1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>ImageMagick - Frequently Asked Questions</title>
<meta name="Description"
content="ImageMagick is a robust collection of tools and libraries to read, write, and manipulate an image in many image formats including popular formats like TIFF, JPEG, PNG, PDF, PhotoCD, and GIF. With ImageMagick you can create images dynamically, making it suitable for Web applications. You can also resize, rotate, sharpen, color reduce, or add special effects to an image or image sequence and save your completed work in the same or differing image format. Image processing operations are available from the command line, as well as through C, C++, Perl, or Java programming interfaces." />
<meta name="Keywords"
content="ImageMagick,PerlMagick,Magick++,Image,Magick,Magic,Pixel,Graphics,Perl,Wand" />
<meta name="Resource-type" content="document" />
<meta name="Robots" content="ALL" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../www/magick.css" />
</head>
<body marginheight="1" marginwidth="1" topmargin="1"
leftmargin="1">
<a name="top" id="top"></a>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Masthead" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#003399" width="25%" height="118" background="../images/background.gif"><a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/"><img src="../images/script.gif" width="278" height="118" border="0" alt="" /></a></td>
<td bgcolor="#003399" width="60%" height="118" background="../images/background.gif"><a href="http://www.networkeleven.com/direct.php?magick_all"><img src="../images/promote.png" border="0" width="186" height="52" vspace="29" alt="Powered by NetworkEleven" /></a></td>
<td bgcolor="#003399" width="114" height="118" align="right"><img src="../images/sprite.png" width="114" height="118" alt="" /></td>
<td bgcolor="#003399" width="114" height="118" align="right"><a href="http://www.imagemagick.net"><img src="../images/logo.png" width="114" height="118" border="0" alt="ImageMagick logo" /></a></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"
summary="Navigation buttons" width="20%">
<tr>
<td>
<form target="_self" action="../index.html"><input type="submit"
title="ImageMagick Home" value=" Home"
style="background-color: #1947A3; background-image:url('../images/background.gif'); color:#fbc713; font-weight:bold" />
</form></td>
<td>
<form target="_self" action="../www/apis.html"><input type="submit"
title="ImageMagick API " value=" API "
style="background-color: #1947A3; background-image:url('../images/background.gif'); color:#fbc713; font-weight:bold" />
</form></td>
<td>
<form target="_self" action="../www/download.html">
<input type="submit" title="ImageMagick Download" value="Download"
style="background-color: #1947A3; background-image:url('../images/background.gif'); color:#fbc713; font-weight:bold" />
</form></td></tr></table>
<div align="right" style="margin-top:3px; padding-right:4px">
<form action="http://studio.imagemagick.org/Sage/scripts/Sage.cgi">
<input type="TEXT" name="query" size="32" maxlength="255" />
<input type="SUBMIT" name="sa" value="Search"
style="background-color: #1947A3; background-image:url('../images/background.gif'); bgcolor:#003399; color:#fbc713; font-weight:bold" />
</form></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
style="margin-top:-17px" width="100%">
<tr>
<br />
<td>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C1">I received the
following message, "?????? delegation failed ...". What does it
mean?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C2">How can I improve
the appearance of 24-bit images displayed on my colormapped <i>X
server</i>?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C3">How do I set the
transparency index in a GIF image so it displays properly within
Mozilla?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C4">How can I stop the
filenames from changing in the title bar of the animate(1) image
window?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C5">The image grabbed by
import(1) does not look like the image on my <i>X server</i>.
