1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Installing KDCs — MIT Kerberos Documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/agogo.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/kerb.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
URL_ROOT: '../',
VERSION: '1.12.1',
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
HAS_SOURCE: true
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="top" title="MIT Kerberos Documentation" href="../index.html" />
<link rel="up" title="Installation guide" href="install.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Installing and configuring UNIX client machines" href="install_clients.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Installation guide" href="install.html" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="header-wrapper">
<div class="header">
<h1><a href="../index.html">MIT Kerberos Documentation</a></h1>
<div class="rel">
<a href="../index.html" title="Full Table of Contents"
accesskey="C">Contents</a> |
<a href="install.html" title="Installation guide"
accesskey="P">previous</a> |
<a href="install_clients.html" title="Installing and configuring UNIX client machines"
accesskey="N">next</a> |
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a> |
<a href="../search.html" title="Enter search criteria"
accesskey="S">Search</a> |
<a href="mailto:krb5-bugs@mit.edu?subject=Documentation__Installing KDCs">feedback</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-wrapper">
<div class="content">
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body">
<div class="section" id="installing-kdcs">
<h1>Installing KDCs<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-kdcs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>When setting up Kerberos in a production environment, it is best to
have multiple slave KDCs alongside with a master KDC to ensure the
continued availability of the Kerberized services. Each KDC contains
a copy of the Kerberos database. The master KDC contains the writable
copy of the realm database, which it replicates to the slave KDCs at
regular intervals. All database changes (such as password changes)
are made on the master KDC. Slave KDCs provide Kerberos
ticket-granting services, but not database administration, when the
master KDC is unavailable. MIT recommends that you install all of
your KDCs to be able to function as either the master or one of the
slaves. This will enable you to easily switch your master KDC with
one of the slaves if necessary (see <a class="reference internal" href="#switch-master-slave"><em>Switching master and slave KDCs</em></a>). This
installation procedure is based on that recommendation.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<ul class="last simple">
<li>The Kerberos system relies on the availability of correct time
information. Ensure that the master and all slave KDCs have
properly synchronized clocks.</li>
<li>It is best to install and run KDCs on secured and dedicated
hardware with limited access. If your KDC is also a file
server, FTP server, Web server, or even just a client machine,
someone who obtained root access through a security hole in any
of those areas could potentially gain access to the Kerberos
database.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="install-and-configure-the-master-kdc">
<h2>Install and configure the master KDC<a class="headerlink" href="#install-and-configure-the-master-kdc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Install Kerberos either from the OS-provided packages or from the
source (See <a class="reference internal" href="../build/doing_build.html#do-build"><em>Building within a single tree</em></a>).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For the purpose of this document we will use the following
names:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>kerberos.mit.edu - master KDC
kerberos-1.mit.edu - slave KDC
ATHENA.MIT.EDU - realm name
.k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU - stash file
admin/admin - admin principal</pre>
</div>
<p class="last">See <a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html#mitk5defaults"><em>MIT Kerberos defaults</em></a> for the default names and locations
of the relevant to this topic files. Adjust the names and
paths to your system environment.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="edit-kdc-configuration-files">
<h2>Edit KDC configuration files<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-kdc-configuration-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Modify the configuration files, <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#krb5-conf-5"><em>krb5.conf</em></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kdc_conf.html#kdc-conf-5"><em>kdc.conf</em></a>, to reflect the correct information (such as
domain-realm mappings and Kerberos servers names) for your realm.
