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 <sect1 id="boot-troubleshooting">
 <title>Troubleshooting the Installation Process</title>
<para>
</para>

  <sect2 arch="not-s390" id="unreliable-cd">
  <title>CD-ROM Reliability</title>
<para>

Sometimes, especially with older CD-ROM drives, the installer may fail
to boot from a CD-ROM. The installer may also &mdash; even after booting
successfully from CD-ROM &mdash; fail to recognize the CD-ROM or return
errors while reading from it during the installation.

</para><para>

There are many different possible causes for these problems. We can
only list some common issues and provide general suggestions on how to
deal with them. The rest is up to you.

</para><para>

There are two very simple things that you should try first.

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>

If the CD-ROM does not boot, check that it was inserted correctly and that
it is not dirty.

</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>

If the installer fails to recognize a CD-ROM, try just running the option
<menuchoice> <guimenuitem>Detect and mount CD-ROM</guimenuitem> </menuchoice>
a second time. Some DMA related issues with very old CD-ROM drives are known to
be resolved in this way.

</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</para><para>

If this does not work, then try the suggestions in the subsections below.
Most, but not all, suggestions discussed there are valid for both CD-ROM and
DVD, but we'll use the term CD-ROM for simplicity.

</para><para>

If you cannot get the installation working from CD-ROM, try one of the
other installation methods that are available.

</para>

  <sect3>
  <title>Common issues</title>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem><para>

Some older CD-ROM drives do not support reading from discs that were burned
at high speeds using a modern CD writer.

  </para></listitem>

<!--
  <listitem><para>

If your system boots correctly from the CD-ROM, it does not necessarily
mean that &arch-kernel; also supports the CD-ROM (or, more correctly, the controller
that your CD-ROM drive is connected to). 

  </para></listitem>
-->

  <listitem><para>

Some very old CD-ROM drives do not work correctly if <quote>direct memory
access</quote> (DMA) is enabled for them.

  </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect3>

  <sect3>
  <title>How to investigate and maybe solve issues</title>
<para>

If the CD-ROM fails to boot, try the suggestions listed below.

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem><para>

Check that your BIOS actually supports booting from CD-ROM (only an
issue for very old systems) and that CD booting is enabled in the
BIOS.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

If you downloaded an iso image, check that the md5sum of that image matches
the one listed for the image in the <filename>MD5SUMS</filename> file that
should be present in the same location as where you downloaded the image
from.

<informalexample><screen>
$ md5sum <replaceable>debian-testing-i386-netinst.iso</replaceable>
a20391b12f7ff22ef705cee4059c6b92  <replaceable>debian-testing-i386-netinst.iso</replaceable>
</screen></informalexample>

Next, check that the md5sum of the burned CD-ROM matches as well. The
following command should work. It uses the size of the image to read the
correct number of bytes from the CD-ROM.

<informalexample><screen>
$ dd if=/dev/cdrom | \
&gt; head -c `stat --format=%s <replaceable>debian-testing-i386-netinst.iso</replaceable>` | \
&gt; md5sum
a20391b12f7ff22ef705cee4059c6b92  -
262668+0 records in
262668+0 records out
134486016 bytes (134 MB) copied, 97.474 seconds, 1.4 MB/s
</screen></informalexample>

  </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</para><para>

If, after the installer has been booted successfully, the CD-ROM is not
detected, sometimes simply trying again may solve the problem. If you have
more than one CD-ROM drive, try changing the CD-ROM to the other drive.
If that does not work or if the CD-ROM is recognized but there are errors
when reading from it, try the suggestions listed below. Some basic knowledge
of &arch-kernel; is required for this.
To execute any of the commands, you should first switch to the second
virtual console (VT2) and activate the shell there.

