Abaxial             
of the side or surface of an organ, facing away from the axis. cf. adaxial.
#Abscission          
the normal shedding from a plant of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g. a ripe fruit, an old leaf. adj. abscissile.
#Accessory fruit     
a fruit, or group of fruits derived from one flower, in which the conspicuous, fleshy portion develops from the receptacle and is shed with the true fruit(s) attached.
#Accrescent          
increasing in size with age, as the calyx of some plants after
flowering.  
#Accrescent          
increasing in size with age.  
#Accumbent           
of the orientation of an embryo, with the radicle lying against the edges of the two cotyledons.
#Achene              
a dry, indehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary of one carpel and containing one seed which is free from the pericarp (often applied, less correctly, to the one-seeded fruits of Asteraceae). cf. cypsela.
#Acicular            
needle-shaped and stiff.  .
#Aciculate           
finely scored on the surface, as if scratched by a pin.
#Acropetal           
arising or developing in a longitudinal sequence beginning at the base and proceeding towards the apex. cf. basipetal.
#Acrostichoid       
 of sporangia, densely covering the abaxial surface of the fertile frond, i.e. not in distinct groups; of ferns, having the sporangia arranged as above.
#Actinomorphic      
of flowers, symmetrical about more than one vertical plane. cf. zygomorphic.
#Aculeate           
prickly.
#Acuminate          
tapering gradually to a protracted point.  .
#Acute              
terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges separated by an angle less than 90 degrees.  .
#Adaxial            
facing towards the axis. cf. abaxial.
#Adnate             
fused to an organ of a different kind, e.g. applied to a stamen fused to a petal.
#Adventitious       
arising in abnormal positions, e.g. roots arising from the shoot system, buds arising elsewhere than in axils of leaves.
#Adventive          
introduced recently, in particular since colonisation by man. cf. introduced.
#Aerenchyma          
tissue incorporating large, gas-filled spaces interspersed with the cells in a characteristic pattern.
#Aestivation         
the arrangement of sepals and petals or their lobes in an unexpanded flower bud. cf. vernation.   25.
#Aggregate           
fruit a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one
flower. cf. syncarp.
#Albumen             
endosperm.
#Allopatric          
of two or more species, having different ranges of distribution. cf. sympatric.
#Alternate           
 of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different heights on the axis; of floral parts, on a different radius, e.g. describing the position of stamens with respect to petals. cf. opposite.
#Alveolate           
 pitted or honeycombed on the surface.
#Amplexicaul         
 of a leaf base, stem-clasping.  
#Amplexicaul         
 stem-clasping.  
#Anastomosis         
 fusion to form a network e.g. of veins in a leaf blade.
#Anatropous          
 of an ovule, inverted so that the micropyle faces the placenta.   
#Androdioecious      
 having bisexual flowers and male flowers, on separate plants.
#Androecium          
 the stamens of one flower collectively.
#Androgynophore      
 a stalk bearing both the androecium and gynoecium of a flower above the level of insertion of the perianth.
#Androgynous         
 having male and female flowers in the same inflorescence.
#Andromonoecious     
 having bisexual and male flowers on the same plant.
#Androphore          
 a stalk bearing the androecium.
#Anemophilous        
 pollinated by wind.
#Angiosperm          
 a seed-bearing plant whose ovules, and hence seeds, develop within an enclosed ovary. cf. gymnosperm.
#Angustiseptate      
 with anrrow partitions, cf. latiseptate.
#Annual              
 a plant whose life span ends within one year after germination.
#Annular             
 arranged in or forming a ring.
#Annulus             
 a ring; in ferns, the elastic ring of cells, forming part of the sporangium wall, that initiates dehiscence.
#Anterior            
 of floral organs, on the side of the flower farthest from the axis. cf. posterior.
#Anther              
 the pollen-bearing part of a stamen. cf. filament.
#Antheridium         
 the fertile organ of a male gametophyte or the male organ of a bisexual gametophyte, in which male gametes are formed.
#Anthesis            
 the time of opening of a flower.
#Anthocarp           
 a false fruit consisting of the true fruit and the base of the perianth, as in Nyctaginaceae.
#Antipetalous        
 inserted in front of the petals; opposite the petals.
#Antisepalous        
 inserted in front of the sepals; opposite the sepals.
#Antrorse            
 directed forwards or upwards. cf. retrorse.
#Apetalous           
 without petals.
#Apical              
 of a placenta, at the top of the ovary.   
#Apiculate           
 terminating in a short, sharp, flexible point.  
#Apiculum            
 a short, abrupt, flexible point, adj. apiculate.
#Apocarpous          
 of a gynoecium, consisting of two or more carpels which are free from one another or almost so.
#Apomict             
 a plant that produces viable seed without fertilisation.
#Appendage           
 a structure arising from the surface or extending beyond the tip of another structure.
#Appressed           
 pressed closely against but not united with.
#Aquatic             
 living in or on water for all or a substantial part of the life span (generally restricted to fresh/inland waters).
#Arborescent         
 resembling a tree (applied to non-woody plants attaining tree height and to shrubs tending to become tree-like in size). cf. dendroid.
#Arcuate             
 curved like a bow.
#Areole              
 a space between the threads of a net; in Cactaceae, a cluster of hairs/spines/bristles borne at the node of a leafless stem; in Mimosaceae (for example), a distinct, oblong or elliptical area on the face of a seed, bounded by a fine line. adj. areolate.
#Aril                
 a structure partly or wholly covering the testa of a seed and formed by expansion of the funicle. adj. arillate.
#Aristate            
 having a stiff, bristle-like awn or tip. 
#Aristulate          
 having a small awn.
#Article             
 a segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds.
#Articulate          
 jointed; having joints where separation may occur naturally; of a stem, having nodes.
#Ascending           
 growing erect after an oblique or semi-horizontal beginning.
#Asexual             
 not forming part of a cycle which involves fertilisation and meiosis.
#Asperulate          
 slightly rough to the touch.
#Attenuate           
 tapering gradually.
#Auricle             
 an ear-shaped appendage at the base of a leaf, leaflet or corolla lobe. adj. auriculate.  .
#Autochthonous       
 of the inhabitants of a region, original; earliest known; (applied to an element of the Australian flora rich in endemics and believed to have been evolving in Australia for a long period of time).
#Autotrophic         
 independent of other organisms in respect of organic nutrition; able to fix carbon dioxide, by photosynthesis, to form carbohydrates.
#Awn                 
 a bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass floret.
#Axil                
 the angle between a leaf or bract and the axis bearing it. adj. axillary.
#Axile               
 on an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary. 
#Axis                
 a stem, (commonly used for the main stem of a whole plant or of an inflorescence).
#Baccate             
 berry-like; of seeds, having a succulent or pulpy testa; of fruits, having the seeds embedded in pulp.
#Barbellae           
 short, straight, stiff hairs or barbs.
#Barbulae            
 in Scaevola, outgrowths on the margin of the wings or in the throat of the corolla; they may be simple or have apical hairs or papillae.  35)
#Basal               
 at the base; of a placenta, at the base of the ovary.  
#Basifixed           
 attached at or by the base, e.g. of anthers, by the base of the connective.
#Basipetal           
 developing, in sequence, from the apex towards the base. cf. acropetal.
#Basiscopic          
 pointing towards the base (applied to the first lateral vein of a leaflet on the side nearer the leaf base).
#Bathyphyll          
 a leaf at the base of a stem with the function of attachment to a substrate.
#Beak                
 a prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit.
#Berry               
 a fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seed(s) embedded in the fleshy tissue of the pericarp. cf. drupe, pyrene.
#Biennial            
 a plant whose life span extends for more than one but less than two years after germination.
#Bifacial            
 of leaves, flat or channelled with distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces.
#Bifid               
 divided, for about half the length, into two parts. cf. bipartite.
#Bifoliate           
 of plants, having two leaves.
#Bifoliolate         
 of leaves, having two leaflets.
#Bilabiate           
 two-lipped, e.g. of a corolla in which fusion of an anterior group and a posterior group of petals extends beyond the top of the corolla tube.
#Bilocular           
 having two cavities.
#Bipartite           
 divided, nearly to the base, into two parts. cf. bifid.
#Bipinnate           
 of leaves, twice pinnately divided. cf. pinnate, tripinnate.   24.
#Biseriate           
 arranged in two rows or whorls.
#Bisexual            
 bearing both male and female organs together, e.g. on the same gametophyte or in the same flower.
#Blade               
 the expanded part of a leaf or petal.
#Bole                
 the trunk of a tree, below the lowest branch. cf. canopy.
#Brachyblast         
 a short branch; a spur shoot.
#Bract               
 a leaf-like structure, different in form from the foliage leaves and without an axillary bud, associated with an inflorescence or flower.
#Bracteole           
 a small bract-like structure borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx of a flower.
#Broom-like          
 with many branches parallel or almost so and usually erect, as in Spartium (Spanish broom).
#Bulb                
 a storage organ, usually underground, made up of a stem and leaf bases, the food reserves being stored in the inner, fleshy leaf bases.
#Bulbel              
 a bulb arising from another bulb.
#Bulbil              
 a small, deciduous bulb (or tuber) formed in the axil of a leaf and functioning to propagate the plant vegetatively.  1)
#Bulbil              
 a small deciduous bulb replacing flowers in an inflorescence, and functioning to propagate the plant vegetatively.  45)
#Bulblet            (= bulbel)  
 a small bulb arising from another bulb.
#Burr                
 a rough or prickly propagule consisting of a seed or fruit and associated floral parts or bracts.
#Buttress            
 a flange of tissue protruding from the main outline of the base of a tree.
#Caducous            
 falling off early.
#Caespitose          
 growing in tufts.
#Calli               
 in Dampiera small outgrowths in the throat of the corolla (acting as tactile guides for pollinators).  35)
#Callus              
 a protruding mass of hardened tissue, often formed after an injury but sometimes a regular feature of the plant, e.g. on the labellum of some orchids and the axis of the spikelet of some grasses. adj. callose.
#Calyptra            
 in mosses, a cap-like structure covering or partly covering the capsule and derived from the neck of the archegonium; in a flower, (= operculum), a cap covering the stamens and carpels in the bud and formed by fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.
#Calyx-tube          
 a tube formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals. cf. hypanthium.
 #Calyx               
 the sepals of one flower collectively.
#Campanulate         
 bell-shaped.
#Campylotropous      
 of an ovule, orientated transversely, i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk, and with a curved embryo sac.   25.
#Canaliculate        
 with a longitudinal groove or channel.
#Canaliculate        
 with a longitudinal groove or channel.
#Canopy              
 the branches and foliage of a tree. cf. bole.
#Capitate            
 of an inflorescence, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster; of a stigma, globose, like the head of a pin.
#Capitellate         
 shaped like, or aggregated into, a very small head.
#Capitulum           
 a dense cluster of sessile flowers.
#Capsule             
 a dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds.
#Carinate            
 keeled.
#Carpel              
 an organ (generally believed to be a modified foliar unit) at the centre of a flower, bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels to enclose the ovule(s) in an ovary, and consisting also of a stigma and usual
ly a style.
#Carpophore          
 in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp; in a fruit, the stalk of a mericarp.
#Caruncle           (= strophiole)  
 an outgrowth of a seed coat, near the hilum.
#Caryopsis           
 a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall (characteristic of grasses).
#Cataphyll           
 a scale leaf associated with a vegetative part of a plant, e.g. rhizome, perennating bud.
#Catkin              
 a spike in which the flowers are unisexual and without conspicuous perianth.
#Caudate             
 having a narrow tail-like appendage.  .
#Caudex              
 a thick, erect trunk, especially of cycads.
#Caudicle            
 a thread to which a pollen mass is attached in Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae.
#Cauliflorous        
 see cauline.
#Cauline             
 of leaves, borne on an aerial stem; of flowers or fruits,  (= cauliflorous) borne on old wood.
#Cell                
 the basic unit of plant structure consisting, at least when young, of a protoplast surrounded by a wall.
#Centrifugal         
 directed, or developing, from the centre or axis outwards.
#Centripetal         
 directed, or developing, from the outside towards the centre or axis.
#Chaff               
 thin, membranous scales or bracts; thin, dry unfertilised ovules among the fully developed seeds of a fruit.
#Chalaza             
 the part of an ovule to which the end of the stalk (funicle) is attached.
#Chartaceous         
 papery.
#Chlorophyll         
 pigment(s) constituting the green colouring matter of plants and absorbing radiant energy in photosynthesis.
#Chromosome          
 a thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell, containing a linear sequence of genes.
#Cilia               
 in unicellular plants, gametes, spores etc., minute hair-like protoplasmic protrusions whose movement confers motility on the cell; in higher plants, hairs more or less confined to the margins of an organ. sing. cilium; adj. ciliate.
#Cincinnus           
 a monochasial, cymose inflorescence with flowers arising alternately from one side of an axis then the other.  45)
#Cincinnus           
 a spirally curled cymose inflorescence.  1)
#Circinnate         (= circinate)  
 spirally coiled, with the tip innermost.
#Circumsciss         
 (to) break open along a transverse line around the circumference. adj. circumscissile.
#Cladode             
 the photosynthetic stem of a plant whose foliage leaves are absent or much reduced. cf. phyllode.
#Cladophyll          
 a flattened, leaf-like photosynthetic stem not bearing leaves or scales. cf. phylloclade.
#Class               
 a major taxonomic rank, between order and division.
#Clavate             
 club-shaped.
#Claw                
 a narrow, stalk-like basal portion of a petal, sepal or bract.
#Cleistogamous       
 of flowers, self-pollinating and setting fertile seed but never opening.
#Clone               
 a set of organisms produced from one parent by vegetative reproduction.
#Coccus              
 a one-carpel unit of a schizocarp or lobed fruit.  22)
#Coccus              
 one of the (usually 1-seeded) lobes of a distinctly lobed fruit, becoming separate at maturity. pl. cocci.  1)
#Cochlear            
 of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a variant of imbricate aestivation.   25.
#Cochleate           
 coiled like a snail-shell.
#Cohesion            
 the sticking together of floral parts of the same whorl without organic fusion. adj. coherent.
#Collateral          
 situated side by side; adjacent and on the same radius of an axis.
#Colliculate         
 covered with small, rounded or hillock-like elevations (colliculae).
#Colporate           
 of a pollen grain, having both an elongated and a rounded aperture. cf. porate.
#Columella           
 the central axis of a moss capsule; sometimes applied to the central axis of fruits and cones.
#Column              
 the lower part of an awn in grasses, when distinctly different in form from the upper part; (=gynostemium), a structure in Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Stylidiaceae, extending above the ovary of a flower and incorporating stigma, style and stamens.
#Coma                
 a tuft, especially of hairs on a seed.  
#Coma                
 a tuft of hairs. adj. comose.  
#Commissure          
 a join or seam; the interfacing of two fused carpels in an ovary.
#Complicate          
 of leaves, the lamina (or part of the lamina) folded upon itself.
#Compound            
 of a leaf, having the blade divided into two or more distinct leaflets; of an inflorescence, made up of an aggregate of smaller inflorescences.
#Compressed          
 flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the front and back closer together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together).
#Concolorous         
 coloured uniformly; the same colour on both sides. cf. discolorous. (vols 8, 22)
#Concolorous         
 of uniform colour; of leaves, having both surfaces the same colour. (vols 18, 19)
#Conduplicate        
 folded together, with the fold-line along the long axis (e.g. of cotyledons in a seed).
#Cone                
 in gymnosperms and club-mosses, a group of sporophylls arranged compactly on a central axis; (loosely) in Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and bracteoles associated with the flowers.
#Conflorescence      
 a compound inflorescence consisting of two or more unit inflorescences.  22)
#Conflorescence      
 a flower-bearing branch system in which the main axis does not end in a flower but the axes of the branches do.  19)
#Connate             
 fused to another organ (or other organs) of the same kind.
#Connective          
 the part of an anther that connects the lobes.
