{\rtf1\ansi\uc1\deff0\deflang1024
{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}
{\f1\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}
{\f2\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}
{\f3\fnil\fcharset0 Courier New;}
{\f4\fnil\fcharset0 Zapf Chancery;}
{\f5\fnil\fcharset0 STIXGeneral;}
{\f6\fnil\fcharset0 MS Gothic;}
}
{\colortbl;
\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;
\red0\green255\blue255;
\red0\green255\blue0;
\red255\green0\blue255;
\red255\green0\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;
}
{\stylesheet
{\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22 \snext0 Normal;}
{\cs10 \additive\ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}
{\s1\qc\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs40 \sbasedon0\snext0 Part;}
{\s2\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs40 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 1;}
{\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 2;}
{\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 3;}
{\s5\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs24 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 4;}
{\s6\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs24 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 5;}
{\s7\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs24 \sbasedon0\snext0 heading 6;}
{\s8\qr\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext8 rightpar;}
{\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext9 centerpar;}
{\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext10 leftpar;}
{\s11\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equation;}
{\s12\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equationNum;}
{\s13\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equationAlign;}
{\s14\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equationAlignNum;}
{\s15\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equationArray;}
{\s16\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 equationArrayNum;}
{\s17\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext0 theorem;}
{\s18\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 bitmapCenter;}
{\s20\qc\sb240\sa240\b\f0\fs36 \sbasedon0\snext21 Title;}
{\s21\qc\sa120\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext0 author;}
{\s22\ql\tqc\tx4536\tqr\tx9072\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext22 footer;}
{\s23\ql\tqc\tx4536\tqr\tx9072\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext23 header;}
{\s30\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 caption;}
{\s31\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext0 Figure;}
{\s32\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext32 Table;}
{\s33\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext33 Tabular;}
{\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext34 Tabbing;}
{\s35\qj\li1024\ri1024\fi340\widctlpar\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext35 Quote;}
{\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22 \snext38 verbatim;}
{\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext46 List;}
{\s47\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext47 List 1;}
{\s50\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 latex picture;}
{\s51\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0 \sbasedon0\snext0 subfigure;}
{\s61\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32 \sbasedon0\snext62 bibheading;}
{\s62\ql\fi-567\li567\sb0\sa0\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext62 bibitem;}
{\s64\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext64 endnotes;}
{\s65\ql\fi-113\li397\lin397\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext65 footnote text;}
{\s66\qj\fi-170\li454\lin454\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext66 endnote text;}
{\cs62\super \additive\sbasedon10 footnote reference;}
{\cs63\super \additive\sbasedon10 endnote reference;}
{\s67\ql\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext67 acronym;}
{\s70\qc\sa120\b\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext71 abstract title;}
{\s71\qj\li1024\ri1024\fi340\widctlpar\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext0 abstract;}
{\s80\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs20 \sbasedon0\snext0 contents_heading;}
{\s81\ql\li425\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb240\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22\b \sbasedon0\snext82 toc 1;}
{\s82\ql\li512\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext83 toc 2;}
{\s83\ql\li1024\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext84 toc 3;}
{\s84\ql\li1536\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext85 toc 4;}
{\s85\ql\li2048\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext86 toc 5;}
{\s86\ql\li2560\tqr\tldot\tx8222\sb60\sa60\keepn\f0\fs22 \sbasedon0\snext86 toc 6;}
}
{\info
{\title Original file was essential.tex}
{\doccomm Created using latex2rtf 2.3.18 r1266 (released May 29, 2020) on Sat May 30 17:35:19 2020
}
}
{\footer\pard\plain\f0\fs22\qc\chpgn\par}
\paperw12280\paperh15900\margl2680\margr2700\margt2540\margb1760\pgnstart0\widowctrl\qj\ftnbj\f0\aftnnar
{\pard\plain\s20\qc\sb240\sa240\b\f0\fs36\sl240\slmult1 \fi0 Essential {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}\par
\pard\plain\s21\qc\sa120\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Jon Warbrick\par
\pard\plain\s21\qc\sa120\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \chdate \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 1  Introduction\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 This document is an attempt to give you all the essential information that you will need in order to use the {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} Document Preparation System. Only very basic features are covered, and a vast amount of detail has been omitted. In a document of this size it is not possible to include everything that you might need to know, and if you intend to make extensive use of the program you should refer to a more complete reference. Attempting to produce complex documents using only the information found below will require much more work than it should, and will probably produce a less than satisfactory result.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 The main reference for {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} is {\i The {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} User\rquote s guide and Reference Manual} by Leslie Lamport (M05.04\endash 200). This contains all the information that you will ever need to know about the program, and you will need access to a copy if you are to use {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} seriously.