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<!--startcut ======================================================= -->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>The Answer Guy Issue 26</title>
</head>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#A000A0"
ALINK="#FF0000">
<!--endcut ========================================================= -->
<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
</H4>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =============================================================== -->
<center>
<H1><A NAME="answer">
<img src="../gx/ans.gif" alt="" border=0 align=middle>
The Answer Guy
<img src="../gx/ans.gif" alt="" border=0 align=middle>
</A></H1> <BR>
<H4>By James T. Dennis,
<a href="mailto:answerguy@ssc.com">answerguy@ssc.com</a><BR>
Starshine Technical Services, <A HREF="http://www.starshine.org/">
http://www.starshine.org/</A> </H4>
</center>
<p><hr><p>
<H3>Contents:</H3>
<ul>
<li><a HREF="./lg_answer26.html#telnet">Can't Telnet to Red Hat 5.0 Server</a>
<li><a HREF="./lg_answer26.html#luke">Use the Source, Luke!</a>
<li><a HREF="./lg_answer26.html#ifconfig">'ifconfig' to Troubleshoot Dropped Ethernet Packets?</a>
<li><a HREF="./lg_answer26.html#angel">Cthugha </a>
<li><a HREF="./lg_answer26.html#login">xdm Login doesn't!</a>
</ul>
<p><hr><p>
<!--================================================================-->
<a name="telnet"></a>
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
Can't Telnet to Red Hat 5.0 Server
</h3>
<P> <B>
From: Brad Lackey, <A HREF="mailto:lackeyb@holly.colostate.edu">
lackeyb@holly.colostate.edu</A>
</B> <P><B>
I am trying to set up a LINUX web server for Colorado State =
University - CIS Dept. I have Red Hat 5.0 Installed with user accounts =
set up but I cannot telnet to the machine. I get the login prompt, but =
none of the user accounts that I have created seem to work, including =
root. they all give me "Login incorrect". I was wondering how to fix =
this validation problem...<BR>
Thanks, Brad
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
First I'll have to assume that you installed RH5 on
a fresh x86 machine with no previous OS, and that you've
just installed the package from a CD and have yet to
apply any upgrades or patches to it.
<P>
If that's the case -- fire up the old browser and go
to Red Hat's "Errata" pages at:
<P>
http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl/rh50-errata-general.html
<P>
There are about 30 upgrade packages there -- including
fixes for the utils package (fixes 'vipw' command),
and glibc (the core c libraries which most of your
other programs depend upon through the magic of
shared libraries).
<P>
I don't see a specific entry for the problem that you're
describing -- and I haven't upgraded any systems to RH5
yet -- so I don't know if this problem is generic.
<P>
A quick search of Yahoo!/Alta Vista and DejaNews doesn't
show a match to exactly this problem either -- but it
does show that telnet to RH5 boxes is working for many
people. (Many of the problems reported have to do with
long delays, caused by the "double-reverse lookup" that
TCP Wrappers uses to prevent most varieties of spoofing).
So, given that the search string "+red +hat +5 +telnet
+login" didn't give us an easy answer we'll have to do
some troubleshooting.
<P>
Let's start with some questions:
<P>
Does your syslog (/var/log/messages or /var/log/security) tell
you anything?
<P>
Have you run pw5conv to enable shadow passwords?
<P>
If you run 'vipw' ('vi' the /etc/passwd file) do
the password hashes appear there?
<P>
Have you installed a different PAM (pluggable authentication
modules) or modified its configuration (any of the files
under /etc/pam.d/)?
<P>
I didn't see a new PAM RPM up at the site listed above
-- though things like the initscripts package and the
glibc package might help.
<P>
If these questions don't help you find the problem and
resolve it I'd suggest that you grab a Red Hat 4.2 or
a S.u.S.E., Debian or other distribution and install
that. If you use Red Hat 4.2 you'll want to fetch all
the upgrades for that -- and you might be able to install
specific RH5 rpms (including the glibc which *should*
co-exist cleanly with the libc 5.x that most (almost
all) Linux distributions prior to RH5 rely on).
