height&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>floating_minimum_size 75 x 50
floating_maximum_size -1 x -1</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_orientation_for_new_workspaces">4.9. Orientation for new workspaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>New workspaces get a reasonable default orientation: Wide-screen monitors
(anything wider than high) get horizontal orientation, rotated monitors
(anything higher than wide) get vertical orientation.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With the <code>default_orientation</code> configuration directive, you can override that
behavior.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>default_orientation horizontal|vertical|auto</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>default_orientation vertical</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_layout_mode_for_new_containers">4.10. Layout mode for new containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option determines in which mode new containers on workspace level will
start.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_layout default|stacking|tabbed</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_layout tabbed</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_window_title_alignment">4.11. Window title alignment</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option determines the window title&#8217;s text alignment.
Default is <code>left</code></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>title_align left|center|right</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="default_border">4.12. Default border style for new windows</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option determines which border style <strong>new</strong> windows will have.  The default is
<code>normal</code>. Note that default_floating_border applies only to windows which are starting out as
floating windows, e.g., dialog windows, but not windows that are floated later on.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Setting border style to <code>pixel</code> eliminates title bars in split layouts. The border style
<code>normal</code> allows you to adjust edge border width while keeping your title bar.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The title bar is always visible in stacking and tabbed layouts, and this cannot be changed
through configuration.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>default_border normal|none|pixel
default_border normal|pixel &lt;px&gt;
default_floating_border normal|none|pixel
default_floating_border normal|pixel &lt;px&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that <code>new_window</code> and <code>new_float</code> have been deprecated in favor of the above options
and will be removed in a future release. We strongly recommend using the new options instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>default_border pixel</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "normal" and "pixel" border styles support an optional border width in
pixels:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># The same as default_border none
default_border pixel 0

# A 3 px border
default_border pixel 3</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_hiding_vertical_borders">4.13. Hiding borders adjacent to the screen edges</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can hide container borders adjacent to the screen edges using
<code>hide_edge_borders</code> (the default is <code>none</code>). Hiding borders is useful if you are
using scrollbars, or do not want to waste even two pixels in displayspace.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "smart" setting hides borders on workspaces with only one window visible,
but keeps them on workspaces with multiple windows visible.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The "smart_no_gaps" setting hides edge-specific borders of a container if the
container is the only container on its workspace and the gaps to the screen edge
are <code>0</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="_smart_borders"><p><code>hide_edge_borders</code> has replaced the old <code>smart_borders</code> syntax. Use the former
instead of the latter.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>hide_edge_borders none|vertical|horizontal|both|smart|smart_no_gaps</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>hide_edge_borders vertical</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="for_window">4.14. Arbitrary commands for specific windows (for_window)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With the <code>for_window</code> directive, you can let i3 execute any command when it
encounters a specific window. This can be used to set windows to floating or to
change their border style, for example.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>for_window &lt;criteria&gt; &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># enable floating mode for all XTerm windows
for_window [class="XTerm"] floating enable

# Make all urxvts use a 1-pixel border:
for_window [class="urxvt"] border pixel 1

# A less useful, but rather funny example:
# makes the window floating as soon as I change
# directory to ~/work
for_window [title="x200: ~/work"] floating enable</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The valid criteria are the same as those for commands, see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>. Only
commands can be executed at runtime, not config directives, see <a href="#list_of_commands">[list_of_commands]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="no_focus">4.15. Don&#8217;t focus window upon opening</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When a new window appears, it will be focused. The <code>no_focus</code> directive allows preventing
this from happening and must be used in combination with <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this does not apply to all cases, e.g., when feeding data into a running application
causing it to request being focused. To configure the behavior in such cases, refer to
<a href="#focus_on_window_activation">[focus_on_window_activation]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>no_focus</code> will also be ignored for the first window on a workspace as there shouldn&#8217;t be
a reason to not focus the window in this case. This allows for better usability in
combination with <code>workspace_layout</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>no_focus &lt;criteria&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>no_focus [window_role="pop-up"]</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="variables">4.16. Variables</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you learned in the section about keyboard bindings, you will have
to configure lots of bindings containing modifier keys. If you want to save
yourself some typing and be able to change the modifier you use later,
variables can be handy.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>set $&lt;name&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>set $m Mod1
bindsym $m+Shift+r restart</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Variables are directly replaced in the file when parsing. Variables expansion
is not recursive so it is not possible to define a variable with a value
containing another variable. There is no fancy handling and there are
absolutely no plans to change this. If you need a more dynamic configuration
you should create a little script which generates a configuration file and run
it before starting i3 (for example in your <code>~/.xsession</code> file).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also see <a href="#xresources">[xresources]</a> to learn how to create variables based on resources
loaded from the X resource database.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="xresources">4.17. X resources</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#variables">[variables]</a> can also be created using a value configured in the X resource
database. This is useful, for example, to avoid configuring color values within
the i3 configuration. Instead, the values can be configured, once, in the X
resource database to achieve an easily maintainable, consistent color theme
across many X applications.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Defining a resource will load this resource from the resource database and
assign its value to the specified variable. This is done verbatim and the value
must therefore be in the format that i3 uses. A fallback must be specified in
case the resource cannot be loaded from the database.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>set_from_resource $&lt;name&gt; &lt;resource_name&gt; &lt;fallback&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># The ~/.Xresources should contain a line such as
#     *color0: #121212
# and must be loaded properly, e.g., by using
#     xrdb ~/.Xresources
# This value is picked up on by other applications (e.g., the URxvt terminal
# emulator) and can be used in i3 like this:
set_from_resource $black i3wm.color0 #000000</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="assign_workspace">4.18. Automatically putting clients on specific workspaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To automatically make a specific window show up on a specific workspace, you
can use an <strong>assignment</strong>. You can match windows by using any criteria,
see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>. The difference between <code>assign</code> and
<code>for_window &lt;criteria&gt; move to workspace</code> is that the former will only be
executed when the application maps the window (mapping means actually displaying
it on the screen) but the latter will be executed whenever a window changes its
properties to something that matches the specified criteria.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Thus, it is recommended that you match on window classes (and instances, when
appropriate) instead of window titles whenever possible because some
applications first create their window, and then worry about setting the correct
title. Firefox with Vimperator comes to mind. The window starts up being named
Firefox, and only when Vimperator is loaded does the title change. As i3 will
get the title as soon as the application maps the window, you’d need to have to
match on <em>Firefox</em> in this case.
Another known issue is with Spotify, which doesn&#8217;t set the class hints when
mapping the window, meaning you&#8217;ll have to use a <code>for_window</code> rule to assign
Spotify to a specific workspace.
Finally, using <code>assign [tiling]</code> and <code>assign [floating]</code> is not supported.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also assign a window to show up on a specific output. You can use RandR
names such as <code>VGA1</code> or names relative to the output with the currently focused
workspace such as <code>left</code> and <code>down</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Assignments are processed by i3 in the order in which they appear in the config
file. The first one which matches the window wins and later assignments are not
considered.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>assign &lt;criteria&gt; [→] [workspace] [number] &lt;workspace&gt;
assign &lt;criteria&gt; [→] output left|right|up|down|primary|nonprimary|&lt;output&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Assign URxvt terminals to workspace 2
assign [class="URxvt"] 2

# Same thing, but more precise (exact match instead of substring)
assign [class="^URxvt$"] 2

# Same thing, but with a beautiful arrow :)
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → 2

# Assignment to a named workspace
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → work

# Assign to the workspace with number 2, regardless of name
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → number 2

# You can also specify a number + name. If the workspace with number 2 exists,
# assign will skip the text part.
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → number "2: work"

# Start urxvt -name irssi
assign [class="^URxvt$" instance="^irssi$"] → 3

# Assign urxvt to the output right of the current one
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → output right

# Assign urxvt to the primary output
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → output primary

# Assign urxvt to the first non-primary output
assign [class="^URxvt$"] → output nonprimary</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output &lt;output&gt; --primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also, the arrow is not required, it just looks good :-). If you decide to
use it, it has to be a UTF-8 encoded arrow, not <code>-&gt;</code> or something like that.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To get the class and instance, you can use <code>xprop</code>. After clicking on the
window, you will see the following output:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>xprop</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>WM_CLASS(STRING) = "irssi", "URxvt"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first part of the WM_CLASS is the instance ("irssi" in this example), the
second part is the class ("URxvt" in this example).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Should you have any problems with assignments, make sure to check the i3
logfile first (see <a href="https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html">https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html</a>). It includes more
details about the matching process and the window’s actual class, instance and
title when starting up.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that if you want to start an application just once on a specific
workspace, but you don’t want to assign all instances of it permanently, you
can make use of i3’s startup-notification support (see <a href="#exec">[exec]</a>) in your config
file in the following way:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Start iceweasel on workspace 3 (once)</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Start iceweasel on workspace 3, then switch back to workspace 1
# (Being a command-line utility, i3-msg does not support startup notifications,
#  hence the exec --no-startup-id.)
# (Starting iceweasel with i3’s exec command is important in order to make i3
#  create a startup notification context, without which the iceweasel window(s)
#  cannot be matched onto the workspace on which the command was started.)
exec --no-startup-id i3-msg 'workspace 3; exec iceweasel; workspace 1'</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_automatically_starting_applications_on_i3_startup">4.19. Automatically starting applications on i3 startup</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By using the <code>exec</code> keyword outside a keybinding, you can configure
which commands will be performed by i3 on initial startup. <code>exec</code>
commands will not run when restarting i3, if you need a command to run
also when restarting i3 you should use the <code>exec_always</code>
keyword. These commands will be run in order.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#command_chaining">[command_chaining]</a> for details on the special meaning of <code>;</code> (semicolon)
and <code>,</code> (comma): they chain commands together in i3, so you need to use quoted
strings (as shown in <a href="#exec_quoting">[exec_quoting]</a>) if they appear in your command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>exec [--no-startup-id] &lt;command&gt;
exec_always [--no-startup-id] &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>exec chromium
exec_always ~/my_script.sh