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Both the Manual and this document avoid mentioning anything that depends on the particular computer system that you are using. This is because {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} is available on a number of systems and they all differ in one way or another. Instead, they both refer to a {\i local guide} for their particular system. For {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} on the Prime, the {\i local guide} is the handout {\i The Local Guide to {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} on the Plymouth Prime System} (U05.04\endash 201).\par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 2  How does {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} work?\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 In order to use {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} you generate a file containing both the text that you wish to print and instructions to tell {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} how you want it to appear. You will normally create this file using your system\rquote s text editor. You can give the file any name you like, but it should end \ldblquote {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 .TEX}\rdblquote  to identify the file\rquote s contents. You then get {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to process the file, and it creates a new file of typesetting commands; this has the same name as your file but the \ldblquote {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 .TEX}\rdblquote  ending is replaced by \ldblquote {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 .DVI}\rdblquote . This stands for \lquote {\scaps0\b0\i D}e{\scaps0\b0\i v}ice {\scaps0\b0\i I}ndependent\rquote  and, as the name implies, this file can be used to create output on a range of printing devices. Your {\i local guide} will go into more detail.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Rather than encourage you to dictate exactly how your document should be laid out, {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} instructions allow you describe its {\i logical structure}. For example, you can think of a quotation embedded within your text as an element of this logical structure: you would normally expect a quotation to be displayed in a recognisable style to set it off from the rest of the text. A human typesetter would recognise the quotation and handle it accordingly, but since {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} is only a computer program it requires your help. There are therefore {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} commands that allow you to identify quotations and as a result allow {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to typeset them correctly.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Fundamental to {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} is the idea of a {\i document style} that determines exactly how a document will be formatted. {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} provides standard document styles that describe how standard logical structures (such as quotations) should be formatted. You may have to supplement these styles by specifying the formatting of logical structures peculiar to your document, such as mathematical formulae. You can also modify the standard document styles or even create an entirely new one, though you should know the basic principles of typographical design before creating a radically new style.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 There are a number of good reasons for concentrating on the logical structure rather than on the appearance of a document. It prevents you from making elementary typographical errors in the mistaken idea that they improve the aesthetics of a document\emdash you should remember that the primary function of document design is to make documents easier to read, not prettier. It is more flexible, since you only need to alter the definition of the quotation style to change the appearance of all the quotations in a document. Most important of all, logical design encourages better writing. A visual system makes it easier to create visual effects rather than a coherent structure; logical design encourages you to concentrate on your writing and makes it harder to use formatting as a substitute for good writing.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 3  A Sample {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} file\par
{\pard\plain\s31\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb300 \fi0 {\fs18 {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi0 \fs18 
\par  1: % SMALL.TEX -- Released 5 July 1985
\par  2: % USE THIS FILE AS A MODEL FOR MAKING YOUR OWN LaTeX INPUT FILE.
\par  3: % EVERYTHING TO THE RIGHT OF A  %  IS A REMARK TO YOU AND IS IGNORED
\par  4: % BY LaTeX.
\par  5: %
\par  6: % WARNING!  DO NOT TYPE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING 10 CHARACTERS EXCEPT AS
\par  7: % DIRECTED:        &   $   #   %   _   \{   \}   ^   ~   \\
\par  8:
\par  9: \\documentstyle[11pt,a4]\{article\}  % YOUR INPUT FILE MUST CONTAIN THESE
\par 10: \\begin\{document\}                  % TWO LINES PLUS THE \\end COMMAND AT
\par 11:                                   % THE END
\par 12:
\par 13: \\section\{Simple Text\}          % THIS COMMAND MAKES A SECTION TITLE.
\par 14:
\par 15: Words are separated by one or    more      spaces.  Paragraphs are
\par 16:     separated by one or more blank lines.  The output is not affected
\par 17: by adding extra spaces or extra blank lines to the input file.
\par 18:
\par 19:
\par 20: Double quotes are typed like this: ``quoted text''.
\par 21: Single quotes are typed like this: `single-quoted text'.
\par 22:
\par 23: Long dashes are typed as three dash characters---like this.
\par 24:
\par 25: Italic text is typed like this: \{\\em this is italic text\}.
\par 26: Bold   text is typed like this: \{\\bf this is  bold  text\}.
\par 27:
\par 28: \\subsection\{A Warning or Two\}        % THIS MAKES A SUBSECTION TITLE.
\par 29:
\par 30: If you get too much space after a mid-sentence period---abbreviations
\par 31: like etc.\\ are the common culprits)---then type a backslash followed by
\par 32: a space after the period, as in this sentence.
\par 33:
\par 34: Remember, don't type the 10 special characters (such as dollar sign and
\par 35: backslash) except as directed!  The following seven are printed by
\par 36: typing a backslash in front of them:  \\$  \\&  \\#  \\%  \\_  \\\{  and  \\\}.
\par 37: The manual tells how to make other symbols.