What's wrong</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C6">How do I animate a
digital YUV image sequence?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C7">How do I view only
the red channel of an RGB image?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C8">How do I change the
default <i>PostScript</i> page size?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C9">When I display or
convert an image, I get <i>Memory allocation error</i>. What can I
do?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C10">How do I
concatenate three images left-to-right with no borders, frames, or
text?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C11">How do I create a
GIF animation sequence to display within Netscape?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C12">When I display a
<i>PostScript</i> image it appears to be trimmed. I would like to
display the entire page, including any white space.</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C13">What are visual
image directories? How do I use them?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C14">I have an HP. How
do I take advantage of the Color Recovery option?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C15">I use the window ID
reported by <i>xwininfo(1)</i> with import and it does include the
window manager frame as expected. How can I save the window with
its frame?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C16">I displayed an
image and it appears as one solid color. What did I do
wrong?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C17">I received the
following message, "???? library is not available ...". What does
it mean?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C18">I want to inspect
the values of the matte channel within my image. How can I do
that?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C19">Convert in.gif
out.png" says "Invalid Parameter - out.png"</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C20">How can I add one
of those cool bevels to my image that I see used on the
Web?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C21">I try to launch
display from my window manager and it fails. What's
up?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C22">When I convert
Postscript to another format, how can I improve the appearance of
the text?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C23">How can I annotate
an image with text that is 2 to 3 inches tall?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C24">How can I convert
my GIF animation sequence to individual image files?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C25">How can I remove
the background that prints around my image when I display it with
Netscape?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C26">How do I create a
GIF or PNG image with Web safe colors?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C27">How come Adobe
Acrobat 2.1 can't read ImageMagick's PDF format?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C28">How can I add a
matte layer to my image?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C29">How can I draw with
text using 'convert' under Windows NT?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C30">Why are my GIF
files larger than expected?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C31">Why are my JPEG
files larger than expected?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C32">How do I extract a
single image from a multi-image file?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C33">How do I make a
blank image?</a></p></li>
<li>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0.08in"><a href="#C34">What happened to
the "combine" utility?</a></p></li></ol>
<p style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 3.55pt double #808080; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.02in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in">
</p>
<br />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C1" id="C1"></a><b>1. I
received the following message, "?????? delegation failed ...".
What does it mean?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><b>ImageMagick</b> uses several freely
available packages to perform the translation of certain image
formats (<i>PostScript</i>, <i>MPEG</i>, etc.). Make sure these
packages are available as described in the
<a href="install.html">README</a> file. Also verify that you have
plenty of temporary disk space. If not, set the TMPDIR environment
variable to an area where space is available. Finally, for
<i>PostScript</i>, verify that Ghostscript supports the
<b>pnmraw</b> or <b>ppmraw</b> device (<tt>gs -h</tt>) and that the
document contains valid <i>PostScript</i> statements (<tt>gs
image.ps</tt>).</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C2" id="C2"></a><b>2. How
can I improve the appearance of 24-bit images displayed on my
colormapped <i>X server</i>?</b></dt></dl>
<p>If you have a colormapped <i>X server</i>, the number of unique
colors in an image must first be reduced to match the requirements
of your server before it can be displayed.
<a href="display.html">Display</a> tries to make the color reduced
image closely resemble the original. However, there are some
options that may improve the appearance.</p>
<p>You can use a private colormap. By default, your image must
share colors with existing applications on your <i>X server</i>.
The colors in your image may be very different than the shared
colors and the results may be visually unsatisfactory. Try</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -colormap private image.miff
</pre>
<p>The disadvantage is the annoying colormap loading and unloading
as you move your pointer in and out of the image window.</p>
<p>The YCbCr colorspace may give better results when color reducing
images of people faces. Try</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -colorspace YCbCr image.miff
</pre>
<p>If you intend to view an image frequently, reduce the number of
colors to match the resolution of your <i>X server</i> once and
write to a new image. Then display this new image. For example,</p>
<pre>
convert -colors 256 -dither image.jpeg image.miff
display image.miff
</pre>
<p>This forces the time-consuming process of color reducing the
image to one-time, rather than each time the image is
displayed.</p>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C3" id="C3"></a><b>3. How
do I set the transparency index in a GIF image so it displays
properly within Mozilla?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Display your GIF
image with <a href="display.html">display</a>. Choose <b>Matte</b>
from the <b>Image Edit</b> command menu and identify a pixel that
has the <i>transparency</i> color. Press <b>Method</b> and select a
matte edit method from a pop-up menu. Choose from these
methods:</dd></dl>
<pre>
point
replace
floodfill
</pre>
<p>The <b>point</b> method changes the matte value of any pixel
selected with the pointer until the button is is released. The
<b>replace</b> method changes the matte value of any pixel that
matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press.