# Execute the terminal emulator urxvt, which is not yet startup-notification aware.
exec --no-startup-id urxvt</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The flag --no-startup-id is explained in <a href="#exec">[exec]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="workspace_screen">4.20. Automatically putting workspaces on specific screens</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you assign clients to workspaces, it might be handy to put the
workspaces on specific screens. Also, the assignment of workspaces to screens
will determine which workspace i3 uses for a new screen when adding screens
or when starting (e.g., by default it will use 1 for the first screen, 2 for
the second screen and so on).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace &lt;workspace&gt; output &lt;output1&gt; [output2]…</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>output</em> is the name of the RandR output you attach your screen to. On a
laptop, you might have VGA1 and LVDS1 as output names. You can see the
available outputs by running <code>xrandr --current</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your X server supports RandR 1.5 or newer, i3 will use RandR monitor objects
instead of output objects. Run <code>xrandr --listmonitors</code> to see a list. Usually,
a monitor object contains exactly one output, and has the same name as the
output; but should that not be the case, you can specify the name of either the
monitor or the output in i3&#8217;s configuration. For example, the Dell UP2414Q uses
two scalers internally, so its output names might be “DP1” and “DP2”, but the
monitor name is “Dell UP2414Q”.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>(Note that even if you specify the name of an output which doesn&#8217;t span the
entire monitor, i3 will still use the entire area of the containing monitor
rather than that of just the output&#8217;s.)</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can specify multiple outputs. The first available will be used.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you use named workspaces, they must be quoted:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace 1 output LVDS1
workspace 2 output primary
workspace 5 output VGA1 LVDS1
workspace "2: vim" output VGA1</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="client_colors">4.21. Changing colors</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can change all colors which i3 uses to draw the window decorations.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;colorclass&gt; &lt;border&gt; &lt;background&gt; &lt;text&gt; &lt;indicator&gt; &lt;child_border&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Where colorclass can be one of:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.focused
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A client which currently has the focus.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.focused_inactive
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A client which is the focused one of its container, but it does not have
        the focus at the moment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.focused_tab_title
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Tab or stack container title that is the parent of the focused container
    but not directly focused. Defaults to focused_inactive if not specified and
    does not use the indicator and child_border colors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.unfocused
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A client which is not the focused one of its container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.urgent
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A client which has its urgency hint activated.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.placeholder
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Background and text color are used to draw placeholder window contents
        (when restoring layouts). Border and indicator are ignored.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
client.background
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Background color which will be used to paint the background of the
        client window on top of which the client will be rendered. Only clients
        which do not cover the whole area of this window expose the color. Note
        that this colorclass only takes a single color.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Colors are in HTML hex format (#rrggbb, optionally #rrggbbaa), see the following
example:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples (default colors)</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># class                 border  backgr. text    indicator child_border
client.focused          #4c7899 #285577 #ffffff #2e9ef4   #285577
client.focused_inactive #333333 #5f676a #ffffff #484e50   #5f676a
client.unfocused        #333333 #222222 #888888 #292d2e   #222222
client.urgent           #2f343a #900000 #ffffff #900000   #900000
client.placeholder      #000000 #0c0c0c #ffffff #000000   #0c0c0c

client.background       #ffffff</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that for the window decorations, the color around the child window is the
"child_border", and "border" color is only the two thin lines around the
titlebar.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The indicator color is used for indicating where a new window will be opened.
For horizontal split containers, the right border will be painted in indicator
color, for vertical split containers, the bottom border. This only applies to
single windows within a split container, which are otherwise indistinguishable
from single windows outside of a split container.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_interprocess_communication">4.22. Interprocess communication</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3 uses Unix sockets to provide an IPC interface. This allows third-party
programs to get information from i3, such as the current workspaces
(to display a workspace bar), and to control i3.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, an IPC socket will be created in
<code>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/i3/ipc-socket.%p</code> if the directory is available, falling back
to <code>/tmp/i3-%u.XXXXXX/ipc-socket.%p</code>, where <code>%u</code> is your UNIX username, <code>%p</code> is
the PID of i3 and XXXXXX is a string of random characters from the portable
filename character set (see mkdtemp(3)).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can override the default path through the environment-variable <code>I3SOCK</code> or
by specifying the <code>ipc-socket</code> directive. This is discouraged, though, since i3
does the right thing by default. If you decide to change it, it is strongly
recommended to set this to a location in your home directory so that no other
user can create that directory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>ipc-socket ~/.i3/i3-ipc.sock</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can then use the <code>i3-msg</code> application to perform any command listed in
<a href="#list_of_commands">[list_of_commands]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_focus_follows_mouse">4.23. Focus follows mouse</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, window focus follows your mouse movements as the mouse crosses
window borders. However, if you have a setup where your mouse usually is in your
way (like a touchpad on your laptop which you do not want to disable
completely), you might want to disable <em>focus follows mouse</em> and control focus
only by using your keyboard.  The mouse will still be useful inside the
currently active window (for example to click on links in your browser window).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>focus_follows_mouse yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>focus_follows_mouse no</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_mouse_warping">4.24. Mouse warping</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, when switching focus to a window on a different output (e.g.
focusing a window on workspace 3 on output VGA-1, coming from workspace 2 on
LVDS-1), the mouse cursor is warped to the center of that window.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With the <code>mouse_warping</code> option, you can control when the mouse cursor should
be warped. <code>none</code> disables warping entirely, whereas <code>output</code> is the default
behavior described above.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>mouse_warping output|none</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>mouse_warping none</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_popups_during_fullscreen_mode">4.25. Popups during fullscreen mode</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you are in fullscreen mode, some applications still open popup windows
(take Xpdf for example). This is because these applications might not be aware
that they are in fullscreen mode (they do not check the corresponding hint).
i3 supports four options for this situation:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
<code>smart</code>: Display the popup if it belongs to the fullscreen application only.
   This is the default and should be reasonable behavior for most users.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>ignore</code>: Just ignore the popup (don’t map it). This won’t interrupt you
   while you are in fullscreen. However, some apps might react badly to this
   (deadlock until you go out of fullscreen).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>leave_fullscreen</code>: Leave fullscreen mode.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>all</code>: Since i3 4.24: Display all floating windows regardless to which
   application they belong to.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>popup_during_fullscreen smart|ignore|leave_fullscreen|all</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>popup_during_fullscreen smart</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_focus_wrapping">4.26. Focus wrapping</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, when in a container with several windows or child containers, the
opposite window will be focused when trying to move the focus over the edge of
a container (and there are no other containers in that direction)&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;the focus
wraps.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If desired, you can disable this behavior by setting the <code>focus_wrapping</code>
configuration directive to the value <code>no</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When enabled, focus wrapping does not occur by default if there is another
window or container in the specified direction, and focus will instead be set
on that window or container. This is the default behavior so you can navigate
to all your windows without having to use <code>focus parent</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want the focus to <strong>always</strong> wrap and you are aware of using <code>focus
parent</code> to switch to different containers, you can instead set <code>focus_wrapping</code>
to the value <code>force</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To restrict focus inside the current workspace set <code>focus_wrapping</code> to the
value <code>workspace</code>. You will need to use <code>focus parent</code> until a workspace is
selected to switch to a different workspace using the focus commands (the
<code>workspace</code> command will still work as expected).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>focus_wrapping yes|no|force|workspace

# Legacy syntax, equivalent to "focus_wrapping force"
force_focus_wrapping yes</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Disable focus wrapping
focus_wrapping no

# Force focus wrapping
focus_wrapping force</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_forcing_xinerama">4.27. Forcing Xinerama</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As explained in-depth in <a href="https://i3wm.org/docs/multi-monitor.html">https://i3wm.org/docs/multi-monitor.html</a>, some X11
video drivers (especially the nVidia binary driver) only provide support for
Xinerama instead of RandR. In such a situation, i3 must be told to use the
inferior Xinerama API explicitly and therefore don’t provide support for
reconfiguring your screens on the fly (they are read only once on startup and
that’s it).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For people who cannot modify their <code>~/.xsession</code> to add the
<code>--force-xinerama</code> commandline parameter, a configuration option is provided:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>force_xinerama yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>force_xinerama yes</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also note that your output names are not descriptive (like <code>HDMI1</code>) when using
Xinerama, instead they are counted up, starting at 0: <code>xinerama-0</code>, <code>xinerama-1</code>, …</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="workspace_auto_back_and_forth">4.28. Automatic back-and-forth when switching to the current workspace</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This configuration directive enables automatic <code>workspace back_and_forth</code> (see
<a href="#back_and_forth">[back_and_forth]</a>) when switching to the workspace that is currently focused.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For instance: Assume you are on workspace "1: www" and switch to "2: IM" using
mod+2 because somebody sent you a message. You don’t need to remember where you
came from now, you can just press $mod+2 again to switch back to "1: www".</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_auto_back_and_forth yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_auto_back_and_forth yes</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_delaying_urgency_hint_reset_on_workspace_change">4.29. Delaying urgency hint reset on workspace change</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If an application on another workspace sets an urgency hint, switching to this
workspace might lead to immediate focus of the application, which also means the
window decoration color would be immediately reset to <code>client.focused</code>. This
might make it unnecessarily hard to tell which window originally raised the
event.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to prevent this, you can tell i3 to delay resetting the urgency state
by a certain time using the <code>force_display_urgency_hint</code> directive. Setting the
value to 0 disables this feature.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is 500ms.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>force_display_urgency_hint &lt;timeout&gt; ms</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>force_display_urgency_hint 500 ms</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="focus_on_window_activation">4.30. Focus on window activation</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a window is activated, e.g., via <code>google-chrome www.google.com</code>, it may request
to take focus. Since this might not be preferable, different reactions can be configured.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this might not affect windows that are being opened. To prevent new windows
from being focused, see <a href="#no_focus">[no_focus]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>focus_on_window_activation smart|urgent|focus|none</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The different modes will act as follows:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
smart
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    This is the default behavior. If the window requesting focus is on an active
    workspace, it will receive the focus. Otherwise, the urgency hint will be set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
urgent
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The window will always be marked urgent, but the focus will not be stolen.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
focus
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The window will always be focused and not be marked urgent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
none
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The window will neither be focused, nor be marked urgent.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="show_marks">4.31. Drawing marks on window decoration</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If activated, marks (see <a href="#vim_like_marks">[vim_like_marks]</a>) on windows are drawn in their window
decoration. However, any mark starting with an underscore in its name (<code>_</code>) will
not be drawn even if this option is activated.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default for this option is <code>yes</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>show_marks yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>show_marks yes</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="line_continuation">4.32. Line continuation</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Config files support line continuation, meaning when you end a line in a
backslash character (<code>\</code>), the line-break will be ignored by the parser. This
feature can be used to create more readable configuration files.
Commented lines are not continued.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym Mod1+f \
fullscreen toggle

