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<!-- startcut ======================================================= -->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html><head>
<TITLE>The Linux Gazette FAQ</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#3366FF" VLINK="#A000A0">
<!-- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -->
<H4>"The Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"</H4>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -->
<center>
<H1><A NAME="faq">
<img src="gx/lg-penguin.gif" alt=" ">
<font color="#B03060">The <I>Linux Gazette</I> FAQ</font>
</A></H1>
Updated 22-Sep-1999
</center>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- endcut ======================================================= -->
<H3>Contents</H3>
<UL>
<LI> Questions about the <I>Linux Gazette</I>
<OL>
<LI> <A HREF="#why_faq">Why this FAQ?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#formats_html">Where can I find the HTML version of the <I>Gazette</I>?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#formats_yes">Which formats is the <I>Gazette</I> available in?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#formats_no">Which formats is the <I>Gazette</I> <STRONG>not</STRONG> available in?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#languages">Is the <I>Gazette</I> available in French? Chinese? Italian? Russian?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#old">Why is the most recent issue several months old?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#search">How can I find all the articles about a certain subject?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#author">How can I become an author? How can I submit my article for publication?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#copying">May I copy and distribute the <I>Gazette</I> or portions thereof?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#sponsor">You have my competitor's logo on the Front Page; will you put mine up too?</A>
</OL>
<P>
<LI> Linux tech support questions
<OL>
<LI> <A HREF="#ask_tech">How can I get help on Linux?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#wine">Can I run Windows applications under Linux?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#mswin">Do you answer Windows questions too?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#where_doc">How do I find the help files in my Linux system?</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#winmodem">So I'm having trouble with this internal modem...</A>
</OL>
</UL>
<P> <FONT SIZE=-1><EM>This FAQ is updated at the end of every month. Because
it is a new feature, it will be changing significantly over the next few
months.</EM></FONT>
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<H1 ALIGN=center>Questions about the <I>Linux Gazette</I></H1>
<A NAME="why faq"></A>
<H2>1. Why this FAQ?</H2>
<P> These are the most Frequently Asked Questions in the <I>LG</I> Mailbag.
With this FAQ, I hope to save all our fingers from a little bit of typing, or
at least allow all that effort to go into something No (Wo)man Has Ever Typed
Before.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="formats_html"></A>
<H2>2. Where can I find the HTML version of the <I>Gazette</I>?</H2>
<UL>
<LI> The main web site--<A HREF=http://www.linuxgazette.com>
www.linuxgazette.com</A>.<P>
<LI> <A HREF=mirrors.html>Mirror sites in 47 countries</A>, some with
translations in other languages.<P>
<LI> Indirect mirrors, including
<A HREF=http://www.ssc.com/mirrors/LDP/mirrors.html>
Linux Documentation Project</A> mirror sites.<P>
<LI> In the <A HREF=http://www.debian.org>
Debian/GNU Linux</A> distribution, as ordinary *.deb packages.<P>
<LI> On CD as part of a
<A HREF=https://www.ssc.com:444/lj/backissue.html><I>Linux Journal</I>
archive CD-ROM</A>. There may also be other companies that include the
<I>Gazette</I> on their CDs--we don't keep a central list. (But we may in
the future.)<P>
</UL>
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="formats_yes"></A>
<H2>3. Which formats is the <I>Gazette</I> available in?</H2>
<UL>
<LI> <STRONG>As a single HTML file.</STRONG> Every issue includes a
TWDT (The Whole D--- Thing) file containing a copy of all the articles in one
file. This may be useful if you have a slow modem, or if you want to print it
all out at once. Look for "TWDT" near the bottom of the issue's Table of
Contents. Hyperlinks in this version are not guaranteed to work.<P>
<LI> <STRONG>As a single text file.</STRONG> This is a text-only
version of the above. Look for "TWDT" near the bottom of the issue's Table of
Contents.<P>
<LI> <STRONG>Via FTP.</STRONG> Each issue is available as a *.tar.gz
file, containing both the ordinary HTML files and the TWDT files. See
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.ssc.com/pub/lg/README>ftp://ftp.ssc.com/pub/lg/README</A>
for details. Other FTP sites are listed on our
<A HREF=mirrors.html>mirrors</A> page.