<b>Floodfill</b> changes the matte value of any pixel that matches
the color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a
neighbor.</p>
<p>Select your transparent pixel with the pointer and press a
button. The image is redisplayed with any transparent pixels
recolored to the background color. You can select other pixels or
areas to force to transparent. When you are satisfied, press
Return.</p>
<p>Finally, choose <b>Save</b> from the command menu and write your
GIF image to a file. <i>Note that setting transparency works best
on a TrueColor or DirectColor visual</i>. If your server only
exports colormapped visuals you will need to use a <b>Standard
Colormap</b> to set transparency.</p>
<pre>
xstdcmap -best
display -map list image.gif
<i>choose Matte Edit</i>
<i>select your transparent pixel then press Return</i>
<i>choose Save</i>
</pre>
<p>If you do not have the <i>xstdcmap(1)</i> program, try</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -visual TrueColor image.gif
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C4" id="C4"></a><b>4. How
can I stop the filenames from changing in the title bar of the
animate(1) image window?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
<a href="animate.html">Animate</a> updates the image file name in
the title bar of the image window as each image is displayed from
the image sequence. To display just a single name that will not
change, use <i>-title</i>:</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
animate -title "My Image Sequence" images.
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C5" id="C5"></a><b>5. The
image grabbed by import(1) does not look like the image on my <i>X
server</i>. What's wrong?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Use the
<i>-descend</i> option:</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
import -descend image.miff
</pre>
<p>or set this <i>X resource</i>:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
import.descend: True
</pre>
<p>By default, <a href="import.html">import</a> quickly grabs the
image from the <i>X server</i>. However, it may not always have the
correct colors in some areas. This can happen when a subwindow has
a different colormap than its parent. With <i>-descend</i>,
<a href="import.html">import</a> descends the window hierarchy.
Descending involves grabbing the image and colormap of each window
or subwindow associated with the window you select and compositing
it on a blank canvas. This can be significantly slower than just
grabbing the top-level window but ensures the correct image.</p>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C6" id="C6"></a><b>6. How
do I animate a digital YUV image sequence?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Suppose your
sequence is 72 352x240 frames titled frame0.Y, frame0.U, frame0.V,
frame1.Y, frame1.U, etc. Use this command:</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
animate -geometry 352x240 -scene 0-71 yuv3:frame%d
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C7" id="C7"></a><b>7. How
do I view only the red channel of an RGB image?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Use the
<i>-gamma</i> option, for example,</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -gamma 1.0,0.0,0.0 image.miff
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C8" id="C8"></a><b>8. How
do I change the default <i>PostScript</i> page size?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">The default
dimensions of a <i>PostScript</i> page is 612x792. If you prefer
another default, change the page geometries (PSPageGeometry) in
<i>magick/image.h</i> and recompile.</dd></dl>
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C9" id="C9"></a><b>9.