# this line is not continued \
bindsym Mod1+F fullscreen toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="config_tiling_drag">4.33. Tiling drag</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can configure how to initiate the tiling drag feature (see <a href="#tiling_drag">[tiling_drag]</a>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is <code>modifier</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since i3 4.24, you can configure a modifier key which, when pressed, will swap
instead of moving containers when dropping directly onto another container.
Defaults to <code>Shift</code>. Note that you have to be pressing both the floating
modifier and the swap modifier before the drag is initiated.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>tiling_drag off
tiling_drag modifier|titlebar [modifier|titlebar]
tiling_drag swap_modifier &lt;modifier&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Only initiate a tiling drag when the modifier is held:
tiling_drag modifier

# Initiate a tiling drag on either titlebar click or held modifier:
tiling_drag modifier titlebar

# Disable tiling drag altogether
tiling_drag off

# Use Control to swap containers
tiling_drag swap_modifier Control

# Setting the swap_modifier to be the same key as the floating modifier will
# always swap without the need to hold two keys
floating_modifier Mod4
tiling_drag swap_modifier Mod4</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="gaps">4.34. Gaps</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since i3 4.22, you can configure window gaps.
“Gaps” are added spacing between windows (or split containers) and to the screen edges:</p></div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="gaps1920.png" alt="Screenshot of i3 with gaps enabled (10 px inner gaps, 20 px outer gaps)" />
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 5. Gaps enabled (10 px inner gaps, 20 px outer gaps)</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can configure two different kind of gaps:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Inner gaps are space between two adjacent windows (or split containers).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Outer gaps are space along the screen edges. You can configure each side
   (left, right, top, bottom) separately.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are familiar with HTML and CSS, you can think of inner gaps as <code>padding</code>,
and of outer gaps as <code>margin</code>, applied to a <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> around your window or split
container.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that outer gaps are added to the inner gaps, meaning the total gap size
between a screen edge and a window (or split container) will be the sum of outer
and inner gaps.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can define gaps either globally or per workspace using the following
syntax.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Inner gaps for all windows: space between two adjacent windows (or split containers).
gaps inner &lt;gap_size&gt;[px]

# Outer gaps for all windows: space along the screen edges.
gaps outer|horizontal|vertical|top|left|bottom|right &lt;gap_size&gt;[px]

# Inner and outer gaps for all windows on a specific workspace.
# &lt;ws&gt; can be a workspace number or name.
workspace &lt;ws&gt; gaps inner &lt;gap_size&gt;[px]
workspace &lt;ws&gt; gaps outer|horizontal|vertical|top|left|bottom|right &lt;gap_size&gt;[px]

# Enabling “Smart Gaps” means no gaps will be shown when there is
# precisely one window or split container on the workspace.
#
# inverse_outer only enables outer gaps when there is exactly one
# window or split container on the workspace.
smart_gaps on|off|inverse_outer</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Outer gaps can be configured for each side individually with the <code>top</code>, <code>left</code>,
<code>bottom</code> and <code>right</code> directive. <code>horizontal</code> and <code>vertical</code> are shortcuts for
<code>left</code>/<code>right</code> and <code>top</code>/<code>bottom</code>, respectively.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Configure 5px of space between windows and to the screen edges.
gaps inner 5px

# Configure an additional 5px of extra space to the screen edges,
# for a total gap of 10px to the screen edges, and 5px between windows.
gaps outer 5px

# Overwrite gaps to 0, I need all the space I can get on workspace 3.
workspace 3 gaps inner 0
workspace 3 gaps outer 0

# Only enable outer gaps when there is exactly one window or split container on the workspace.
smart_gaps inverse_outer</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Tip: Gaps can additionally be changed at runtime with the <code>gaps</code> command, see
<a href="#changing_gaps">[changing_gaps]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Tip: You can find an
<a href="https://github.com/Airblader/i3/wiki/Example-Configuration">example
configuration</a> that uses modes to illustrate various gap configurations.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_configuring_i3bar">5. Configuring i3bar</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The bar at the bottom of your monitor is drawn by a separate process called
i3bar. Having this part of "the i3 user interface" in a separate process has
several advantages:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
It is a modular approach. If you don’t need a workspace bar at all, or if
   you prefer a different one (dzen2, xmobar, maybe even gnome-panel?), you can
   just remove the i3bar configuration and start your favorite bar instead.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
It follows the UNIX philosophy of "Make each program do one thing well".
   While i3 manages your windows well, i3bar is good at displaying a bar on
   each monitor (unless you configure it otherwise).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
It leads to two separate, clean codebases. If you want to understand i3, you
   don’t need to bother with the details of i3bar and vice versa.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>That said, i3bar is configured in the same configuration file as i3. This is
because it is tightly coupled with i3 (in contrary to i3lock or i3status which
are useful for people using other window managers). Therefore, it makes no
sense to use a different configuration place when we already have a good
configuration infrastructure in place.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Configuring your workspace bar starts with opening a <code>bar</code> block. You can have
multiple bar blocks to use different settings for different outputs (monitors):</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    status_command i3status
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_i3bar_command">5.1. i3bar command</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default i3 will just pass <code>i3bar</code> and let your shell handle the execution,
searching your <code>$PATH</code> for a correct version.
If you have a different <code>i3bar</code> somewhere or the binary is not in your <code>$PATH</code> you can
tell i3 what to execute.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The specified command will be passed to <code>sh -c</code>, so you can use globbing and
have to have correct quoting etc.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>i3bar_command &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    i3bar_command /home/user/bin/i3bar
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="status_command">5.2. Statusline command</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3bar can run a program and display every line of its <code>stdout</code> output on the
right hand side of the bar. This is useful to display system information like
your current IP address, battery status or date/time.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The specified command will be passed to <code>sh -c</code>, so you can use globbing and
have to have correct quoting etc. Note that for signal handling, depending on
your shell (users of dash(1) are known to be affected), you have to use the
shell’s exec command so that signals are passed to your program, not to the
shell.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>status_command &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    status_command i3status --config ~/.i3status.conf

    # For dash(1) users who want signal handling to work:
    status_command exec ~/.bin/my_status_command
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="workspace_command">5.3. Workspace buttons command</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Since i3 4.23, i3bar can run a program and use its <code>stdout</code> output to define
the workspace buttons displayed on the left hand side of the bar. With this
feature, you can, for example, rename the buttons of workspaces, hide specific
workspaces, always show a workspace button even if the workspace does not exist
or change the order of the buttons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also see <a href="#status_command">[status_command]</a> for the statusline option and
<a href="https://i3wm.org/docs/i3bar-workspace-protocol.html">https://i3wm.org/docs/i3bar-workspace-protocol.html</a> for the detailed protocol.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_command &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    workspace_command /path/to/script.sh
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_display_mode">5.4. Display mode</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can either have i3bar be visible permanently at one edge of the screen
(<code>dock</code> mode) or make it show up when you press your modifier key (<code>hide</code> mode).
It is also possible to force i3bar to always stay hidden (<code>invisible</code>
mode). The modifier key can be configured using the <code>modifier</code> option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The mode option can be changed during runtime through the <code>bar mode</code> command.
On reload the mode will be reverted to its configured value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The hide mode maximizes screen space that can be used for actual windows. When
the bar is hidden, i3bar sends the <code>SIGSTOP</code> and <code>SIGCONT</code> signals to the
<code>status_command</code> process in order to conserve battery power. This feature can
be disabled by the <code>status_command</code> process by setting the appropriate values
in its JSON header message.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Invisible mode allows to permanently maximize screen space, as the bar is never
shown. Thus, you can configure i3bar to not disturb you by popping up because
of an urgency hint or because the modifier key is pressed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to control whether i3bar is hidden or shown in hide mode, there exists
the hidden_state option, which has no effect in dock mode or invisible mode. It
indicates the current hidden_state of the bar: (1) The bar acts like in normal
hide mode, it is hidden and is only unhidden in case of urgency hints or by
pressing the modifier key (<code>hide</code> state), or (2) it is drawn on top of the
currently visible workspace (<code>show</code> state).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Like the mode, the hidden_state can also be controlled through i3, this can be
done by using the <code>bar hidden_state</code> command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default mode is dock mode; in hide mode, the default modifier is Mod4 (usually
the windows key). The default value for the hidden_state is hide.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>mode dock|hide|invisible
hidden_state hide|show
modifier &lt;Modifier&gt;|none</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    mode hide
    hidden_state hide
    modifier Mod1
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Available modifiers are Mod1-Mod5, Shift, Control (see <code>xmodmap(1)</code>). You can
also use "none" if you don&#8217;t want any modifier to trigger this behavior.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_mouse_button_commands">5.5. Mouse button commands</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies a command to run when a button was pressed on i3bar to override the
default behavior. This is useful, e.g., for disabling the scroll wheel action
or running scripts that implement custom behavior for these buttons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A button is always named <code>button&lt;n&gt;</code>, where 1 to 5 are default buttons as follows and higher
numbers can be special buttons on devices offering more buttons:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button1
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Left mouse button.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button2
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Middle mouse button.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button3
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Right mouse button.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button4
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Scroll wheel up.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button5
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Scroll wheel down.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button6
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Scroll wheel right.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
button7
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Scroll wheel left.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that the old <code>wheel_up_cmd</code> and <code>wheel_down_cmd</code> commands are deprecated
and will be removed in a future release. We strongly recommend using the more general
<code>bindsym</code> with <code>button4</code> and <code>button5</code> instead.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym [--release] button&lt;n&gt; &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    # disable clicking on workspace buttons
    bindsym button1 nop
    # Take a screenshot by right clicking on the bar
    bindsym --release button3 exec --no-startup-id import /tmp/latest-screenshot.png
    # execute custom script when scrolling downwards
    bindsym button5 exec ~/.i3/scripts/custom_wheel_down
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_bar_id">5.6. Bar ID</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies the bar ID for the configured bar instance. If this option is missing,
the ID is set to <em>bar-x</em>, where x corresponds to the position of the embedding
bar block in the config file (<em>bar-0</em>, <em>bar-1</em>, &#8230;).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>id &lt;bar_id&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    id bar-1
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="i3bar_position">5.7. Position</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option determines in which edge of the screen i3bar should show up.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is bottom.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>position top|bottom</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    position top
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_output_s">5.8. Output(s)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can restrict i3bar to one or more outputs (monitors). The default is to
handle all outputs. Restricting the outputs is useful for using different
options for different outputs by using multiple <em>bar</em> blocks.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make a particular i3bar instance handle multiple outputs, specify the output
directive multiple times.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These output names have a special meaning:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
primary
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Selects the output that is configured as primary in the X server.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
nonprimary
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Selects every output that is not configured as primary in the X server.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>output primary|nonprimary|&lt;output&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># big monitor: everything
bar {
    # The display is connected either via HDMI or via DisplayPort
    output HDMI2
    output DP2
    status_command i3status
}