\par 38:
\par 39: \\end\{document\}                    % THE INPUT FILE ENDS LIKE THIS
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s30\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \fi0 {Figure {\*\bkmkstart BMfig_sample}1{\*\bkmkend BMfig_sample}: A Sample {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} File}{\field{\*\fldinst TC "1 A Sample {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} File" \\f f}{\fldrslt }}\par
}{\pard\plain\s31\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb480 \fi340    \par
______________________________________________________________\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 1  Simple Text\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Words are separated by one or more spaces. Paragraphs are separated by one or more blank lines. The output is not affected by adding extra spaces or extra blank lines to the input file.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Double quotes are typed like this: \ldblquote quoted text\rdblquote . Single quotes are typed like this: \lquote single-quoted text\rquote .\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Long dashes are typed as three dash characters\emdash like this.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Italic text is typed like this: {\i this is italic text}. Bold text is typed like this: {\i0\scaps0\b this is bold text}.\par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 1.1  A Warning or Two\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 If you get too much space after a mid-sentence period\emdash abbreviations like etc. are the common culprits)\emdash then type a backslash followed by a space after the period, as in this sentence.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Remember, don\rquote t type the 10 special characters (such as dollar sign and backslash) except as directed! The following seven are printed by typing a backslash in front of them: $ & # % _ \{ and \}. The manual tells how to make other symbols.\par
______________________________________________________________\pard\plain\s30\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \fi0 {Figure {\*\bkmkstart BMfig_result}2{\*\bkmkend BMfig_result}: The result of processing the sample file}{\field{\*\fldinst TC "2 The result of processing the sample file" \\f f}{\fldrslt }}\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 Have a look at the example {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} file in Figure\~{\field{\*\fldinst{\lang1024 REF BMfig_sample \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt{1}}}. It is a slightly modified copy of the standard {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} example file {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 SMALL.TEX}. Your local guide will tell you how you can make your own copy of this file. The line numbers down the left-hand side are not part of the file, but have been added to make it easier to identify various portions. Also have a look at Figure\~{\field{\*\fldinst{\lang1024 REF BMfig_result \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt{2}}} which shows, more or less, the result of processing this file.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 3.1  Running Text\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Most documents consist almost entirely of running text\emdash words formed into sentences, which are in turn formed into paragraphs\emdash and the example file is no exception. Describing running text poses no problems, you just type it in naturally. In the output that it produces, {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} will fill lines and adjust the spacing between words to give tidy left and right margins. The spacing and distribution of the words in your input file will have no effect at all on the eventual output. Any number of spaces in your input file are treated as a single space by {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{}, it also regards the end of each line as a space between words (see lines 15\endash 17). A new paragraph is indicated by a blank line in your input file, so don\rquote t leave any blank lines unless you really wish to start a paragraph.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} reserves a number of the less common keyboard characters for its own use. The ten characters {\par
{\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 
\par #  $  %  &  ~  _  ^  \\  \{  \}
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 should not appear as part of your text, because if they do {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} will get confused.\par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 3.2  {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} Commands\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There are a number of words in the file that start \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\}\rquote  (see lines 9, 10 and 13). These are {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} {\i commands} and they describe the structure of your document. There are a number of things that you should realise about these commands: {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
All {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} commands consist of a \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\}\rquote  followed by one or more characters.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
{\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} commands should be typed using the correct mixture of upper- and lower-case letters. {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\BEGIN} is {\i not} the same as {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin}.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
Some commands are placed within your text. These are used to switch things, like different typestyles, on and off. The {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\em} command is used like this to emphasise text, normally by changing to an {\scaps0\b0\i italic} typestyle (see line 25). The command and the text are always enclosed between \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{}\rquote  and \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \}}\rquote \emdash the \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{\\em}\rquote  turns the effect on and and the \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \}}\rquote  turns it off.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
There are other commands that look like {\par
{\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li1112\ri512\fi0 
\par \\command\{text\}
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \li600\fi0 In this case the text is called the \ldblquote argument\rdblquote  of the command. The {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\section} command is like this (see line 13). Sometimes you have to use curly brackets \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{\}}\rquote  to enclose the argument, sometimes square brackets \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 []}\rquote , and sometimes both at once. There is method behind this apparent madness, but for the time being you should be sure to copy the commands exactly as given.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
When a command\rquote s name is made up entirely of letters, you must make sure that the end of the command is marked by something that isn\rquote t a letter. This is usually either the opening bracket around the command\rquote s argument, or it\rquote s a space. When it\rquote s a space, that space is always ignored by {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}. We will see later that this can sometimes be a problem.\par
