File: appleton.html

package info (click to toggle)
lg-issue25 6-1
links: PTS
area: main
in suites: sarge
size: 1,560 kB
ctags: 68
sloc: tcl: 69; makefile: 34; sh: 34
file content (422 lines) | stat: -rw-r--r-- 18,080 bytes
<!--startcut ==========================================================-->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<title>Gathering Usage Stats Issue 25</title>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#A000A0"
ALINK="#FF0000">
<!--endcut ============================================================-->

<H4>
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
</H4>

<P> <HR> <P> 
<!--===================================================================-->

<center>
<H2> Gathering Usage Stats</H2>
<H4>By <a href="mailto:randy@euclid.acs.nmu.edu">Randy Appleton</a></H4>
</center>
<P> <HR> <P>  

<H3>
Intro</H3>
Here in the Linux Laboratory at Northern Michigan University, we have quite
a few users and quite a few computers for them to use. It is important
for laboratoies like us to quantify usage. This
data can be used to justify expansion of a computer laboratory, describe
who is actually using the machines, which machines are being used,
or just satisfy simple curiosity.

<P>Being the curious type, I sat down to write a program that would gather
usage information. The information I wanted includes:
<UL>
<LI>
How much time each user spends online.</LI>

<LI>
How much time each computer spends being used.</LI>

<LI>
How often the computer is up.</LI>

<LI>
User total usage time divided by weeks (to see long term trends).</LI>

<LI>
User total usage time divided by day for the last couple of days (to see
current trends).</LI>
</UL>

<H3>
Methodology</H3>
My first thought was to just stick my head in at odd times and count users.
But for such a strategy to work, I would have to count users at various
times in the day, including times I might not otherwise be inclined to
visit the lab (like early mornings). Further, I would miss users
using the lab remotely, over the internet.

<P>My second thought was to use the "w" command. This command reads
a log file (normally /var/log/wtmp) and produces a line of output for every
logon event in the past, describing who was logged on and for how long.
My hope was that a summary of this information would provide the usage
statistics I was looking for. Unfortunately, this command does not
produce foolproof output. If the machine crashes while someone is
logged on, then "w" will sometimes produce the wrong total time online.
Even worse, if a person is logged on but idle, this idle time still counts
as usage as computed by "w".

<P>Counting idle time was unacceptable to me. We have several
users with computers in their offices, and they are essentially logged
on 24 hours per day 7 days per week. Their usage is nowhere near
this level (yes, even college professors go to sleep!)

<P>Luckily , there was an alternative to "w". The easiest way to
find out who is currently logged onto a computer is to use finger, a program
designed for just this purpose. The command "finger @hostname"
will describe who is logged on to "hostname", and how long since they actually
typed a command (i.e. finger knows their idle time).

<P>Finger produces a header line, and the one line for every person logged
on. Eliminating the users with a high idle time will provide a list
of users who are using the computer at any given moment. A log file
of such lists, gathered at regular intervals, will describe usage over
the time the log file was gathered.

<P>There is an important statistical assumption here. We assume that
a set of entries will accurately describe usage over the whole time period,
not just the precise moments when those entries occur. For
this assumption to be valid the entries should be gathered at regular intervals.
<H3>
Defining Usage</H3>
The other complicated issue is to define usage. Often a single computer
will have several users logged on simultaneously, and often a single user
will be logged on to multiple computers at once (as I am now). It
becomes important to carefully define usage in these cases. I adopted
the following definitions.
<UL>
<LI>
A computer is in use if and only if there is at least one user using that
computer.</LI>

<LI>
A user is logged on if and only if the user is logged onto at least one
computer.</LI>

<LI>
A computer is up if and only if it responds to the finger command at all,
and is otherwise down. Note that a computer that is currently running
Windows will NOT respond, and will therefore be counted as down (which
makes sense to me!).</LI>
</UL>
Given these definition, it becomes important not double count users where
they are logged in more than once, and to not double count computers when
they have more than one user. Correct programming eliminates these
double countings (see the source code below).
<BR>
<H3>
The Log file</H3>
The log file contains a series of records, each one of which is a description
of the results of running finger on the set of hosts. The size of
each entry is minimized, since many entries will be gathered yet the log
file should remain modest in size. The top of each entry contains the date
and time the entry was gathered, which is important for gathering time
and date based statistics. The log file entry below shows that it
is 11 45 in the evening on 10/11/97, and that I am the only one logged
in besides root. Root and I are using the computers ogaa and ogimaa.
Also shown is that the computer nigig is down, since it is not listed at
all.
<UL>
<TABLE BORDER COLS=1 WIDTH="200" NOSAVE >
<TR NOSAVE>
<TD NOSAVE>Date 97 10 11 23 45
<BR>Host ogimaa 1
<BR>Host bine 0
<BR>Host gaag 0
<BR>Host makwa 0
<BR>Host mooz 0
<BR>Host zagime 0
<BR>Host ogaa 1
<BR>Host euclid 0
<BR>Host euler 0
<BR>Host fermat 0
<BR>User randy
<BR>User root
<BR>Total 2 users</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>

<H3>
The Program</H3>
The program is named fingersummarize, since its job is to summarize a set
of results from the finger command. It is written in Perl, since
Perl offers wonderful support for associative arrays (where the usage stats
are stored) and working with strings (from the log file and the output
of finger).