(See <a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html#mitk5defaults"><em>MIT Kerberos defaults</em></a> for the recommended default locations for
these files).</p>
<p>Most of the tags in the configuration have default values that will
work well for most sites. There are some tags in the
<a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#krb5-conf-5"><em>krb5.conf</em></a> file whose values must be specified, and this
section will explain those.</p>
<p>If the locations for these configuration files differs from the
default ones, set <strong>KRB5_CONFIG</strong> and <strong>KRB5_KDC_PROFILE</strong> environment
variables to point to the krb5.conf and kdc.conf respectively. For
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>export KRB5_CONFIG=/yourdir/krb5.conf
export KRB5_KDC_PROFILE=/yourdir/kdc.conf</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="krb5-conf">
<h3>krb5.conf<a class="headerlink" href="#krb5-conf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>If you are not using DNS TXT records (see <a class="reference internal" href="realm_config.html#mapping-hostnames"><em>Mapping hostnames onto Kerberos realms</em></a>),
you must specify the <strong>default_realm</strong> in the <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#libdefaults"><em>[libdefaults]</em></a>
section. If you are not using DNS SRV records (see
<a class="reference internal" href="realm_config.html#kdc-hostnames"><em>Hostnames for KDCs</em></a>), you must include the <strong>kdc</strong> tag for each
<em>realm</em> in the <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#realms"><em>[realms]</em></a> section. To communicate with the kadmin
server in each realm, the <strong>admin_server</strong> tag must be set in the
<a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#realms"><em>[realms]</em></a> section.</p>
<p>An example krb5.conf file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>[libdefaults]
default_realm = ATHENA.MIT.EDU
[realms]
ATHENA.MIT.EDU = {
kdc = kerberos.mit.edu
kdc = kerberos-1.mit.edu
admin_server = kerberos.mit.edu
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="kdc-conf">
<h3>kdc.conf<a class="headerlink" href="#kdc-conf" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The kdc.conf file can be used to control the listening ports of the
KDC and kadmind, as well as realm-specific defaults, the database type
and location, and logging.</p>
<p>An example kdc.conf file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>[kdcdefaults]
kdc_ports = 88,750
[realms]
ATHENA.MIT.EDU = {
kadmind_port = 749
max_life = 12h 0m 0s
max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s
master_key_type = aes256-cts
supported_enctypes = aes256-cts:normal aes128-cts:normal
# If the default location does not suit your setup,
# explicitly configure the following values:
# database_name = /var/krb5kdc/principal
# key_stash_file = /var/krb5kdc/.k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU
# acl_file = /var/krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
}
[logging]
# By default, the KDC and kadmind will log output using
# syslog. You can instead send log output to files like this:
kdc = FILE:/var/log/krb5kdc.log
admin_server = FILE:/var/log/kadmin.log
default = FILE:/var/log/krb5lib.log</pre>
</div>
<p>Replace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ATHENA.MIT.EDU</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kerberos.mit.edu</span></tt> with the name of
your Kerberos realm and server respectively.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You have to have write permission on the target directories
(these directories must exist) used by <strong>database_name</strong>,
<strong>key_stash_file</strong>, and <strong>acl_file</strong>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="create-the-kdc-database">
<span id="create-db"></span><h2>Create the KDC database<a class="headerlink" href="#create-the-kdc-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You will use the <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kdb5_util.html#kdb5-util-8"><em>kdb5_util</em></a> command on the master KDC to
create the Kerberos database and the optional <a class="reference internal" href="../basic/stash_file_def.html#stash-definition"><em>stash file</em></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you choose not to install a stash file, the KDC will
prompt you for the master key each time it starts up. This
means that the KDC will not be able to start automatically,
such as after a system reboot.</p>
</div>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kdb5_util.html#kdb5-util-8"><em>kdb5_util</em></a> will prompt you for the master password for the
Kerberos database. This password can be any string. A good password
is one you can remember, but that no one else can guess. Examples of
bad passwords are words that can be found in a dictionary, any common
or popular name, especially a famous person (or cartoon character),
your username in any form (e.g., forward, backward, repeated twice,
etc.), and any of the sample passwords that appear in this manual.
One example of a password which might be good if it did not appear in
this manual is “MITiys4K5!”, which represents the sentence “MIT is
your source for Kerberos 5!” (It’s the first letter of each word,
substituting the numeral “4” for the word “for”, and includes the
punctuation mark at the end.)</p>
<p>The following is an example of how to create a Kerberos database and
stash file on the master KDC, using the <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kdb5_util.html#kdb5-util-8"><em>kdb5_util</em></a> command.
Replace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ATHENA.MIT.EDU</span></tt> with the name of your Kerberos realm:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kdb5_util create -r ATHENA.MIT.EDU -s
Initializing database '/usr/local/var/krb5kdc/principal' for realm 'ATHENA.MIT.EDU',
master key name 'K/M@ATHENA.MIT.EDU'
You will be prompted for the database Master Password.
It is important that you NOT FORGET this password.
Enter KDC database master key: <= Type the master password.