}\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb220 \fi0 3.3  Overall structure\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There are some {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} commands that must appear in every document. The actual text of the document always starts with a {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{document\}} command and ends with an {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{document\}} command (see lines 10 and 39). Anything that comes after the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{document\}} command is ignored. Everything that comes before the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{document\}} command is called the {\i preamble}. The preamble can only contain {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} commands to describe the document\rquote s style.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 One command that must appear in the preamble is the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\documentstyle} command (see line 9). This command specifies the overall style for the document. Our example file is a simple technical document, and uses the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article} style, modified to print in eleven-point type on A4 paper. There are other styles that you can use, as you will find out later on in this document.\par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 3.4  Other Things to Look At\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} can print both opening and closing quote characters, and can manage either of these either single or double. To do this it uses the two quote characters from your keyboard: {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \lquote } and {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \rquote }. You will probably think of {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \rquote } as the ordinary single quote character which probably looks like {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \u769?} or {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \u-1794?} on your keyboard, and {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \lquote } as a \ldblquote funny\rdblquote  character that probably appears as {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 \u768?}. You type these characters once for single quote (see line 21), and twice for double quotes (see line 20). The double quote character {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 "} itself is almost never used.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} can produce three different kinds of dashes. A long dash, for use as a punctuation symbol, as is typed as three dash characters in a row, like this \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 ---}\rquote  (see line 23). A shorter dash, used between numbers as in \lquote 10\endash 20\rquote , is typed as two dash characters in a row, while a single dash character is used as a hyphen.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 From time to time you will need to include one or more of the {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} special symbols in your text. Seven of them can be printed by making them into commands by proceeding them by backslash (see line 36). The remaining three symbols can be produced by more advanced commands, as can symbols that do not appear on your keyboard such as \'86, \'87, \'a7, \'a3, \'a9, {{\u9839*}} and {{\u9827*}}.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 It is sometimes useful to include comments in a {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} file, to remind you of what you have done or why you did it. Everything to the right of a {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 %} sign is ignored by {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{}, and so it can be used to introduce a comment.\par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 {\*\bkmkstart BMsec_styles}4{\*\bkmkend BMsec_styles}  Document Styles and Style Options\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There are four standard document styles available in {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}:  {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article}} intended for short documents and articles for publication. Articles do not have chapters, and when {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\maketitle} is used to generate a title (see Section\~{\field{\*\fldinst{\lang1024 REF BMsec_title \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt{9}}}) it appears at the top of the first page rather than on a page of its own.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 report}} intended for longer technical documents. It is similar to {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article}, except that it contains chapters and the title appears on a page of its own.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 book}} intended as a basis for book publication. Page layout is adjusted assuming that the output will eventually be used to print on both sides of the paper.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 letter}} intended for producing personal letters. This style will allow you to produce all the elements of a well laid out letter: addresses, date, signature, etc. \par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi340 These standard styles can be modified by a number of {\i style options}. They appear in square brackets after the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\documentstyle} command. Only one style can ever be used but you can have more than one style option, in which case their names should be separated by commas. The standard style options are: {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 11pt}} prints the document using eleven-point type for the running text rather that the ten-point type normally used. Eleven-point type is about ten percent larger than ten-point.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 12pt}} prints the document using twelve-point type for the running text rather than the ten-point type normally used. Twelve-point type is about twenty percent larger than ten-point.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 twoside}} causes documents in the article or report styles to be formatted for printing on both sides of the paper. This is the default for the book style.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 twocolumn}} produces two column on each page.\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {\b {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 titlepage}} causes the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\maketitle} command to generate a title on a separate page for documents in the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article}\~style. A separate page is always used in both the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 report} and {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 book} styles.\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 There is one further option which, while not standard to {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{}, is very useful in all European countries. The {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 a4} option causes the output in all of the standard styles to be adjusted to fit correctly on A4 paper. {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} was designed in America where the standard paper is shorter and slightly wider than A4; without this option you will find that your output looks a little strange.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 5  Environments\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 We mentioned earlier the idea of identifying a quotation to {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} so that it could arrange to typeset it correctly. To do this you enclose the quotation between the commands {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{quotation\}} and {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{quotation\}}. This is an example of a {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} construction called an {\i environment}. A number of special effects are obtained by putting text into particular environments.\par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 5.1  Quotations\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There are two environments for quotations: {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 quote}\~and\~{\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 quotation}. {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 quote} is used either for a short quotation or for a sequence of short quotations separated by blank lines:\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par US presidents ... pithy remarks:
\par \\begin\{quote\}
\par The buck stops here.
\par 
\par I am not a crook.
\par \\end\{quote\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{US presidents have been known for their pithy remarks: {\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li1112\ri512\fi0 \fs18 The buck stops here.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li1112\ri512\fi0 \fs18 I am not a crook. \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 Use the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 quotation} environment for quotations that consist of more than one paragraph. Paragraphs in the input are separated by blank lines as usual: {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par Here is some advice to remember:
\par \\begin\{quotation\}
\par Environments for making
\par ...other things as well.
\par 
\par Many problems
\par ...environments.