# laptop monitor: bright colors and i3status with less modules.
bar {
    output LVDS1
    status_command i3status --config ~/.i3status-small.conf
    colors {
        background #000000
        statusline #ffffff
    }
}

# show bar on the primary monitor and on HDMI2
bar {
    output primary
    output HDMI2
    status_command i3status
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output &lt;output&gt; --primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_tray_output">5.9. Tray output</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3bar by default provides a system tray area where programs such as
NetworkManager, VLC, Pidgin, etc. can place little icons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can configure on which output (monitor) the icons should be displayed or
you can turn off the functionality entirely.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can use multiple <code>tray_output</code> directives in your config to specify a list
of outputs on which you want the tray to appear. The first available output in
that list as defined by the order of the directives will be used for the tray
output.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>tray_output none|primary|&lt;output&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># disable system tray
bar {
    tray_output none
}

# show tray icons on the primary monitor
bar {
    tray_output primary
}

# show tray icons on the big monitor
bar {
    tray_output HDMI2
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output &lt;output&gt; --primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that when you use multiple bar configuration blocks, either specify
<code>tray_output primary</code> in all of them or explicitly specify <code>tray_output none</code>
in bars which should not display the tray, otherwise the different instances
might race each other in trying to display tray icons.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_tray_padding">5.10. Tray padding</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The tray is shown on the right-hand side of the bar. By default, a padding of 2
pixels is used for the upper, lower and right-hand side of the tray area and
between the individual icons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>tray_padding &lt;px&gt; [px]</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Obey Fitts's law
tray_padding 0</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_font">5.11. Font</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies the font to be used in the bar. See <a href="#fonts">[fonts]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>font &lt;font&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1
    font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono 10
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_custom_separator_symbol">5.12. Custom separator symbol</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies a custom symbol to be used for the separator as opposed to the vertical,
one pixel thick separator.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>separator_symbol &lt;symbol&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    separator_symbol ":|:"
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_workspace_buttons">5.13. Workspace buttons</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies whether workspace buttons should be shown or not. This is useful if
you want to display a statusline-only bar containing additional information.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is to show workspace buttons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_buttons yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    workspace_buttons no
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_minimal_width_for_workspace_buttons">5.14. Minimal width for workspace buttons</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the width a workspace button is determined by the width of the text
showing the workspace name. If the name is too short (say, one letter), then the
workspace button might look too small.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This option specifies the minimum width for workspace buttons. If the name of
a workspace is too short to cover the button, an additional padding is added on
both sides of the button so that the text is centered.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default value of zero means that no additional padding is added.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The setting also applies to the current binding mode indicator.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the specified pixels refer to logical pixels, which might translate
into more pixels on HiDPI displays.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace_min_width &lt;px&gt; [px]</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    workspace_min_width 40
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_strip_workspace_numbers_name">5.15. Strip workspace numbers/name</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies whether workspace numbers should be displayed within the workspace
buttons. This is useful if you want to have a named workspace that stays in
order on the bar according to its number without displaying the number prefix.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>strip_workspace_numbers</code> is set to <code>yes</code>, any workspace that has a name of
the form "[n][:][NAME]" will display only the name. You could use this, for
instance, to display Roman numerals rather than digits by naming your
workspaces to "1:I", "2:II", "3:III", "4:IV", &#8230;</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>strip_workspace_name</code> is set to <code>yes</code>, any workspace that has a name of
the form "[n][:][NAME]" will display only the number.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is to display the full name within the workspace button. Be aware
that the colon in the workspace name is optional, so <code>[n][NAME]</code> will also
have the workspace name and number stripped correctly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>strip_workspace_numbers yes|no
strip_workspace_name yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    strip_workspace_numbers yes
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_binding_mode_indicator">5.16. Binding Mode indicator</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specifies whether the current binding mode indicator should be shown or not.
This is useful if you want to hide the workspace buttons but still be able
to see the current binding mode indicator. See <a href="#binding_modes">[binding_modes]</a> to learn what
modes are and how to use them.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default is to show the mode indicator.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>binding_mode_indicator yes|no</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    binding_mode_indicator no
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_colors">5.17. Colors</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As with i3, colors are in HTML hex format (#rrggbb, optionally #rrggbbaa). The
following colors can be configured at the moment:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
background
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Background color of the bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
statusline
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Text color to be used for the statusline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
separator
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Text color to be used for the separator.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
focused_background
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Background color of the bar on the currently focused monitor output. If
        not used, the color will be taken from <code>background</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
focused_statusline
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Text color to be used for the statusline on the currently focused
        monitor output. If not used, the color will be taken from <code>statusline</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
focused_separator
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Text color to be used for the separator on the currently focused
        monitor output. If not used, the color will be taken from <code>separator</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
focused_workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
        has focus.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
active_workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
        is active (visible) on some output, but the focus is on another one.
        You can only tell this apart from the focused workspace when you are
        using multiple monitors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
inactive_workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
        does not have focus and is not active (visible) on any output. This
        will be the case for most workspaces.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
urgent_workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
        contains a window with the urgency hint set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
binding_mode
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Border, background and text color for the binding mode indicator. If not used,
        the colors will be taken from <code>urgent_workspace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>colors {
    background &lt;color&gt;
    statusline &lt;color&gt;
    separator &lt;color&gt;

    &lt;colorclass&gt; &lt;border&gt; &lt;background&gt; &lt;text&gt;
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example (default colors)</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    colors {
        background #000000
        statusline #ffffff
        separator #666666

        focused_workspace  #4c7899 #285577 #ffffff
        active_workspace   #333333 #5f676a #ffffff
        inactive_workspace #333333 #222222 #888888
        urgent_workspace   #2f343a #900000 #ffffff
        binding_mode       #2f343a #900000 #ffffff
    }
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_transparency">5.18. Transparency</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3bar can support transparency by passing the <code>--transparency</code> flag in the
configuration:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    i3bar_command i3bar --transparency
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the i3bar color configuration and i3bar status block color attribute you can
then use colors in the RGBA format, i.e. the last two (hexadecimal) digits
specify the opacity. For example, <code>#00000000</code> will be completely transparent,
while <code>#000000FF</code> will be a fully opaque black (the same as <code>#000000</code>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that due to the way the tray specification works, enabling this
flag will cause all tray icons to have a transparent background.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="i3bar_padding">5.19. Padding</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make i3bar higher (without increasing the font size), and/or add padding to
the left and right side of i3bar, you can use the <code>padding</code> directive:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    # 2px left/right and 2px top/bottom padding
    padding 2px

    # 2px top/bottom padding, no left/right padding
    padding 2px 0

    # 2px top padding, no left/right padding, 4px bottom padding
    padding 2px 0 4px

    # four value syntax
    padding top[px] right[px] bottom[px] left[px]
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar {
    # 2px left/right and 2px top/bottom padding
    padding 2px

    # 2px top/bottom padding, no left/right padding
    padding 2px 0

    # 2px top padding, no left/right padding, 4px bottom padding
    padding 2px 0 4px

    # 2px top padding, 6px right padding, 4px bottom padding, 1px left padding
    padding 2px 6px 4px 1px
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note: As a convenience for users who migrate from i3-gaps to i3, the <code>height</code>
directive from i3-gaps is supported by i3, but should be changed to <code>padding</code>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="list_of_commands">6. List of commands</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Commands are what you bind to specific keypresses. You can also issue commands
at runtime without pressing a key by using the IPC interface. An easy way to
do this is to use the <code>i3-msg</code> utility:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># execute this on your shell to make the current container borderless
i3-msg border none</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="command_chaining"><p>Commands can be chained by using <code>;</code> (a semicolon). So, to move a window to a
specific workspace and immediately switch to that workspace, you can configure
the following keybinding:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+x move container to workspace 3; workspace 3</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="command_criteria"><p>Furthermore, you can change the scope of a command - that is, which containers
should be affected by that command, by using various criteria. The criteria
are specified before any command in a pair of square brackets and are separated
by space.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When using multiple commands, separate them by using a <code>,</code> (a comma) instead of
a semicolon. Criteria apply only until the next semicolon, so if you use a
semicolon to separate commands, only the first one will be executed for the
matched window(s).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># if you want to kill all windows which have the class Firefox, use:
bindsym $mod+x [class="Firefox"] kill