Re-enter KDC database master key to verify: <= Type it again.
shell%</pre>
</div>
<p>This will create five files in <a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html#paths"><em>LOCALSTATEDIR</em></a><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/krb5kdc</span></tt> (or at the locations specified
in <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kdc_conf.html#kdc-conf-5"><em>kdc.conf</em></a>):</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>two Kerberos database files, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">principal</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">principal.ok</span></tt></li>
<li>the Kerberos administrative database file, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">principal.kadm5</span></tt></li>
<li>the administrative database lock file, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">principal.kadm5.lock</span></tt></li>
<li>the stash file, in this example <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.k5.ATHENA.MIT.EDU</span></tt>. If you do
not want a stash file, run the above command without the <strong>-s</strong>
option.</li>
</ul>
<p>For more information on administrating Kerberos database see
<a class="reference internal" href="database.html#db-operations"><em>Operations on the Kerberos database</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="add-administrators-to-the-acl-file">
<span id="admin-acl"></span><h2>Add administrators to the ACL file<a class="headerlink" href="#add-administrators-to-the-acl-file" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Next, you need create an Access Control List (ACL) file and put the
Kerberos principal of at least one of the administrators into it.
This file is used by the <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kadmind.html#kadmind-8"><em>kadmind</em></a> daemon to control which
principals may view and make privileged modifications to the Kerberos
database files. The ACL filename is determined by the <strong>acl_file</strong>
variable in <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kdc_conf.html#kdc-conf-5"><em>kdc.conf</em></a>; the default is <a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html#paths"><em>LOCALSTATEDIR</em></a><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/krb5kdc</span></tt><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/kadm5.acl</span></tt>.</p>
<p>For more information on Kerberos ACL file see <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kadm5_acl.html#kadm5-acl-5"><em>kadm5.acl</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="add-administrators-to-the-kerberos-database">
<span id="addadmin-kdb"></span><h2>Add administrators to the Kerberos database<a class="headerlink" href="#add-administrators-to-the-kerberos-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Next you need to add administrative principals (i.e., principals who
are allowed to administer Kerberos database) to the Kerberos database.
You <em>must</em> add at least one principal now to allow communication
between the Kerberos administration daemon kadmind and the kadmin
program over the network for further administration. To do this, use
the kadmin.local utility on the master KDC. kadmin.local is designed
to be run on the master KDC host without using Kerberos authentication
to an admin server; instead, it must have read and write access to the
Kerberos database on the local filesystem.</p>
<p>The administrative principals you create should be the ones you added
to the ACL file (see <a class="reference internal" href="#admin-acl"><em>Add administrators to the ACL file</em></a>).</p>
<p>In the following example, the administrative principal <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">admin/admin</span></tt>
is created:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kadmin.local
kadmin.local: addprinc admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU
WARNING: no policy specified for "admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU";
assigning "default".
Enter password for principal admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU: <= Enter a password.
Re-enter password for principal admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU: <= Type it again.
Principal "admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.
kadmin.local:</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="start-the-kerberos-daemons-on-the-master-kdc">
<span id="start-kdc-daemons"></span><h2>Start the Kerberos daemons on the master KDC<a class="headerlink" href="#start-the-kerberos-daemons-on-the-master-kdc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>At this point, you are ready to start the Kerberos KDC
(<a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/krb5kdc.html#krb5kdc-8"><em>krb5kdc</em></a>) and administrative daemons on the Master KDC. To
do so, type:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">krb5kdc</span>
<span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">kadmind</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Each server daemon will fork and run in the background.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Assuming you want these daemons to start up automatically at
boot time, you can add them to the KDC’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/rc</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/inittab</span></tt> file. You need to have a
<a class="reference internal" href="../basic/stash_file_def.html#stash-definition"><em>stash file</em></a> in order to do this.</p>
</div>
<p>You can verify that they started properly by checking for their
startup messages in the logging locations you defined in
<a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#krb5-conf-5"><em>krb5.conf</em></a> (see <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/kdc_conf.html#logging"><em>[logging]</em></a>). For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% tail /var/log/krb5kdc.log