#Connivent           
 coming into contact; converging.
#Contorted           
 see convolute.
#Convolute           
 of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a form of imbricate aestivation in which each segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent segment, like a furled umbrella.   25.
#Cordate             
 of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the base; heart-shaped.  .
#Cordiform           
 shaped like a heart (in three dimensions).
#Coriaceous          
 leathery.
#Corm                
 a fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground, in which food reserves are stored between growing seasons.
#Corniculate         
 bearing, or terminating in, one or more small horns.
#Corolla             
 the petals of a flower collectively.
#Corona              
 a ring of tissue arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens.  1)
#Corona              
 a ring of tissue derived from the perianth or filaments of a flower, and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens.  45)
#Cortex              
 the region of a stem or root surrounding the vascular cylinder but inside the epidermis.
#Corymb              
 a racemose inflorescence in which the pedicels of the lower flowers are longer than those of the flowers above, bringing all flowers to about the same level.
#Cotyledon           
 the primary leaf (or one of two or more primary leaves) of an embryo.
#Crenate             
 with small, rounded teeth; scalloped.   
#Crenulate           
 minutely scalloped.   
#Crown               
 the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch.
#Crustaceous         
 brittle; of marine algae, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
#Cryptogam           
 (literally) a plant whose sexual reproductive parts are not conspicuous; a plant that produces spores, not seeds, in its sexual reproductive cycle, e.g. ferns, mosses, algae. cf. phanerogam.
#Cucullate           
 hooded; hood-shaped
#Culm                
 an aerial stem, in grasses, sedges, rushes, etc., bearing the inflorescence.
#Cuneate             
 wedge-shaped.  .
#Cupuliform          
 nearly hemispherical, cupola-shaped.
#Curvinerved         
 with curved parallel veins.
#Cushion,           floral  
 a swollen floral axis on which several small flowers are borne.
#Cuspidate           
 tapering into a sharp, rigid point.  .
#Cyathium            
 an inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, as in Euphorbia.
#Cyclic              
 of floral organs, several borne at the same level on the axis; whorled. cf. spiral.
#Cyme                
 an inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it.
#Cymule              
 a diminutive cyme, usually few-flowered.
#Cypsela             
 a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary. cf. achene.
#Cystolith           
 a stalked structure growing from a cell wall into the cell cavity, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
#Deciduous           
 falling seasonally, e.g. of the leaves or bark of some trees.
#Declinate           
 bent downwards or forwards.
#Decompound          
 more than once compound.
#Decumbent           
 spreading horizontally but then growing upwards.
#Decurrent           
 extending downwards beyond the point of insertion, e.g. of a lamina extending downwards to form a flange along the petiole.
#Decussate           
 in pairs, with successive pairs borne at right angles to each other.
#Definite            
 of a constant number; of stamens, twice as many as the petals or sepals, or less; of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud.
#Deflexed            
 bent downwards.  1)
#Deflexed            
 bent outwards. cf. inflexed.  8)
#Dehiscent           
 breaking open at maturity to release the contents.
#Deltoid             
 triangular with the sides of about equal length.  
#Dendroid            
 tree-like in form but not in size. cf. arborescent.
#Dentate             
 toothed.   24.
#Denticulate         
 finely toothed.   24.
#Depressed           
 flattened as if pressed down from the top or end.
#Determinate         
 of growth or branching, with a bud or flower terminating the growth of the main axis; of an inflorescence, see definite.
#Diadelphous         
 having the stamens united into two groups, or all but one united in a group and one free.
#Diaphanous          
 extremely thin and transparent.
#Dichasium           
 a cymose inflorescence with opposite branching below the flower which terminates each axis. cf. monochasium.
#Dichlamydeous       
 of a flower, having two whorls of perianth parts.
#Dichotomous         
 forking into two equal branches resulting from division of the growing point.
#Diclinous           
 having the stamens and the carpels in separate flowers.
#Dicotyledon         
 a flowering plant whose embryo has two (rarely more) cotyledons (seed leaves). cf. monocotyledon.
#Didymous            
 borne in pairs; of anthers, having two lobes, with scarcely any tissue connecting them.
#Didynamous          
 of stamens, four in number, two being distinctly longer than the other two.
#Digitate            
 branching from the axis or stalk like the fingers of a hand.   24.
#Dimorphic           
 of two different forms.
#Dioecious           
 having the male and female reproductive structures on separate plants. cf. monoecious.
#Diplecolobous       
 of cotyledons in a seed, twice folded transversely.
#Diploid             
 having two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. cf. haploid, polyploid.
#Disc                
 a plate or rim of tissue, derived from the receptacle of a flower, occurring between whorls of floral parts.
#Discolorous         
 of different colours; of leaves, having the two surfaces different in colour. (vols 18, 19)
#Discolorous         
 variegated; coloured differently on different sides. cf. concolorous. (vols 8, 22)
#Dissepiment         
 a partition (septum) within an ovary or fruit, derived by fusion of adjacent carpels.
#Distal              
 remote from the point of origin or attachment. cf. proximal.
#Distichous          
 arranged in two rows on opposite sides of a stem and thus in the same plane.
#Diurnal             
 of flowers, opening only during daylight hours.
#Divaricate          
 widely spreading.
#Division            
 the major taxonomic rank within the Plant Kingdom (in which the phylum is no longer generally recognised). cf. phylum.
#Domatia             
 small structures on the lower surface of a leaf in some woody dicotyledons, usually consisting of depressions, partly enclosed by leaf tissue or hairs, located in the axils of the primary veins. sing. domatium. (vols 8, 18)
#Dorsal              
 of a lateral organ, (relating to the side) facing away from the axis, i.e. the 'back'; of a thallus, facing away from the substratum.  cf. ventral.
#Dorsifixed          
 attached at or by the back.
#Dorsiventral        
 having structurally different upper and lower surfaces.
#Drupe               
 a succulent fruit formed from one carpel, having the seed(s) enclosed in an inner stony layer of the fruit wall. adj. drupaceous  (which is often used to mean drupe-like but not strictly a drupe). cf. berry, pyrene.
#Duplicate           
 folded twice.
#Echinate            
 bearing stiff, stout, prickly hairs.
#Edaphic             
 pertaining to the soil.
#Eglandular          
 without glands.
#Elaiosome           
 an appendage of a seed, usually rich in oil, not essential for the viability of the seed but attractive to fauna (especially ants) as a food for larvae etc. and hence an aid to dispersal by such fauna.  
#Elater              
 an elongated, spirally thickened, hygroscopic cell in the capsule of a liverwort, derived from sporogenous tissue and assisting in spore dispersal; an appendage to the spore of Equisetum.
#Elliptic            
 oval in outline, widest at the centre.  .
#Emarginate          
 having a broad, shallow notch at the apex.  .
#Embryo              
 a young plant contained within an archegonium or seed.
#Enation             
 an epidermal outgrowth.
#Endemic             
 having a natural distribution confined to a particular geographical region.
#Endocarp            
 the innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.
#Endosperm           
 nutritive tissue in a seed, in angiosperms triploid and formed in the embryo sac after fertilisation, in gymnosperms haploid and derived from the sterile portion of the female gametophyte. cf. perisperm.
#Entire              
 having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed.   24.
#Entomophilous       
 pollinated by insects.
#Ephemeral           
 short-lived.
#Epicalyx            
 a whorl of bracts, just below a flower, looking like a second calyx.
#Epicarp             
 the outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the 'skin'.
#Epicormic           
 of buds, shoots or flowers, borne on the old wood of trees (applied especially to shoots arising from dormant buds after injury or fire).
#Epicortical         
 on top of the bark, i.e. outside the bark.
#Epidermis           
 the outermost layer of cells of an organ, usually only one cell thick.
#Epigeal             
 of germination, having the cotyledon(s) emerging from the seed coat and becoming photosynthetic. cf. hypogeal.
#Epigynous           
 of floral parts (especially stamens), attached above the level of insertion of the ovary, and arising from tissue that is fused to the ovary wall. cf. hypogynous, perigynous.   26.
#Epipetalous         
 borne on the petals.   26.
#Epiphyllous         
 growing on leaves, e.g. applied to vegetatively propagated plantlets in some Crassulaceae.
#Epiphyte            
 a plant growing on, but not parasitic on, another plant (often loosely applied to plants, such as orchids, that grow on vertical rock faces). cf. parasite, saprophyte.
#Equilateral         
 of stamens, with anthers regularly spaced around the style.
#Equitant            
 of leaves, folded in half along the midline so that the adaxial surface disappears, and overlapping the edges of a similarly folded leaf on the opposite side of the stem. (vols 45, 46)
#Eremean             
 pertaining to regions of low, irregular rainfall.
#Erose               
 margin irregularly incised.
#Erose               
 of a margin, finely and irregularly eroded or toothed.
#Eusporangiate       
 of ferns, having sporangia with walls more than one cell thick. cf. leptosporangiate.
#Evergreen           
 bearing green leaves throughout the year.
#Excentric           
 to one side; off centre.
#Exine               
 the outer layer of the wall of a pollen grain or spore.
#Exocarp             
  the outer layer or "skin" of a pericarp.
#Exserted            
 protruding, e.g. of stamens with respect to a corolla tube.
#Exstipulate         
 without stipules.
#Extra-floral        
 of nectaries, not within the flower.
#Extravaginal        
 of a shoot, arising from an axillary bud which breaks through the sheath of the subtending leaf.
#Extrorse            
 of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower.
 cf. introrse.
#Facultative         
 of parasites, optional. cf. obligate.
#Falcate             
 sickle-shaped.  .
#Family              
 a group of one to many genera believed to be related phylogenetically, usually clearly separable from other such groups.
#Farinaceous         
 containing starch grains; mealy; resembling flour.
#Fascicle            
 a cluster, adj. fasciculate.
#Favulariate         
 of a surface, finely ribbed, the ribs separated by zig-zag furrows (see   88F).
#Fenestrate          
 having openings or translucent areas ('windows').
#Fertilisation       
 the union of male and female gametes.
#Filament            
 the stalk of a stamen; a thread one or more cells thick; in blue-green Algae, a trichome enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath. cf. anther.
#Filiform            
 thread-like.  .
#Fimbriate           
 fringed along the margin.
#Fimbriate           
 of a margin, fringed with long slender hair-like processes (fimbriae).  45)
#Fistular            
 hollow throughout its length.
#Flaccid             
 limp; tending to wilt. cf. turgid.
#Flexuous           (= flexuose)  
 bent from side to side in a zig-zag form.
#Floccose            
 bearing tufts of soft hairs or wool which tend to rub off and adhere in small masses.
#Floral              
 belonging to or associated with a flower.
#Floret              
 a grass flower, together with the lemma and palea that enclose it (often applied to flowers in Cyperaceeae and Asteraceae).
#Flower              
 the sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium and perianth and the axis bearing these parts.
#Foliaceous          
 leaf-like.
#Follicle            
 a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion of its edges.
#Forb                
 a non-woody plant other than a grass, sedge, rush, etc. cf. herb.
#Foveate             
 pitted.
#Free-central        
 a placentation in which the ovules are borne on a free-standing central placenta within the ovary.   25.
#Free                
 not fused or united (with other organs).
#Frond               
 a leaf especially of a fern, cycad or palm; a leaf-like portion of a non-vascular plant (e.g. a foliose alga).
#Fruit               
 the seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after flowering.
#Frutescent          
 becoming shrub-like (woody).
#Fruticose           
 shrub-like.
#Fugacious           
 falling or withering away very early.
#Funicle            (= funiculus)  
 the stalk of an ovule.
#Fusiform            
 spindle-shaped, i.e. narrower at both ends than at the centre.
#Gamete              
 a cell or nucleus that fuses with another, of opposite sex, in sexual reproduction.
#Gametophyte         
 a plant, or phase of a plant's life cycle, that bears gametes.
#Gamopetalous       (= sympetalous)  
 with the petals united by their margins, at least at the base. cf. polypetalous.
#Gamophyllous        
 having the leaves or perianth segments united by their margins, at least at the base.
#Gamosepalous        
 having the sepals united by their margins, at least at the base.
#Geniculate          
 bent abruptly like a knee joint.
#Genotype            
 the total complement of hereditary factors (genes) acquired by an organism from its parents and available for transmission to its offspring. cf. phenotype.
#Genus               
 a group of species believed to be related phylogenetically and usually clearly separable from other such groups, or a single species without close relatives. pl. genera.
#Geophyte            
 a plant whose perennating buds are buried in the soil.
#Glabrescent         
 becoming glabrous.
#Glabrous            
 without hairs.
#Gland               
 a structure, within or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function.
#Glandular           
 bearing glands; functioning as a gland.
#Glaucous            
 blue-green in colour, with a whitish bloom (as in the juvenile leaves of many eucalypts).
#Globose             
 nearly spherical.
#Glochid             
 a barbed hair or bristle.
#Glomerule           
 a small compact cluster. adj. glomerulate.
#Glumaceous          
 glume-like, tending to be chaffy or membranous in texture.
#Glume               
 a bract in the inflorescence of a grass, sedge or similar plant.
#Grain               
 a fruit characteristic of grasses (= caryopsis);  pollen grain, a microspore of a seed plant, or the partially developed gametophyte formed from it.
#Granulate           
 of a surface, granular.
#Gymnosperm          
 a seed plant with the ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. cf. angiosperm.
#Gynobasic           
 of a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary.
#Gynodioecious       
 having bisexual flowers and female flowers, on separate plants.
#Gynoecium           
 the carpels of a flower collectively.
#Gynophore           
 a stalk bearing the gynoecium above the level of insertion of the other floral parts.
#Gynostemium         
 see column.
#Habit               
 the growth form of a plant, comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation.
#Habitat             
 the environment in which a plant lives.
#Half-inferior       
 of an ovary, partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the perianth and stamens.   26.
#Halophyte           
 a plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
#Haploid             
 having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus (i.e. having each gene locus represented only once).
#Hastate             
 spear-shaped; of a leaf blade, narrow and pointed but with two basal lobes spreading approximately at right angles.  .
#Haustorium          
 an absorbing organ through which a parasite obtains chemical substances from its host.
#Helicoid            
 coiled; of a cymose inflorescence, branching repeatedly on the same side.
#Hemiparasite        
 an organism which lives on and derives part of its nourishment from a different organism, and is partially self-supporting.
#Herb                
 any vascular plant that never produces a woody stem. cf. forb.
#Herbaceous          
 not woody; soft in texture.
#Hermaphrodite       
 = bisexual.
#Heteroblastic       
 having the adult parts of the plant (especially the leaves) distinctly different in form from the juvenile parts.
#Heterogamos         
 producing flowers of two or more kinds with respect to their fertile organs, e.g. male and female or bisexual and female. cf. homogamous.
#Heteromorphous     (= heteromorphic)  
 of two or more distinct forms.
#Heterosporous       
 producing separate male and female spores. cf. homosporous.
#Heterostylous       
 species in which flowers are similar except that the stigmas and anthers are held at different levels relative to each other, because style length differs between plants. cf. homostylous.
#Hilum               
 the scar on a seed coat at the place where it was attached to its stalk during development.
#Hirsute             
 bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. cf. villous.
#Hispid              
 bearing stiff, bristly hairs.
#Hoary               
 covered with a greyish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs.
#Holotype            
 a single specimen designated by the author of a plant (or animal) name, at the time of original publication, as that to which the name shall apply; the 'voucher specimen' of a name.
#Homogamous          
 having flowers of only one kind. cf. heterogamous.
#Homosporous         
 producing only one kind of spore in the sexual reproductive cycle, and hence one gametophyte which produces both male and female gametes. cf. heterosporous.