<P>There are two basic tasks of fingersummarize. These functions could
easily be done with two separate programs, but I find it easier to have
one program with options rather than two executables.
<UL>
<LI>
It should gather finger results, and store them in a log file. (fingersummarize
-probe)</LI>

<LI>
It should read the log file and produce the usage statistics. (fingersummarize
-print)</LI>
</UL>
Fingersummarize can be installed easily. Just follow the instructions
below.
<OL>
<LI>
Copy the executable to someplace on your system, such as /usr/local/bin.</LI>

<BR><TT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; cp /tmp/fingersummarize /usr/local/bin;
chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/fingersummarize</TT>
<LI>
Edit the top of the executable so that fingersummarize will probe your
machines instead of mine. This should be very easy to do.</LI>

<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<TT>vi /usr/local/bin/fingersummarize</TT>
<LI>
Make a blank log file and put that log file somewhere. Often /var/log/fingersummarize
is a reasonable place.</LI>

<BR><TT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; echo > /var/log/fingersummarize;
chmod 600 /var/log/fingersummarize</TT>
<LI>
Install a line in cron so that fingersummarize will run in probe mode at
regular intervals. Below is the line I use, which runs fingersummarize
every fifteen minutes for every hour.</LI>

<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<TT>0,15,30,45 * * * * /usr/local/bin/fingersummarize -probe >> /var/log/fingersummarizelog</TT></OL>
That's it. Now, whenever you want to see a current summary of the
usage data, just run
<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<TT>fingersummarize -print &lt; /var/log/fingersummarizelog</TT>
<H3>
Example Output</H3>
Here is some sample output. A current example for my lab can he had
at <A HREF="http://euclid.nmu.edu/fingerprobe.txt">http://euclid.nmu.edu/fingerprobe.txt</A>
. The executable itself can be had at <A HREF="http://euclid.nmu.edu/~randy/Papers/fingerprobe">http://euclid.nmu.edu/~randy/Papers/fingerprobe</A>
. Note that the total number of hours computers were in use (12.8
hours/week) exceeds the total number of hours that people were using computers
(10.8hours/week). This just means there were times that some person
was using more than one computer at a time. Also, note that the useage
spikes at 10am, since a particular class sometimes meets in the lab at
10am.
<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE BORDER COLS=2 WIDTH="80%" NOSAVE >
<TR NOSAVE>
<TD><TT>Stats by user</TT>
<BR><TT>User&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total&nbsp;&nbsp; Usage&nbsp;&nbsp; Hours</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>Name&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Observ. Percent /Day</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>abasosh 47&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.42</TT>
<BR><TT>agdgdfg 54&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.49</TT>
<BR><TT>arnelso 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.06</TT>
<BR><TT>bparton 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>bob&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.25</TT>
<BR><TT>brandk&nbsp; 101&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8.7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.92</TT>
<BR><TT>btsumda 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.33</TT>
<BR><TT>chgijs&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0</TT>
<BR><TT>clntudp 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0</TT>
<BR><TT>daepke&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>dan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 93&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.84</TT>
<BR><TT>dfliter 17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.15</TT>
<BR><TT>gclas&nbsp;&nbsp; 43&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.39</TT>
<BR><TT>goofy&nbsp;&nbsp; 15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.13</TT>
<BR><TT>gypsy&nbsp;&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>jadsjhf 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>jbsdjh&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>jdefgg&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>jeffpat 6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.05</TT>
<BR><TT>jpaulin 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.06</TT>
<BR><TT>jstyle&nbsp; 4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.03</TT>
<BR><TT>jstamo&nbsp; 17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.15</TT>
<BR><TT>jwilpin 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.33</TT>
<BR><TT>jwilpou 79&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6.8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.72</TT>
<BR><TT>kangol&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.35</TT>
<BR><TT>matt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 58&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.52</TT>
<BR><TT>mhgihjj 8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.07</TT>
<BR><TT>randy&nbsp;&nbsp; 187&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 16.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1.7</TT>
<BR><TT>rbush&nbsp;&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>root&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.2</TT>
<BR><TT>rpijj&nbsp;&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>sbeyne&nbsp; 17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.15</TT>
<BR><TT>sdajani 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0</TT>
<BR><TT>sdalma&nbsp; 28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.25</TT>
<BR><TT>ship&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0</TT>
<BR><TT>skinny&nbsp; 48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.43</TT>
<BR><TT>stacey&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.01</TT>
<BR><TT>tbutler 35&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.31</TT>
<BR><TT>tmarsha 5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.04</TT>
<BR><TT>tpauls&nbsp; 34&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.31</TT>
<BR><TT>vladami 30&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.27</TT>
<BR><TT>xetroni 26&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.23</TT>
<BR><TT>---------------------------------</TT>
<BR><TT>Overall 1151&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
10.24</TT>
<BR>