\par \\end\{quotation\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{Here is some advice to remember: {\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li1112\ri512\fi0 \fs18 Environments for making quotations can be used for other things as well.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li1112\ri512\fi0 \fs18 Many problems can be solved by novel applications of existing environments. \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 \par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 5.2  Centering and Flushing\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Text can be centred on the page by putting it within the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 center} environment,\~and\~it\~will\~appear\~flush\~against\~the\~left\~or\~right\~margins\~if\~it is\~placed\~within\~the\~{\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 flushleft}\~or\~{\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 flushright}\~environments. Notice the spelling of {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 center}\emdash unfortunately {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} doesn\rquote t understand the English spelling.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Text within these environments will be formatted in the normal way, in { particular the ends of the lines that you type are just regarded as spaces. To indicate a \ldblquote newline\rdblquote  you need to type the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\\\} command. For example: {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\begin\{center\}
\par one
\par two
\par three \\\\
\par four \\\\
\par five
\par \\end\{center\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{{\par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 one two three \par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 four \par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 five \par
}}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 \par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 5.3  Lists\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There are three environments for constructing lists. In each one each new item is begun with an {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\item} command. In the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 itemize}\~environment the\~start\~of\~each\~item\~is\~given\~a\~marker,\~in\~the\~{\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 enumerate} environment\~each\~item\~is\~marked\~by\~a\~number. These environments can be nested within each other in which case the amount of indentation used is adjusted accordingly: {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\begin\{itemize\}
\par \\item Itemized lists are handy.
\par \\item However, don't forget
\par   \\begin\{enumerate\}
\par   \\item The `item' command.
\par   \\item The `end' command.
\par   \\end\{enumerate\}
\par \\end\{itemize\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{{\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1200\fi-300 \fs18 \bullet\tab
Itemized lists are handy. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1200\fi-300 \fs18 \bullet\tab
However, don\rquote t forget {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1800\fi-300 \fs18 1.\tab
The \lquote item\rquote  command. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1800\fi-300 \fs18 2.\tab
The \lquote end\rquote  command. \par
}}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi340 The third list making environment is {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 description}. In a description you specify the item labels inside square brackets after the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\item} command. For example: {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par Three animals that you should
\par know about are:
\par \\begin\{description\}
\par   \\item[gnat] A small animal...
\par   \\item[gnu] A large animal...
\par   \\item[armadillo] A ...
\par \\end\{description\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{Three animals that you should know about are: {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1200\fi-300 \fs18 {\b gnat} A small animal that causes no end of trouble. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1200\fi-300 \fs18 {\b gnu} A large animal that causes no end of trouble. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li1200\fi-300 \fs18 {\b armadillo} A medium-sized animal. \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 5.4  Tables\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Because {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} will almost always convert a sequence of spaces into a single space, it can be rather difficult to lay out tables. See what happens in this example  {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\begin\{flushleft\}
\par Income  Expenditure Result   \\\\
\par 20s 0d  19s 11d     happiness \\\\
\par 20s 0d  20s 1d      misery  \\\\
\par \\end\{flushleft\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{{\par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 Income Expenditure Result \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 20s 0d 19s 11d happiness \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 20s 0d 20s 1d misery \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 The {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 tabbing}\~environment\~overcomes\~this\~problem. Within it you set tabstops and tab to them much like you do on a typewriter. Tabstops are set with the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\=} command, and the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\>} command moves to the next stop. The {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\\\} command is used to separate each line. A line that ends {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\kill} produces no output, and can be used to set tabstops:  {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\begin\{tabbing\}
\par Income \\=Expenditure \\=    \\kill
\par Income \\>Expenditure \\>Result \\\\
\par 20s 0d \\>19s 11d \\>Happiness   \\\\
\par 20s 0d \\>20s 1d  \\>Misery    \\\\
\par \\end\{tabbing\}
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{{\par
{\trowd\cellx2300\cellx4600\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql Income\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql Expenditure\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql Result\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx2300\cellx4600\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql 20s 0d\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql 19s 11d\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql Happiness\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx2300\cellx4600\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql 20s 0d\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql 20s 1d\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql Misery\cell}
\row}
} }}\par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Unlike a typewriter\rquote s tab key, the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\>} command always moves to the next tabstop in sequence, even if this means moving to the left. This can cause text to be overwritten if the gap between two tabstops is too small.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s4\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 5.5  Verbatim Output\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Sometimes you will want to include text exactly as it appears on a terminal screen. For example, you might want to include part of a computer program. Not only do you want {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to stop playing around with the layout of your text, you also want to be able to type all the characters on your keyboard without confusing {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}. The {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 verbatim}\~environment\~has\~this\~effect: {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 The section of program in} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 question is:} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{verbatim\}} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{ this finds %a & %b \}} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \sb18 \li600\fi0 \fs18 \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 for i := 1 to 27 do} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18    {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 begin} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18    {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 table[i] := fn(i);} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18    {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 process(i)} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18    {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 end;} \par
\pard\plain\s10\ql\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{verbatim\}} \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{The section of program in question is: {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \{ this finds %a & %b \}
\par 
\par for i := 1 to 27 do
\par    begin
\par    table[i] := fn(i);
\par    process(i)
\par    end;
\par 
\par \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 6  Type Styles\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 We have already come across the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\em} command for changing typeface. Here is a full list of the available typefaces: {\par