When I display or convert an image, I get <i>Memory allocation
error</i>. What can I do?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Memory
allocation is a complex topic in ImageMagick and image processing
requires a lot of memory. ImageMagick tries to take best advantage
of the resources available by optimizing its use of <i>virtual</i>
memory. Virtual memory is normally the amount of RAM (Random Access
Memory) available to the process plus the amount of free space in
the system paging area (known as "swap" under Unix, or a "page
file" under Windows). In addition to the RAM and the paging area,
ImageMagick is able to expand the amount of virtual memory
available by using memory-mapped files which cause the file to be
treated as extra memory. A piece of hardware known as the Memory
Management Unit (MMU) performs the magic which allows the system
paging area and memory-mapped files to be treated as more memory by
your system's CPU.</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Usually when a
memory allocation error occurs, it is because the system's paging
area is full, or the programs memory (heap) is fragmented badly
enough that there is no large-enough block of memory available to
satisfy the request. In some cases the operating system may
artificially limit the memory available to the program.</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Failures of
small memory allocations are generally considered fatal by
ImageMagick. If it is impossible to allocate even a little bit of
memory, then there is no point in continuing. When large memory
allocations associated with allocating memory for image pixels
fail, ImageMagick uses that as a key to know that it should start
using memory-mapped temporary files to increase virtual memory.
Under Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems, these memory-mapped
temporary files are created in either the system default location
(e.g. /var/tmp) or the directory set by the TMPDIR environment
variable. Under Windows, temporary files are created in the
directory set by the TEMP or TMP environment variable.</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">If the temporary
file directory is too small, or is itself mapped to the system's
paging area (no win!), then ImageMagick will fail to allocate more
virtual memory via the temporary file and will return an
error.</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">The single
biggest factor in how much memory is required by ImageMagick is the
QuantumDepth setting when it was compiled. The amount of memory (in
bytes) required to store a single image in memory is may be
calculated via the equation (QuantumDepth*Rows*Columns*5)/8. As a
means of example, the following table shows the amount of memory
consumed by a single 1024x768 image using the supported
QuantumDepth settings:</dd></dl>
<table width="356" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3">
<col width="162" />
<col width="167" />
<thead>
<tr valign="top">
<th width="162">
<p>QuantumDepth</p></th>
<th width="167">
<p>Virtual Memory</p></th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="162" valign="bottom" sdval="8" sdnum="1033;">
<p align="center">8</p></td>
<td width="167" valign="top">
<p align="center">3MB</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="162" valign="bottom" sdval="16" sdnum="1033;">
<p align="center">16</p></td>
<td width="167" valign="top">
<p align="center">8MB</p></td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="162" valign="bottom" sdval="32" sdnum="1033;">
<p align="center">32</p></td>
<td width="167" valign="top">
<p align="center">15MB</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Performing an
image processing operation may require that several images be in
memory at one time. In the case of animations, hundreds of images
may be in memory at one time.</dd></dl>
<p><b>ImageMagick</b> is designed to be general purpose. It can
display many image storage formats (<i>Monochrome</i>,
<i>PseudoColor</i>, or <i>TrueColor</i>) on many different types of
<i>X visuals</i> (<i>StaticGray, StaticColor, PseudoColor,
GrayScale, DirectColor,</i> or <i>TrueColor</i>). To support all
these combinations of image storage formats and X visuals, extra
memory is required. Additionally,
<a href="animate.html">animate</a> and
<a href="montage.html">montage</a> store an entire image sequence
in memory.</p>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">It is
recommended that systems used to run <b>ImageMagick</b> have at
least 96MB of RAM and 140MB free in their paging area. Systems used
to process large images (do the math!) may require considerably
more memory to operate efficiently. RAM is typically 1000 times
faster than disk, so it is important to keep as much data in RAM as
possible (buy lots of RAM). The temporary file area should have
plenty of free space. The size of the temporary file area is
usually the deciding factor as to whether ImageMagick is able to
complete an operation. With sufficient free disk space, ImageMagick
is primarily limited by your CPU and operating system's ability to
address memory. ImageMagick has been used to process images 20K by
20K pixels in size!</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C10" id="C10"></a><b>10.
