Getting Started With Icarus Verilog
===================================

Before getting started with actual examples, here are a few notes on
conventions. First, command lines and sequences take the same arguments on all
supported operating environments, including Linux, Windows and the various
Unix systems. When an example command is shown in a figure, the generic prompt
character "% " takes the place of whatever prompt string is appropriate for
your system. Under Windows, the commands are invoked in a command window.

Second, when creating a file to hold Verilog code, it is common to use the
".v" or the ".vl" suffix. This is not a requirement imposed by Icarus Verilog,
but a useful convention. Some people also use the suffixes ".ver" or even
".vlg". Examples in this book will use the ".v" suffix.

So let us start. Given that you are going to use Icarus Verilog as part of
your design process, the first thing to do as a designer is learn how to
compile and execute even the most trivial design. For the purposes of
simulation, we use as our example the most trivial simulation, a simple Hello,
World program.

.. code-block:: verilog

  module hello;
    initial 
      begin
        $display("Hello, World");
        $finish ;
      end
  endmodule

Use a text editor to place the program in a text file, hello.v, then compile
this program with the command::

  % iverilog -o hello hello.v

The results of this compile are placed into the file "hello", because the "-o"
flag tells the compiler where to place the compiled result. Next, execute the
compiled program like so::

  % vvp hello
  Hello, World

And there it is, the program has been executed. So what happened? The first
step, the "iverilog" command, read and interpreted the source file, then
generated a compiled result. The compiled form may be selected by command line
switches, but the default is the "vvp" format, which is actually run later, as
needed. The "vvp" command of the second step interpreted the "hello" file from
the first step, causing the program to execute.

The "iverilog" and "vvp" commands are the most important commands available to
users of Icarus Verilog. The "iverilog" command is the compiler, and the "vvp"
command is the simulation runtime engine. What sort of output the compiler
actually creates is controlled by command line switches, but normally it
produces output in the default vvp format, which is in turn executed by the
vvp program.

As designs get larger and more complex, they gain hierarchy in the form of
modules that are instantiated within others, and it becomes convenient to
organize them into multiple files. A common convention is to write one
moderate sized module per file (or group related tiny modules into a single
file) then combine the files of the design together during compilation. For
example, the counter model in counter.v

.. code-block:: verilog

  module counter(output, clk, reset);

    parameter WIDTH = 8;

    output [WIDTH-1 : 0] output;
    input 	       clk, reset;

    reg [WIDTH-1 : 0]   out;
    wire 	       clk, reset;

    always @(posedge clk or posedge reset)
      if (reset)
        output <= 0;
      else
        output <= output + 1;

  endmodule // counter

and the test bench in counter_tb.v

.. code-block:: verilog

  module test;

    /* Make a reset that pulses once. */
    reg reset = 0;
    initial begin
       # 17 reset = 1;
       # 11 reset = 0;
       # 29 reset = 1;
       # 11 reset = 0;
       # 100 $stop;
    end

    /* Make a regular pulsing clock. */
    reg clk = 0;
    always #5 clk = !clk;

    wire [7:0] value;
    counter c1 (value, clk, reset);

    initial
       $monitor("At time %t, value = %h (%0d)",
                $time, value, value);
  endmodule // test

are written into different files.

The "iverilog" command supports multi-file designs by two methods. The
simplest is to list the files on the command line::

  % iverilog -o my_design  counter_tb.v counter.v
  % vvp my_design

This command compiles the design, which is spread across two input files, and
generates the compiled result into the "my_design" file. This works for small
to medium sized designs, but gets cumbersome when there are lots of files.

Another technique is to use a commandfile, which lists the input files in a
text file. For example, create a text file called "file_list.txt" with the
files listed one per line::

  counter.v
  counter_tb.v

Then compile and execute the design with a command like so::

  % iverilog -o my_design -c file_list.txt
  % vvp my_design

The command file technique clearly supports much larger designs simply by
saving you the trouble of listing all the source files on the command
line. Name the files that are part of the design in the command file and use
the "-c" flag to tell iverilog to read the command file as a list of Verilog
input files.

As designs get more complicated, they almost certainly contain many Verilog
modules that represent the hierarchy of your design. Typically, there is one
module that instantiates other modules but is not instantiated by any other
modules. This is called a root module. Icarus Verilog chooses as roots (There
can be more than one root) all the modules that are not instantiated by other
modules. If there are no such modules, the compiler will not be able to choose
any root, and the designer must use the "-sroot" switch to identify the root
module, like this::

  % iverilog -s main -o hello hello.v

If there are multiple candidate roots, all of them will be elaborated. The
compiler will do this even if there are many root modules that you do not
intend to simulate, or that have no effect on the simulation. This can happen,
for example, if you include a source file that has multiple modules, but are
only really interested in some of them. The "-s" flag identifies a specific
root module and also turns off the automatic search for other root
modules. You can use this feature to prevent instantiation of unwanted roots.

As designs get even larger, they become spread across many dozens or even
hundreds of files. When designs are that complex, more advanced source code
management techniques become necessary. These are described in later chapters,
along with other advanced design management techniques supported by Icarus
Verilog.