{\pard\plain\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \par
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\rm}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i0\scaps0\b0\f0 Roman\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\it}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \scaps0\b0\i Italic\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\sc}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i0\b0\scaps Small Caps\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\em}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i Emphatic\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\sl}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \scaps0\b0\i Slanted\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\tt}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i0\scaps0\b0\f3 Typewriter\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\bf}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i0\scaps0\b Boldface\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\sf}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \i0\scaps0\b0\f2 Sans Serif\cell}
\row}
}\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi340 Remember that these commands are used {\i inside} a pair of braces to limit the amount of text that they effect. In addition to the eight typeface commands, there are a set of commands that alter the size of the type. These commands are: {\par
{\pard\plain\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \par
{\trowd\cellx1725\cellx3450\cellx5175\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\tiny}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\small}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\large}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\huge}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1725\cellx3450\cellx5175\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\scriptsize}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\normalsize}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\Large}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\Huge}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1725\cellx3450\cellx5175
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\footnotesize}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\LARGE}\cell}
\row}
}\par
}\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb300 \fi0 7  Sectioning Commands and Tables of Contents\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Technical documents, like this one, are often divided into sections. Each section has a heading containing a title and a number for easy reference. {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} has a series of commands that will allow you to identify different sorts of sections. Once you have done this {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} takes on the responsibility of laying out the title and of providing the numbers.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 The commands that you can use are: {\par
{\pard\plain\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \par
{\trowd\cellx2300\cellx4600\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\chapter}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\subsection}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\paragraph}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx2300\cellx4600\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\section}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\subsubsection}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\subparagraph}\cell}
\row}
}\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 The naming of these last two is unfortunate, since they do not really have anything to do with \lquote paragraphs\rquote  in the normal sense of the word; they are just lower levels of section. In most document styles, headings made with {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\paragraph} and {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\subparagraph} are not numbered. {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\chapter} is not available in document style {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article}. The commands should be used in the order given, since sections are numbered within chapters, subsections within sections, etc.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 A seventh sectioning command, {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\part}, is also available. Its use is always optional, and it is used to divide a large document into series of parts. It does not alter the numbering used for any of the other commands.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Including the command {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\tableofcontents} in you document will cause a contents list to be included, containing information collected from the various sectioning commands. You will notice that each time your document is run through {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} the table of contents is always made up of the headings from the previous version of the document. This is because {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} collects information for the table as it processes the document, and then includes it the next time it is run. This can sometimes mean that the document has to be processed through {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} twice to get a correct table of contents.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 8  Producing Special Symbols\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 You can include in you {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} document a wide range of symbols that do not appear on you your keyboard. For a start, you can add an accent to any letter: {\par
{\pard\plain\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \par
{\trowd\cellx575\cellx1150\cellx1725\cellx2300\cellx2875\cellx3450\cellx4025\cellx4600\cellx5175\cellx5750
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f3\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\`\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f5\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\~\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u466o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\v\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\f5\u807\'b8}o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\c\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f3\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\'\{o\}}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx575\cellx1150\cellx1725\cellx2300\cellx2875\cellx3450\cellx4025\cellx4600\cellx5175\cellx5750
{\pard\intbl\ql \u333o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\=\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u337o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\H\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u7885o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\d\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f4\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\^\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u559o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\.\{o\}}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx575\cellx1150\cellx1725\cellx2300
{\pard\intbl\ql {oo}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\t\{oo\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u817_o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\b\{o\}}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx575\cellx1150\cellx1725\cellx2300
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f6\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\"\{o\}}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u335o\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\u\{o\}}\cell}
\row}
}\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi340 A number of other symbols are available, and can be used by including the following commands: {\par
{\pard\plain\s34\qc\sb120\sa0\keep\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \par
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'86\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\dag}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'a7\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\S}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'a9\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\copyright}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'87\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\ddag}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'b6\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\P}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'a3\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\pounds}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'9c\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\oe}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'8c\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\OE}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'e6\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\AE}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'c6\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\AE}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'e5\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\aa}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'c5\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\AA}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'f8\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\o}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'d8\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\O}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u323?\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\l}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \u322?\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\L}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'df\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\ss}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \'bf \cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 ?`}\cell}