# same thing, but case-insensitive
bindsym $mod+x [class="(?i)firefox"] kill

# kill only the About dialog from Firefox
bindsym $mod+x [class="Firefox" window_role="About"] kill

# kill all windows except for Firefox and Gnome Terminal.
# case-insensitive and uses negative lookaheads, supported by PCRE
bindsym $mod+x [class="^(?i)(?!firefox)(?!gnome-terminal).*"] kill

# enable floating mode and move container to workspace 4
for_window [class="^evil-app$"] floating enable, move container to workspace 4

# enable window icons for all windows with extra horizontal padding of 1px
for_window [all] title_window_icon padding 1px

# move all floating windows to the scratchpad
bindsym $mod+x [floating] move scratchpad</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The criteria which are currently implemented are:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
all
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Matches all windows. This criterion requires no value.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
class
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the window class (the second part of WM_CLASS). Use the
        special value <code>__focused__</code> to match all windows having the same window
        class as the currently focused window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
instance
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the window instance (the first part of WM_CLASS). Use the
        special value <code>__focused__</code> to match all windows having the same window
        instance as the currently focused window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
window_role
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the window role (WM_WINDOW_ROLE). Use the special value
        <code>__focused__</code> to match all windows having the same window role as the
        currently focused window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
window_type
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compare the window type (_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE). Possible values are
        <code>normal</code>, <code>dialog</code>, <code>utility</code>, <code>toolbar</code>, <code>splash</code>, <code>menu</code>, <code>dropdown_menu</code>,
        <code>popup_menu</code>, <code>tooltip</code> and <code>notification</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
machine
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the name of the machine the client window is running on
        (WM_CLIENT_MACHINE). Usually, it is equal to the hostname of the local
        machine, but it may differ if remote X11 apps are used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
id
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the X11 window ID, which you can get via <code>xwininfo</code> for example.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
title
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the X11 window title (_NET_WM_NAME or WM_NAME as fallback).
        Use the special value <code>__focused__</code> to match all windows having the
        same window title as the currently focused window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
urgent
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the urgent state of the window. Can be "latest" or "oldest".
        Matches the latest or oldest urgent window, respectively.
        (The following aliases are also available: newest, last, recent, first)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the workspace name of the workspace the window belongs to. Use
        the special value <code>__focused__</code> to match all windows in the currently
        focused workspace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
con_mark
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the marks set for this container, see <a href="#vim_like_marks">[vim_like_marks]</a>. A
        match is made if any of the container&#8217;s marks matches the specified
        mark.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
con_id
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Compares the i3-internal container ID, which you can get via the IPC
        interface. Handy for scripting. Use the special value <code>__focused__</code>
        to match only the currently focused window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
floating
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only matches floating windows. This criterion requires no value.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
floating_from
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Like <code>floating</code> but this criterion takes two possible values: "auto"
        and "user". With "auto", only windows that were automatically opened as
        floating are matched. With "user", only windows that the user made
        floating are matched.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
tiling
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only matches tiling windows. This criterion requires no value.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
tiling_from
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Like <code>tiling</code> but this criterion takes two possible values: "auto" and
        "user". With "auto", only windows that were automatically opened as
        tiling are matched. With "user", only windows that the user made tiling
        are matched.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The criteria <code>class</code>, <code>instance</code>, <code>role</code>, <code>title</code>, <code>workspace</code>, <code>machine</code> and
<code>mark</code> are actually regular expressions (PCRE). See <code>pcresyntax(3)</code> or <code>perldoc
perlre</code> for information on how to use them.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="exec">6.1. Executing applications (exec)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>What good is a window manager if you can’t actually start any applications?
The exec command starts an application by passing the command you specify to a
shell. This implies that you can use globbing (wildcards) and programs will be
searched in your <code>$PATH</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#command_chaining">[command_chaining]</a> for details on the special meaning of <code>;</code> (semicolon)
and <code>,</code> (comma): they chain commands together in i3, so you need to use quoted
strings (as shown in <a href="#exec_quoting">[exec_quoting]</a>) if they appear in your command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>exec [--no-startup-id] &lt;command&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Start the GIMP
bindsym $mod+g exec gimp

# Start the terminal emulator urxvt which is not yet startup-notification-aware
bindsym $mod+Return exec --no-startup-id urxvt</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--no-startup-id</code> parameter disables startup-notification support for this
particular exec command. With startup-notification, i3 can make sure that a
window appears on the workspace on which you used the exec command. Also, it
will change the X11 cursor to <code>watch</code> (a clock) while the application is
launching. So, if an application is not startup-notification aware (most GTK
and Qt using applications seem to be, though), you will end up with a watch
cursor for 60 seconds.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="exec_quoting"><p>If the command to be executed contains a <code>;</code> (semicolon) and/or a <code>,</code> (comma),
the entire command must be quoted. For example, to have a keybinding for the
shell command <code>notify-send Hello, i3</code>, you would add an entry to your
configuration file like this:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Execute a command with a comma in it
bindsym $mod+p exec "notify-send Hello, i3"</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If however a command with a comma and/or semicolon itself requires quotes, you
must escape the internal quotation marks with double backslashes, like this:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Execute a command with a comma, semicolon and internal quotes
bindsym $mod+p exec "notify-send \\"Hello, i3; from $USER\\""</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_splitting_containers">6.2. Splitting containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The split command makes the current window a split container. Split containers
can contain multiple windows. Depending on the layout of the split container,
new windows get placed to the right of the current one (splith) or new windows
get placed below the current one (splitv).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you apply this command to a split container with the same orientation,
nothing will happen. If you use a different orientation, the split container’s
orientation will be changed (if it does not have more than one window).
The <code>toggle</code> option will toggle the orientation of the split container if it
contains a single window. Otherwise it makes the current window a split
container with opposite orientation compared to the parent container.
Use <code>layout toggle split</code> to change the layout of any split container from
splitv to splith or vice-versa. You can also define a custom sequence of layouts
to cycle through with <code>layout toggle</code>, see <a href="#manipulating_layout">[manipulating_layout]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>split vertical|horizontal|toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+v split vertical
bindsym $mod+h split horizontal
bindsym $mod+t split toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="manipulating_layout">6.3. Manipulating layout</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use <code>layout toggle split</code>, <code>layout stacking</code>, <code>layout tabbed</code>, <code>layout splitv</code>
or <code>layout splith</code> to change the current container layout to splith/splitv,
stacking, tabbed layout, splitv or splith, respectively.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Specify up to four layouts after <code>layout toggle</code> to cycle through them. Every
time the command is executed, the layout specified after the currently active
one will be applied. If the currently active layout is not in the list, the
first layout in the list will be activated.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To make the current window (!) fullscreen, use <code>fullscreen enable</code> (or
<code>fullscreen enable global</code> for the global mode), to leave either fullscreen
mode use <code>fullscreen disable</code>, and to toggle between these two states use
<code>fullscreen toggle</code> (or <code>fullscreen toggle global</code>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Likewise, to make the current window floating (or tiling again) use <code>floating
enable</code> respectively <code>floating disable</code> (or <code>floating toggle</code>):</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>layout default|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith
layout toggle [split|all]
layout toggle [split|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith] [split|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith]…</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+s layout stacking
bindsym $mod+l layout toggle split
bindsym $mod+w layout tabbed

# Toggle between stacking/tabbed/split:
bindsym $mod+x layout toggle

# Toggle between stacking/tabbed/splith/splitv:
bindsym $mod+x layout toggle all

# Toggle between stacking/tabbed/splith:
bindsym $mod+x layout toggle stacking tabbed splith

# Toggle between splitv/tabbed
bindsym $mod+x layout toggle splitv tabbed

# Toggle between last split layout/tabbed/stacking
bindsym $mod+x layout toggle split tabbed stacking

# Toggle fullscreen
bindsym $mod+f fullscreen toggle

# Toggle floating/tiling
bindsym $mod+t floating toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_focusing_moving_containers">6.4. Focusing containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change focus, you can use the <code>focus</code> command. The following options are
available:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
&lt;criteria&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Sets focus to the container that matches the specified criteria.
    See <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
workspace
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    Sets focus to the workspace that contains the container that matches the
    specified criteria.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
left|right|up|down
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Sets focus to the nearest container in the given direction.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
parent
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Sets focus to the parent container of the current container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
child
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        The opposite of <code>focus parent</code>, sets the focus to the last focused
        child container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
next|prev
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Automatically sets focus to the adjacent container. If <code>sibling</code> is
        specified, the command will focus the exact sibling container,
        including non-leaf containers like split containers. Otherwise, it is
        an automatic version of <code>focus left|right|up|down</code> in the orientation
        of the parent container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
floating
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Sets focus to the last focused floating container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
tiling
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Sets focus to the last focused tiling container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
mode_toggle
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Toggles between floating/tiling containers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
output
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Followed by a direction or an output name, this will focus the
        corresponding output.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;criteria&gt; focus
&lt;criteria&gt; focus workspace
focus left|right|down|up
focus parent|child|floating|tiling|mode_toggle
focus next|prev [sibling]
focus output left|right|down|up|current|primary|nonprimary|next|&lt;output1&gt; [output2]…</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Focus firefox
bindsym $mod+F1 [class="Firefox"] focus