How do I concatenate three images left-to-right with no borders,
frames, or text?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Assume your
three images are called <tt>image1.ppm</tt>, <tt>image2.ppm</tt>,
and <tt>image3.ppm</tt>. Type</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert +append image1.ppm image2.ppm \
image3.ppm side_by_side.miff
</pre>
<p>To concatenate the images top-to-bottom, use
<tt>-append</tt>.</p>
<p>For more control over the placement of an image, use
<a href="composite.html">composite</a>. First create a matte image
and position your images onto the matte. For example,</p>
<pre>
convert -size 350x500 xc:black composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+0 composite.miff image1.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +100+0 composite.miff image2.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+300 composite.miff image3.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+375 composite.miff image4.gif composite.miff
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C11" id="C11"></a><b>11.
How do I create a GIF animation sequence to display within
Netscape?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Use
<a href="convert.html">convert</a> with the <b>-delay</b> and
<b>-page</b> options. The <b>-delay</b> option is used to specify
the delay in <b>1/100ths of a second</b> between the display of
each frame of the animation. For example,</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -delay 20 frame*.gif animation.gif
</pre>
<p>You can also declare specific delays for each frame of the image
sequence. For example, if the delay was 20, 10, and 5, use</p>
<pre>
convert -delay 20 frame1.gif -delay 10 frame2.gif \
-delay 5 frame3.gif animation.gif
</pre>
<p>Use <b>-page</b> to specify the <i>left</i> and <i>top</i>
locations of the image frame:</p>
<pre>
convert frame1.gif -page +50+100 frame2.gif -page +0+100 \
frame3.gif animation.gif
</pre>
<p>Finally, if you want the image to loop within <b>Netscape</b>,
use <b>-loop</b>:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -loop 50 frame*.gif animation.gif
</pre>
<p>For further information about GIF animation, see
<a href="http://members.aol.com/royalef.pngmake.htm">GIF Animation
on the WWW</a>.</p>
<p>Note, that all the images are composited into a single
multi-image GIF animation. If you want a single image produced for
each frame, use <b>+adjoin</b>:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert +adjoin images.* frames%d.gif
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C12" id="C12"></a><b>12.
When I display a <i>PostScript</i> image it appears to be trimmed.
I would like to display the entire page, including any white
space.</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
<b>ImageMagick</b> automatically trims any <i>PostScript</i> image
as defined by the bounding box. To preempt this behavior, remove
the bounding box statement from the Postscrpt or explicitly set the
page size. For example,</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -page letter image.ps
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C13" id="C13"></a><b>13.
What are visual image directories? How do I use them?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">A visual image
directory (VID) is an image that contains thumbnails of one or more
images in a file directory. Rather than displaying each individual
image at its full resolution, you can browse the visual image
directory and choose an image to display. You can create a VID with
either of these commands:</dd></dl>
<pre>
montage *.jpg directory.vid
convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.vid
</pre>
<p>Of course you can substitute any filenames you desire.
<a href="montage.html">Montage</a> has many relevant command line
options. You can exercise more control over the appearance of the
VID than with <a href="convert.html">convert</a>.</p>
<p>Next display the directory:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display directory.vid
</pre>
<p>Finally browse and select an image to display. Move the pointer
to the image and press button 3.</p>
<p>You can create the VID directory with this command:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display 'vid:*.jpg'
</pre>
<p>You can also select <b>Visual Image...</b> from the <b>File</b>
menu of the command widget.</p>
<p><i>Note, that creating a VID is time consuming</i>. Creating
them on-the-fly within <a href="display.html">display</a> may be
less convenient than using <a href="montage.html">montage</a> or
<a href="convert.html">convert</a> . Also, if you create them with
<a href="montage.html">montage</a>. or
<a href="convert.html">convert</a>, you can reuse them as often as
necessary.</p>
<p>Note that a visual image directory is useful for looking at
individual frames of an image sequence:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display vid:movie.mpg
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C14" id="C14"></a><b>14.
I have an HP. How do I take advantage of the Color Recovery
option?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Type</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display -map list image.miff
</pre>
<p>If you want to use
<a href="http://www.hp.com/workstations/support/documentation/manuals/user_guides/graphics/GAG11/3_XWindows11.html#HPColorRecovery">
Color Recovery</a> all the time, put this in your X defaults
file:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display.map: list
</pre>
<p>Now if you need to turn off Color Recovery temporarily, type</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display +dither image.miff
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C15" id="C15"></a><b>15.