</UL>
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="formats_no"></A>
<H2>4. Which formats is the <I>Gazette</I> <U>not</U> available in?</H2>
<P> Other archive formats. We need to keep disk space on the FTP site at a
minimum for the sake of the mirrors. Also, the Editor rebels at the thought
of the additional hand labor involved in maintaining more formats. Therefore,
we have chosen the formats required by the majority of <I>Gazette</I> readers.
Anybody is free to maintain the <I>Gazette</I> in another format if they wish,
and if it is available publicly, I'll consider listing it on the mirrors page.
<P> <STRONG>Zip,</STRONG> the compression format most common under Windows.
If your unzipping program doesn't understand the *.tar.gz format, get Winzip
at <A HREF=http://www.winzip.com>www.winzip.com</A>.
<P> <STRONG>Macintosh formats.</STRONG> (I haven't had a Mac since I sold
my Mac Classic because Linux wouldn't run on it. If anybody has any
suggestions for Mac users, I'll put them here.)
<P> <STRONG>Other printable formats.</STRONG>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT> <STRONG>PostScript</STRONG>
<DD> You can use Netscape's "print to file" routine will
create a PostScript file complete with images.
<DT> <STRONG>PDF</STRONG>
<DD> I know Adobe and others consider PDF a "universal"
format, but to me it's still a one-company format that requires a custom
viewer--not something I'm eager to maintain. If you can view PDF, can't
you view HTML?
<DT> <STRONG>Word</STRONG>
<DD> I'll be nice and not say anything about Word....
</DL>
<P> <STRONG>E-mail.</STRONG> The <I>Gazette</I> is too big to send via e-mail.
Issue #44 is 754 KB; the largest issue (#34) was 2.7 MB. Even the text-only
version of #44 is 146 K compressed, 413 K uncompressed. If anybody wishes
to distribute the text version via e-mail, be my guest. There is an
announcement mailing list where I announce each issue; e-mail
<A HREF=mailto:lg-announce-request@ssc.com>lg-announce-request@ssc.com</A>
with "subscribe" in the message body to subscribe. Or read the announcement
on <A HREF=news:comp.os.linux.announce>comp.os.linux.announce</A>.
<P> <STRONG>On paper.</STRONG> I know of no companies offering printed copies
of the <I>Gazette</I>.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="languages"></A>
<H2>5. Is the <I>Gazette</I> available in French? Chinese? Italian? Russian?</H2>
<P> Yes, yes, yes and yes. See the <A HREF=mirrors.html>mirrors page</A>.
Be sure to check all the countries where your language is spoken; e.g., France
and Canada for French, Russia and Ukraine for Russian.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="old"></A>
<H2>6. Why is the most recent issue several months old?</H2>
<P> You're probably looking at an unmaintained mirror. Check the
<A HREF=http://www.linuxgazette.com>home site</A> to see what the current issue
is, then go to the <A HREF=http://www.linuxgazette.com/mirrors.html>mirrors
page on the home site</A> to find a more up-to-date mirror.
<P> If a mirror is seriously out of date, please let
<A HREF=mailto:gazette@ssc.com>gazette@ssc.com</A> know.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="search"></A>
<H2>7. How can I find all the articles about a certain subject?</H2>
<P> Use the <I>Linux Gazette</I>
<A HREF=http://www.linuxgazette.com/wgindex.html>search engine</A>. A link to
it is on <A HREF=lg_frontpage.html#search>the Front Page</A>, in the middle of
the page. Be aware this engine has some limitations, which are listed on the
search page under the search form.
<P> Use the <A HREF="lg_index.html">Index of Articles</A>. A link to it is
on the Front Page, at the bottom of the issues links,
called "Index of All Issues". All the Tables of Contents are concatenated
here onto one page. Use your browser's "Find in Page" dialog to find
keywords in the title or author's names.
