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LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
NAME
lesskey - specify key bindings for less
SYNOPSIS
lesskey [-o output] [input]
lesskey -V
DESCRIPTION
_L_e_s_s_k_e_y is used to specify a set of key bindings to be used
by _l_e_s_s. The input file is a text file which describes the
key bindings, If the input file is "-", standard input is
read. If no input file is specified, a standard filename is
used as the name of the input file, which depends on the
system being used: On Unix systems, $HOME/.lesskey is used;
on MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_lesskey is used; and on OS/2 sys-
tems $HOME/lesskey.ini is used, or $INIT/lesskey.ini if
$HOME is undefined. The output file is a binary file which
is used by _l_e_s_s. If no output file is specified, and the
environment variable LESSKEY is set, the value of LESSKEY is
used as the name of the output file. Otherwise, a standard
filename is used as the name of the output file, which
depends on the system being used: On Unix and OS-9 systems,
$HOME/.less is used; on MS-DOS systems, $HOME/_less is used;
and on OS/2 systems, $HOME/less.ini is used, or
$INIT/less.ini if $HOME is undefined. If the output file
already exists, _l_e_s_s_k_e_y will overwrite it.
The -V option causes _l_e_s_s_k_e_y to print its version number and
immediately exit. If -V is present, other options and argu-
ments are ignored.
The input file consists of one or more _s_e_c_t_i_o_n_s. Each sec-
tion starts with a line that identifies the type of section.
Possible sections are:
#command
Defines new command keys.
#line-edit
Defines new line-editing keys.
#env Defines environment variables.
Blank lines and lines which start with a pound sign (#) are
ignored, except for the special section header lines.
COMMAND SECTION
The command section begins with the line
#command
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 1
LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
If the command section is the first section in the file,
this line may be omitted. The command section consists of
lines of the form:
_s_t_r_i_n_g <whitespace> _a_c_t_i_o_n [extra-string] <newline>
Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or
tabs. The _s_t_r_i_n_g is the command key(s) which invoke the
action. The _s_t_r_i_n_g may be a single command key, or a
sequence of up to 15 keys. The _a_c_t_i_o_n is the name of the
less action, from the list below. The characters in the
_s_t_r_i_n_g may appear literally, or be prefixed by a caret to
indicate a control key. A backslash followed by one to
three octal digits may be used to specify a character by its
octal value. A backslash followed by b, e, n, r or t speci-
fies BACKSPACE, ESCAPE, NEWLINE, RETURN or TAB, respec-
tively. A backslash followed by any other character indi-
cates that character is to be taken literally. Characters
which must be preceded by backslash include caret, space,
tab and the backslash itself.
An action may be followed by an "extra" string. When such a
command is entered while running _l_e_s_s, the action is per-
formed, and then the extra string is parsed, just as if it
were typed in to _l_e_s_s. This feature can be used in certain
cases to extend the functionality of a command. For exam-
ple, see the "{" and ":t" commands in the example below.
The extra string has a special meaning for the "quit"
action: when _l_e_s_s quits, first character of the extra string
is used as its exit status.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default com-
mand keys used by less:
#command
\r forw-line
\n forw-line
e forw-line
j forw-line
^E forw-line
^N forw-line
k back-line
y back-line
^Y back-line
^K back-line
^P back-line
J forw-line-force
K back-line-force
Y back-line-force
d forw-scroll
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 2
LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
^D forw-scroll
u back-scroll
^U back-scroll
\40 forw-screen
f forw-screen
^F forw-screen
^V forw-screen
b back-screen
^B back-screen
\ev back-screen
\e\40 forw-screen-force
z forw-window
w back-window
F forw-forever
\e[ left-scroll
\e] right-scroll
R repaint-flush
r repaint
^R repaint
^L repaint
g goto-line
< goto-line
\e< goto-line
p percent
% percent
{ forw-bracket {}
} back-bracket {}
( forw-bracket ()
) back-bracket ()
[ forw-bracket []
] back-bracket []
\e^F forw-bracket
\e^B back-bracket
G goto-end
\e> goto-end
> goto-end
= status
^G status
:f status
/ forw-search
? back-search
\e/ forw-search *
\e? back-search *
n repeat-search
\en repeat-search-all
N reverse-search
\eN reverse-search-all
\eu undo-hilite
m set-mark
' goto-mark
^X^X goto-mark
E examine
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 3
LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
:e examine
^X^V examine
:n next-file
:p prev-file
:x index-file
- toggle-option
:t toggle-option t
s toggle-option o
_ display-option
| pipe
v visual
! shell
+ firstcmd
H help
h help
V version
q quit
:q quit
:Q quit
ZZ quit
PRECEDENCE
Commands specified by _l_e_s_s_k_e_y take precedence over the
default commands. A default command key may be disabled by
including it in the input file with the action "invalid".
Alternatively, a key may be defined to do nothing by using
the action "noaction". "noaction" is similar to "invalid",
but _l_e_s_s will give an error beep for an "invalid" command,
but not for a "noaction" command. In addition, ALL default
commands may be disabled by adding this control line to the
input file:
#stop
This will cause all default commands to be ignored. The
#stop line should be the last line in that section of the
file.
Be aware that #stop can be dangerous. Since all default com-
mands are disabled, you must provide sufficient commands
before the #stop line to enable all necessary actions. For
example, failure to provide a "quit" command can lead to
frustration.
LINE EDITING SECTION
The line-editing section begins with the line:
#line-edit
This section specifies new key bindings for the line editing
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 4
LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
commands, in a manner similar to the way key bindings for
ordinary commands are specified in the #command section.
The line-editing section consists of a list of keys and
actions, one per line as in the example below.
EXAMPLE
The following input file describes the set of default line-
editing keys used by less:
#line-edit
\t forw-complete
\17 back-complete
\e\t back-complete
\14 expand
^V literal
^A literal
\el right
\eh left
\eb word-left
\ew word-right
\ei insert
\ex delete
\e\b word-backspace
\e0 home
\e$ end
\ek up
\ej down
LESS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The environment variable section begins with the line
#env
Following this line is a list of environment variable
assignments. Each line consists of an environment variable
name, an equals sign (=) and the value to be assigned to the
environment variable. White space before and after the
equals sign is ignored. Variables assigned in this way are
visible only to _l_e_s_s. If a variable is specified in the sys-
tem environment and also in a lesskey file, the value in the
lesskey file takes precedence. Although the lesskey file
can be used to override variables set in the environment,
the main purpose of assigning variables in the lesskey file
is simply to have all _l_e_s_s configuration information stored
in one file.
EXAMPLE
The following input file sets the -i option whenever _l_e_s_s is
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 5
LESSKEY(1) USER COMMANDS LESSKEY(1)
run, and specifies the character set to be "latin1":
#env
LESS = -i
LESSCHARSET = latin1
SEE ALSO
less(1)
WARNINGS
It is not possible to specify special keys, such as uparrow,
in a keyboard-independent manner. The only way to specify
such keys is to specify the escape sequence which a particu-
lar keyboard sends when such a keys is pressed.
On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, certain keys send a sequence of
characters which start with a NUL character (0). This NUL
character should be represented as \340 in a lesskey file.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1984,1985,1989,1994,1995 Mark Nudelman
Comments to: markn@fog.net
Last change: Version 332: 22 Apr 97 6
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