<P>
As a support volunteer I find Red Hat's decision to
push the release of "Hurricane" out the door at the
end of last year to be abominable. I suggested to them
that they do a 4.5 first -- and wait until about March
of this year for a 5.0 (hoping that glibc would be
better understood, that PAM would move much closer to
1.0, and that the 2.2 kernel *might* ship by then).*
<P>
*** Please note: I don't have any "inside" hints as
to when any of these event will occur. I don't know
how long it will take to go from the 2.1.8x kernels
through the inevitable 2.1.99.x flurry and get to
2.2. I read the kernel mailing list and cross my fingers
like everyone else. Obviously Red Hat Inc (the company)
and Caldera, and Yggdrasil, and many other organizations
and individuals can help. If I were a programmer I might
be able to help more.
<P>
However, I was sure that 5.0 was too soon -- and the
34 Mb of upgrades and patches that were available as of
last November needed to be released on CD to save the
'net a bunch of bandwidth. (I occasionally cut these
and similar new stuff onto CD's using my ISDN line and
my CD-R and give them away. I'm hoping to give one or
two away at tonight's SVLUG (Silicon Valley Linux User's
Group) meeting where we'll be hearing from Bruce Perens
of the Debian project, and Eris S. Raymond, whose
paper on the "Crystal Cathedral" was cited as a key
part of Netscape's decision to release their sources)).
<P>
I'd like to see Red Hat adopt a subscription model, where
I can get monthly update of their "updates" and "contrib"
mirrors for about $10/month. (I suppose it doesn't *have*
to be Red Hat to do this, anyone with a CD-R and a reasonable
trickle feed from the 'net could do it. Though the
economies of scale don't work until we get a few hundred
subscribers).
<P>
Heck, if there's enough interest I'll do it.
<P>
In any event, I hope one of these methods works.
<P>
At the risk of starting serious flame wars and raising
questions about my "loyalty to the cause" (which cause
we're not sure) I'd also suggest that you look at the
OpenBSD (and FreeBSD and NetBSD) distributions if you
don't have a specific reason for picking Linux for
this application.
<P>
Linux is the most popular of the free Unix' -- but
it's not the only one -- and it's not necessarily the
best for all applications. OpenBSD, in particular, seems
to be very well suited to multi-user "student use" and
"computer lab" use. This is because Theo de Raadt and
his team have found and corrected a large number of
buffer overflows and other vulnerabilities in the sources
for FreeBSD and NetBSD (and probably in the sources of
many Linux utilities as well).
<P>
Obviously this depends quite a bit on your intended
applications. However, if I was setting up a general
use shell account system for a school lab, an ISP, or
a USENIX "terminal room" I'd probably suggest OpenBSD.
<P>
For personal workstations I think Linux holds the edge
in performance and applications availability.
<P>
--Jim
<p><hr><p>
<!--================================================================-->
<a name="luke"></a>
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
Use the Source, Luke!
</h3>
<P> <B>
From: SuatChoo Lua, <A HREF="mailto:suatchoo@yahoo.com">suatchoo@yahoo.com</A>
</B> <P><B>
Here there something that maybe you can answer me.
From where i can get the information about Linux
File system,memory managemant,and scheduling algorithm.
Thank you! <BR>
coco
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
In many ways I'm not the best person to answer this
question. Remember that I am not a coder -- and I haven't
contributed any programming to the Linux kernel (which I'm
sure we all appreciate). However, I've read a bit of it
-- and will offer some opinions.
<P>
If you want deep information about -- technical
details -- about Linux filesystem, memory management,
and scheduling internals than the obvious thing to do
is to read the sources.
<P>
/usr/src/linux/kernel/sched.c is about 1700 lines long
(about 80 pages). There are about 30 .c files under
/usr/src/linux/fs (the filesystems directory) -- and
about 160 .c files under that whole tree. Linux supports
many different filesystems -- although the one that is
considered to be "native" to Linux is the ext2fs.
<P>
A variant of this filesystem has been adopted by the FSF
for their ongoing HURD project (which is a microkernel
OS for which rms and the Free Software Foundation developed
gcc, GNU emacs, and most of the applications and utilities
that make Linux possible).