<p> There is a seperate <a HREF="lg_index_tag.html">Answer Guy Index</a>,
listing all the questions that have been answered by the Answer Guy. However,
they are not sorted by subject at this time, so you will also want to use
the "Find in Page" dialog to search this listing for keywords.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="author"></A>
<H2>8. How can I become an author? How can I submit my article for publication?</H2>
<P> The <I>Linux Gazette</I> is dependent on
<EM><STRONG>R</STRONG>eaders <STRONG>L</STRONG>ike <STRONG>Y</STRONG>ou</EM>
for its articles. Although we cannot offer financial compensation (this is a
volunteer effort, after all), you will earn the gratitude of Linuxers all over
the world, and possibly an enhanced reputation for yourself and your company as
well.
<P> New authors are always welcome. E-mail a short description of your
proposed article to
<A HREF=mailto:gazette@ssc.com>gazette@ssc.com</A>, and the Editor will confirm
whether it's compatible with the <I>Gazette</I>, and whether we need articles
on that topic. Or, if you've already finished the article, just e-mail the
article or its URL.
<P> If you wish to write an ongoing series, please e-mail a note describing the
topic and scope of the series, and a list of possible topics for the first few
articles.
<P> The following types of articles are always welcome:
<UL>
<LI> technical articles of a HOWTO nature. (How to set up a program,
how to maintain it, my experience running a program even if I'm not an expert,
etc.) <FONT SIZE=+1><STRONG>For ideas about possible articles,</STRONG></FONT>
look in the Mailbag for questions that keep recurring. Explicit requests for
articles appear at the top of the "Help Wanted -- Article Ideas" section.
<LI> Articles demonstrating the use of Linux in an industry or
environment where it might not be commonly expected.
<LI> Software reviews, as long as it is a balanced review and
not simply an advertisement. Comparing the pros and cons of this program with
similar programs is a plus.
<LI> Reports from conferences, etc.
<LI> Anecdotes, lighthearted stuff, etc.
<LI> Articles requested in the "Help Wanted and Article Ideas" section
of the Mailbag.
<LI> Other areas I haven't thought of.
</UL>
<P> We have all levels of readers, from newbies to gurus, so articles aiming at
any level are fine. If you see an article that is too technical or not
detailed enough for your taste, feel free to submit another article that fills
the gaps.
<P> Articles <STRONG><EM>not</EM></STRONG> accepted include one-sided product
reviews that are basically advertisements. Mentioning your company is fine,
but please write your article from the viewpoint of a Linux user rather than as
a company spokesperson.
<BLOCKQUOTE><EM>
If your piece is essentially a press release or an announcement of a
new product or service, submit it as a News Bytes item rather than as
an article. Better yet, submit a URL and a 1-2 paragraph summary (free
of unnecessary marketoid verbiage, please) rather than a press release,
because you can write a better summary about your product than the
Editor can.
</EM></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> Articles not specifically about Linux are generally not accepted, although
an article about free/open-source software in general may occasionally be
published on a case-by-case basis.
<P> Articles may be of whatever length necessary. Generally, our articles are
2-15 screenfulls. Please use standard, simple HTML that can be viewed on a
wide variety of browsers. Graphics are accepted, but keep them minimal for the
sake of readers who pay by the minute for on-line time. Don't bother with
fancy headers and footers; the Editor chops these off and adds the standard
<I>Gazette</I> header and footer instead. If your article has long program
listings accompanying it, please submit those as separate text files.
<STRONG> Please submit a 3-4 line description of yourself for the Author Info
section on the Back Page.</STRONG> Once you submit this, it will be reused
for all your subsequent articles unless you send in an update.
<P> Once a month, the Editor sends an announcement to all regular and recent
authors, giving the deadline for the next issue. Issues are usually published
on the last working day of the month; the deadline is seven days before this.
If you need a deadline extension into the following week, e-mail the Editor.
But don't stress out about deadlines; we're here to have fun. If your article
misses the deadline, it will be published in the following issue.
<P> Authors retain the copyright on their articles, but distribution of the
<I>Gazette</I> is essentially unrestricted: it is published on web sites and
FTP servers, included in some Linux distributions and commercial CD-ROMs, etc.