<P><TT>Stats by Host</TT>
<BR><TT>Host&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Total&nbsp;&nbsp; Percent Percent Hours</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>Name&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Observ. Up&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Busy&nbsp;&nbsp; /Day</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>bine&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 131&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
4.9%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.194</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>euclid&nbsp; 152&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
5.7%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.386</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>euler&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89.3%&nbsp;&nbsp;
0.2%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.068</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>fermat&nbsp; 52&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2.1%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.506</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>gaag&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 202&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 36.5%&nbsp;&nbsp;
7.6%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.842</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>maang&nbsp;&nbsp; 118&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
4.4%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.076</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>makwa&nbsp;&nbsp; 77&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2.9%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.702</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>mooz&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 92&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3.4%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.839</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>nigig&nbsp;&nbsp; 81&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.738</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>ogaa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 48&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1.8%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.437</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>ogimaa&nbsp; 374&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
14.2%&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.411</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>waabooz 28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.255</TT>
<BR><TT>zagime&nbsp; 38&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1.4%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.346</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>------------------------</TT>
<BR><TT>Overall 2551&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 94.2%&nbsp; 4.1%&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
12.807</TT></TD>

<TD NOSAVE><TT>Stats by the Week</TT>
<BR><TT>Week&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
User</TT>
<BR><TT>Starting&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hours</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>97 10 04&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 74.5705816481128</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>97 09 28&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 55.9130434782609</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>97 09 21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 64.7</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>97 09 14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 113.023956442831</TT>&nbsp;
<BR>

<P><TT>Last Two Weeks</TT>
<BR><TT>Day&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; User</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hours</TT>&nbsp;
<BR><TT>97 10 11 7.05882352941176</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 10 16.75</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 09 4.25</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 08 1.5</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 07 5.25</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 06 8.25</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 05 13.8947368421053</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 04 17.6170212765957</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 03 9.91304347826087</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 02 0.75</TT>
<BR><TT>97 10 01 1</TT>
<BR><TT>97 09 31 12</TT>
<BR><TT>97 09 30 9.75</TT>
<BR><TT>97 09 29 12.75</TT>
<BR>

<P><TT>Stats by the Hour</TT>
<BR><TT>Hour&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Avg Users</TT>
<BR><TT>00&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.151</TT>
<BR><TT>01&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.163</TT>
<BR><TT>02&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.151</TT>
<BR><TT>03&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.053</TT>
<BR><TT>04&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.036</TT>
<BR><TT>06&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.027</TT>
<BR><TT>07&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.055</TT>
<BR><TT>08&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.175</TT>
<BR><TT>09&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.75</TT>
<BR><TT>10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.398</TT>
<BR><TT>11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.171</TT>
<BR><TT>12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.972</TT>
<BR><TT>13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.814</TT>
<BR><TT>14&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.775</TT>
<BR><TT>15&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.778</TT>
<BR><TT>16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.607</TT>
<BR><TT>17&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.526</TT>
<BR><TT>18&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.459</TT>
<BR><TT>19&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.455</TT>
<BR><TT>20&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.232</TT>
<BR><TT>21&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.321</TT>
<BR><TT>22&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.339</TT>
<BR><TT>23&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.196</TT>
<P>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

<!--===================================================================-->
<P> <hr> <P> 
<center><H5>Copyright &copy; 1998, Randy Appleton<BR> 
Published in Issue 25 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, February 1998</H5></center>

<!--===================================================================-->
<P> <hr> <P> 
<A HREF="./index.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC="../gx/indexnew.gif" 
ALT="[ TABLE OF CONTENTS ]"></A>
<A HREF="../index.html"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC="../gx/homenew.gif"
ALT="[ FRONT PAGE ]"></A>
<A HREF="./marsden.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/back2.gif"
ALT=" Back "></A>
<A HREF="./gm.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/fwd.gif" ALT=" Next "></A>
<P> <hr> <P> 
<!--startcut ==========================================================-->
</BODY>
</HTML>
<!--endcut ============================================================-->