# Focus the workspace where firefox is, without necessarily focusing firefox
# itself.
bindsym $mod+x [class="Firefox"] focus workspace

# Focus container on the left, bottom, top, right
bindsym $mod+j focus left
bindsym $mod+k focus down
bindsym $mod+l focus up
bindsym $mod+semicolon focus right

# Focus parent container
bindsym $mod+u focus parent

# Focus last floating/tiling container
bindsym $mod+g focus mode_toggle

# Focus the next output (effectively toggles when you only have two outputs)
bindsym $mod+x focus output next

# Focus the output right to the current one
bindsym $mod+x focus output right

# Focus the big output
bindsym $mod+x focus output HDMI-2

# Focus the primary output
bindsym $mod+x focus output primary

# Cycle focus through non-primary outputs
bindsym $mod+x focus output nonprimary

# Cycle focus between outputs VGA1 and LVDS1 but not DVI0
bindsym $mod+x focus output VGA1 LVDS1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output &lt;output&gt; --primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="move_direction">6.5. Moving containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use the <code>move</code> command to move a container.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Moves the container into the given direction.
# The optional pixel argument specifies how far the
# container should be moved if it is floating and
# defaults to 10 pixels. The optional ppt argument
# means "percentage points", and if specified it indicates
# how many points the container should be moved if it is
# floating rather than by a pixel value.
move &lt;left|right|down|up&gt; [&lt;amount&gt; [px|ppt]]

# Moves the container to the specified pos_x and pos_y
# coordinates on the screen.
move position &lt;pos_x&gt; [px|ppt] &lt;pos_y&gt; [px|ppt]

# Moves the container to the center of the screen.
# If 'absolute' is used, it is moved to the center of
# all outputs.
move [absolute] position center

# Moves the container to the current position of the
# mouse cursor. Only affects floating containers.
move position mouse</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Move container to the left, bottom, top, right
bindsym $mod+j move left
bindsym $mod+k move down
bindsym $mod+l move up
bindsym $mod+semicolon move right

# Move container, but make floating containers
# move more than the default
bindsym $mod+j move left 20 px

# Move floating container to the center of all outputs
bindsym $mod+c move absolute position center

# Move container to the current position of the cursor
bindsym $mod+m move position mouse</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="swapping_containers">6.6. Swapping containers</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Two containers can be swapped (i.e., move to each other&#8217;s position) by using
the <code>swap</code> command. They will assume the position and geometry of the container
they are swapped with.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first container to participate in the swapping can be selected through the
normal command criteria process with the focused window being the usual
fallback if no criteria are specified. The second container can be selected
using one of the following methods:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>id</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The X11 window ID of a client window.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>con_id</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The i3 container ID of a container.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>mark</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
A container with the specified mark, see <a href="#vim_like_marks">[vim_like_marks]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that swapping does not work with all containers. Most notably, swapping
containers that have a parent-child relationship to one another does not work.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>swap container with id|con_id|mark &lt;arg&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Swaps the focused container with the container marked »swapee«.
swap container with mark swapee

# Swaps container marked »A« and »B«
[con_mark="^A$"] swap container with mark B</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_sticky_floating_windows">6.7. Sticky floating windows</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want a window to stick to the glass, i.e., have it stay on screen even
if you switch to another workspace, you can use the <code>sticky</code> command. For
example, this can be useful for notepads, a media player or a video chat
window.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that while any window can be made sticky through this command, it will
only take effect if the window is floating.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>sticky enable|disable|toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># make a terminal sticky that was started as a notepad
for_window [instance=notepad] sticky enable</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_changing_named_workspaces_moving_to_workspaces">6.8. Changing (named) workspaces/moving to workspaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change to a specific workspace, use the <code>workspace</code> command, followed by the
number or name of the workspace. Pass the optional flag
<code>--no-auto-back-and-forth</code> to disable <a href="#workspace_auto_back_and_forth">[workspace_auto_back_and_forth]</a> for this
specific call only.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move containers to specific workspaces, use <code>move container to workspace</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also switch to the next and previous workspace with the commands
<code>workspace next</code> and <code>workspace prev</code>, which is handy, for example, if you have
workspace 1, 3, 4 and 9 and you want to cycle through them with a single key
combination. To restrict those to the current output, use <code>workspace
next_on_output</code> and <code>workspace prev_on_output</code>. Similarly, you can use <code>move
container to workspace next</code>, <code>move container to workspace prev</code> to move a
container to the next/previous workspace and <code>move container to workspace current</code>
(the last one makes sense only when used with criteria).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>workspace next</code> cycles through either numbered or named workspaces. But when it
reaches the last numbered/named workspace, it looks for named workspaces after
exhausting numbered ones and looks for numbered ones after exhausting named ones.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#move_to_outputs">[move_to_outputs]</a> for how to move a container/workspace to a different
RandR output.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Workspace names are parsed as <a href="https://developer.gnome.org/pango/1.46/">Pango
markup</a> by i3bar.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="back_and_forth"><p>To switch back to the previously focused workspace, use <code>workspace
back_and_forth</code>; likewise, you can move containers to the previously focused
workspace using <code>move container to workspace back_and_forth</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>workspace next|prev|next_on_output|prev_on_output
workspace back_and_forth
workspace [--no-auto-back-and-forth] &lt;name&gt;
workspace [--no-auto-back-and-forth] number &lt;name&gt;

move [--no-auto-back-and-forth] [window|container] [to] workspace &lt;name&gt;
move [--no-auto-back-and-forth] [window|container] [to] workspace number &lt;name&gt;
move [window|container] [to] workspace prev|next|current</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+1 workspace 1
bindsym $mod+2 workspace 2
bindsym $mod+3 workspace 3:&lt;span foreground="red"&gt;vim&lt;/span&gt;
...

bindsym $mod+Shift+1 move container to workspace 1
bindsym $mod+Shift+2 move container to workspace 2
...

# switch between the current and the previously focused one
bindsym $mod+b workspace back_and_forth
bindsym $mod+Shift+b move container to workspace back_and_forth

# move the whole workspace to the next output
bindsym $mod+x move workspace to output right

# move firefox to current workspace
bindsym $mod+F1 [class="Firefox"] move workspace current</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_named_workspaces">6.8.1. Named workspaces</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Workspaces are identified by their name. So, instead of using numbers in the
workspace command, you can use an arbitrary name:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+1 workspace mail
...</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want the workspace to have a number <strong>and</strong> a name, just prefix the
number, like this:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+1 workspace 1: mail
bindsym $mod+2 workspace 2: www
...</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the workspace will really be named "1: mail". i3 treats workspace
names beginning with a number in a slightly special way. Normally, named
workspaces are ordered the way they appeared. When they start with a number, i3
will order them numerically. Also, you will be able to use <code>workspace number 1</code>
to switch to the workspace which begins with number 1, regardless of which name
it has. This is useful in case you are changing the workspace’s name
dynamically. To combine both commands you can use <code>workspace number 1: mail</code> to
specify a default name if there&#8217;s currently no workspace starting with a "1".</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_renaming_workspaces">6.8.2. Renaming workspaces</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can rename workspaces. This might be useful to start with the default
numbered workspaces, do your work, and rename the workspaces afterwards to
reflect what’s actually on them. You can also omit the old name to rename
the currently focused workspace. This is handy if you want to use the
rename command with <code>i3-input</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>rename workspace &lt;old_name&gt; to &lt;new_name&gt;
rename workspace to &lt;new_name&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>i3-msg 'rename workspace 5 to 6'
i3-msg 'rename workspace 1 to "1: www"'
i3-msg 'rename workspace "1: www" to "10: www"'
i3-msg 'rename workspace to "2: mail"'
bindsym $mod+r exec i3-input -F 'rename workspace to "%s"' -P 'New name: '</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to rename workspaces on demand while keeping the navigation stable,
you can use a setup like this:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+1 workspace number "1: www"
bindsym $mod+2 workspace number "2: mail"
...</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a workspace does not exist, the command <code>workspace number "1: mail"</code> will
create workspace "1: mail".</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a workspace with number 1 already exists, the command will switch to this
workspace and ignore the text part. So even when the workspace has been renamed
"1: web", the above command will still switch to it.  The command <code>workspace 1</code>
will however create and move to a new workspace "1" alongside the existing
"1: mail" workspace.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_moving_workspaces_to_a_different_screen">6.9. Moving workspaces to a different screen</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="#move_to_outputs">[move_to_outputs]</a> for how to move a container/workspace to a different
RandR output.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="move_to_outputs">6.10. <a id="_moving_containers_workspaces_to_randr_outputs"></a>Moving containers/workspaces to RandR outputs</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move a container to another RandR output (addressed by names like <code>LVDS1</code> or
<code>VGA1</code>) or to a RandR output identified by a specific direction (like <code>left</code>,
<code>right</code>, <code>up</code> or <code>down</code>), there are two commands:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>move container to output left|right|down|up|current|primary|nonprimary|next|&lt;output1&gt; [output2]…
move workspace to output left|right|down|up|current|primary|nonprimary|next|&lt;output1&gt; [output2]…</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Move the current workspace to the next output
# (effectively toggles when you only have two outputs)
bindsym $mod+x move workspace to output next