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem><para>

Switch to VT4 or view the contents of <filename>/var/log/syslog</filename>
(use <command>nano</command> as editor) to check for any specific error
messages. After that, also check the output of <command>dmesg</command>.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

Check in the output of <command>dmesg</command> if your CD-ROM drive was
recognized. You should see something like (the lines do not necessarily
have to be consecutive):

<informalexample><screen>
ata1.00: ATAPI: MATSHITADVD-RAM UJ-822S, 1.61, max UDMA/33
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/33
scsi 0:0:0:0: CD-ROM            MATSHITA DVD-RAM UJ-822S  1.61 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
sr0: scsi3-mmc drive: 24x/24x writer dvd-ram cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray
cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
</screen></informalexample>

If you don't see something like that, chances are the controller your CD-ROM
is connected to was not recognized or may be not supported at all. If you
know what driver is needed for the controller, you can try loading it manually
using <command>modprobe</command>.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

Check that there is a device node for your CD-ROM drive under
<filename>/dev/</filename>. In the example above, this would be
<filename>/dev/sr0</filename>.
There should also be a <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

Use the <command>mount</command> command to check if the CD-ROM is already
mounted; if not, try mounting it manually:

<informalexample><screen>
$ mount /dev/<replaceable>hdc</replaceable> /cdrom
</screen></informalexample>

Check if there are any error messages after that command.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

Check if DMA is currently enabled:

<informalexample><screen>
$ cd /proc/<replaceable>ide</replaceable>/<replaceable>hdc</replaceable>
$ grep using_dma settings
using_dma      1       0       1       rw
</screen></informalexample>

A <quote>1</quote> in the first column after <literal>using_dma</literal>
means it is enabled. If it is, try disabling it:

<informalexample><screen>
$ echo -n "using_dma:0" &gt;settings
</screen></informalexample>

Make sure that you are in the directory for the device that corresponds
to your CD-ROM drive.

  </para></listitem>
  <listitem><para>

If there are any problems during the installation, try checking the integrity
of the CD-ROM using the option near the bottom of the installer's main menu.
This option can also be used as a general test if the CD-ROM can be read
reliably.

  </para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</para>
  </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 condition="supports-floppy-boot" id="unreliable-floppies">
  <title>Floppy Disk Reliability</title>

<para>

The biggest problem for people using floppy disks to install &debian;
seems to be floppy disk reliability.

</para><para>

The boot floppy is the floppy with the worst problems, because it
is read by the hardware directly, before Linux boots.  Often, the
hardware doesn't read as reliably as the Linux floppy disk driver, and
may just stop without printing an error message if it reads incorrect
data. There can also be failures in the driver floppies, most of which
indicate themselves with a flood of messages about disk I/O errors.

</para><para>

If you are having the installation stall at a particular floppy, the first
thing you should do is write the image to a <emphasis>different</emphasis>
floppy and see if that solves the problem. Simply reformatting the old
floppy may not be sufficient, even if it appears that the floppy was
reformatted and written with no errors. It is sometimes useful to try
writing the floppy on a different system.

</para><para>

One user reports he had to write the images to floppy
<emphasis>three</emphasis> times before one worked, and then
everything was fine with the third floppy.

</para><para>

Normally you should not have to download a floppy image again, but if you
are experiencing problems it is always useful to verify that the images
were downloaded correctly by verifying their md5sums.

</para><para>

Other users have reported that simply rebooting a few times with the
same floppy in the floppy drive can lead to a successful boot. This is
all due to buggy hardware or firmware floppy drivers.

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2><title>Boot Configuration</title>

<para>

If you have problems and the kernel hangs during the boot process,
doesn't recognize peripherals you actually have, or drives are not
recognized properly, the first thing to check is the boot parameters,
as discussed in <xref linkend="boot-parms"/>.

</para>

<para arch="not-s390">
In some cases, malfunctions
can be caused by missing device firmware (see <xref
linkend="hardware-firmware"/> and <xref linkend="loading-firmware"/>).

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 arch="x86">
  <title>Software Speech Synthesis</title>

<para>

If software speech synthesis does not work, there is most probably an issue
with your sound board, usually because either the driver for it is not included
in the installer, or because it has unusual mixer level names which are set to
muted by default. You should thus submit a bug report which includes the output
of the following commands, run on the same machine from a Linux system which is
known to have sound working (e.g., a live CD).

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><userinput>dmesg</userinput></para>
</listitem><listitem>
<para><userinput>lspci</userinput></para>
</listitem><listitem>
<para><userinput>lsmod</userinput></para>
</listitem><listitem>
<para><userinput>amixer</userinput></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 arch="x86" id="i386-boot-problems">
  <title>Common &arch-title; Installation Problems</title>
<para>

There are some common installation problems that can be solved or avoided by
passing certain boot parameters to the installer.