#Homostylous         
 species in which the flowers have stigmas and anthers held at the same level relative to each other on all plants. cf. heterostylous.
#Host                
 an organism on which a parasite lives and by which it is nourished (also applied, loosely, to a plant supporting an epiphyte).
#Hyalescent          
 becoming translucent.
#Hyaline             
 translucent, almost like clear glass.
#Hybrid              
 an offspring of genetically different parents (in a Flora, usually applied where the parents are of different species).
#Hygroscopic         
 absorbing water and undergoing movements or changes brought about by changes in water content.
#Hypanthium          
 a cup or tube bearing floral parts above the base, and often above the top, of the ovary of a flower, e.g. in many Myrtales. cf. calyx tube.
#Hypocotyl           
 the part of the stem of an embryo or young seedling below the cotyledonary node.
#Hypodermis          
 a layer of cells below the epidermis.
#Hypogeal            
 of germination, having the cotyledon(s) remaining within the seed coat. cf. epigeal.
#Hypogynous          
 arising below the level of insertion of the ovary (often applied, loosely, to a flower in which the sepals, petals and stamens are inserted below the ovary). cf. perigynous, epigynous.   26.
#Imbricate           
 of perianth parts, having the edges overlapping in the bud.  cf. valvate.   25.
#Imparipinnate       
 having an uneven number of pinnae, by virtue of having one terminal pinna. cf. paripinnate.   24.
#Incised             
 cut deeply, sharply and often irregularly (an intermediate condition between toothed and lobed).   24.
#Included            
 enclosed, not protruding.
#Incrassate          
 thickened; of a pollen grain, with thickened margins around the apertures.
#Incumbent           
 of the orientation of an embryo, with the cotyledons lying face to face and folded downwards beside the radicle; of anthers, lying against the inner face of the filament.
#Incurved            
 bent or curved inwards or upwards; of leaf margins, curved towards the adaxial surface.
#Indefinite          
 variable in number; numerous; of stamens, more than twice as many as the petals or sepals; of an inflorescence, not terminating in a flower (i.e. having a continuing, terminal growing point).
#Indehiscent         
 not opening at maturity.
#Indeterminate      (= monopodial)  
 of growth, the condition in which the terminal bud persists and produces successive lateral branches.
#Indumentum          
 the epidermal appendages, e.g. hairs or scales, collectively.
#Induplicate         
 folded inwards so that the outer faces of the margins are in contact.
#Indurated           
 hardened
#Indusium            
 tissue covering the sorus of a fern; the pollen-cup of Goodeniaceae.
#Inferior            
 of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other floral parts. cf. superior.   26.
#Inflexed            
 bent inwards. cf. deflexed.  
#Inflexed            
 bent sharply upwards or forwards.   
#Inflorescence       
 the group or arrangement in which flowers are borne on a plant.
#Infraspecific       
 of lower taxonomic rank than species.
#Infructescence      
 the grouping or arrangement in which fruits are borne on a plant.
#Insectivorous       
 catching, and ostensibly feeding on, insects.
#Inserted           (on)  
 attached to; arising from.
#Integument          
 a covering; one of the outer layers of tissue of an ovule.
#Internode           
 the portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive leaves or leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence).
#Interpetiolar       
 of stipules, between the petioles of two opposite leaves. cf. intrapetiolar.
#Interrupted         
 of an inflorescence, having the flowers unevenly distributed along the axis, with conspicuous gaps.
#Intramarginal       
 situated inside but close to the margin, e.g. of a vein in a leaf.
#Intrapetiolar       
 between a petiole and the subtending stem. cf. interpetiolar.
#Introduced          
 not indigenous; not native to the area in which it now occurs. cf. adventive.
#Introrse            
 of anthers, dehiscing towards the centre of the flower. cf. extrorse.
#Involucre           
 a group of bracts enveloping a condensed inflorescence; a layer of tissue enveloping particular structures, e.g. an archegonium in Bryophyta, sporangia in Hymenophyllaceae.
#Involute            
 rolled inwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the adaxial surface.
#Irregular           
 see zygomorphic.
#Isolateral         (=isobilateral)  
 having structurally similar upper and lower surfaces.
#Isotype             
 a specimen which is, or is believed to be, a duplicate of the holotype, i.e. part of the same collection.
#juvenile            
 of leaves, formed on a young plant and different in form from the adult leaves.
#Karyoevolution      
 evolutionary change in the chromosome set, expressed as changes in number and gross structure of the chromosomes; (more broadly), evolutionary relationships between taxa as indicated by karyotype differences.
#Karyotype           
 the gross morphology of the chromosome set, described in terms of number, length, centromere position, etc.
#Keel                
 a ridge like the keel of a boat; in particular, a boat-shaped structure formed by fusion of the two anterior petals of a flower in Fabaceae.
#Keeled              
 of leaves or bracts, folded and ridged along the midrib.
#Labellum            
 a lip; in Orchidaceae, the distinctive median petal that serves as an alighting platform for pollinating insects.  1)
#Labellum            
 in Zingiberaceae and Costaceae, a usually showy petaloid structure, staminodal in origin.  45)
#Laciniate           
 slashed into narrow, pointed lobes.   
#Lacrymiform         
 tear-shaped, i.e. more or less ovoid or obovoid.
#Lacuna              
 a gap or cavity.
#Lamella             
 a thin, plate-like layer; middle lamella, the layer between the walls of two adjacent cells.
#Lamina              
 the blade of a leaf.
#Lanceolate          
 of a leaf, about four times as long as it is broad, broadest in the lower half and tapering towards the tip.  .
#Latex               
 a viscous fluid exuded from the cut surfaces of the leaves and stems of certain plants.
#Latiseptate         
 with broad partitions. cf. angustiseptate.
#Latrorse            
 of anthers, opening laterally towards adjacent anthers. (vols 45, 46)
#Latrorse            
 turned sideways, i.e. not or away from axis.  18)
#Leaflet             
 one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf.
#Lectotype           
 a specimen selected from among those cited with the original description to serve in place of a holotype where the holotype is missing or destroyed, or where no holotype was designated.
#Legume              
 a fruit characteristic of the families Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent; in particular, such a fruit that is grown as an edible crop; a crop species in the family Fa
baceae.
#Lemma               
 the lower of two bracts enclosing a grass flower.
#Lenticel            
 a loosely-packed mass of cells in the bark of a woody plant, visible on the surface of a stem as a raised powdery spot, through which gaseous exchange occurs.
#Lenticular          
 shaped like a biconvex lens.
#Lepidote            
 covered with small, membranous scales.
#Leptosporangiate    
 of ferns, having sporangia with walls only one cell thick. cf. eusporangiate.
#Liane               
 a climbing or twining plant (usually applied to woody climbers).
#Lignified           
 converted into wood.
#Lignotuber          
 a woody swelling below or just above the ground, containing adventitious buds from which new shoots develop if the top of the plant is cut or burnt (common in the shrubby eucalypts and in many other fire-tolerant Australian shrubs).
#Ligulate            
 bearing a ligule; strap-shaped.
#Ligule              
 a strap-shaped structure; a membranous or hairy appendage on the adaxial surface of a leaf, especially in grasses, at the junction between sheath and blade; a small adaxial appendage near the leaf base in some pteridophytes; the corolla limb in ray fl
owers of Asteraceae.
#Limb                
 the upper, free, spreading portion of a corolla or perianth that is connate at the base.
#Linear              
 very narrow in relation to the length, and with the sides parallel.  .
#Lithophyte          
 a plant that grows on the surface of unweathered rock.
#Lobulate            
 having small or indistinct lobes.
#Loculicidal         
 of the dehiscence of a fruit, along lines coinciding with the centres of loculi. cf. septicidal.
#Loculus             
 an enclosed compartment within an organ e.g. an ovary, an anther. pl. loculi.
#Lodicule            
 one of a pair of tiny scales in a grass floret, between the lemma and the fertile parts of the flower, which may be reduced perianth segments.
#Lomentum            
 a legume having distinct constrictions or lines of abscission between the seeds and breaking into one-seeded segments when mature.
#Lorate              
 of leaves, strap-shaped (moderately long with the two margins parallel).
#Lyrate              
 deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones.   24.
#Macrospore          
 = megaspore.
#Mallee              
 a growth form in eucalypts in which several stems arise from a lignotuber.  19)
#Mallee              
 a growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber (usually applied to shrubby eucalypts); a plant having the above growth habit.  1)
#Mammillate          
 having small nipple-shaped projections.
#Marcescent          
  withering without falling off.
#Marginal            
 occurring at or very close to the margin.
#Medifixed           
 attached by or at the middle, e.g. of anthers, attached to the filament at the middle of the connective.
#Megagametophyte     
 a plant body or cell lineage, formed by vegetative growth of the megaspore, that produces the female gametes of a heterosporous plant.
#Megasporangium      
 the larger of the two kinds of sporangia produced in the sexual life cycle of a heterosporous plant.
#Megaspore           
 the larger of the two kinds of spores produced in the sexual life cycle of a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female gametophyte.
#Megasporophyll      
 a specialised leaf upon (or in the axil of) which one or more megasporangia are borne.
#Meiosis             
 the two-stage division of a diploid nucleus, occurring once in every sexual life cycle, in which gene recombination occurs and the number of chromosomes characteristic of the sporophyte plant is halved prior to the production of gametes.
#Mericarp            
 one segment of a fruit that breaks at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels. cf. schizocarp.
#Meristem            
 growing regions of a plant in which cells that have retained their embryonic characteristics, or reverted to them secondarily, divide to produce new cells.
#Mery                
 the number of parts per whorl that characterises a particular flower (generally constant for the perianth whorls and less often for the whorl(s) of stamens also). adj. merous.
#Mesocarp            
 the fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer, if any, surrounding the seed(s).
#Mesophyll           
 photosynthetic tissue of a green plant; of vegetation, characteristic of moist habitats and with soft, fairly large leaves predominating; a leaf whose area is within the approximate range 20<180 square cm.
#Microgametophyte    
 a plant body or cell lineage, formed by vegetative growth of the microspore, that produces the male gametes of a heterosporous plant.
#Micropyle           
 a small canal through the integument(s) of an ovule, persisting as a pore in the seed coat.
#Microsporangium     
 the smaller of the two kinds of sporangia produced in the sexual life cycle of a heterosporous plant.
#Microspore          
 the smaller of the two kinds of spores produced in the sexual life cycle of a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the male gametophyte.
#Microsporophyll     
 a specialised leaf upon (or in the axil of) which one or more microsporangia are borne.
#Midrib              
 the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
#Monadelphous        
 of stamens, united by their filaments into one bundle.
#Moniliform          
 contracted at short regular intervals like a string of beads.  
#Moniliform          
 cylindrical but constricted at regular intervals like a string of beads.  
#Moniliform          
 of hairs, constricted between the cells like a string of beads; of fruits, constricted between the seeds. (vols 4, 8)
#Monocarpic          
 flowering and fruiting only once during its life span.
#Monochasium         
 a cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly.  cf. dichasium.
#Monochlamydeous     
 of a flower, having only one whorl of perianth parts.
#Monoclinus          
 having male and female reproductive organs in the same flower.
#Monocotyledon       
 a flowering plant whose embryo has only one cotyledon (seed leaf). cf. dicotyledon.
#Monoecious          
 having the male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant. cf. dioecious.
#Monophyletic        
 derived from a single ancestral line. cf.  polyphyletic.
#Monopodial          
 of growth, with a persistent terminal growing point producing many lateral organs successively; of a stem, growing in the above manner. cf. sympodial.
#Monotypic           
 containing only one taxon of the next lower rank (e.g. applied to a family containing only one genus). cf. polytypic.
#Morphology          
 the form and structure of an organism or part of an organism; the study of form and structure.
#Motile              
 actively moving; self-propelled.
#Mucilage            
 slimy material exuded by certain plants or plant organs. adj. mucilaginous.
#Mucro               
 a sharp, abrupt terminal point. adj. mucronate.  .
#Muricate            
 rough on the surface due to minute, hard outgrowths of the epidermis.  1)
#Muricate            
 rough on the surface; covered with short, hard tubercles.  8)
#Muriculate          
 rough with minute, short, hard points.
#Mycorrhiza          
 a symbiotic union between a fungus and a plant root.
#Naked               
 of sporangia, not covered by an indusium; of seeds, exposed on the surface of a sporophyll (not enclosed within an ovary); of flowers, without perianth; of protoplasts or gametes, not bounded by a cell wall.
#Nectary             
 a gland that secretes nectar. adj. nectariferous.
#Neotype             
 a specimen selected to serve in place of a holotype where none of the material to which the name was originally applied is known to have been preserved.
#Nerve               
 a vein.
#Neuter              
 sterile (e.g. of flowers in which neither the androecium nor the gynoecium is functional in reproduction).
#Nocturnal           
 of flowers, opening only at night.
#Node                
 the level (transverse plane) of a stem at which one or more leaves arise.
#Nomen              conservandum  
 a name of a family or genus (or taxon intermediate between these two) that has been formally accepted as the correct name contrary to the usual principles of botanical nomenclature.
#Nomen              illegitimum  
 a name which, at the time of its publication, was superfluous (because the taxon to which it was applied had already been named) or had already been applied to another plant.
#Nomen              nudum  
 a name published without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either.
#Nomen              rejiciendum  
 a name rejected in favour of a 'nomen conservandum'.
#Nucellus            
 the central tissue of an ovule, within which the megaspore mother cell is formed.
#Nut                 
 a hard, dry, indehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels but containing only one seed.
#Obconical           
 cone-shaped but attached at the narrower end.
#Obcordate           
 of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.  .
#Oblanceolate        
 similar in shape to lanceolate but attached at the narrower end.
#Obligate            
 of parasites, unable to survive without the host. cf. facultative.
#Oblique             
 of a leaf or leaflet, larger on one side of the midrib than on the other, i.e. asymmetrical.  .
#Obloid              
 (a three-dimensional shape) with short, parallel sides and rounded ends, as if composed of two hemispheres linked together by a very short cylinder.
#Oblong              
 having the length greater than the width but not many times greater, and the sides parallel.  .
#Obovate             
 similar in shape to ovate but attached at the narrower end.  .
#Obsolescent         
 non-functional but not reduced to a rudiment.
#Obsolete            
 reduced to a rudiment, or completely lacking. cf. rudimentary, vestigial.  1)
#Obsolete            
 vestigial (or rudimentary).  22)
#Obtuse              
 blunt or rounded at the apex, the converging edges separated by an angle greater than 90 degrees.  .
#Ochrea              
 a sheath, formed from two stipules, encircling the node in Polygonaceae.
#Ontogeny            
 the development of a single organism, i.e. the sequence of stages through which it passes during its lifetime.
#Operculum           
 a lid or cover becoming detached at maturity by abscission; in Eucalyptus (for example), a cap covering the bud and formed by fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.
#Opposite            
 of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral parts, on the same radius (as). cf.  alternate.
#Orbicular           
 circular or nearly so.  23.
#Order               
 a taxonomic grouping of families believed to be closely related (sometimes a single family with no apparent close relatives).
#Orthotropous        
 of an ovule, erect so that the micropyle points away from the placenta.   25.
#Ostiole             
 an opening or pore, e.g. (in Moraceae) at the apex of a fig, or (in fungi and lichens) at the apex of a perithecium. adj. ostiolar, ostiolate.
#Ovary               
 the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovule(s).
#Ovate               
 shaped like a section through the long axis of an egg, and attached by the wider end. cf. ovoid.  .
#Ovoid               
 egg-shaped (in three dimensions). cf. ovate.
#Ovulate             
 with ovules.
#Ovule               
 a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed and which develops into a seed after fertilisation.
#Ovuliferous         
 bearing ovules (e.g. applied to scales in a megasporangiate cone in gymnosperms).