# Cycle this workspace between outputs VGA1 and LVDS1 but not DVI0
bindsym $mod+x move workspace to output VGA1 LVDS1

# Put this window on the presentation output.
bindsym $mod+x move container to output VGA1

# Put this window on the primary output.
bindsym $mod+x move container to output primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you specify more than one output, the container/workspace is cycled through
them: If it is already in one of the outputs of the list, it will move to the
next output in the list. If it is in an output not in the list, it will move to
the first specified output. Non-existing outputs are skipped.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output &lt;output&gt; --primary</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="move_to_mark">6.11. Moving containers/windows to marks</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To move a container to another container with a specific mark (see <a href="#vim_like_marks">[vim_like_marks]</a>),
you can use the following command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The window will be moved right after the marked container in the tree, i.e., it ends up
in the same position as if you had opened a new window when the marked container was
focused. If the mark is on a split container, the window will appear as a new child
after the currently focused child within that container.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>move window|container to mark &lt;mark&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>for_window [instance="tabme"] move window to mark target</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="resizingconfig">6.12. Resizing containers/windows</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to resize containers/windows using your keyboard, you can use the
<code>resize</code> command:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>resize grow|shrink &lt;direction&gt; [&lt;px&gt; px [or &lt;ppt&gt; ppt]]
resize set [width] &lt;width&gt; [px | ppt]
resize set height &lt;height&gt; [px | ppt]
resize set [width] &lt;width&gt; [px | ppt] [height] &lt;height&gt; [px | ppt]</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Direction can either be one of <code>up</code>, <code>down</code>, <code>left</code> or <code>right</code>. Or you can be
less specific and use <code>width</code> or <code>height</code>, in which case i3 will take/give space
from all the other containers. The optional pixel argument specifies by how many
pixels a container should be grown or shrunk (the default is 10 pixels). The
optional ppt argument means "percentage points", and if specified it indicates
that a <strong>tiling container</strong> should be grown or shrunk by that many points, instead
of by the <code>px</code> value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note about <code>resize set</code>: a value of 0 for &lt;width&gt; or &lt;height&gt; means "do not
resize in this direction".</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is recommended to define bindings for resizing in a dedicated binding mode.
See <a href="#binding_modes">[binding_modes]</a> and the example in the i3
<a href="https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes">default config</a> for more
context.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>for_window [class="urxvt"] resize set 640 480</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_jumping_to_specific_windows">6.13. Jumping to specific windows</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Often when in a multi-monitor environment, you want to quickly jump to a
specific window. For example, while working on workspace 3 you might want to
jump to your mail client to email your boss that you’ve achieved some
important goal. Instead of figuring out how to navigate to your mail client,
it would be more convenient to have a shortcut. You can use the <code>focus</code> command
with criteria for that.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>[class="class"] focus
[title="title"] focus</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Get me to the next open VIM instance
bindsym $mod+a [class="urxvt" title="VIM"] focus</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="vim_like_marks">6.14. VIM-like marks (mark/goto)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This feature is like the jump feature: It allows you to directly jump to a
specific window (this means switching to the appropriate workspace and setting
focus to the windows). However, you can directly mark a specific window with
an arbitrary label and use it afterwards. You can unmark the label in the same
way, using the unmark command. If you don&#8217;t specify a label, unmark removes all
marks. You do not need to ensure that your windows have unique classes or
titles, and you do not need to change your configuration file.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As the command needs to include the label with which you want to mark the
window, you cannot simply bind it to a key.  <code>i3-input</code> is a tool created
for this purpose: It lets you input a command and sends the command to i3. It
can also prefix this command and display a custom prompt for the input dialog.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The additional <code>--toggle</code> option will remove the mark if the window already has
this mark or add it otherwise. Note that you might need to use this in
combination with <code>--add</code> (see below) as any other marks will otherwise be
removed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--replace</code> flag causes i3 to remove any existing marks, which is also the
default behavior. You can use the <code>--add</code> flag to put more than one mark on a
window.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Refer to <a href="#show_marks">[show_marks]</a> if you don&#8217;t want marks to be shown in the window decoration.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>mark [--add|--replace] [--toggle] &lt;identifier&gt;
[con_mark="identifier"] focus
unmark &lt;identifier&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can use <code>i3-input</code> to prompt for a mark name, then use the <code>mark</code>
and <code>focus</code> commands to create and jump to custom marks:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># read 1 character and mark the current window with this character
bindsym $mod+m exec i3-input -F 'mark %s' -l 1 -P 'Mark: '

# read 1 character and go to the window with the character
bindsym $mod+g exec i3-input -F '[con_mark="%s"] focus' -l 1 -P 'Goto: '</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, if you do not want to mess with <code>i3-input</code>, you could create
separate bindings for a specific set of labels and then only use those labels:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example (in a terminal)</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># marks the focused container
mark irssi

# focus the container with the mark "irssi"
'[con_mark="irssi"] focus'

# remove the mark "irssi" from whichever container has it
unmark irssi

# remove all marks on all firefox windows
[class="(?i)firefox"] unmark</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="pango_markup">6.15. Window title format</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, i3 will simply print the X11 window title. Using <code>title_format</code>,
this can be customized by setting the format to the desired output. This
directive supports <a href="https://developer.gnome.org/pango/1.46/">Pango markup</a> and the
following placeholders which will be replaced:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>%title</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    For normal windows, this is the X11 window title (_NET_WM_NAME or WM_NAME
    as fallback). When used on containers without a window (e.g., a split
    container inside a tabbed/stacked layout), this will be the tree
    representation of the container (e.g., "H[xterm xterm]").
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>%class</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The X11 window class (second part of WM_CLASS). This corresponds to the
    <code>class</code> criterion, see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>%instance</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The X11 window instance (first part of WM_CLASS). This corresponds to the
    <code>instance</code> criterion, see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>%machine</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
    The X11 name of the machine (WM_CLIENT_MACHINE). This corresponds to the
    <code>machine</code> criterion, see <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Using the <a href="#for_window">[for_window]</a> directive, you can set the title format for any window
based on <a href="#command_criteria">[command_criteria]</a>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>title_format &lt;format&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># give the focused window a prefix
bindsym $mod+p title_format "Important | %title"

# print all window titles bold
for_window [class=".*"] title_format "&lt;b&gt;%title&lt;/b&gt;"

# print window titles of firefox windows red
for_window [class="(?i)firefox"] title_format "&lt;span foreground='red'&gt;%title&lt;/span&gt;"</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="title_window_icon">6.16. Window title icon</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By default, i3 does not display the window icon in the title bar.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Starting with i3 v4.20, you can optionally enable window icons either for
specific windows or for all windows (using the <a href="#for_window">[for_window]</a> directive).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>title_window_icon &lt;yes|no|toggle&gt;
title_window_icon &lt;padding|toggle&gt; &lt;px&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># show the window icon for the focused window to make it stand out
bindsym $mod+p title_window_icon on

# enable window icons for all windows
for_window [all] title_window_icon on

# enable window icons for all windows with extra horizontal padding
for_window [all] title_window_icon padding 3px</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_changing_border_style">6.17. Changing border style</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change the border of the current client, you can use <code>border normal</code> to use the normal
border (including window title), <code>border pixel 1</code> to use a 1-pixel border (no window title)
and <code>border none</code> to make the client borderless.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is also <code>border toggle</code> which will toggle the different border styles. The
optional pixel argument can be used to specify the border width when switching
to the normal and pixel styles.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that "pixel" refers to logical pixel. On HiDPI displays, a logical pixel
is represented by multiple physical pixels, so <code>pixel 1</code> might not
necessarily translate into a single pixel row wide border.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>border normal|pixel|toggle [&lt;n&gt;]
border none

# legacy syntax, equivalent to "border pixel 1"
border 1pixel</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># use window title, but no border
bindsym $mod+t border normal 0
# use no window title and a thick border
bindsym $mod+y border pixel 3
# use window title *and* a thick border
bindsym $mod+y border normal 3
# use neither window title nor border
bindsym $mod+u border none
# no border on VLC
for_window [class="vlc"] border none</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change the default for all windows, see the directive <a href="#default_border">[default_border]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="shmlog">6.18. Enabling shared memory logging</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As described in <a href="https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html">https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html</a>, i3 can log to a shared
memory buffer, which you can dump using <code>i3-dump-log</code>. The <code>shmlog</code> command
allows you to enable or disable the shared memory logging at runtime.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that when using <code>shmlog &lt;size_in_bytes&gt;</code>, the current log will be
discarded and a new one will be started.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>shmlog &lt;size_in_bytes&gt;
shmlog on|off|toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Enable/disable logging
bindsym $mod+x shmlog toggle

# or, from a terminal:
# increase the shared memory log buffer to 50 MiB
i3-msg shmlog $((50*1024*1024))</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_enabling_debug_logging">6.19. Enabling debug logging</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>debuglog</code> command allows you to enable or disable debug logging at
runtime. Debug logging is much more verbose than non-debug logging. This
command does not activate shared memory logging (shmlog), and as such is most
likely useful in combination with the above-described <a href="#shmlog">[shmlog]</a> command.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>debuglog on|off|toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Enable/disable logging
bindsym $mod+x debuglog toggle</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_reloading_restarting_exiting">6.20. Reloading/Restarting/Exiting</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can make i3 reload its configuration file with <code>reload</code>. You can also
restart i3 inplace with the <code>restart</code> command to get it out of some weird state
(if that should ever happen) or to perform an upgrade without having to restart
your X session. To exit i3 properly, you can use the <code>exit</code> command,
however you don’t need to (simply killing your X session is fine as well).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bindsym $mod+Shift+r restart
bindsym $mod+Shift+w reload
bindsym $mod+Shift+e exit</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_scratchpad">6.21. Scratchpad</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two commands to use any existing window as scratchpad window. <code>move
scratchpad</code> will move a window to the scratchpad workspace. This will make it
invisible until you show it again. There is no way to open that workspace.
Instead, when using <code>scratchpad show</code>, the window will be shown again, as a
floating window, centered on your current workspace (using <code>scratchpad show</code> on
a visible scratchpad window will make it hidden again, so you can have a
keybinding to toggle). Note that this is just a normal floating window, so if
you want to "remove it from scratchpad", you can simple make it tiling again
(<code>floating toggle</code>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As the name indicates, this is useful for having a window with your favorite
editor always at hand. However, you can also use this for other permanently
running applications which you don’t want to see all the time: Your music
player, alsamixer, maybe even your mail client…?</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>move scratchpad

scratchpad show</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Make the currently focused window a scratchpad
bindsym $mod+Shift+minus move scratchpad