I use the window ID reported by <i>xwininfo(1)</i> with import and
it does include the window manager frame as expected. How can I
save the window with its frame?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">By default,
<i>xwininfo(1)</i> returns the ID of the window you click on. Use
the <i>-frame</i> option to get the reparented window ID:</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
xwininfo -frame
</pre>
<p>You can then use the returned window ID with
<a href="import.html">import</a>:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
import -frame -window ID window.miff
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C16" id="C16"></a><b>16.
I displayed an image and it appears as one solid color. What did I
do wrong?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">A blank image
generally means that the image is either corrupt or it has a matte
channel and the matte values are all zero. <b>ImageMagick</b>
treats a matte value of zero as completely transparent. To
determine if this is the problem, try</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
display +matte image.miff
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C17" id="C17"></a><b>17.
I received the following message, "???? library is not available
...". What does it mean?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
<b>ImageMagick</b> requires source libraries not included with the
distribution to view or convert certain image formats such as JPEG
or TIFF. The above message means you did not compile the required
library and link with the <b>ImageMagick</b> utilities. See
<a href="install.html">README</a> for the location of these
libraries and compiling instructions.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C18" id="C18"></a><b>18.
I want to inspect the values of the matte channel within my image.
How can I do that?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">View the matte
image as a gray scale image. Suppose you have a TIFF image that has
a matte channel and is 640 pixels in width and 480 in height.
Type:</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert image.tiff image.matte
display -size 640x480 gray:image.matte
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C19" id="C19"></a><b>19.
"Convert in.gif out.png" says "Invalid Parameter -
out.png"</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">You have inadvertently run the
Microsoft Windows program called convert.exe, rather than the
ImageMagick program of the same name. The Windows convert.exe
program is used to convert a system boot disk from MS-DOS "FAT"
format to NTFS format. As such it can only be used one time in the
life of a system.</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">You
can</dd></dl>
<ul>
<li>
<dl>
<dd>rename either the MS convert.exe or the ImageMagick
convert.exe</dd></dl></li>
<li>
<dl>
<dd>revise your PATH to put ImageMagick's convert.exe ahead of MS
convert.exe</dd></dl></li>
<li>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">edit your Windows Registry as
explained in
<a href="http://savage.net.au/index.html/Install-convert.html">http://savage.net.au/index.html/Install-convert.html</a></dd></dl></li></ul>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C20" id="C20"></a><b>20.
How can I add one of those cool bevels to my image that I see used
on the Web?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">There are four
types of ornamental borders you can add to your image with
ImageMagick. Each is listed below with the procedure to use them
with your image.</dd></dl>
<p><i>Surround the image with a border of color</i>: Use
<tt>-border</tt> followed by the width and height of the border.
Set the color of the border with <tt>-bordercolor</tt>. For
example, to surround your image with a red border that is 25 pixels
wide on each side, use:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -bordercolor red -border 25x25 image.jpg image.gif
</pre>
<ul class="noindent"></ul>
<p><i>Lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect</i>: Use
<tt>-raise</tt> followed by the width of the image edge. For
example, to create a raised edge effect of 25 pixels, use:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -raise 25 image.jpg image.gif
</pre>
<ul class="noindent"></ul>
<p><i>Surround the image with an ornamental frame</i>: Use
<tt>-frame</tt> followed by the width and height of the frame. Set
the color of the border with <tt>-mattecolor</tt>. For example, to
surround your image with a gray frame that is 25 pixels wide on
each side, use:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25 image.jpg image.gif
</pre>
<ul class="noindent"></ul>
<p><i>Surround the image with a raised or sunken bevel</i>: Use
<tt>-frame</tt> followed by the width and height of the bevel. Set
the color of the border with <tt>-mattecolor</tt>. This is just
like the description above except you specify a bevel width that
matches the frame width. For example, to surround your image with a
gray bevel that is 25 pixels wide on each side, use:</p>
<pre>
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+0+25 image.jpg image.gif
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+25+0 image.jpg image.gif
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C21" id="C21"></a><b>21.