</para>

<!-- outdated
<para>

Some systems have floppies with <quote>inverted DCLs</quote>. If you receive
errors reading from the floppy, even when you know the floppy is good,
try the parameter <userinput>floppy=thinkpad</userinput>.

</para><para>

On some systems, such as the IBM PS/1 or ValuePoint (which have ST-506
disk drivers), the IDE drive may not be properly recognized.  Again,
try it first without the parameters and see if the IDE drive is
recognized properly.  If not, determine your drive geometry
(cylinders, heads, and sectors), and use the parameter
<userinput>hd=<replaceable>cylinders</replaceable>,<replaceable>heads</replaceable>,<replaceable>sectors</replaceable></userinput>.

</para><para>

If you have a very old machine, and the kernel hangs after saying
<computeroutput>Checking 'hlt' instruction...</computeroutput>, then
you should try the <userinput>no-hlt</userinput> boot argument, which
disables this test.

</para><para>

Some systems (especially laptops) that have a native resolution that is not
a 4:3 ratio (i.e. not for example 800x600 or 1024x768) may have a blank
display after the installer has been booted. In that case adding the boot
parameter <userinput>vga=788</userinput><footnote>

<para>
The parameter <userinput>vga=788</userinput> will activate the VESA
framebuffer with a resolution of 800x600. This will probably work, but may
not be the optimal resolution for your system. A list of supported
resolutions can be obtained by using <userinput>vga=ask</userinput>, but
you should be aware that list may not be complete.
</para>

</footnote> may help. If that does not work,
try adding the boot parameter <userinput>fb=false</userinput>.

</para>
-->

<para>

If your screen begins to show a weird picture while the kernel boots,
eg. pure white, pure black or colored pixel garbage, your system may
contain a problematic video card which does not switch to the
framebuffer mode properly.  Then you can use the boot parameter
<userinput>fb=false</userinput> to disable the framebuffer
console. Only a reduced set of
languages will be available during the installation due to limited
console features. See <xref linkend="boot-parms"/> for details.

</para>

  <sect3>
  <title>System Freeze During the PCMCIA Configuration Phase</title>
<para>

Some very old laptop models produced by Dell are known to crash when PCMCIA device
detection tries to access some hardware addresses. Other laptops may display
similar problems. If you experience such a problem and you don't need PCMCIA
support during the installation, you can disable PCMCIA using the
<userinput>hw-detect/start_pcmcia=false</userinput> boot parameter. You can
then configure PCMCIA after the installation is completed and exclude the
resource range causing the problems.

</para><para>

Alternatively, you can boot the installer in expert mode. You will
then be asked to enter the resource range options your hardware
needs. For example, if you have one of the Dell laptops mentioned
above, you should enter <userinput>exclude port
0x800-0x8ff</userinput> here. There is also a list of some common
resource range options in the <ulink
url="http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.12">System
resource settings section of the PCMCIA HOWTO</ulink>. Note that you
have to omit the commas, if any, when you enter this value in the
installer.

</para>
   </sect3>

<!-- outdated
   <sect3>
   <title>System Freeze while Loading USB Modules</title>
<para>

The kernel normally tries to install USB modules and the USB keyboard driver
in order to support some non-standard USB keyboards. However, there are some
broken USB systems where the driver hangs on loading. A possible workaround
may be disabling the USB controller in your mainboard BIOS setup. Another option
is passing the <userinput>nousb</userinput> parameter at the boot prompt.

</para>
   </sect3>
-->

  </sect2>

  <sect2 arch="sparc" id="sparc-boot-problems">
  <title>Common &arch-title; Installation Problems</title>
<para>

There are some common installation problems that are worth mentioning.

</para>
   <sect3>
   <title>Misdirected video output</title>
<para>

It is fairly common for &arch-title; to have two video cards in one machine,
for example an ATI card and a Sun Creator 3D. In some cases, this may result
in the video output getting misdirected soon after the system boots. In
typical cases, the display will only show:

<informalexample><screen>
Remapping the kernel... done
Booting Linux...
</screen></informalexample>

To work around this, you can either pull out one of the video cards, or
disable the one not used during the OpenProm boot phase using a kernel
parameter. For example, to disable an ATI card, you should boot the
installer with <userinput>video=atyfb:off</userinput>.

</para><para>

Note that you may also have to manually add this parameter to the silo
configuration (edit <filename>/target/etc/silo.conf</filename> before
rebooting) and, if you installed X11, modify the video driver in
<filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename>.

