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<h1 id="trains-two-recurrent-neural-networks-based-upon-a-story-and-a-question">Trains two recurrent neural networks based upon a story and a question.</h1>
<p>The resulting merged vector is then queried to answer a range of bAbI tasks.</p>
<p>The results are comparable to those for an LSTM model provided in Weston et al.:
"Towards AI-Complete Question Answering: A Set of Prerequisite Toy Tasks"
http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.05698</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Task Number</th>
<th>FB LSTM Baseline</th>
<th>Keras QA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>QA1 - Single Supporting Fact</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>52.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA2 - Two Supporting Facts</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>37.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA3 - Three Supporting Facts</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>20.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA4 - Two Arg. Relations</td>
<td>61</td>
<td>62.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA5 - Three Arg. Relations</td>
<td>70</td>
<td>61.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA6 - yes/No Questions</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>50.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA7 - Counting</td>
<td>49</td>
<td>78.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA8 - Lists/Sets</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>77.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA9 - Simple Negation</td>
<td>64</td>
<td>64.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA10 - Indefinite Knowledge</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>47.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA11 - Basic Coreference</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>74.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA12 - Conjunction</td>
<td>74</td>
<td>76.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA13 - Compound Coreference</td>
<td>94</td>
<td>94.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA14 - Time Reasoning</td>
<td>27</td>
<td>34.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA15 - Basic Deduction</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>32.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA16 - Basic Induction</td>
<td>23</td>
<td>50.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA17 - Positional Reasoning</td>
<td>51</td>
<td>49.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA18 - Size Reasoning</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>90.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA19 - Path Finding</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QA20 - Agent's Motivations</td>
<td>91</td>
<td>90.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>For the resources related to the bAbI project, refer to:
https://research.facebook.com/researchers/1543934539189348</p>
<h3 id="notes">Notes</h3>
<ul>
<li>With default word, sentence, and query vector sizes, the GRU model achieves:</li>
<li>52.1% test accuracy on QA1 in 20 epochs (2 seconds per epoch on CPU)</li>
<li>
<p>37.0% test accuracy on QA2 in 20 epochs (16 seconds per epoch on CPU)
In comparison, the Facebook paper achieves 50% and 20% for the LSTM baseline.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The task does not traditionally parse the question separately. This likely
improves accuracy and is a good example of merging two RNNs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The word vector embeddings are not shared between the story and question RNNs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>See how the accuracy changes given 10,000 training samples (en-10k) instead
of only 1000. 1000 was used in order to be comparable to the original paper.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Experiment with GRU, LSTM, and JZS1-3 as they give subtly different results.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The length and noise (i.e. 'useless' story components) impact the ability of
LSTMs / GRUs to provide the correct answer. Given only the supporting facts,
these RNNs can achieve 100% accuracy on many tasks. Memory networks and neural
networks that use attentional processes can efficiently search through this
noise to find the relevant statements, improving performance substantially.
This becomes especially obvious on QA2 and QA3, both far longer than QA1.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="python">from __future__ import print_function
from functools import reduce
import re
import tarfile
import numpy as np
from keras.utils.data_utils import get_file
from keras.layers.embeddings import Embedding
from keras import layers
from keras.layers import recurrent
from keras.models import Model
from keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
def tokenize(sent):
'''Return the tokens of a sentence including punctuation.
>>> tokenize('Bob dropped the apple. Where is the apple?')
['Bob', 'dropped', 'the', 'apple', '.', 'Where', 'is', 'the', 'apple', '?']
'''
return [x.strip() for x in re.split(r'(\W+)', sent) if x.strip()]
def parse_stories(lines, only_supporting=False):
'''Parse stories provided in the bAbi tasks format
If only_supporting is true,
only the sentences that support the answer are kept.
'''
data = []
story = []
for line in lines:
line = line.decode('utf-8').strip()
nid, line = line.split(' ', 1)
nid = int(nid)
if nid == 1:
story = []
if '\t' in line:
q, a, supporting = line.split('\t')
q = tokenize(q)
if only_supporting:
# Only select the related substory
supporting = map(int, supporting.split())
substory = [story[i - 1] for i in supporting]
else:
# Provide all the substories
substory = [x for x in story if x]
data.append((substory, q, a))
story.append('')
else:
sent = tokenize(line)
story.append(sent)
return data
def get_stories(f, only_supporting=False, max_length=None):
'''Given a file name, read the file, retrieve the stories,
and then convert the sentences into a single story.
If max_length is supplied,
any stories longer than max_length tokens will be discarded.