<P>
The code for ext2fs is about 5000 lines. Probably the simplest
filesystem that ships with Linux is the Minix compatible one.
Minix is a simple microkernel operating system written by
Andrew S. Tanenbaum for inclusion with (and publication in)
his text book on "Operating Systems: Design and Implmentation."
That book is one of the seminal works on the topic -- and has
probably been studied by every major contributor to Linux.
<P>
The memory management code is in /usr/src/linux/mm. It
probably shows off the greatest innovations in the Linux
kernel. The aggressive strategies here allow a Linux kernel
to operate within a pretty modest footprint despite the
"freeping creaturism" that some of its detractors lament.
<P>
Where to begin:
<ul>
<li>I'd start by reading Tanenbaum's book (there's a
second edition where he's joined by Albert S.
Woodhull). Just read the first half to get all
the key concepts. The latter half of the book
are the sources for Minix; which don't relate to
Linux.
<li>I'd then pick up a copy of the <I>The Linux Kernel
Hacker's Guide</I> by Micheal K. Johnson (should be
at any good LDP -- Linux Documentation Project --
mirror site).
<li>Then grab a copy of <I>The Linux Kernel</I> by David
A. Rusling and <I>LINUX Kernel Internals</I> by Michael
Beck et al. (This last one is published by
Addison Wesley -- the others are available online
-- and published/printed in various editions of
_The_Linux_Bible_, _Dr._Linux_, etc).
</ul>
After you've read some of those the kernel sources will
hopefully make sense. Keep in mind that many of these things
are still changing in the form of patches and in the newer 2.1.x
kernels. For example there is a "evolution scheduler" which
allows you to experiment with different scheduling algorithms
for your Linux system. You can learn quite a bit about current
Linux limitations by perusing Kurt Huwig's collection of
"unofficial" Linux patches at http://linuxhq.sigkill.org/
or http://www.huwig.de if you'd like to read them in the
original German. These include several experimental
shedulers and memory management tweaks (like one that
search for duplicated pages and aliases them to one another
on the fly).
<P>
I hope you find all those interesting and informative.
<P>
--Jim
<p><hr><p>
<!--================================================================-->
<a name="ifconfig"></a>
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
'ifconfig' to Troubleshoot Dropped Ethernet Packets? Uh-Unhg!
</h3>
<P> <B>
From: Chris Oliphant, <A HREF="mailto:Chris.Oliphant@nextel.com">
Chris.Oliphant@nextel.com</A>
</B> <P><B>
I have a HP Vectra XM2 4/100i computer with an onboard PCnet/32
ethernet chip running Red Hat Linux 4.0, kernal version 2.0.18. I
currently am having problems communicating over the ethernet
connection for the last three days. I want to use IFCONFIG to
troubleshooting the problem, but don't understand how to use the
command's output. My problems are excessive receive packets being
dropped and excessive transmit errors. I am able to ping the onboard
chip, and the port connect is good with other systems connected to it.
But when I connect my Linux system to the port, I have problems.
Please advise. Thanks for any assistance you may provide.
--Chris Oliphant
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
'ifconfig' is the "interface configuration" utility. It
isn't a troubleshooting tool. I'd usually 'ping', 'tcpdump'
and 'netcat'* or 'kermit'* for troubleshooting this sort of
problem.
<ul>
<li>netcat is at ftp.avian.org
(It is a little "swiss army knife" for TCP/UDP
-- providing a simple facility for scripted
TCP connections and transfers).
<li>kermit (C-Kermit) is at kermit.columbia.edu
(Aside from being a venerable file transfer
protocol and serial communications packages,
C-Kermit is also a telnet/rlogin client --
offering file transfers, scripting, debugging,
and log-to-file features over TCP connections).
</ul>
Based on your question here's a few standard support questions
to echo back:
<blockquote>
"for the last three days"? What happened then or
before then? Did the link work fine before then?
Did you upgrade your kernel? Change drivers? Add
a new video card? Did this kernel/driver/module
ever work acceptably with this ethernet card?