I try to launch display from my window manager and it fails. What's
up?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">
<a href="display.html">Display</a> determines if it is executing
interactively and behaves differently depending on the result. To
convince <a href="display.html">display</a> you are running in an
interactive environment when launching from a window manager, use
either of</dd></dl>
<pre>
display logo:Untitled
display < /dev/console
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C22" id="C22"></a><b>22.
When I convert Postscript to another format, how can I improve the
appearance of the text?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Simple. Increase
the dots-per-inch when converting and sub-sample:</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -density 288 -geometry 25% image.ps image.gif
</pre>
<p>Change the density to 144 and geometry to 50% if the above
command fails due to insufficient memory. Alternatively, see the
Ghostscript documentation about using high-quality fonts.</p>
<p>The <tt>-density</tt> option increases the number of pixels (or
dots) generated by Ghostscript when processing the input postscript
file. However as all other images formats are generally displayed
on screens which are typically about 72 to 100 dots per inch, the
output image will be larger.</p>
<p>The <i>-geometry</i> option reduces the large image output of
ghostscript image back to a normal 72 dpi resolution (25% of 288
dpi gives 72 dpi) but in the process anti-aliases (or smooths) the
fonts and lines of the image so as to remove the <i>jaggies</i> you
would otherwise get from a normal postscript to image
conversion.</p>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C23" id="C23"></a><b>23.
How can I annotate an image with text that is 2 to 3 inches
tall?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">If you do not
access to a particular named font that is large, try scalable
fonts. First see if you have any scalable fonts. Type</dd></dl>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
xlsfonts -fn '*-0-0-0-0-*'
</pre>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Or if you are
using <a href="display.html">display</a>, use the font pattern
above within the Font Browser (see Image Edit->Annotate). Next
substitute the appropriate resolution. Keep in mind that a scalable
font must be fully qualified to work. That is, all 14 fields must
be specified. Here is one example where we annotate an image with
large <i>Helvetica</i> text:</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert -font '-*-helvetica-*-*-*--300-300-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1' \
-fill green -draw 'text 50,300 Magick' image.gif annotated.gif
</pre>
<p>If you have the FreeType support built into ImageMagick, just
increase your pointsize and/or density:</p>
<pre style="margin-bottom: 0.2in">
convert -font Helvetica -pointsize 100 -density 300 ...
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C24" id="C24"></a><b>24.
How can I convert my GIF animation sequence to individual image
files?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">Use the scene embedded file format
with <a href="convert.html">convert</a>:</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert animation.gif
frame%02d.gif</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">The resulting
image files are titled <tt>frame01.gif</tt>, <tt>frame02.gif</tt>,
<tt>frame03.gif</tt>, etc.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C25" id="C25"></a><b>25.
How can I remove the background that prints around my image when I
display it with Netscape?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">Use the <tt>+page</tt> option of the
<a href="convert.html">convert</a> command:</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert +page alpha.gif
beta.gif</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">GIF allows for a
page offset relative to some background. The page offset
information may have been in your GIF image already or it could
have been introduced by ImageMagick. Either way, <tt>+page</tt>
removes the unwanted page offset and Netscape should behave as
expected.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C26" id="C26"></a><b>26.
How do I create a GIF or PNG image with Web safe
colors?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">Use the <tt>-map</tt> option of the
<a href="convert.html">convert</a> command:</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert -map netscape: alpha.gif
beta.gif</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">Netscape predefines 216 colors for
colormapped displays. Use the above command to ensure only these
predefined colors are used. Otherwise Netscape dithers your image
with varying degrees of image fidelity.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C27" id="C27"></a><b>27.