\row}
{\trowd\cellx1150\cellx2300\cellx3450\cellx4600\cellx5750\cellx6900
{\pard\intbl\ql \'a1 \cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 !`}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql \u8230?\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\ldots}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}\cell}
{\pard\intbl\ql {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\LaTeX}\cell}
\row}
}\par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 There is also a {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\today} command that prints the current date. When you use these commands remember that {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} will ignore any spaces that follow them, so that you can type \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\pounds 20}\rquote  to get \lquote \'a320\rquote . However, if you type \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 LaTeX is wonderful}\rquote  you will get \lquote {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}is wonderful\rquote \emdash notice the lack of space after {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}. To overcome this problem you can follow any of these commands by a pair of empty brackets and then any spaces that you wish to include, and you will see that {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\LaTeX\{\} really is wonderful!} ({\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} really is wonderful!).\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Finally, {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} \lquote math\rquote  mode, normally used to layout mathematical formulae, gives access to an even larger range of symbols, including the upper and lower case greek mathematical alphabet, calligraphic letters, mathematical operators and relations, arrows and a whole lot more. This document has not mentioned math mode, and it isn\rquote t going to either, so you will have to refer to the manual if you really need something that you can\rquote t get otherwise.\par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 {\*\bkmkstart BMsec_title}9{\*\bkmkend BMsec_title}  Titles\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Most documents have a title. To title a {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} document, you include the following commands in your document, usually just after {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 begin\{document\}}. {\par
\fs18 {\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\title\{required title\}
\par \\author\{required author\}
\par \\date\{required date\}
\par \\maketitle
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 If there are several authors, then their names should be separated by {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\and}; they can also be separated by {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\\\} if you want them to be centred on different lines. If the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\date} command is left out, then the current date will be printed. {{\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi-300 {}{}\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 {}\tab
\fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\title\{Essential \\LaTeX\}
\par \\author\{J Warbrick\\and A N Other\}
\par \\date\{14th February 1988\}
\par \\maketitle
\par \par
}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {{ {\par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \li600\fi0 \fs18 {\fs22 Essential {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}}\par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \sb36 \li600\fi0 \fs18  J WarbrickA N Other\par
\pard\plain\s9\qc\sb120\sa120\keep\widctlpar\f0\sl240\slmult1 \sb18 \li600\fi0 \fs18  14th February 1988 \par
}}}}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb100 \fi0 The exact appearance of the title varies depending on the document style. In styles {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 report}\~and\~{\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 book}\~the\~title\~appears\~on\~a page\~of\~its\~own. In the {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 article} style it normally appears at the top of the first page, the style option {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 titlepage} will alter this (see Section\~{\field{\*\fldinst{\lang1024 REF BMsec_styles \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt{4}}}).\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 10  Letters\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 Producing letters is simple with {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{}. To do this you use the document style {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 letter}. You can make any number of letters with a single input file. Your name and address, which are likely to be the same for all letters, are given once at the top of the file. Each letter is produced by a {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 letter} environment, having the name and address of the recipient as its argument. The letter itself begins with an {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\opening} command to generate the salutation.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 The letter ends with a {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\closing} command, you can use the commands {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\encl} and {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\cc} to generate lists of enclosures and people to whom you are sending copies. Any text that follows the {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\closing} must be proceeded by a {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\ps} command. This command produces no text\emdash you\rquote ll have to type \ldblquote P.S.\rdblquote  yourself\emdash but is needed to format the additional text correctly.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Perhaps an example will make this clearer: {\par
\fs18 {\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \fs18 
\par \\documentstyle\{letter\}
\par \\begin\{document\}
\par 
\par \\address\{1234 Avenue of the Armadillos \\\\
\par          Gnu York, G.Y. 56789\}
\par \\signature\{R. (Ma) Dillo \\\\ Director of Cuisine\}
\par 
\par \\begin\{letter\}\{G. Natheniel Picking \\\\
\par                Acme Exterminators \\\\
\par                Illinois\}
\par 
\par \\opening\{Dear Nat,\}
\par 
\par I'm afraid that the armadillo problem is still with us.
\par I did everything ...
\par 
\par ... and I hope that you can get rid of the nasty
\par beasts this time.
\par 
\par \\closing\{Best Regards,\}
\par \\cc\{Jimmy Carter\\\\Richard M. Nixon\}
\par \\end\{letter\}
\par 
\par \\end\{document\}
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb360 \fi0 11  Errors\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 When you create a new input file for {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} you will probably make mistakes. Everybody does, and it\rquote s nothing to be worried about. As with most computer programs, there are two sorts of mistake that you can make: those that {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} notices and those that it doesn\rquote t. To take a rather silly example, since {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} doesn\rquote t understand what you are saying it isn\rquote t going to be worried if you mis-spell some of the words in your text. You will just have to accurately proof-read your printed output. On the other hand, if you mis-spell one of the environment names in your file then {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}won\rquote t know what you want it to do.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 When this sort of thing happens, {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} prints an error message on your terminal screen and then stops and waits for you to take some action. Unfortunately, the error messages that it produces are rather user-unfriendly and not a little frightening. Nevertheless, if you know where to look they will probably tell you where the error is and went wrong.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Consider what would happen if you mistyped {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{itemize\}} so that it became {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{itemie\}}. When {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} processes this instruction, it displays the following on your terminal: {\par
\fs18 {\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \fs18 
\par LaTeX error.  See LaTeX manual for explanation.
\par               Type  H <return>  for immediate help.
\par ! Environment itemie undefined.
\par \\@latexerr ...for immediate help.\}\\errmessage \{#1\}
\par                                                   \\endgroup
\par l.140 \\begin\{itemie\}
\par 
\par ?