'''
data = parse_stories(f.readlines(), only_supporting=only_supporting)
flatten = lambda data: reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, data)
data = [(flatten(story), q, answer) for story, q, answer in data
if not max_length or len(flatten(story)) < max_length]
return data
def vectorize_stories(data, word_idx, story_maxlen, query_maxlen):
xs = []
xqs = []
ys = []
for story, query, answer in data:
x = [word_idx[w] for w in story]
xq = [word_idx[w] for w in query]
# let's not forget that index 0 is reserved
y = np.zeros(len(word_idx) + 1)
y[word_idx[answer]] = 1
xs.append(x)
xqs.append(xq)
ys.append(y)
return (pad_sequences(xs, maxlen=story_maxlen),
pad_sequences(xqs, maxlen=query_maxlen), np.array(ys))
RNN = recurrent.LSTM
EMBED_HIDDEN_SIZE = 50
SENT_HIDDEN_SIZE = 100
QUERY_HIDDEN_SIZE = 100
BATCH_SIZE = 32
EPOCHS = 20
print('RNN / Embed / Sent / Query = {}, {}, {}, {}'.format(RNN,
EMBED_HIDDEN_SIZE,
SENT_HIDDEN_SIZE,
QUERY_HIDDEN_SIZE))
try:
path = get_file('babi-tasks-v1-2.tar.gz',
origin='https://s3.amazonaws.com/text-datasets/'
'babi_tasks_1-20_v1-2.tar.gz')
except:
print('Error downloading dataset, please download it manually:\n'
'$ wget http://www.thespermwhale.com/jaseweston/babi/tasks_1-20_v1-2'
'.tar.gz\n'
'$ mv tasks_1-20_v1-2.tar.gz ~/.keras/datasets/babi-tasks-v1-2.tar.gz')
raise
# Default QA1 with 1000 samples
# challenge = 'tasks_1-20_v1-2/en/qa1_single-supporting-fact_{}.txt'
# QA1 with 10,000 samples
# challenge = 'tasks_1-20_v1-2/en-10k/qa1_single-supporting-fact_{}.txt'
# QA2 with 1000 samples
challenge = 'tasks_1-20_v1-2/en/qa2_two-supporting-facts_{}.txt'
# QA2 with 10,000 samples
# challenge = 'tasks_1-20_v1-2/en-10k/qa2_two-supporting-facts_{}.txt'
with tarfile.open(path) as tar:
train = get_stories(tar.extractfile(challenge.format('train')))
test = get_stories(tar.extractfile(challenge.format('test')))
vocab = set()
for story, q, answer in train + test:
vocab |= set(story + q + [answer])
vocab = sorted(vocab)
# Reserve 0 for masking via pad_sequences
vocab_size = len(vocab) + 1
word_idx = dict((c, i + 1) for i, c in enumerate(vocab))
story_maxlen = max(map(len, (x for x, _, _ in train + test)))
query_maxlen = max(map(len, (x for _, x, _ in train + test)))
x, xq, y = vectorize_stories(train, word_idx, story_maxlen, query_maxlen)
tx, txq, ty = vectorize_stories(test, word_idx, story_maxlen, query_maxlen)
print('vocab = {}'.format(vocab))
print('x.shape = {}'.format(x.shape))
print('xq.shape = {}'.format(xq.shape))
print('y.shape = {}'.format(y.shape))
print('story_maxlen, query_maxlen = {}, {}'.format(story_maxlen, query_maxlen))
print('Build model...')
sentence = layers.Input(shape=(story_maxlen,), dtype='int32')
encoded_sentence = layers.Embedding(vocab_size, EMBED_HIDDEN_SIZE)(sentence)
encoded_sentence = RNN(SENT_HIDDEN_SIZE)(encoded_sentence)
question = layers.Input(shape=(query_maxlen,), dtype='int32')
encoded_question = layers.Embedding(vocab_size, EMBED_HIDDEN_SIZE)(question)
encoded_question = RNN(QUERY_HIDDEN_SIZE)(encoded_question)
merged = layers.concatenate([encoded_sentence, encoded_question])
preds = layers.Dense(vocab_size, activation='softmax')(merged)
model = Model([sentence, question], preds)
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
print('Training')
model.fit([x, xq], y,
batch_size=BATCH_SIZE,
epochs=EPOCHS,
validation_split=0.05)
print('Evaluation')
loss, acc = model.evaluate([tx, txq], ty,
batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)
print('Test loss / test accuracy = {:.4f} / {:.4f}'.format(loss, acc))
</code></pre>
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