#Ovulode             
 sterile structures on the placenta.
#Palea               
 in a grass floret, the upper one of the two bracts enclosing a flower.
#Palmate             
 of a leaf, divided into several leaflets which arise at the same point.   24.
#Palmatifid          
 of a leaf, deeply divided into several lobes which arise (almost) at the same level. cf. pinnatifid.   24.
#Palmatisect         
 a condition intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, with the green tissue of the lamina completely divided into several segments, but the segments not fully separated at the base.   24.
#Palynology          
 the scientific study of pollen.
#Panicle             
 a compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.
#Paniculate          
 indeterminate and much branched.
#Pantoporate         
 of a pollen grain, with rounded apertures all over the surface.
#Papilla             
 a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell. adj. papillose.
#Pappus              
 a tuft (or ring) of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla in Asteraceae and possibly representing the calyx; a tuft of hairs on a fruit.
#Parasite            
 an organism living on or in a different organism and deriving nourishment from it. cf. saprophyte, epiphyte.
#Paratype            
 a specimen, other than the holotype, that was cited with the original publication of a name.
#Parenchyma          
 plant tissue consisting of mature, living cells that are relatively unspecialised in function.
#Parietal            
 attached to the margins of a structure; of placentation, having the ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary.   25.
#Paripinnate         
 having an even number of pinnae by virtue of having a pair in the terminal position. cf. imparipinnate.   24.
#-partite            
 divided, almost to the base, into segments (commonly applied to a style).
#Pedate              
 of a palmate or palmately-lobed leaf, having the lateral segments divided again.
#Pedicel             
 the stalk of a flower. adj. pedicellate.
#Peduncle            
 the stalk of an inflorescence; in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp. adj. pedunculate.
#Pellucid            
 transparent.
#Peltate             
 of a leaf, having the stalk attached to the lower surface of the blade, not to the margin (also applied, in the same sense, to other stalked structures).  .
#Pendulous           
 drooping; of ovules, attached at the top of the ovary and hanging downwards from an apical placenta.
#Penicillate         
 pencil-shaped; tufted like an artist's brush.
#Penninerved        (= penniveined)  
 having conspicuous lateral veins divergent from the midrib and lying approximately parallel to each other.
#Penniveined         
 with conspicuous lateral veins diverging from the midrib and lying approximately parallel to each other.  1)
#Pentamerous         
 of a flower, having five parts in each floral whorl (not necessarily including the gynoecium).
#Pepo                
 literally, a pumpkin (Latin); a fruit with firm skin, pulpy interior, many seeds and a single locule.
#Perennate           
 maintain a dormant, vegetative state throughout non-growing seasons.
#Perennial           
 a plant whose life span extends over more than two growing seasons.
#Perfoliate          
 of a sessile leaf or bract, having its base completely wrapped around the stem.
#Perianth            
 the calyx and corolla of a flower, especially where the two are similar.
#Pericarp            
 the wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall.
#Perigynous          
 of perianth segments and stamens, arising from a cup or tube (hypanthium) that is free from the ovary but extending above its base. cf. hypogynous, epigynous.   26.
#Perisperm           
 nutritive tissue in an angiospermous seed, formed from the nucellus. cf. endosperm.
#Persistent          
 remaining attached to the plant beyond the expected time of falling (e.g. of sepals not falling after flowering).
#Petal               
 a member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously.
#Petaloid            
 like a petal; soft in texture and coloured conspicuously.
#Petiole             
 the stalk portion of a leaf.
#Petiolule           
 the stalk portion of a leaflet.
#Phanerogam          
 (literally) a plant with conspicuous reproductive parts; a plant reproducing by seeds. cf. cryptogam.
#Phenotype           
 the physical characteristics of an organism; the outward expression of characteristics conferred on an organism by its genotype. cf. genotype.
#Phloem              
 the tissue in the conducting system of a plant through which metabolites (products of chemical reactions in the plant) are transported.
#Phyllichnium        
 in Casuarinaceae, the ridge of a branchlet article; pl. phyllichnia.
#Phylloclade         
 a very leaf-like, photosynthetic stem of a plant whose true leaves are much reduced. cf. cladophyll.
#Phyllode            
 a leaf whose blade is much reduced or absent, and whose petiole and rachis have assumed the functions of the whole leaf. cf. cladode.
#Phyllotaxy          
 the arrangement of leaves on a stem (when spiral, often expressed quantitatively as the fraction of the circumference of the stem that separates two successive leaves).
#Phylogeny           
 the evolutionary development of a plant group, i.e. its derivation from its ancestors and the relationship among its members. adj. phylogenetic.
#Phylum              
 a taxon of high rank, the major unit of classification. cf. division.
#Pilose              
 hairy, the hairs soft and clearly separated but not sparse.
#Pinna               
 a primary segment of the blade of a compound leaf.
#Pinnate             
 divided into pinnae; once-compound. cf. bipinnate, tripinnate.   24.
#Pinnatifid          
 cut deeply into lobes that are spaced out along the axis (of the leaf). cf. palmatifid.   24.
#Pinnatisect         
 dissected down to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it.   24.
#Pinnule             
 a leaflet of a bipinnate leaf.
#Pistil              
 a free carpel or a group of fused carpels.
#Pistillode          
 a sterile pistil, often rudimentary.
#Pith                
 the central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder.
#Placenta            
 a region, within an ovary, to which ovules are attached.
#Placentation        
 the arrangement of placentas, and hence of ovules, within an ovary.   25.
#Plicate             
 folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan.
#Plumose             
 like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis.
#Plumule             
 the portion of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system (as distinct from the root system) of a plant. cf. radicle.
#Pneumatophore       
 an air-vessel; an organ containing aerenchyma;  in particular, a root of a mangrove plant, growing above the substratum.
#Pod                 
 a leguminous fruit.
#Pollen              
 the microspores of seed plants; the powdery mass of microspores shed from anthers.
#Pollen-grain        
 see grain.
#Pollen-sac          
 see sac.
#Pollination         
 the transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive region of a female organ, e.g. from anther to stigma.
#Pollinium           
 a cohering mass of pollen grains, transferred as a unit in pollination. pl. pollinia.
#Polygamodioecious   
 having bisexual and male flowers on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers on others.
#Polygamous          
 having bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
#Polymorphic         
 having more than two distinct morphological variants.
#Polypetalous        
 with free petals. cf. gamopetalous.
#Polyphyletic        
 composed of members that originated, independently, from more than one evolutionary line. cf. monophyletic.
#Polyploid           
 having more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
#Polytypic           
 containing more than one taxon of the next lower rank. cf. monotypic.
#Pome                
 a fleshy (false) fruit, formed from an inferior ovary, in which the receptacle or hypanthium has enlarged to enclose the true fruit.
#Porate              
 of a pollen grain, with rounded apertures only. cf. colporate.
#Posterior           
 of floral parts, on the side of the flower nearest to the axis. cf. anterior.
#Praemorse           
 appearing bitten off at the end.
#Prickle             
 a hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant, involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein.
#Probract            
 small, leaf-like structure at the base of an inflorescence in Cucurbitaceae, usually arising opposite a tendril.
#Procumbent          
 trailing or spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes.
#Proliferous         
 in Conostylis, having erect or spreading, elongating stems which are capable of rooting at the nodes but rarely do so.
#Propagule           
 a structure with the capacity to give rise to a new plant, e.g. a seed, a spore, part of the vegetative body capable of independent growth if detached from the parent.
#Prophyll            
 a leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed subsequently.
#Prostrate           
 lying flat on the ground.
#Protandrous         
 having the male sex organs maturing before the female; of a flower, shedding the pollen before the stigma is receptive. cf. protogynous.
#Prothallus          
 a gametophyte body, especially in ferns and related plants.
#Protogynous         
 having the female sex organs maturing before the male; of a flower, shedding the pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. cf. protandrous.
#Proximal            
 near to the point of origin or attachment. cf. distal.
#Pruinose            
 having a whitish, waxy, powdery bloom on the surface.
#Pseudo-             
 false; apparent but not genuine.
#Puberulous          
 covered with minute, soft, erect hairs.
#Pubescent           
 covered with short, soft, erect hairs.
#Pulvinus            
 a swelling at the base of the stalk of a leaf or leaflet, often glandular or responsive to touch.
#Punctate            
 marked with dots.
#Puncticulate        
 minutely dotted.
#Pungent             
 ending in a stiff, sharp point; having an acrid taste or smell.
#Pustulate           
 covered with small pustule- or blister-like elevations.
#Pyrene              
 the 'stone' (endocarp plus seed) of a succulent fruit. cf. berry, drupe.
#Quincuncial         
 of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a variant of imbricate aestivation.   25.
#Raceme              
 an indeterminate inflorescence in which a main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. adj. racemose.
#Rachilla            
 the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes.
#Rachis              
 the axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; pl. rachises. secondary rachis
#Radical             
 of leaves, clustered at the base of the stem.
#Radicle             
 the portion of an embryo that gives rise to the root system of a plant. cf. plumule.
#Raphe               
 the part of the stalk of an anatropous ovule that is fused along the side of the ovule.
#Raphides            
 needle-like crystals that occur in bundles in the vacuoles of some plant cells.
#Ray                 
 a zygomorphic flower in Asteraceae; a radial band of cells traversing the conducting elements in woody stems.  1)
#Ray                 
 of a compound umbel, one of the first (lower) series of branches of the inflorescence axis.  22)
#Receptacle          
 the axis of a flower (= torus); in ferns, an axis on which sporangia arise.
#Recurved            
 curved or curled downwards or backwards.
#Reflexed            
 bent sharply downwards or backwards.
#Regular             
 see actinomorphic.
#Reniform            
 kidney-shaped.  .
#Replum              
 a longitudinal partition in an ovary, formed between parietal placentas.
#Resupinate          
 twisted through 180, e.g. as with the ovary of most Orchidaceae.
#Reticulate          
 forming a network.
#Retinaculum         
 a hook-like structure to which another structure is tethered; in Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae, the structure to which pollen masses are attached; in Acanthaceae, the persistent stalk of an ovule.
#Retrorse            
 directed backwards or downwards. cf. antrorse.
#Retuse              
 with a very blunt and slightly notched apex.  
#Revolute            
 rolled downwards or backwards.
#Rhachilla           
  rachilla.
#Rhachis             
  rachis.
#Rhipidium           
 an inflorescence of cymose units, the lateral branches developed alternately in opposite directions.
#Rhizoid             
 a thread-like, unicellular absorbing structure, occurring in fern gametophytes and in some non-vascular plants.
#Rhizome             
 an underground stem, usually growing horizontally.
#Rhizophore          
 in Selaginella, a leafless stem that produces roots.
#Rhomboid            
 quadangular, with the lateral angles obtuse.
#Root                
 a unit of the axial system of a plant which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downwards and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo. See adventitious.
#Rootstock           
 a short, erect, swollen structure at the junction of the root and shoot systems of a plant.
#Rostellum           
 a beak-like upward extension of the stigma in Orchidaceae.
#Rosulate            
 clustered into a rosette.
#Rotate              
 circular and flattened, e.g. of a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes.
#Rudimentary         
 poorly developed and not functional. cf. vestigial, obsolete.
#Rugose              
 deeply wrinkled.
#Rugulose            
 covered with minute wrinkles.
#Ruminate            
 mottled in appearance, e.g. of bark, or of the food reserves in a seed.
#Runcinate           
 deeply lobed and with the lobes slanted away from the apex.  
#Runner              
 a slender, prostrate or trailing stem which produces roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes.
#Sac                 
 a pouch or cavity; pollen-sac
#Saccate             
 pouched.
#Sagittate           
 shaped like an arrow-head.  
#Samara              
 a dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing.
#Saprophyte          
 an organism deriving its nourishment from dead organic matter and usually lacking chlorophyll. cf. epiphyte, parasite.
#Scabrid            (= scabrous)  
 rough to the touch.
#Scabridulous        
 slightly rough; diminutive of scabrous.
#Scalariform         
 having a ladder-like pattern.
#Scale               
 a reduced or rudimentary leaf, e.g. surrounding a dormant bud; a thin flap of tissue, e.g. on the ventral surface of a liverwort thallus and at the base of a stamen in Simaroubaceae.
#Scandent            
 climbing.
#Scape               
 the stem-like, flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves.
#Scarious            
 dry and membranous.
#Schizocarp          
 a dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into 1 -carpel units when ripe. cf. mericarp.
#Sclerenchyma        
 mechanical tissue with heavily thickened cell walls.
#Scleromorph         
 a plant whose leaves (or stems, if leafless) are hard in texture, usually having thick cuticle and containing many fibres. cf. xeromorph.
#Sclerophyllous      
 with leaves stiffened by sclerenchyma.
#Scorpioid           
 of a cymose inflorescence, branching alternately on one side and then the other. cf. helicoid.
#Scribble            
 irregular lines on the bark of some eucalypts, being the old tunnels burrowed by moth larvae between bark layers and exposed when the outer layer falls.
#Secund              
 with all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).
#Seed                
 a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves.
#Segment             
 a part or sub-division of a divided organ; one of a group of similar organs named collectively, e.g. one petal = a segment of a corolla.
#Sepal               
 a member of the (usually green) outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower.
#Sepaloid            
 looking like sepals, e.g. of bracts, usually green and arranged in a ring beneath a flower.
#Septate             
 divided internally by partitions.
#Septicidal          
 of the dehiscence of a fruit, along lines coinciding with the partitions between loculi. cf. loculicidal.
#Septifragal         
 of the dehiscence of a fruit, when the valves or backs of the carpels break away leaving the septa intact.
#Septum              
 a partition. pl. septa.
#Seriate             
 in rows or whorls.
#Sericeous           
 silky; covered with silky hairs.
#Serrate             
 toothed, with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward.   
#Serrulate           
 finely serrate.   
#Sessile             
 without a stalk (when applied to a stigma, indicates that the style is absent, the stigma being 'sessile' on the ovary).
#Seta                
 a bristle or stiff hair; in Bryophyta, the stalk portion of a sporophyte plant body; terminal seta
#Setose              
 bristly.
#Shrub               
 a woody plant less than 5 metres high, either without a distinct main axis, or with branches persisting on the main axis almost to its base.
#Siliceous           
 containing silica.
#Silicula            
 a short siliqua, not more than twice as long as its width.
#Siliqua             
 a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a false septum between the placentas.
#Simple              
 undivided; of a leaf, not divided into leaflets; of a hair or an inflorescence, not branched.
#Sinuate             
 with deep, wave-like depressions along the margin. cf. undulate.   
#Sinus               
 a notch or depression in the margin of an organ.
#Solitary            
 of flowers, borne singly, not grouped in an inflorescence.
#Sorus               
 in ferns, a discrete group of sporangia. pl. sori.
#Spadix              
 a spicate inflorescence with a stout, often succulent axis.
#Spathaceous         
 like a spathe; with a spathe.
#Spathe              
 a large bract ensheathing an inflorescence.
#Spathella           
 a closed membranous sac which envelopes the immature flower in some Podostemaceae, rupturing irregularly as the pedicel elongates at anthesis.