Dec 02 12:35:47 beeblebrox krb5kdc[3187](info): commencing operation
shell% tail /var/log/kadmin.log
Dec 02 12:35:52 beeblebrox kadmind[3189](info): starting</pre>
</div>
<p>Any errors the daemons encounter while starting will also be listed in
the logging output.</p>
<p>As an additional verification, check if <a class="reference internal" href="../user/user_commands/kinit.html#kinit-1"><em>kinit</em></a> succeeds
against the principals that you have created on the previous step
(<a class="reference internal" href="#addadmin-kdb"><em>Add administrators to the Kerberos database</em></a>). Run:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kinit admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="install-the-slave-kdcs">
<h2>Install the slave KDCs<a class="headerlink" href="#install-the-slave-kdcs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You are now ready to start configuring the slave KDCs.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Assuming you are setting the KDCs up so that you can easily
switch the master KDC with one of the slaves, you should
perform each of these steps on the master KDC as well as the
slave KDCs, unless these instructions specify otherwise.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="create-host-keytabs-for-slave-kdcs">
<span id="slave-host-key"></span><h3>Create host keytabs for slave KDCs<a class="headerlink" href="#create-host-keytabs-for-slave-kdcs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Each KDC needs a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host</span></tt> key in the Kerberos database. These keys
are used for mutual authentication when propagating the database dump
file from the master KDC to the secondary KDC servers.</p>
<p>On the master KDC, connect to administrative interface and create the
host principal for each of the KDCs’ <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host</span></tt> services. For example,
if the master KDC were called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kerberos.mit.edu</span></tt>, and you had a
slave KDC named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kerberos-1.mit.edu</span></tt>, you would type the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kadmin
kadmin: addprinc -randkey host/kerberos.mit.edu
NOTICE: no policy specified for "host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU"; assigning "default"
Principal "host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.
kadmin: addprinc -randkey host/kerberos-1.mit.edu
NOTICE: no policy specified for "host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU"; assigning "default"
Principal "host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU" created.</pre>
</div>
<p>It is not strictly necessary to have the master KDC server in the
Kerberos database, but it can be handy if you want to be able to swap
the master KDC with one of the slaves.</p>
<p>Next, extract <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host</span></tt> random keys for all participating KDCs and
store them in each host’s default keytab file. Ideally, you should
extract each keytab locally on its own KDC. If this is not feasible,
you should use an encrypted session to send them across the network.
To extract a keytab on a slave KDC called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kerberos-1.mit.edu</span></tt>, you
would execute the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>kadmin: ktadd host/kerberos-1.mit.edu
Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
type des3-cbc-sha1 added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.
Entry for principal host/kerberos-1.mit.edu with kvno 2, encryption
type arcfour-hmac added to keytab FILE:/etc/krb5.keytab.</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="configure-slave-kdcs">
<h3>Configure slave KDCs<a class="headerlink" href="#configure-slave-kdcs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Database propagation copies the contents of the master’s database, but
does not propagate configuration files, stash files, or the kadm5 ACL
file. The following files must be copied by hand to each slave (see
<a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html#mitk5defaults"><em>MIT Kerberos defaults</em></a> for the default locations for these files):</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>krb5.conf</li>
<li>kdc.conf</li>
<li>kadm5.acl</li>
<li>master key stash file</li>
</ul>
<p>Move the copied files into their appropriate directories, exactly as
on the master KDC. kadm5.acl is only needed to allow a slave to swap
with the master KDC.</p>
<p>The database is propagated from the master KDC to the slave KDCs via
the <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kpropd.html#kpropd-8"><em>kpropd</em></a> daemon. You must explicitly specify the
principals which are allowed to provide Kerberos dump updates on the
slave machine with a new database. Create a file named kpropd.acl in
the KDC state directory containing the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host</span></tt> principals for each of
the KDCs:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>host/kerberos.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU
host/kerberos-1.mit.edu@ATHENA.MIT.EDU</pre>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If you expect that the master and slave KDCs will be
switched at some point of time, list the host principals
from all participating KDC servers in kpropd.acl files on
all of the KDCs. Otherwise, you only need to list the
master KDC’s host principal in the kpropd.acl files of the
slave KDCs.</p>
</div>
<p>Then, add the following line to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/inetd.conf</span></tt> on each KDC