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 After typing the \lquote ?\rquote  {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} stops and waits for you to tell it what to do.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 The first two lines of the message just tell you that the error was detected by {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{}. The third line, the one that starts \lquote !\rquote  is the {\i error indicator}. It tells you what the problem is, though until you have had some experience of {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} this may not mean a lot to you. In this case it is just telling you that it doesn\rquote t recognise an environment called {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 itemie}. The next two lines tell you what {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} was doing when it found the error, they are irrelevant at the moment and can be ignored. The final line is called the {\i error locator}, and is a copy of the line from your file that caused the problem. It start with a line number to help you to find it in your file, and if the error was in the middle of a line it will be shown broken at the point where {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} realised that there was an error. {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} can sometimes pass the point where the real error is before discovering that something is wrong, but it doesn\rquote t usually get very far.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 At this point you could do several things. If you knew enough about {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} you might be able to fix the problem, or you could type \lquote X\rquote  and press the return key to stop {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} running while you go and correct the error. The best thing to do, however, is just to press the return key. This will allow {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to go on running as if nothing had happened. If you have made one mistake, then you have probably made several and you may as well try to find them all in one go. It\rquote s much more efficient to do it this way than to run {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} over and over again fixing one error at a time. Don\rquote t worry about remembering what the errors were\emdash a copy of all the error messages is being saved in a {\i log} file so that you can look at them afterwards. See your {\i local guide} to find out what this file is called.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 If you look at the line that caused the error it\rquote s normally obvious what the problem was. If you can\rquote t work out what you problem is look at the hints below, and if they don\rquote t help consult Chapter\~6 of the manual. It contains a list of all of the error messages that you are likely to encounter together with some hints as to what may have caused them.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Some of the most common mistakes that cause errors are {\par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
A mis-spelt command or environment name. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
Improperly matched \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{}\rquote  and \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \}}\rquote \emdash remember that they should always come in pairs. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
Trying to use one of the ten special characters {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 # $ % & _ \{ \} ~ ^} and {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\} as an ordinary printing symbol. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
A missing {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end} command. \par
\pard\plain\s46\ql\fi-283\li283\lin283\sb0\sa120\widctlpar\tql\tx283\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb50 \li600\fi-300 \bullet\tab
A missing command argument (that\rquote s the bit enclosed in \rquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \{}\rquote  and \lquote {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \}}\rquote ). \par
}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi340 One error can get {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} so confused that it reports a series of spurious errors as a result. If you have an error that you understand, followed by a series that you don\rquote t, then try correcting the first error\emdash the rest may vanish as if by magic.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Sometimes {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} may write a {\i0\scaps0\b0\f3 *} and stop without an error message. This is normally caused by a missing {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{document\}} command, but other errors can cause it. If this happens type {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\stop} and press the return key.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Finally, {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} will sometimes print {\i warning} messages. They report problems that were not bad enough to cause {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to stop processing, but nevertheless may require investigation. The most common problems are \lquote overfull\rquote  and \lquote underfull\rquote  lines of text. A message like: {\par
\fs18 {\pard\plain\s38\ql\widctlpar\f3\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \li512\ri512\fi0 \fs18 
\par Overfull \\hbox (10.58649pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 172--175
\par []\\tenrm Mathematical for-mu-las may be dis-played. A dis-played
\par \par
}}\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb120 \fi0 indicates that {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} could not find a good place to break a line when laying out a paragraph. As a result, it was forced to let the line stick out into the right-hand margin, in this case by 10.6 points. Since a point is about 1/72nd of an inch this may be rather hard to see, but it will be there none the less.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 This particular problem happens because {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} is rather fussy about line breaking, and it would rather generate a line that is too long than generate a paragraph that doesn\rquote t meet its high standards. The simplest way around the problem is to enclose the entire offending paragraph between {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\begin\{sloppypar\}} and {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\end\{sloppypar\}} commands. This tells {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} that you are happy for it to break its own rules while it is working on that particular bit of text.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Alternatively, messages about \ldblquote Underfull {\b0\i0\scaps0\f3 \\hbox}\rquote es\rdblquote  may appear. These are lines that had to have more space inserted between words than {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} would have liked. In general there is not much that you can do about these. Your output will look fine, even if the line looks a bit stretched. About the only thing you could do is to re-write the offending paragraph!\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 \par
\pard\plain\s3\ql\sb240\sa120\keepn\f0\b\fs32\sl240\slmult1 \sb240 \fi0 12  A Final Reminder\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \sb60 \fi0 You now know enough {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} to produce a wide range of documents. But this document has only scratched the surface of the things that {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} can do. This entire document was itself produced with {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} (with no sticking things in or clever use of a photocopier) and even it hasn\rquote t used all the features that it could. From this you may get some feeling for the power that {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} puts at your disposal.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 Please remember what was said in the introduction: if you {\i0\scaps0\b do} have a complex document to produce then {\i0\scaps0\b go and read the manual}. You will be wasting your time if you rely only on what you have read here.\par
\pard\plain\s0\qj\widctlpar\f0\fs22\sl240\slmult1 \fi340 One other warning: having dabbled with {\plain L{\up5\fs18 A}T{\dn7 E}X}{} your documents will never be the same again \u8230?.\par
}}
}}}