#Spathulate         (= spatulate)  
 spoon-shaped; broad at the tip and narrowed towards the base.  
#Species             
 a taxon comprising individuals, or populations of individuals, capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring; the largest group of individuals between which there are no distinguishable, consistent differences in form or reproductive mechanisms.
#Spike               
 an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. adj. spicate.
#Spikelet            
 a unit of the inflorescence in grasses, sedges and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated glumes.
#Spine               
 a stiff, sharp-pointed structure, formed by modification of a plant organ, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule.
#Spinescent          
 ending in a spine; modified to form a spine.
#Spinose             
 bearing spines.
#Spiral              
 of leaves or floral organs, borne at different levels on the axis, in an ascending spiral. cf. cyclic.
#Sporangiophore      
 the stalk of a sporangium.
#Sporangium          
 a structure within which spores are formed. pl. sporangia.
#Spore               
 a simple propagule, produced either sexually or asexually, and consisting of one or a few cells.
#Sporocarp           
 a fruiting body containing sporangia.
#Sporogenous         
 of cells or tissues, in which spores are formed.
#Sporophyll          
 a specialised leaf-like organ on which one or more sporangia are borne.
#Sporophyte          
 a plant, or phase of a life cycle, that bears the spores formed during the sexual reproductive cycle.
#Spur                
 a tubular pouch at the base of a perianth part, often containing nectar.
#Stamen              
 one of the male organs of a flower, consisting typically of a stalk (filament) and a pollen-bearing portion (anther). adj. staminate.
#Staminode           
 a sterile stamen, often rudimentary.
#Staminophore        
 a band of tissue around the apex of the hypanthium in a eucalypt flower on which the stamens are inserted.
#Standard            
 the posterior petal in the flower in Fabaceae.
#Stellate            
 star-shaped; consisting of star-shaped cells.
#Stem                
 the main axis or a branch of the main axial system of a plant, developed from the plumule of the embryo and typically bearing leaves.
#Stigma              
 the pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky.
#Stipe               
 a small stalk; in ferns, the petiole of a frond; in algae, the cylindrical basal portion of a thallus.
#Stipitate           
 stalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore.
#Stipule             
 one of a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons.
#Stolon              
 a prostrate or trailing stem that produces roots at the nodes.
#Stoloniferous       
 having stolons; trailing over the soil surface and rooting at the nodes.
#Stoma               
 a pore; a pore in the epidermis of a leaf or other aerial organ, providing access for gaseous exchange between the tissues and the atmosphere. pl. stomata.
#Stomium             
 a region  of dehiscence, e.g. of an anther in flowering plants or of a capsule in mosses. pl. stomia.
#Stramineous         
 straw coloured.
#Striate             
 striped with parallel longitudinal lines or ridges.
#Strigose            
 with sharp, stiff hairs which are slanting rather than erect.
#Strobilus           
 a 'cone' consisting of sporophylls borne close together on an axis.
#Strophiole          
 caruncle.
#Struma              
 a cushion-like swelling, e.g. at the apex of staminal filaments in Dianella.
#Style               
 an elongated part of a carpel, or group of fused carpels, between the ovary and the stigma.
#Subulate            
 narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.  
#Sulcate             
 grooved; furrowed.
#Superior            
 of an ovary, borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a cup (hypanthium) that is free from the ovary and bears the perianth segments and stamens. cf. inferior.   26.
#Suture              
 a line of junction between two fused organs; a line of dehiscence.
#Syconium            
 a multiple fruit with a hollow centre, e.g. in Ficus (fig).
#Sympatric           
 of two or more species, having coincident or ovarlapping ranges of distribution. cf. allopatric.
#Sympetalous         
  gamopetalous.
#Sympodial           
 of growth, without a single, persistent growing point; changing direction by frequent replacement of the growing apex by a lateral growing point below it; of a stem, growing in the above manner. cf. monopodial.
#Synandrium          
 an androecium with the anthers of the stamens cohering. cf. syngenesious.
#Synangium           
 of fruit, several fruits united in a single structure.
#Syncarp             
 a structure consisting of several united fruits, usually fleshy. cf. aggregate fruit.
#Syncarpous          
 of a flower, having two or more carpels, all fused together.
#Syngenesious        
 of the stamens of one flower, fused together by the anthers e.g. in Asteraceae. cf. synandrium.
#Syntepalum          
 in Musaceae, a unilaterally split tube formed by the coherence of 3 sepals and 2 anterior petals in flowers of some species.
#Syntype             
 one of two or more specimens cited by the author at the time of publication of a name for which no holotype was designated.
#Taproot             
 the main, descending root of a plant that has a single, dominant root axis.
#Taxon               
 a group or category, at any level, in a system for classifying plants or animals.
#Tendril             
 a slender climbing organ formed by modification of a part of a plant, e.g. a stem, a leaf or leaflet, a stipule.
#Tenuiexenous        
 of a pollen grain, with a thin exine.
#Tepal               
 a perianth segment in a flower in which all the perianth segments are similar in appearance.
#Terete              
 cylindrical or nearly so; circular in cross-section.
#Terminal            
 at the apex or distal end.
#Ternate             
 in groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the leaflets arranged in groups of three.   24.
#Terrestrial         
 of or on the ground; of the habitat of a plant, on land as opposed to in water, or on the ground as opposed to on another plant.
#Testa               
 a seed coat.
#Tetrad              
 a group of four; four pollen grains remaining fused together at maturity, e.g. in Ericaceae, Epacridaceae.
#Tetradynamous       
 of an androecium, consisting of four stamens of the same length and two of a different length.
#Tetramerous         
 of a flower, having four segments in each perianth whorl, and  usually in each whorl of stamens also.
#Thallus             
 the vegetative body of a plant that is not differentiated into organs such as stems and leaves, e.g. algae, the gametophytes of many liverworts, and Lemnaceae.
#Thorn               
 a modified plant organ, especially a stem, that is stiffened and terminates in a pungent point.
#Throat              
 of a corolla tube, the top, where the tube joins the lobes.
#Thyrse              
 a branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate and the lateral branches determinate in their growth.
#Tomentum            
 a covering of dense, matted, woolly hairs. adj. tomentose.
#Torus               
 see receptacle.
#Trabecula           
 a transverse partition dividing or partly dividing a cavity.
#Tree                
 a woody plant at least 5 metres high, with a main axis the lower part of which is usually unbranched.
#Trichome            
 an unbranched epidermal outgrowth, e.g. a hair, a papilla; in blue
 green algae, a single row of cells in a filamentous colony.
#Trichotomous        
 branching almost equally into three parts.
#Trifid              
 deeply divided into three parts.
#Trifoliate          
 having three leaves.
#Trifoliolate        
 of a leaf, having three leaflets.
#Trigonous           
 triangular in cross-section and obtusely-angled. cf. triquetrous.
#Trimerous           
 of a flower, having three segments in each perianth whorl and usually in each whorl of stamens also.
#Tripinnate          
 of leaves, thrice pinnately divided.
#Triplicate          
 folded three times.
#Triquetrous         
 triangular in cross-section and acutely-angled; with three distinct longitudinal ridges. cf. trigonous.
#Tristichous         
 arranged in three rows on a stem, each row in the same plane.
#Tristylous          
 heterostylous species having three style lengths (short, mid, long), the flowers of any one plant having styles of the same length.
#Truncate            
 with an abruptly transverse end, as if cut off.  
#Tuber               
 a storage organ formed by swelling of an underground stem or the distal end of a root.
#Tubercle            
 a small wart-like outgrowth.
#Tuberculate         
 covered with tubercles.
#Tuberous            
 swollen; of roots, tuber-like.
#Tumid               
 swollen; inflated.
#Tunic               
 thin membranous or fibrous outer layers of a bulb or corm.
#Turbinate           
 top-shaped, obconical.
#Turgid              
 swollen due to high water content. cf. flaccid.
#Type                
 a designated representative of a plant name.
#Umbel               
 a racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length.
#Uncinate            
 terminating in a hooked point.
#Undulate            
 wavy, i.e. not flat. cf. sinuate.   
#Unifoliate          
 having one leaf.
#Unifoliolate        
 of a leaf, basically compound, but reduced to only one leaflet.
#Unilateral          
 of stamens, with anthers grouped to one side of the style
#Unilocular          
 of an ovary, anther or fruit, having only one internal cavity.
#Unisexual           
 bearing only male or only female reproductive organs.
#United              
 fused together.
#Urceolate           
 urn-shaped.
#Utricle             
 a small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac enclosing an ovary or fruit.
#Valvate             
 of sepals or petals in a bud, meeting edge to edge, not overlapping. cf. imbricate.   25.
#Valve               
 a portion of an organ that has fragmented; of a capsule, the teethlike portions into which the dehiscing part of the pericarp splits at maturity.
#Vascular            
 specialised for conduction of fluids; vascular plants
#Vein                
 a strand of vascular tissue.
#Velamen             
 a water-retaining outer layer of the aerial roots of some epiphytes, especially orchids.
#Velum               
 a membranous covering; a veil.
#Venation            
 the arrangement of veins in a leaf.
#Ventral             
 of a lateral organ, facing towards the subtending axis; of a thallus, facing towards the substratum. cf. dorsal.
#Vernation           
 the arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud. cf. aestivation.
#Verrucose           
 covered with wart-like outgrowths.  
#Verrucose           
 warted.  
#Verruculose         
 covered with closely spaced, minute wart-like outgrowths.
#Versatile           
 of anthers, swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament, which is approximately central.
#Verticillate        
 arranged in one or more whorls.
#Vesicle             
 a bladder-like sac or cavity filled with gas or liquid.
#Vessel              
 a capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water -conducting tissue of a plant.
#Vestigial           
 reduced from the ancestral condition and no longer functional. cf. obsolete, rudimentary.
#Villous             
 shaggy with long, weak hairs. cf. hirsute.
#Viscid              
 of a surface, sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.
#Viscous             
 of a liquid, not pouring freely; having the consistency of syrup or honey.
#Viviparous          
 of seeds or fruits, germinating before being shed from the parent plant.
#Whorl               
 a ring of leaves, bracts or floral parts borne at the same level on an axis.
#Wing                
 a membranous expansion of a fruit or seed, which aids dispersal; a thin flange of tissue extended beyond the normal outline of a stem or petiole; a lateral petal of a flower in Fabaceae.
#Xeromorph           
 a plant having structural features usually associated with plants of arid habitats (such as hard or succulent leaves) but not necessarily drought-tolerant. cf. scleromorph, xerophyte.
#Xerophyte           
 a drought-tolerant plant. cf. xeromorph.
#Xylem               
 the tissue, in a vascular plant, that conducts water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.
#Zygomorphic         
 of a flower or calyx or corolla, symmetrical about one plane only, usually the plane that bisects the flower vertically.  cf. actinomorphic.
#Achene              
A dry indehiscent one seeded fruit. Ex: fr. of members of the Compositae.
#Acuminate           
Having an apex whose sides are gradually concave and tapering to a point.
#Acute               
Having an apex whose sides are straight and taper to a point.
#Adventitious        
Arising from an unusual or irregular position.
#Aggregate flower    
A flower heaped or crowded into a dense cluster.
#Aggregate fruit     
One formed by the coherence or the connation of pistils thatwere distinct in the flower (as in Rubus) when the pistils of separateflowers (as in mulberry) make up the fr. it is a multiple fruit.
#Alternate           
An arrangement of leaves or other parts not opposite or whorled; parts situated one at anode, as leaves on a stem: like partssucceeding each other singly with a common structure.
#Ament               
See catkin.
#Apetalous           
Without petals. Ex: fls. of grasses.
#Apex                
The tip or terminal end.
#Apical              
Describes the apex or tip.
#Apiculate           
Ending abruptly in a short pointed tip.
#Appressed           
Pressed close to the stem, not spreading.
#Auriculate          
Bearing ear like appendages, as the projections of some leaf and petal bases.
#Berry               
A fleshy indehiscent pulpy multi seeded fr.resulting from a single pistil. Ex: tomato.
#Bipinnate           
Twice pinnate.
#Bloom               
A waxy coating found on stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, usuallyof a grayish cast and easily removed.
#Boss                
A raised usually pointed projection.
#Bract               
A much reduced lf., often scale like and usually associated with a fl. or infl.
#Broad Elliptic      
Wider than elliptic.
#Broad ovate         
Wider than ovate.
#Bud scale           
A modified leaf or stipule (there may be one, a few, or many) protective of the embryonic tissue of the bud.
#Bud scale scar      
The mark left by the sloughing off of the bud scale.
#Bundle scar         
Seen in the leaf scar, the broken ends of the woody vascular strands that connected the leaf and the stem.
#Calyx               
The outer set of perianth segments or floral envelope of a flower, usually green in color and smaller than the inner set.
#Capsule             
A dry dehiscent fruit produced from a compound pistil. Ex: fruit of a tobacco, Catalpa, Dianthus.
#Catkin              
A spike like infl. comprised of scaly bracts subtending unisexual fls., often somewhat flexuous and pendulous but not necessarily so. Ex: infl. of willows (Salix) and poplars (Populus).
#Chambered           
Of pith, divided into empty horizontal chambers by cross partitions.
#Ciliate             
Marginally fringed with hairs, often minutely so and then termed "ciliolate."
#Clone               
A group of plants derived vegetatively from one parent plant, identical to each other and to the parent.
#Coarse texture      
Consisting of large or rough parts.
#Compound leaf       
A leaf of two or more leaflets.
#Cone                
A coniferous fruit, having a number of woody, leathery, or fleshy scales, each bearing one or more seeds, and attached to a central axis. 
#Conical             
Cone shaped, as the young form of many spruces.
#Coniferous          
Cone, bearing.
#Cordate             
Heart shaped, with a sinus and rounded lobes.
#Corymb              
A more or less flat topped indeterminate infl. whose outer fls. open first. Ex: Viburnum, some verbenas.
#Crenate             
Rounded teeth on mgn. Ex: Ivs. of some Coleus.
#Crenulate           
Having very small rounded teeth.
#Cultivar            
A cultivated variety.
#Cuneate             
Wedge shaped with essentially straight sides, the structure attached at the narrow end.
#Cyme                
A more or less flat topped determinate infl. whose outer fls. open last. Ex: elderberry (Sambucus).
#Dehiscent           
Splitting open.  The term is commonly applied to anthers or seed pods.
#Dentate             
Having marginal teeth whose apices are perpendicular to the margin and do not point forward.
#Dicot               
Angiospermous plant having two cotyledons.
#Dimorphic           
Having two forms.
#Dioecious           
Having unisexual fls., each sex confined to a separate plant, said of species.
#Double serrate      
Serrations bearing minute teeth on margins.
#Drupe               
A fleshy indehiscent fr. whose seed is enclosed is a stony endorcarp. Ex: date, cherry.
#Ellipsoid           
Three dimensional shape of ellipse, football shaped.
#Elliptic oblong     
A shape between the two forms.
#Elliptical          
Having the outline of an ellipse, broadest at middle and narrower at each end.
#Emariginate         
With a shallow notch at the apex.
#Endocarp            
The inner layer of the pericarp.
#Entire              
Having a margin without teeth or crenations.
#Even pinnate        
Results in a lack of the terminal leaflet, since each one is paired.
#Exfoliate           
To peel off in shreds or thin layers, as bark from a tree.
#Falcate             
Sickle shaped.
#Fascicle            
A close cluster. Ex: lvs. of white pine.
#Filiform            
Long and very slender; thread like.
#Fine texture        
Consisting of small rather delicate parts.
#Flaking             
Shreddy, with shorter fragments.
#Follicle            
A dry dehiscent fruit opening only along one suture and the product of a single carpel (simple ovary). Ex: peony, columbine, milkweed.
#Fruit               
Technically a ripened ovary with its adnate parts, the seed containing unit characteristic of all Angiosperms.