(adjust the path to kpropd):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>krb5_prop stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/sbin/kpropd kpropd</pre>
</div>
<p>You also need to add the following line to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/services</span></tt> on each
KDC, if it is not already present (assuming that the default port is
used):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>krb5_prop 754/tcp # Kerberos slave propagation</pre>
</div>
<p>Restart inetd daemon.</p>
<p>Alternatively, start <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kpropd.html#kpropd-8"><em>kpropd</em></a> as a stand-alone daemon. This is
required when incremental propagation is enabled.</p>
<p>Now that the slave KDC is able to accept database propagation, you’ll
need to propagate the database from the master server.</p>
<p>NOTE: Do not start the slave KDC yet; you still do not have a copy of
the master’s database.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="propagate-the-database-to-each-slave-kdc">
<span id="kprop-to-slaves"></span><h3>Propagate the database to each slave KDC<a class="headerlink" href="#propagate-the-database-to-each-slave-kdc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>First, create a dump file of the database on the master KDC, as
follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kdb5_util dump /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/slave_datatrans</pre>
</div>
<p>Then, manually propagate the database to each slave KDC, as in the
following example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>shell% kprop -f /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/slave_datatrans kerberos-1.mit.edu
Database propagation to kerberos-1.mit.edu: SUCCEEDED</pre>
</div>
<p>You will need a script to dump and propagate the database. The
following is an example of a Bourne shell script that will do this.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Remember that you need to replace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/local/var/krb5kdc</span></tt>
with the name of the KDC state directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>#!/bin/sh
kdclist = "kerberos-1.mit.edu kerberos-2.mit.edu"
kdb5_util dump /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/slave_datatrans
for kdc in $kdclist
do
kprop -f /usr/local/var/krb5kdc/slave_datatrans $kdc
done</pre>
</div>
<p>You will need to set up a cron job to run this script at the intervals
you decided on earlier (see <a class="reference internal" href="realm_config.html#db-prop"><em>Database propagation</em></a>).</p>
<p>Now that the slave KDC has a copy of the Kerberos database, you can
start the krb5kdc daemon:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">krb5kdc</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As with the master KDC, you will probably want to add this command to
the KDCs’ <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/rc</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/etc/inittab</span></tt> files, so they will start
the krb5kdc daemon automatically at boot time.</p>
<div class="section" id="propagation-failed">
<h4>Propagation failed?<a class="headerlink" href="#propagation-failed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<div class="admonition error" id="prop-failed-start">
<p class="first admonition-title">Error</p>
<p class="last">kprop: No route to host while connecting to server</p>
</div>
<p>Make sure that the hostname of the slave (as given to kprop) is
correct, and that any firewalls between the master and the slave allow
a connection on port 754.</p>
<div class="admonition error">
<p class="first admonition-title">Error</p>
<p class="last">kprop: Connection refused while connecting to server</p>
</div>
<p>If the slave is intended to run kpropd out of inetd, make sure that
inetd is configured to accept krb5_prop connections. inetd may need
to be restarted or sent a SIGHUP to recognize the new configuration.
If the slave is intended to run kpropd in standalone mode, make sure
that it is running.</p>
<div class="admonition error">
<p class="first admonition-title">Error</p>
<p class="last">kprop: Server rejected authentication (during sendauth
exchange) while authenticating to server</p>
</div>
<p>Make sure that:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>The time is synchronized between the master and slave KDCs.</li>
<li>The master stash file was copied from the master to the expected
location on the slave.</li>
<li>The slave has a keytab file in the default location containing a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">host</span></tt> principal for the slave’s hostname.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="add-kerberos-principals-to-the-database">
<span id="prop-failed-end"></span><h2>Add Kerberos principals to the database<a class="headerlink" href="#add-kerberos-principals-to-the-database" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Once your KDCs are set up and running, you are ready to use
<a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kadmin_local.html#kadmin-1"><em>kadmin</em></a> to load principals for your users, hosts, and other
services into the Kerberos database. This procedure is described
fully in <a class="reference internal" href="database.html#add-mod-del-princs"><em>Adding, modifying and deleting principals</em></a>.</p>
<p>You may occasionally want to use one of your slave KDCs as the master.
This might happen if you are upgrading the master KDC, or if your
master KDC has a disk crash. See the following section for the
instructions.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="switching-master-and-slave-kdcs">
<span id="switch-master-slave"></span><h2>Switching master and slave KDCs<a class="headerlink" href="#switching-master-and-slave-kdcs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>You may occasionally want to use one of your slave KDCs as the master.