</para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
   <title>Failure to Boot or Install from CD-ROM</title>
<para>

Some Sparc systems are notoriously difficult to boot from CD-ROM and
even if they do boot, there may be inexplicable failures during the
installation. Most problems have been reported with SunBlade systems.

</para><para>

We recommend to install such systems by netbooting the installer.

</para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="kernel-msgs">
  <title>Interpreting the Kernel Startup Messages</title>

<para>

During the boot sequence, you may see many messages in the form
<computeroutput>can't find <replaceable>something</replaceable></computeroutput>,
or <computeroutput><replaceable>something</replaceable>
not present</computeroutput>, <computeroutput>can't initialize
<replaceable>something</replaceable></computeroutput>,
or even <computeroutput>this driver release depends
on <replaceable>something</replaceable></computeroutput>.
Most of these messages are harmless. You
see them because the kernel for the installation system is built to
run on computers with many different peripheral devices. Obviously, no
one computer will have every possible peripheral device, so the
operating system may emit a few complaints while it looks for
peripherals you don't own. You may also see the system pause for a
while. This happens when it is waiting for a device to respond, and
that device is not present on your system. If you find the time it
takes to boot the system unacceptably long, you can create a
custom kernel later <phrase arch="linux-any">(see <xref linkend="kernel-baking"/>)</phrase>.

</para>
  </sect2>


  <sect2 id="problem-report">
  <title>Reporting Installation Problems</title>
<para>

If you get through the initial boot phase but cannot complete the install,
the menu option <guimenuitem>Save debug logs</guimenuitem> may be helpful.
It lets you store system error logs and configuration information from the
installer to a floppy, or download them using a web browser.

This information may provide clues as to what went wrong and how to
fix it.  If you are submitting a bug report, you may want to attach
this information to the bug report.

</para><para>

Other pertinent installation messages may be found in
<filename>/var/log/</filename> during the
installation, and <filename>/var/log/installer/</filename>
after the computer has been booted into the installed system.

</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="submit-bug">
  <title>Submitting Installation Reports</title>
<para>

If you still have problems, please submit an installation report. We also
encourage installation reports to be sent even if the installation is
successful, so that we can get as much information as possible on the largest
number of hardware configurations. 

</para><para>

Note that your installation report will be published in the Debian Bug
Tracking System (BTS) and forwarded to a public mailing list. Make sure that
you use an e-mail address that you do not mind being made public.

</para><para>

If you have a working &debian; system, the easiest way to send an installation
report is to install the <classname>installation-report</classname> and
<classname>reportbug</classname> packages
(<command>apt install installation-report reportbug</command>),
configure <classname>reportbug</classname> as explained in
<xref linkend="mail-outgoing"/>, and run the command <command>reportbug
installation-reports</command>.

</para><para>

Alternatively you can use this template when filling out
installation reports, and file the report as a bug report against the
<classname>installation-reports</classname> pseudo package, by sending it to
<email>submit@bugs.debian.org</email>.

<informalexample><screen>
Package: installation-reports

Boot method: &lt;How did you boot the installer? CD? floppy? network?&gt;
Image version: &lt;Full URL to image you downloaded is best&gt;
Date: &lt;Date and time of the install&gt;

Machine: &lt;Description of machine (eg, IBM Thinkpad R32)&gt;
Processor:
Memory:
Partitions: &lt;df -Tl will do; the raw partition table is preferred&gt;

Output of lspci -knn (or lspci -nn):

Base System Installation Checklist:
[O] = OK, [E] = Error (please elaborate below), [ ] = didn't try it

Initial boot:           [ ]
Detect network card:    [ ]
Configure network:      [ ]
Detect CD:              [ ]
Load installer modules: [ ]
Detect hard drives:     [ ]
Partition hard drives:  [ ]
Install base system:    [ ]
Clock/timezone setup:   [ ]
User/password setup:    [ ]
Install tasks:          [ ]
Install boot loader:    [ ]
Overall install:        [ ]

Comments/Problems:

&lt;Description of the install, in prose, and any thoughts, comments
      and ideas you had during the initial install.&gt;
</screen></informalexample>

In the bug report, describe what the problem is, including the last
visible kernel messages in the event of a kernel hang.  Describe the
steps that you did which brought the system into the problem state.

</para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>