#Genus               
A group of species possessing fundamental traits in common but differing in other lesser characteristics.
#Glabrous            
Not hairy. Note: a glabrous surface need not be smooth, for it may be bullate or rugose.
#Glandular           
Bearing glands.
#Glaucescent         
Slightly glaucous.
#Glaucous            
Covered with a waxy bloom or whitish material that rubs off readily. Ex: the bloom on many sorts of grape.
#Globose             
Having a round or spherical shape.
#Grooved             
Marked with long narrow furrows or channels.
#Hairy               
Pubescent with longer hairs.
#Hispid              
With stiff or bristly hairs.
#Hirsute             
Pubescent with coarse or stiff hairs.
#Imbricated          
Overlapping, as shingles on a roof.
#Imperfect           
A flower that lacks either stamens or pistils.
#Incised             
Cut by sharp and irregular incisions more or less deeply, but intermediate between toothed and lobed.
#Indehiscent         
Not opening regularly, as a capsule or anther.
#Indumentum          
With a generally heavy covering of hair: a general term without precise connotation.
#Inferior            
Beneath, below; said of an ovary when situated below the apparent point of attachment of stamens and perianth.
#Involucre           
One or more whorls or series of small lvs. or bracts that are close underneath a fl. or infl.
#Juvenile            
An early phase of plant growth, usually characterized by non flowering, vigorous increase in size, and often thorniness.
#Lanceolate          
Much longer than wide, broadest below the middle and tapering to the apex.
#Lateral bud         
A bud borne in the axil of a previous season's leaf.
#Latex               
Milky sap.
#Leaf scar           
The mark remaining after the leaf falls off a twig.
#Lenticel            
A small corky spot on young bark made of loosely packed cells, providing gaseous exchange between the inner tissues and the atmosphere.
#Linear              
Long and very narrow, as in blades of grass.
#Lobe                
A projecting part or segment of an organ as in a lobed ovary or stigma; usually a division of a lf., calyx, or petals cut to about the middle (i.e. midway between margin and midrib).
#Margin              
The edge of a leaf.
#Marginal            
Pertaining to the margin.
#Mature              
A later phase of growth characterized by flowering, fruiting, and a reduced rate of size increase.
#Milky sap           
Whitish in color, often thicker than water.
#Monoecious          
A species with unisexual fls., having both sexes on the same plant. Ex: corn.
#Mucro               
A short, sharp, abrupt tip.
#Mucronate           
Abruptly terminated by a mucro.
#Multiple buds       
A terminal or lateral bud crowded by many accessory buds.
#Naked bud           
One without scales.
#Native              
Inherent and original to an area.
#Needle              
The slender leaf of many conifers.
#Nerve               
A slender rib or vein, especially unbranched.
#Node                
A joint on a stem, represented by point of origin of a leaf or bud; sometimes represented by a swollen or constricted ring, or by a distinct leaf scar.
#Nut                 
A dry, indehiscent, 1 celled, 1 seeded fruit having a hard and bony mesocarp; the outermost endocarp may be fibrous or slightly fleshy.
#Obscordate          
The apex being codate.
#Oblanceolate        
Inversely lanceolate.
#Oblique             
Lop sided, as one side of a leaf base larger, wider or more rounded than the other.
#Oblong              
Longer than broad; rectangular; the sides nearly parallel.
#Oblong              
Lanceolate: a shape in between the two forms.
#Oblong obovate      
A shape in between the two forms.
#Obovate             
Inversely ovate, broadest above the middle.
#Obovoid             
Three dimensional shape of obovate, pear shaped.
#Obtuse              
Rounded, approaching the semi circular.
#Opposite            
Two at a node, as leaves.
#Orbiculate          
Circular or disk shaped. Ex: leaf of common nasturtium.
#Oval                
Twice as long as broad, widest at the middle, both ends rounded.
#Ovate oblong        
A combination of the two forms.
#Palmate             
Digitate, radiating, fan like from a common point, as leaflets of a palmately compound lf. or veins or palmately veined lf.
#Panicle             
An indeterminate infl. whose primary axis bears branches of pedicelled fls. (at least basally so); a branching raceme.
#Peltate             
Having the petiole attached inside the margin, such a lf. is typically shield shaped.
#Pendulous           
More or less hanging or declined.
#Pericarp            
A term used by some to designate a fruit; technically, the ovary wall.
#Periderm            
A protective layer of corky cells.
#Petiole             
Leaf stalk.
#Petiolule           
Leaflet stalk.
#Pilose              
Shaggy with soft hairs.
#Pinna               
The lft. of a compound lf.; of ferns, the primary division attached tothe main rachis; feather like.
#Pinnate             
Compounded with the lfts. or segments along each side of a common axis or rachis; feather like.
#Polygamous          
Bearing unisexual and bisexual flowers on the same plant.
#Pome                
A type of fleshy fruit represented by the apple, pear and related genera, resulting from a compound ovary.
#Prickle             
An excrescence of bark that is small, weak, and spine like.
#Pseudo terminal bud 
Seemingly the terminal bud of a twig, but actually the upper most lateral bud with its subtending lf. scar on one side and the scar of the terminal bud often visible on opposite side.
#Pubescent           
Covered with short soft hairs; a general term.
#Pyramidal           
Broadest at base, tapering apically; pyramid  shaped.
#Raceme              
A simple indeterminate inflorescence with pedicelled flowers.
#Rachilla            
A diminutive or secondary axis; a branch of a rachis; the minute axis bearing the individual florets in grass and sedge spikelets; the secondary axes of decompound fern fronds.
#Rachis              
Axis bearing leaflets or the primary axis of an infl.; the axis bearing pinnae of a fern frond.
#Ranked              
Foliage is arranged in longitudinal planes around the stem.
#Receptacle          
A torus; the distal end of a flower bearing axis, usually more or less enlarged, flattened, or cup like on which some or all of the flower parts are borne.  Ex: Compositae, Onagraceae.
#Reflexed            
Bent abruptly backward or downward.
#Reinform            
Kidney shaped.
#Resin duct          
A lengthwise or transverse canal carrying resins.
#Resinous            
Secreting a viscid exudate.
#Reticulate          
Like a net, the interstices closed.
#Rhombic             
With four nearly equal sides, but unequal angles, diamond shaped.
#Rugose              
Wrinkled, usually covered with wrinkles.
#Samara              
A dry indehiscent fruit bearing a wing (the wing may be limb like or envelop the seed and be wafer  like). Ex: maple, ash, Ptelea.
#Scar                
The mark left from a former attachment.
#Schizocarp          
A dry dehiscent fr. that splits into two halves. Ex: maple.
#Serrate             
Saw toothed, the teeth pointing forward.
#Serrulate           
Minutely serrate.
#Sessile             
Without a stalk.
#Simple              
Said of a lf. when not compound, of an infl. when unbranched.
#Sinuate             
With a strongly wavy margin.
#Sinus               
The space between two lobes, segments, or divisions; as of Ivs. or perianth parts.
#Solitary            
Occurring alone, not paired or clustered.
#Spatulate           
Spoon shaped.
#Species             
A natural group of plants composed of similar individuals which can produce similar offspring; usually including several minor variations.
#Spike               
A usually unbranched, elongated, simple, indeterminate infl. whose fls. are sessile; the fls. may be congested or remote.
#Spikelet            
(1) a secondary spike; (2) one part of a compound infl. which of itself is spicate; (3) the floral unit, or ultimate cluster, of a grass infl. comprised of fls. and their subtending bracts.
#Spine               
An excrescence of st., strong and sharp pointed. Ex: spines of hawthorns.
#Squarrose           
With branches spreading and recurved at the ends.
#Stalked bud         
A bud whose outer scales are attached above the base of the bud axis.
#Stellate            
Star like; stellate hairs having radiating branches or are separate hairs aggregated in star like clusters; hairs once or twice forked often are treated as stellate.
#Stipel              
A stipule of a lft.
#Stipule             
A basal appendage of a petiole, usually one at each side, often ear like and sometimes caducous.
#Striate             
With fine longitudinal lines, channels or ridges.
#Strigose            
With sharp, stiff, straight and appressed hairs.
#Strobilus           
A cone.
#Subtend             
To stand immediately beneath.
#Sympodial           
Continuing growth by the development of an axillary bud and not the terminal bud, season after season.
#Tendril             
A modified stem or leaf, usually filiform, branched or simple, that twines about an object providing support.
#Tepal               
A segment of perianth not differentiated into calyx or corolla. Ex: tulip, magnolia.
#Terminal            
At the tip or distal end.
#Ternate             
In threes.
#Thorn               
A modified twig which has tiny leaf scars and buds; can be single or branched.
#Tomentose           
Densely woolly, the hairs soft and matted.
#Translucent         
Transmitting light but diffuse enough to distort images.
#Trifoliate          
Three leaved. Ex: Trillium.
#Truncate            
As if cut off at right angles to the primary axis; a term applicable to bases or apices.
#Umbel               
An indeterminate infl., usually but not necessarily flat topped with the pedicels and peduncles (termed rays) arising from a common point, resembling the stays of an umbrella.
#Umbo                
A conical projection arising from the surface.
#Undulate            
Wavy, as a leaf margin.
#Valvate             
(1) dehiscing by valves; (2) meeting by the edges without overlapping, as lvs. or petals in the bud.
#Variegated          
Striped, margined or mottled with a color other than green, where green is normal.
#Variety             
Subdivision of a species having a distinct though often inconspicuous difference, and breeding true to the difference.  More generally also refers to clones.
#Vascular bundle     
A discrete group of conducting vessels.
#Vascular bundle scar
A minute spot within the leaf scar where the vessels were positioned.
#Velutinous          
Clothed with velvety indumentum comprised of erect straight dense moderately firm hairs.
#Whorl               
Arrangement of three or more structures arising from a single node.
#Woolly              
Having long, soft, more or less matted hairs; like wool.
#Acute               
Coming sharply to a point at the apex
#Anthesis            
Full bloom,flowering
#Brachyplast         
Branch characterised by short internodes, with flowers and leaves close together.
#Barbed              
Ending in a small curved thorn.
#Axillary            
Positioned at axil of a leaf or bract.
#Campanulate         
Bell-shaped
#Clododium           
Generally flattened stemresempling and acting.
#Cladode             
Same as Clododium
#Coriacheous         
Strong,flexible and thick, resempling leather
#Acuminatus          
 Long tapering point 
#Acutifolius         
 With sharp leaves 
#Adpressus           
 Pressed together, pressed against 
#Adscendens          
 Going up    
#Aerius              
 Of the air, as air-roots 
#Affinus             
 Related, with an affinity 
#Africanus           
From Africa 
#Alatus              
Winged 
#Albescens           
Pale, whitish 
#Albidus             
White
#Albus               
White 
#Albiflorus           
With white flowers 
#Alpinus             
Of the alpines, mountains 
#Alternus            
Alternating, usually means NOT directly opposite 
#Altus               
Altitude, tall 
#Amabilis            
Pretty 
#Angulosus           
Angled, turning every which way 
#Angustifolius       
With narrow leaves (seldom used, more commonly nerifolius) 
#Aquaticus           
Of the water, water-loving
#Arborescens         
Growing like a tree, woody like a tree 
#Arenatius           
Found in sandy places 
#Argenteus           
Silvery 
#Argentus            
Silvery
#Aristatus           
Bearded 
#Arrectus            
Straight up, erect 
#Ascendens           
Going up, ascending 
#Asiaticus           
From asia
#Asiatus             
From asia 
#Atropurpureus       
Purple, sometimes dark red
#Atropurpurea        
Purple, sometimes dark red 
#Atrosanguineus      
Dark blood-red 
#Atrovirens          
Dark green 
#Augustus            
Important in size or appearance, imposing 
#Aurantiacus         
 Orange-red 
#Aureus              
Golden 
#Azureus             
Light blue, azure 
#Babylonicus         
Babylonian, from Babylon 
#Balticus            
From the Baltic 
#Bengalinis          
From Bengal 
#Biennis             
Biennial 
#Biflorus            
Two flowered 
#Brefolius           
With short leaves 
#Brevis              
Short 
#Brevisimus          
Very short 
#Brillian            
Brilliant 
#Brittanicus         
From Britain 
#Brunneus            
Brown 
#Bulgarius           
Bulgarian 
#Buxifolius          
With leaves like a boxwood, box-leaved 
#Calamifolius        
With reed-like leaves 
#Californicus        
From California 
#Campestris          
Found in fields 
#Candelabrum         
Having the form of a candelabra 
#Candicans           
White or frosty looking 
#Catitatus           
Headed 
#Carneus             
Flesh-colored 
#Cerefolius          
With waxy leaves 
#Coccineus           
Bright red 
#Coloratus           
Colored 
#Columnaris          
Having the form of a column 
#Concolor            
Similar coloring 
#Conglomeratus       
All close together 
#Contortus           
Twisted, contorted 
#Cordatus            
Heart-shaped 
#Cornutus            
Horned
#Cornuta             
Horned
#Crassifolius        
With thick leaves 
#Crenatus            
Serrated 
#Cuspidatus          
 Sharp tooth, or hard point 
#Deformis            
Deformed 
#Dendroideus         
Like a tree 
#Densatus            
Dense 
#Densifolius         
With dense leaves 
#Densiflorus         
With dense flowers 
#Dentatus            
Toothed, with a series of points 
#Dipterus            
Two-winged 
#Discolor            
Of two or several colors 
#Dissectus           
Deeply cut leaves, an in fern-leaved maple 
#Divaricatus         
Spreading 
#Domesticus          
Domesticated 
#Edulis              
Can be eaten 
#Elatus, elata       
Tall 
#Elegans             
Elegant, graceful 
#Elongatus           
Long 
#Erectus             
Upright 
#Exoticus            
From another country
#Exotica             
From another country 
#Fastigiatus         
Having nearly vertical, close-together branches 
#Ferox               
Fierce, thorny
#Flaccidus           
Soft, limp 
#Flammeus            
Flame-colored 
#Flexilis            
Bendable, flexible 
#Florepleno          
With double flowers 
#Florebundus         
With many flowers 
#Foetidus            
Bad-smelling, having a fetid odor 
#Fragrans            
Sweet-smelling, fragrant 
#Fragrantissimus     
Very sweet-smelling 
#Frutescens          
Bushy, shrubby, twiggy 
#Gallicus            
From Gaul (France), may also pertain to a rooster 
#Giganticus          
Large, gigantic 
#Glaucus             
With a frost-like bloom, as on a grape 
#Gloriosus           
Great, superb
#Gloriosa            
Great, superb 
#Gracilis            
Slender, graceful, lissome 
#Grandifolius        
With large leaves 
#Gutatus             
Freckled 
#Haemanthus          
Bright red flowers 
#Humilis             
Dwarf, low 
#Ilicifolius         
Holly-like leaves 
#Japonicus           
From Japan 
#Lancifolius         
With lance-like leaves 
#Latifolius          
With broad leaves 
#Leptolepis          
With thin scales 
#Leptophyllus        
With thin leaves 
#Leucodermis         
With white skin 
#Lobularuis          
Lobed 
#Luteus              
Yellow 
#Macranthus          
With large flowers 
#Maximus             
The largest 
#Medius              
Medium 
#Megalophyllus       
With very large leaves 
#Microphyllus        
With very small leaves 
#Minimus             
Very small 
#Mollis              
Hairy, fuzzy 
#Myriophyllus        
With many leaves 
#Nacro               
Big, long, large 
#Nanus               
Dwarf, small
#Nana                
Dwarf,small 
#Nerifolius          
With narrow leaves
#Nerifolia           
With narrow leaves
#Niger               
Black 
#Nodulosa            
With small nodes 
#Nudifolia           
Deciduous, naked of leaves 
#Oblongatus          
Oblong, oval 
#Officinalis         
Medicinal 
#Parviflorus         
With small flowers 
#Parvifolia          
With small leaves 
#Patens              
Spreading 
#Pinous              
Line-like 
#Podocarpus          
With stalked fruits 
#Polydactylus        
With many fingers 
#Porphyreus          
Purple 
#Praecox             
Very early 
#Procumbens          
Procumbent, lying down 
#Pumilus             
Dwarf, small 
#Pygmaeus            
Pygmy 
#Pyramidalis         
Pyramidal 
#Repens              
Creeping, low 
#Reticulatus         
With a netted pattern 
#Robustus            
Strong, robust 
#Roseaflorus         
With rose-like flowers 
#Rotundifolius       
With round leaves 
#Scandens            
Climbing 
#Semperflorens       
Everblooming 
#Sempervirens        
Always green 
#Serpens             
Creeping 
#Serratus            
With a saw tooth edge 
#Stolenifera         
With runners that root and send up another plant 
#Strictus            
Erect 
#Sylvaticus          
Of the forest 
#Tenuifolius         
With slender leaves 
#Tomentosus          
very wooly 
#Tridens             
With three teeth or points 
#Variegatus          
Variegated 
#Verrucosus          
Warty 
#Virens              
Green 
#Virginianus         
Of Virginia, first defined in Virginia 
#Viridis             
Green 
#Vulgaris            
Common, vulgar, ordinary 
#Xanthinus           
Yellow 
#Zonalis             
Banded
#Compositae          