This might happen if you are upgrading the master KDC, or if your
master KDC has a disk crash.</p>
<p>Assuming you have configured all of your KDCs to be able to function
as either the master KDC or a slave KDC (as this document recommends),
all you need to do to make the changeover is:</p>
<p>If the master KDC is still running, do the following on the <em>old</em>
master KDC:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Kill the kadmind process.</li>
<li>Disable the cron job that propagates the database.</li>
<li>Run your database propagation script manually, to ensure that the
slaves all have the latest copy of the database (see
<a class="reference internal" href="#kprop-to-slaves"><em>Propagate the database to each slave KDC</em></a>).</li>
</ol>
<p>On the <em>new</em> master KDC:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Start the <a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/kadmind.html#kadmind-8"><em>kadmind</em></a> daemon (see <a class="reference internal" href="#start-kdc-daemons"><em>Start the Kerberos daemons on the master KDC</em></a>).</li>
<li>Set up the cron job to propagate the database (see
<a class="reference internal" href="#kprop-to-slaves"><em>Propagate the database to each slave KDC</em></a>).</li>
<li>Switch the CNAMEs of the old and new master KDCs. If you can’t do
this, you’ll need to change the <a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/krb5_conf.html#krb5-conf-5"><em>krb5.conf</em></a> file on every
client machine in your Kerberos realm.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="incremental-database-propagation">
<h2>Incremental database propagation<a class="headerlink" href="#incremental-database-propagation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you expect your Kerberos database to become large, you may wish to
set up incremental propagation to slave KDCs. See <a class="reference internal" href="database.html#incr-db-prop"><em>Incremental database propagation</em></a>
for details.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<h2>On this page</h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Installing KDCs</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-and-configure-the-master-kdc">Install and configure the master KDC</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-kdc-configuration-files">Edit KDC configuration files</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#krb5-conf">krb5.conf</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kdc-conf">kdc.conf</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-the-kdc-database">Create the KDC database</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-administrators-to-the-acl-file">Add administrators to the ACL file</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-administrators-to-the-kerberos-database">Add administrators to the Kerberos database</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-the-kerberos-daemons-on-the-master-kdc">Start the Kerberos daemons on the master KDC</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-the-slave-kdcs">Install the slave KDCs</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-host-keytabs-for-slave-kdcs">Create host keytabs for slave KDCs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configure-slave-kdcs">Configure slave KDCs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#propagate-the-database-to-each-slave-kdc">Propagate the database to each slave KDC</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#propagation-failed">Propagation failed?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#add-kerberos-principals-to-the-database">Add Kerberos principals to the database</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#switching-master-and-slave-kdcs">Switching master and slave KDCs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#incremental-database-propagation">Incremental database propagation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<br/>
<h2>Table of contents</h2>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../user/index.html">For users</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">For administrators</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="install.html">Installation guide</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">Installing KDCs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="install_clients.html">Installing and configuring UNIX client machines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="install_appl_srv.html">UNIX Application Servers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conf_files/index.html">Configuration Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="realm_config.html">Realm configuration decisions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="database.html">Database administration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lockout.html">Account lockout</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="conf_ldap.html">Configuring Kerberos with OpenLDAP back-end</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="appl_servers.html">Application servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="host_config.html">Host configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="backup_host.html">Backups of secure hosts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkinit.html">PKINIT configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="otp.html">OTP Preauthentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="princ_dns.html">Principal names and DNS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enctypes.html">Encryption types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="admin_commands/index.html">Administration programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5defaults.html">MIT Kerberos defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="env_variables.html">Environment variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="troubleshoot.html">Troubleshooting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="advanced/index.html">Advanced topics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="various_envs.html">Various links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../appdev/index.html">For application developers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../plugindev/index.html">For plugin module developers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../build/index.html">Building Kerberos V5</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../basic/index.html">Kerberos V5 concepts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../mitK5features.html">MIT Kerberos features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../build_this.html">How to build this documentation from the source</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../about.html">Contributing to the MIT Kerberos Documentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../resources.html">Resources</a></li>
</ul>
<br/>
<h4><a href="../index.html">Full Table of Contents</a></h4>
<h4>Search</h4>
<form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" size="18" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-wrapper">
<div class="footer" >
<div class="right" ><i>Release: 1.12.1</i><br />
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1985-2013, MIT.
</div>
<div class="left">
<a href="../index.html" title="Full Table of Contents"
>Contents</a> |
<a href="install.html" title="Installation guide"
>previous</a> |
<a href="install_clients.html" title="Installing and configuring UNIX client machines"
>next</a> |
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a> |
<a href="../search.html" title="Enter search criteria"
>Search</a> |
<a href="mailto:krb5-bugs@mit.edu?subject=Documentation__Installing KDCs">feedback</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