# Show the first scratchpad window
bindsym $mod+minus scratchpad show

# Show the sup-mail scratchpad window, if any.
bindsym mod4+s [title="^Sup ::"] scratchpad show</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_nop">6.22. Nop</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is a no operation command <code>nop</code> which allows you to override default
behavior. This can be useful for, e.g., disabling a focus change on clicks with
the middle mouse button.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The optional <code>comment</code> argument is ignored, but will be printed to the log file
for debugging purposes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>nop [&lt;comment&gt;]</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Example</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Disable focus change for clicks on titlebars
# with the middle mouse button
bindsym button2 nop</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_i3bar_control">6.23. i3bar control</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two options in the configuration of each i3bar instance that can be
changed during runtime by invoking a command through i3. The commands <code>bar
hidden_state</code> and <code>bar mode</code> allow setting the current hidden_state
respectively mode option of each bar. It is also possible to toggle between
hide state and show state as well as between dock mode and hide mode. Each
i3bar instance can be controlled individually by specifying a bar_id, if none
is given, the command is executed for all bar instances.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>bar hidden_state hide|show|toggle [&lt;bar_id&gt;]

bar mode dock|hide|invisible|toggle [&lt;bar_id&gt;]</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Toggle between hide state and show state
bindsym $mod+m bar hidden_state toggle

# Toggle between dock mode and hide mode
bindsym $mod+n bar mode toggle

# Set the bar instance with id 'bar-1' to switch to hide mode
bindsym $mod+b bar mode hide bar-1

# Set the bar instance with id 'bar-1' to always stay hidden
bindsym $mod+Shift+b bar mode invisible bar-1</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="changing_gaps">6.24. Changing gaps</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Gaps can be modified at runtime with the following command syntax:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Syntax</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code># Inner gaps: space between two adjacent windows (or split containers).
gaps inner current|all set|plus|minus|toggle &lt;gap_size_in_px&gt;
# Outer gaps: space along the screen edges.
gaps outer|horizontal|vertical|top|right|bottom|left current|all set|plus|minus|toggle &lt;gap_size_in_px&gt;</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>current</code> or <code>all</code> you can change gaps either for only the currently
focused or all currently existing workspaces (note that this does not affect the
global configuration itself).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>gaps inner all set 20
gaps outer current plus 5
gaps horizontal current plus 40
gaps outer current toggle 60

for_window [class="vlc"] gaps inner 0, gaps outer 0</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To change the gaps for all windows, see the <a href="#gaps">[gaps]</a> configuration directive.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="multi_monitor">7. Multiple monitors</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see in the goal list on the website, i3 was specifically developed
with support for multiple monitors in mind. This section will explain how to
handle multiple monitors.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you have only one monitor, things are simple. You usually start with
workspace 1 on your monitor and open new ones as you need them.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When you have more than one monitor, each monitor will get an initial
workspace.  The first monitor gets 1, the second gets 2 and a possible third
would get 3. When you switch to a workspace on a different monitor, i3 will
switch to that monitor and then switch to the workspace. This way, you don’t
need shortcuts to switch to a specific monitor, and you don’t need to remember
where you put which workspace. New workspaces will be opened on the currently
active monitor.  It is not possible to have a monitor without a workspace.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The idea of making workspaces global is based on the observation that most
users have a very limited set of workspaces on their additional monitors.
They are often used for a specific task (browser, shell) or for monitoring
several things (mail, IRC, syslog, …). Thus, using one workspace on one monitor
and "the rest" on the other monitors often makes sense. However, as you can
create an unlimited number of workspaces in i3 and tie them to specific
screens, you can have the "traditional" approach of having X workspaces per
screen by changing your configuration (using modes, for example).</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_configuring_your_monitors">7.1. Configuring your monitors</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To help you get going if you have never used multiple monitors before, here is
a short overview of the xrandr options which will probably be of interest to
you. It is always useful to get an overview of the current screen configuration.
Just run "xrandr" and you will get an output like the following:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1280 x 800, maximum 8192 x 8192
VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)
LVDS1 connected 1280x800+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
   1280x800       60.0*+   50.0
   1024x768       85.0     75.0     70.1     60.0
   832x624        74.6
   800x600        85.1     72.2     75.0     60.3     56.2
   640x480        85.0     72.8     75.0     59.9
   720x400        85.0
   640x400        85.1
   640x350        85.1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Several things are important here: You can see that <code>LVDS1</code> is connected (of
course, it is the internal flat panel) but <code>VGA1</code> is not. If you have a monitor
connected to one of the ports but xrandr still says "disconnected", you should
check your cable, monitor or graphics driver.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The maximum resolution you can see at the end of the first line is the maximum
combined resolution of your monitors. By default, it is usually too low and has
to be increased by editing <code>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>So, say you connected VGA1 and want to use it as an additional screen:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --left-of LVDS1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This command makes xrandr try to find the native resolution of the device
connected to <code>VGA1</code> and configures it to the left of your internal flat panel.
When running "xrandr" again, the output looks like this:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 2560 x 1024, maximum 8192 x 8192
VGA1 connected 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 338mm x 270mm
   1280x1024      60.0*+   75.0
   1280x960       60.0
   1152x864       75.0
   1024x768       75.1     70.1     60.0
   832x624        74.6
   800x600        72.2     75.0     60.3     56.2
   640x480        72.8     75.0     66.7     60.0
   720x400        70.1
LVDS1 connected 1280x800+1280+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
   1280x800       60.0*+   50.0
   1024x768       85.0     75.0     70.1     60.0
   832x624        74.6
   800x600        85.1     72.2     75.0     60.3     56.2
   640x480        85.0     72.8     75.0     59.9
   720x400        85.0
   640x400        85.1
   640x350        85.1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Please note that i3 uses exactly the same API as xrandr does, so it will see
only what you can see in xrandr.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#presentations">[presentations]</a> for more examples of multi-monitor setups.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_interesting_configuration_for_multi_monitor_environments">7.2. Interesting configuration for multi-monitor environments</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are several things to configure in i3 which might be interesting if you
have more than one monitor:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
You can specify which workspace should be put on which screen. This
   allows you to have a different set of workspaces when starting than just
   1 for the first monitor, 2 for the second and so on. See
   <a href="#workspace_screen">[workspace_screen]</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you want some applications to generally open on the bigger screen
   (MPlayer, Firefox, …), you can assign them to a specific workspace, see
   <a href="#assign_workspace">[assign_workspace]</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you have many workspaces on many monitors, it might get hard to keep
   track of which window you put where. Thus, you can use vim-like marks to
   quickly switch between windows. See <a href="#vim_like_marks">[vim_like_marks]</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
For information on how to move existing workspaces between monitors,
   see <a href="#move_to_outputs">[move_to_outputs]</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_i3_and_the_rest_of_your_software_world">8. i3 and the rest of your software world</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_displaying_a_status_line">8.1. Displaying a status line</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A very common thing amongst users of exotic window managers is a status line at
some corner of the screen. It is an often superior replacement to the widget
approach you have in the task bar of a traditional desktop environment.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you don’t already have your favorite way of generating such a status line
(self-written scripts, conky, …), then i3status is the recommended tool for
this task. It was written in C with the goal of using as few syscalls as
possible to reduce the time your CPU is woken up from sleep states. Because
i3status only spits out text, you need to combine it with some other tool, like
i3bar. See <a href="#status_command">[status_command]</a> for how to display i3status in i3bar.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Regardless of which application you use to display the status line, you
want to make sure that it registers as a dock window using EWMH hints. i3 will
position the window either at the top or at the bottom of the screen, depending
on which hint the application sets. With i3bar, you can configure its position,
see <a href="#i3bar_position">[i3bar_position]</a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="presentations">8.2. Giving presentations (multi-monitor)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When giving a presentation, you typically want the audience to see what you see
on your screen and then go through a series of slides (if the presentation is
simple). For more complex presentations, you might want to have some notes
which only you can see on your screen, while the audience can only see the
slides.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_case_1_everybody_gets_the_same_output">8.2.1. Case 1: everybody gets the same output</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the simple case. You connect your computer to the video projector,
turn on both (computer and video projector) and configure your X server to
clone the internal flat panel of your computer to the video output:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --same-as LVDS1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>i3 will then use the lowest common subset of screen resolutions, the rest of
your screen will be left untouched (it will show the X background). So, in
our example, this would be 1024x768 (my notebook has 1280x800).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_case_2_you_can_see_more_than_your_audience">8.2.2. Case 2: you can see more than your audience</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This case is a bit harder. First of all, you should configure the VGA output
somewhere near your internal flat panel, say right of it:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --right-of LVDS1</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now, i3 will put a new workspace (depending on your settings) on the new screen
and you are in multi-monitor mode (see <a href="#multi_monitor">[multi_monitor]</a>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because i3 is not a compositing window manager, there is no ability to
display a window on two screens at the same time. Instead, your presentation
software needs to do this job (that is, open a window on each screen).</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="hidpi">8.3. High-resolution displays (aka HIDPI displays)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/HiDPI">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/HiDPI</a> for details on how to enable
scaling in various parts of the Linux desktop. i3 will read the desired DPI from
the <code>Xft.dpi</code> property. The property defaults to 96 DPI, so to achieve 200%
scaling, you’d set <code>Xft.dpi: 192</code> in <code>~/.Xresources</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you are a long-time i3 user who just got a new monitor, double-check that:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
You are using a scalable font (starting with “pango:”) in your i3 config.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You are using a terminal emulator which supports scaling. You could
  temporarily switch to gnome-terminal, which is known to support scaling out of
  the box, until you figure out how to adjust the font size in your favorite
  terminal emulator.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
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 1980-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
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