#Cruciferae          

#Liliaceae           

#Leguminosae         

#Gramineae           

#Poaceae             
 (  Gramineae)
#Cucurbitaceae       

#Umbeliferae         

#Malvaceae           

#            
Allium cepa
#               
Allium porrum
#              
Allium sativum
#            
Asparagus officinalis
#      
Zea mays var. saccarata
#            
Colocasia esculentum
#         
Ipomonea batatas
#              
Beta vulgaris
#             
Spinacia oleracea
#            
Bets vulgaris var. cicla
#            
Cynara scolymus
#             
Lactuca sativa
#              
Cichorium endivia
#              
Cichorium intybus
#              
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
#     
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
#          
Brassica oleracea var. italica
#             
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes
#            
Raphanus sativus
#            
Cucurbita pepo
#            
Cucumis sativus
#             
Cucumis melo
#           
Citrulus vulgaris  Lanatus
#            
Phaseolus vulgaris
#             
Pissum sativum
#              
Vicia fada
#   
Dolichos onguiatatus
#              
Hibiscus esculentus
#              
Solanum tuberosum
#              
Lycopersicon esculentum
#           
Solanum melongena
#             
Capsicum annuum
#              
Appium graveolens
#              
Daucus carota
#           
Petroselinum crispum
#              
Foeniculum vulgare
#              
Anethum graveolens
#          
Coriandrum sativum
#             
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
# 1             
Vicia Sativa ( )
# 2             
Vicia villasa ( )
#Vicia sativa        
 
#Vicia villasa       
 
#              
Vicia faba
#Vicia faba          

#             
Lathyrus hirsutus
#Lathyrus hirsutus   

#             
Lupinus hirsutus
#Lupinus hirsutus    

# 1              
Medicago lupulina
#Medicago lupulina   
  
#             
Pisum sativum
#Pisum sativum       

#         
Trigonella foenumgraecum
# 1          
Medicago hispida ( )
# 2          
Trifolium incarnatum
#Medicago hispida    
 