How come Adobe Acrobat 2.1 can't read ImageMagick's PDF
format?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">The default PDF compression is
<i>Zip</i>. You need Acrobat 3.0 and above to read Zip compressed
PDF. Instead use no compression or LZW compression when you create
the PDF file:</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert +compress images.tiff
image.pdf</tt></dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C28" id="C28"></a><b>28.
How can I add a matte layer to my image?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">One way is to use a bitmap as your
transparency mask</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2 in">First, use the
<tt>-matte</tt> option to add an all-opaque opacity channel, then
use the <tt>composite</tt> utility to copy the graylevel samples
from the mask file into your new opacity channel:</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert image.gif -matte
temp.miff</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in" margin-bottom:="" in=""><tt>composite
-compose CopyOpacity mask.xbm temp.miff transparent.gif</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.2in">Note, GIF is
limited to one transparent color. If your mask has variable
opacity, use a format like MIFF, TIFF, or PNG as your output image
format.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C29" id="C29"></a><b>29.
How can I draw with text using 'convert' under Windows
NT?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">The problem is that NT interprets the
command line differently than Unix does, causing the documented
command to fail. The following command has been reported to work
correctly (all on one line):</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert -font Arial -fill blue
-draw "text 10,10 'your text here'" d:\test.tif
png:d:\test.png</tt></dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">and here is another example which is
reported to work (which relies on Ghostscript's 'gs' program to
installed):</dd>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in"><tt>convert.exe -pointsize 18 -draw
"text 0,0 "This is my text!"" C:\blank.gif
c:\text.gif</tt></dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C30" id="C30"></a><b>30.
Why are my GIF files larger than expected?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in">LZW-compression was not enabled when
ImageMagick was built. Grab the source and configure with the
--enable-lzw option.</dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C31" id="C31"></a><b>31.
Why are my JPEG files larger than expected?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; font-weight: medium">Your JPEG files
may contain embedded "profiles" such as Exif or IPTC, or they may
contain uncompressed thumbnails. You can use the
<font face="Cumberland">+profile "*"</font> commandline option or
an equivalent API method to remove them.<br /></dd></dl>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C32" id="C32"></a><b>32.
How do I extract a single image from a multi-image
file?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; font-weight: medium">Use a
square-bracket syntax to indicate which frame or frames you want.
For example,</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert "Image.gif[0]" first.gif
</pre>
<p>Will extract the first image (scene 0) from a GIF animation. Be
sure to surround the file specification with quotation marks, to
prevent the shell from interpreting the square brackets.</p>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C33" id="C33"></a><b>33.
How do I make a blank image?</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; font-weight: medium">There are several
ways of making a blank image:</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert -size 800x600 xc:"#ddddff" ltblue.ppm
convert -size 800x600 null:white white.ppm
</pre>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; font-weight: medium">or, to make a
black image whose dimensions are the same as those of an existing
image,</dd></dl>
<pre>
convert in.png -threshold 100% black.ppm
</pre>
<hr size="5" />
<dl>
<dt style="margin-bottom: 0.2in"><a name="C34" id="C34"></a><b>34.
There used to be a "combine" utility but it's gone.</b></dt></dl>
<dl>
<dd style="margin-left: 0in; font-weight: medium">It was replaced
by the "composite" utility. The commandline parameters have been
rearranged.</dd></dl>
<hr />
<a href="#top"><img src="../images/top.gif" border="0" width="42"
height="42" align="right" alt="Top of page" /></a>
<form action="http://studio.imagemagick.org/magick/"
style="margin-top:5px"><input type="submit" title="Help!"
value="Help!"
style="background-color: #1947A3; background-image:url('../images/background.gif'); color:#fbc713; font-weight:bold" />
<small>"Image manipulation software that works like
magick"</small></form></td></tr></table>
</body>
</html>
|