<P> Thank you for your interest. We look forward to hearing from you.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="copying"></A>
<H2>9. May I copy and distribute the <I>Gazette</I> or portions thereof?</H2>
<P> Certainly. The <I>Gazette</I> is freely redistributable. You can copy
it, give it away, sell it, translate it into another language, whatever you
wish. Just keep the copyright notices attached to the articles, since each
article is copyright by its author. We request that you provide a link
back to <A HREF=http://www.linuxgazette.com>www.linuxgazette.com</A>.
<P> If your copy is publicly available, we would like to list it on our
<A HREF=mirrors.html>mirrors page</A>, especially if it's a foreign language
translation. Use the submission form at the bottom of the page to tell us
about your site. This is also the most effective way to help <I>Gazette</I>
readers find you.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="sponsor"></A>
<H2> 10. You have my competitor's logo on the Front Page; will you put mine up too?</H2>
All logos on the Front Page and on each issue's Table of Contents are from our
sponsors. Sponsors make a financial contribution to help defray the cost of
producing the <I>Gazette</I>. This is what keeps the <I>Gazette</I> free
(both in the senses of "freely redistributable" and "free of ads"
<img src="gx/dennis/smily.gif" alt=":)">) To recognize and give thanks to our
sponsors, we display their logo.
<P> If you would like more information about sponsoring the
<I>Linux Gazette</I>, e-mail <A HREF=mailto:sponsor@ssc.com>sponsor@ssc.com</A>.
<P> <HR NOSHADE SIZE=6> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<H1 ALIGN=center>Linux tech support questions</H1>
<P> This section comprises the most frequently-asked questions in The Mailbag
and The Answer Guy columns.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="ask_tech"></A>
<H2>1. How can I get help on Linux?</H2>
<P> Check the FAQ. (Oh, you already are.
<img src="gx/dennis/smily.gif" alt=":)">)
Somewhat more seriously, there is a Linux FAQ located at
<a href="http://www.linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html"
>http://www.linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html</a> which you might
find to be helpful.
<p>For people who are very new to Linux, especially if they are also new
to computing in general, it may be handy to pick up one of these basic
Linux books to get started:
<ul>
<li>Bill Ball's <em>Learning Linux in 24 Hours</em>
<li>Mark Sobell's <em>A Practical Guide to the Linux System</em>
<li>Either <em>Linux Installation and Getting Started</em> or the
O'Reilly book <em>Running Linux</em>. They're extremely similar
so you should only need one of them.
</ul>
<p>Mailing lists exist for almost every application of any note, as well
as for the distributions. If you get curious about a subject, and don't mind
a bit of extra mail, sign onto applicable mailing lists as a "lurker" --
that is, just to read, not particularly to post. At some point it will make
enough sense that their FAQ will seem very readable, and then you'll be well
versed enough to ask more specific questions coherently. Don't forget to
keep the slice of mail that advises you how to leave the mailing list when
you tire of it or learn what you needed to know.
<p>You may be able to meet with a local Linux User Group, if your area has
one. There seem to be more all the time -- if you think you may not have
one nearby, check the local university or community college before giving up.
<P>And of course, there's always good general resources, such as the Linux
Gazette <img src="gx/dennis/smily.gif" alt=":)">
<P> Questions sent to <A HREF=mailto:gazette@ssc.com>gazette@ssc.com</A> will
be published in the Mailbag in the next issue. Make sure your From: or
Reply-to: address is correct in your e-mail, so that respondents can send you
an answer directly. Otherwise you will have to wait till the following issue
to see whether somebody replied.
<P> Questions sent to <A HREF=mailto:answerguy@ssc.com>answerguy@ssc.com</A>
will be published in The Answer Guy column.
<P> If your system is hosed and your data is lost and your homework is due
tomorrow but your computer ate it, and it's the beginning of the month and the
next Mailbag won't be published for four weeks, write to the Answer Guy. He
gets a few hundred slices of mail a day, but when he answers, it's direct to
you. He also copies the Gazette so that it will be published when the month
end comes comes along.
<P> You might want to check the new
<a href="lg_index_tag.html">Answer Guy Index</a> and see if your question
got asked before, or if the Answer Guy's curiosity and ramblings from a
related question covered what you need to know.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="wine"></A>
<H2>2. Can I run Windows applications under Linux?</H2>
<P> An excellent summary of the current state of WINE, DOSEMU and other
Windows/DOS emulators is in issue #44, The Answer Guy,
<A HREF=issue44/tag/1.html>"Running Win '95 Apps under Linux"</A>.