#Trifolium incarnatum
  
#               
Avena sativa
#Avena sativa        

#             
Hordeum vulgare
#Hordeum vulgare     

#                
Brassica napus
#              
Brassica napus
#              
Secale cereale
#              
Triticum sativum
#Secale cereale      

#Triticum sativum    

#             
Vigna sinensis
#Vigna sinensis      

#               
Glycine max     
#Vigna sinensis      

#Glycine max         

# 1             
Sorghum vulgare
# 2             
Sorghum vulgare var. Sudanese
#Sorghum vulgare     
  
# 3          
Melilotus alpa (  )
#Melilotus alpa      
 (  )
# 4          
Melilotus officinalis
#Melilotus officinalis
 (  )
# 5          
Trifolium pratense (  )
#Trifolium pratense  
  
#             
Compositae
#           
Cruciferae
#           
Liliaceae
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Leguminosae
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Gramineae
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Cucurbitaceae
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Umbeliferae
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Malvaceae
#Allium cepa         

#Allium porrum       

#Allium sativum      

#Colocasia esculentum

#Ipomonea batatas    

#Beta vulgaris       

#Spinacia oleracea   

#Lactuca sativa      

#Cynara scolymus     

#Cichorium endivia   

#Cichorium intybus   

#Raphanus sativus    

#Cucumis melo        

#Phaseolus vulgaris  

#Foeniculum vulgare  

#Acidity             
Tartness, the taste of natural fruit acids (tartaric, citric, maliin wine.
#Aeration            
The deliberate addition of oxygen in winemaking or decanting.
#Aftertaste          
The odors and flavors that linger in the mouth after swallowing or spitting out the wine.
#Aging               
 Holding wines for a period of time in barrels, tanks, or bottles.
#Alcohol             
 Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, formed during fermentation. A component taste, and tactile sensations of wines.
#Anthocyanins        
The pigments that provide the red colors in grapes and wine.
#Appellation of Origin
Term for the label designations that indicate the geographic origin  of the grapes.
#Aroma               
odors in the wine that originate in the grape. To be distinguished from bouquet.
#Astringent          
Harsh, drying, tactile sensation in the mouth caused by high tannin levels. The opposite is smooth.
#Balanced            
A wine in which acidity, sweetness, and flavor are in pleasing proportions.
#Baume               
A scale for measuring the degree of potential alcohol by weighing the must. A different scale is used for Brix.
#Bitter              
A taste sensation, usually sensed on the back of the tongue.
#Blend               
To combine grapes, musts, or wines of different varieties or lots.
#Body                
The viscosity or thickness of wine. The higher the alcohol and extract content, the  more full-bodied the wine.
#Botrytis Cinerea    
A mold that pierces grape skins, causing dehydration. Also called noble rot
#Bouquet             
 The odors in wines from fermentation, processing, and aging, especially those that develop after bottling.
#Brix                
A measure of the density of grape juice or fermenting wine.
#Browning            
A sign of aging, most often if a wine has oxidize too much.
#Brut                
It means dry in Champagne.
#Canopy              
The foliage of a grape vine
#Carbonated          
Wines infused with carbon dioxide to make them bubbly.
#Carbonic Maceration 
The fermentation of uncrushed whole grapes which takes place inside
#Carbonic Maceration 
The fermentation of uncrushed whole grapes which takes place inside the cells of the berries.
#Cava                
The cellar. Greek term for high quality table wine. Also a definition of Spanish method champenoise sparkling wine.
#Chaptalization      
The addition of sugar to the must early on during fermentation in order to increase a wines alcohol content. All the sugar is converted to alcohol and the process is not used to "sweeten". Chaptalization is not permitted in Greece.
#Charmant Process    
A method to produce sparkling wine in which the second fermentation takes place in a pressurized tank instead of individual bottles (method champenoise).
#Cold Stabilization  
 Chilling wine before bottling to precipitate sediments (potassium acid tartrate crystals).
#Complex             
A wine with numerous odors and flavors, each one usually rather subtle.
#Corked              
A moldy odor and flavor from a fungus-infected cork.
#Crush               
Breaking the grape skins prior to pressing or fermentation and the season of the year when this occurs.
#Cuvee               
A specific blend of wines, often of different varieties and vintages, combined to make sparkling wine. Occasionally also used for table wine.
#Decanting           
The process of moving the wine to another container, usually in order to separate the sediment from the clear wine.
#Demi-Sec            
Medium dry, but in champagne it is medium sweet.
#Deposit             
The sediment of solid particles found in wine. In the case of white wines, these are often fragments of colorless crystals of tartrate. In red wines they are usually a combination of tannins and pigments.
#Domaine             
A wine estate. The wine is made and bottled by the landowner.
#Doux                
Sweet. Usually the sweetest category of sparkling wines.
#Dry                 
Without a sweet taste. But in Champagne it means sweet.
#Enology             
The science of wines and winemaking. Also called viniculture.
# Fermentation       
The conversion by yeast enzymes of the grape sugar in the must or juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
#Alcoholic           
The conversion by yeast enzymes of the grape sugar in the must or juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
#Finning             
The removal of particles in a wine that are too small to be filtered out.
#Flat                
 Wine lacking a refreshing slightly sour taste and sparkling wines that have lost most of their carbon dioxide.
#Fortified wine      
A wine in which the alcohol content has been increased by the addition of wine,  spirits, or brandy.
#Free run wine       
 Wine derived from the grape juice obtained before pressing, through the natural bursting of the skins.
#Full-Bodied         
A wine that is high in alcoholic content and extract.
#Green               
The high acid taste of wines made from unripe grapes.
#Herbaceous          
An agreeable odor reminiscent of herbs, and usually associated with Sauvignon Blanc when grown in cool climates.
#Lees                
The sediment deposited by young wines in barrel or vat, consisting mainly of inactive yeasts and small particles of solid matter from the grape.
#Legs                
The drops that inch up the inside surface of a glass above the wine and slowly run back down. Also known as "tears".
#Mature              
A wine which has reached its optimum point in aging and has a pleasing combination of sensory properties, especially odors.
#Microclimate        
The climate in and around the grapevines canopy.
#Must                
Term for the juice and pulp produced by crushing or pressing grapes. Used until the end of fermentation when it is called wine.
#Nouveau             
French for a young wine meant for immediate drinking.
#Oxidized            
Wine changed by contact with air, usually producing undesirable browning and sherry-like flavors. Over-aged.
#pH                  
The measure of acid strength: the lower the pH, the higher the acid strength.
#Phylloxera Vastatrix
A tiny insect that attacks the roots of vinifera vines, injecting them with poisonous saliva. At the end of the 19th century it changed the face of European viticulture forever.
#Residual Sugar      
Grape sugar that remains unconverted in the wine after fermentation.
#Smooth              
The tactile sensation for a wine's lack of astringency.
#Sulfur Dioxide      
A compound used to inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms and inhibit browning. It gives an unpleasant match stick odor to wine when present in noticeable quantities.
#Tannin              
A polyphenolic compound derived from the skins, seeds, and stems of grapes, which gives young red wines an astringent quality, but contributes to its longevity and normally ameliorates as the wines age.
#Tartrate Crystals   
White or purple crystals found in wines that have been subjected to very low temperatures. They are either in the form of a deposit or clinging to the cork. They are harmless.
#Terroir             
A wine growing environment, covering soil, site, and local climate.
#Vanilla             
The smell associated with wine that has been aged in oak barrels, from the vanillin in the wood.
#Vins de Pays        
 Country wine: A superior grade of vin de table (table wine) produced according to regulations concerning grape varieties, yields and localities.
#Vintage             
The harvest time and also the year in which the wine was made.
#Yield               
The amount of wine produced from a given area of vines. The less produced the more concentrated the wine will be. Too high a yield will make for dilute, watery wine.
#Abdomen             
The hindmost of the three main body divisions of an insect
#Acaricide           
A chemical employed to kill and control mites and ticks
#Acetyl choline      
A substance present in many parts of the body of    animals and important to the function of nerves.
#Acrostichal Bristles
The two rows of hairs or bristles lying one on either side of the mid-line of the thorax of a true fly.
#Active Space        
The space within which the concentration of a pheromone or other behaviourally active substance is concentrated enough to generate the required response, remembering that like light and sound pheromones become more dilute the further they radiate out from their source.
#Aculeate            
(Hymenoptera) Those members of the Hymenoptera which possess a sting.
#Acuminate           
 Tapering to a long point
#Adeagus             
The part of the male genitalia which is inserted into the female during copulation and which carries the sperm into the female.Its shape is often important in separating closely related species.
#Adecticous          
 Of pupa: referring to the state in which the pupa does not posses movable mandibles, the opposite being Decticous.
#Aestivation         
Summer dormancy, entered into when conditions are unfavourable for active life i.e. it is too hot or too dry.
#Age Polyethism      
The regular changing of roles of colony members as they get older.
#Air sac             
A dilated portion of a trachea
#Alar Squama         
The middle of three flap-like outgrowths at the base of  the wing in various flies.
#Alate               
Winged; having wings.
#Alitrunk            
Name given to the thorax and propodeum of 'wasp-waisted' hymenopterans.
#Allopatric          
Two or more forms of a species having essentially separate distributions.
#Alula               
In insects (not birds) the outermost of the three flap-like 	outgrowths at the base of the wing in various flies: really a part of the wing membrane.
#Aldrin              
A synthetic insecticide; a chlorinated hydrocarbon of not less than 95 per cent  1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaph thalene; moderately toxic to mammals, acute oral LD,, for rats 44 mg/kg; phytotoxicity: none when properly formulated, but some crops are sensitive to solvents in certain formulations.
#Aliphatic           
A term applied to the "open chain" or fatty series of hydrocarbons.
#Alkaloids           
Substances found in plants, many having powerful pharmacologic action, and characterized by content of nitrogen and the  property of combining with acids to form salts'.
#Alloparental        
 When individuals other than the parent assist in the caring for that parents offspring.
#Altruistic          
 Self-destructive. or potentially self-destructive behaviour performed for the benefit of others.
#Ambrosia            
The fungus cultivated by wood-boring beetles of the family Scolytidae
#Ametabola           
The insects which develop without metamorphosis, namely the Protura, Thysanura, and Collembola.
#Amide               
Compound derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl of the -COOH by the amino group, -NH2-.
#Amine               
An organic compound containing nitrogen, derived from ammonia, NH3, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by as many hydrocarbon radicals.
#Amino acid          
Organic compounds that contain the amino (NH,) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group. Amino acids are the "building stones" of proteins.
#Ammonia             
A colorless alkaline gas, NH3, soluble in water.
#Anal                
 Pertaining to last abdominal segment which bears the anus.
#Anal angle          
The small apical area enclosed by the inner and outer margins of the hindwing.
#Anal fold           
A fold in the inner margin of the hindwing.
#Anaplasmosis        
Infection with Anaplasma, a genus of Sporozoa that infests red blood cells.
#Anasa wilt          
A wilt disease of cucurbits caused solely by the feeding of the squash bug, no parasitic microorganism involved.
#Androconia          
In male butterflies, specialised wing scales (often called scent scales) possessing special glands which produce a chemical attractive to females.
#Androconium         
In male butterflies, specialised wing scales (often called scent scales) possessing special glands which produce a chemical attractive to females.
#Anemic              
Deficient in blood quantity or quality.
#Annulate            
Formed in ring-like segments or with ring-like markings.
#Antenna             
Pair of segmented appendages located on the head and usually sensory in function - the 'feelers'.
#Antennation         
Touching with the antenna
#Antenodal Veins     
Small cross-veins at the front of the dragonfly or damselfly wing, between the wing base and the nodus.
#Anterior            
Concerning or facing the front, towards the head.
#Antibiosis          
An association between two or more organisms that is detrimental to one or more of them.
#Anticoagulin        
A substance antagonistic to the coagulation of blood.
#Anus                
The posterior opening of the digestive tract.
#Anal veins          
The hindmost, or most posterior longitudinal wing veins.
#Aorta               
The anterior, non-chambered, narrow part of the insect heart which opens into the head.
#Apiary              
A place where bees are kept, normally a group of hives.
#Apex                
The point where the costal vein and the outer margin of the forewing meet.
#Apical              
At or concerning the tip or furthest part of any organ: apical cells, for example are at the wing-tip.
#Apical area         
Of the forewing, the area just inside of and contiguous with the apex.
#Appendage           
Any limb or other organ, such as an antenna, which is attached to the body by a joint
#Appendix            
In insects, a short vein, especially a short continuation after the main vein has changed direction.
#Apterous            
Without wings.
#Apterygote          
Any member of the Apterygota -primitively wingless insects (i.e. insects which have never developed wings during their evolutionary history) in modern classifications this includes the Thysanura but not Collembola Diplura and Protura which are no longer considered insects, but are termed Hexapods instead .
#Aquatic             
Living in water.
#Arachnida           
A class of arthropods which include the scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, among others.
#Arboreal            
 Living in, on, or among trees.
#Arista              
A bristle-like outgrowth from the antenna in various flies.
#Aristate            
Bearing an arista or bristle.
#Arolium             
A small pad between the claws on an insect's foot. Usually very small, but well developed in grasshoppers and some other insects.
#Arrhenoyoky         
The production of males from unfertilised eggs.
#Arthropoda          
A phylum of animals with segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed legs.
#Arthropods          
Animals belonging to the phylum Arthropoda.
#Asymmetrical        
Organs or body parts not alike on either side of a    dividing line or plane.
#Astelocyttarus      
Pertaining to nests, normally those of social wasps,    in which the come is attached directly to the support.
#Aster yellows       
A virus disease of many kinds of plants transmitted by the six spotted leaf hopper and characterized by stunting of plants, sterility, and chlorosis in foliage.
#Attractants         
Substances which elicit a positive directional response; chemicals having positive attraction for animals such as insects, usually in low concentration and at considerable distances.
#Axon                
The process of a nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the  cell body.