<P> There is also a program called <A HREF=http://www.vmware.com>VMWare</A>
which lets you run several "virtual computers" concurrently as applications,
each with its own Operating System. There is a
<A HREF=http://www.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue63/3458.html>review</A>
in <I>Linux Journal</I> about it.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="mswin"></A>
<H2>3. Do you answer Windows questions too?</H2>
<p>Answers in either the Tips or Answer Guy columns which relate to
troubleshooting hardware, might be equally valuable to Linux and Windows users.
This is however the <I><STRONG>Linux</STRONG> Gazette</I>... so all the
examples are likely to describe Linux methods and tools.
<p>The Answer Guy has ranted about this many times before. He will
gladly answer questions involving getting Linux and MS Windows systems
to interact properly; this usually covers filesystems, use of samba
(shares) and other networking, and discussion of how to use drivers.
<p>However, he hasn't used Windows in many years, and in fact avoids the
graphical user interfaces available to Linux. So he is not your best bet
for asking about something which only involves Windows. Try one of the
Windows magazines' letter-to-the-editor columns, an open forum offered at
the online sites for such magazines, or (gasp) the tech support that was
offered with your commercial product. Also, there are newsgroups for an
amazing variety of topics, including MS Windows.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="where_doc"></A>
<H2>4. How do I find the help files in my Linux system?</H2>
<p>The usual command to ask for a help page on the command line is the
word <tt>man</tt> followed by the name of the command you need help
with. You can get started with <tt>man man</tt>. It might help you to
remember this, if you realize it's short for "manual."
<p>A lot of plain text documents about packages can be found in
<tt>/usr/doc/packages</tt> in modern distributions. If you installed
them, you can also usually find the FAQs and HOWTOs installed in
respective directories there.
<p>Some applications have their own built-in access to help files (even those
are usually text stored in another file, which can be reached in other
ways). For example, pressing F1 in <tt>vim</tt>, ? in <tt>lynx</tt>,
or ctrl-H followed by a key in Emacs, will get you into their help system.
These may be confusing to novices, though.
<p>Many programs provide minimal help about their command-line interface if
given the command-line option <tt>--help</tt> or <tt>-?</tt>. Even if these
don't work, most give a usage message if they don't understand their command-
line arguments. The GNU project has especially forwarded this idea. It's
a good one; every programmer creating a small utility should have it
self-documented at least this much.
<p>Graphical interfaces such as <tt>tkman</tt> and <tt>tkinfo</tt> will
help quite a bit because they know where to find these kinds of help files;
you can use their menus to help you find what you need. The better ones
may also have more complex search functions.
<p>Some of the bigger distributions link their default web pages to HTML
versions of the help files. They may also have a link to help directly from
the menus in their default X Windowing setup. Therefore, it's wise to
install the default window manager, even if you (or the friend helping you)
have a preference for another one, and to explore its menus a bit.
<P> <HR> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<A NAME="winmodem"></A>
<h2>5. So I'm having trouble with this internal modem...</h2>
<p>It's probably a winmodem. Winmodems suck for multiple reasons:</p>
<ol>
<li>Most of them lack drivers for Linux. Notice the term "most" and not
"all" -- see <a href="http://linmodems.org/">http://linmodems.org</a> for
more about those few that do, and some general knowledge on the subject.
<li>Since they aren't a complete modem without software, even if they
were to work under Linux, they'd eat extra CPU that could be better
spent on other things. So they'll never seem quite as fast as their
speed rating would imply.
<li>Internal modems have their own problems; they overheat more easily,
and have a greater danger of harming other parts in your system when
they fail, merely because they're attached directly to the bus. The
tiny portion of speed increase that might lend is not really worthwhile
compared to the risk of losing other parts in the system.
</ul>
<p>So, yeah, there can be good internal modems, but it's more worthwhile
to get an external one. It will often contain phone line surge suppression
and that may lead to more stable connections as well.</p>
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<P> <hr> <P>
<H5 ALIGN=center>
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