With this system's mixture of other components?
With a similar (so-called "identical") system?
</blockquote>
Excessive errors on an ethernet line suggests the following
sorts of problems:
<ol>
<li>high collision rates --
Are there other boxes on your LAN segment that might
be utilizing an excessive amount of the bandwidth?
How many systems are on this segment? What
applications are they running (particularly network
intensive)?
<P>
As an example if you put a few xterminals or diskless
workstation on a network and they fetch all of their
X resources, binaries and libraries over the wire
(rather than tftp to a local RAM disk for example) then
you can flood an unswitched ethernet segment in no time.
<li>hardware problems with your card or someone else's
(on the same network segment) --
<P>
It is possible that some ether card on your segment
is broken and "chattering" (generating spurious
signals which corrupt the data frames (network layer
"packets") from other cards. This is likely to
show symptoms across the entire segment (all the machines
will be affected). It is also possible that any
particular card is damaged. It is also possible for
the problem to be in a particular wire (are you using
10BaseT, coax/thin net, or (heaven forbid!) thicknet?),
or even a particular port on one of your hubs (repeater,
concentrator, whatever the "term du jour" for that
thingie-me-bob is). It could be as simple as "someone
kinked the wire by running it over with their chair
wheel."
<P>
A good way to test for this is to get an ethernet
"cross over" cable (sort of a "null modem" for 10BaseT)
and plug it between the problem system and a known
good one. This bypasses all the intervening components
to help isolate the problem.
<P>
(Basic troubleshooting 101: identify all components,
eliminate as many as possible for testing, continue
simplifying the configuration -- and possibly the tests
-- until something works, re-add components back until
failure. That isolates the problem.)
<P>
<li>bad driver or configuration --
If this has never worked under Linux (or under the
specific kernel your working with) you should boot
under some other OS and use whatever diagnostic
utilities HP provides. If those work and Linux
still fails it suggests a software configuration
or driver problem. If you had an older kernel that
did work without a problem, try booting with it
and running your tests -- it's always possible that
the card is broken in someway that only shows up
under conditions that don't occur from DOS or Win '95.
It's also possible that something in your kernel is
broken.
<P>
Naturally you'll also want to try a 2.0.33 or 2.0.34
kernel to see if that helps.
</ol>
As I've pointed out -- you need to do basic troubleshooting
in situations like this. You also want to ask yourself:
"Have I provided enough information for anyone (short of a
psychic) to answer this question?"
<P>
--Jim
<p><hr><p>
<!--================================================================-->
<a name="angel"></a>
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
Cthugha
</h3>
<P> <B>
From: kim angel, <A HREF="mailto:angelk@cadvision.com">
angelk@cadvision.com</A>
</B> <P><B>
Could you please tell me when Cthungha will be available for Win95?
Thanks!<BR>
Kim Angel
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
Sorry. Can't be much help there.
I presume you mean Cthugha (no 'n') which would be
the audio/video amusement (turn your $3K multi-media
system into a $40 "discoteque" light).
<P> <B>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
Hmm....I detect a tad of dissatisfaction with the product!
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
I've never run it. I have a lack of interest in the
class of software. I had to look it up in the LSM
(software map) to remember what it was -- since I
mis-remembered it as a "game").
<P>
I have no idea if or when it would be available for Win '95
-- or even why anyone would port it. However, I'd contact
the author/maintainer (should find his/her/their name(s)
in the man pages or docs).
<P> <B>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
What I am seeking is a program that is capable of applying digitized
animation choreographed to audio sequences. Could you help me with
this?
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
I'm the "Linux Answer Guy" (or, to be more specific and
a little less pretentious, the "Linux Gazette Answer Guy").
<P>
It appears that Cthugha *is* just what you want -- for Linux.
I'm not the "Windows '95 Answer Guy." A role which I probably
would be wholly inadequate at since I don't run it on any of
my systems and I don't like what little of it I've had to run.
<P>
Despite this I can offer you a pretty simple piece of advice:
<blockquote>
Ask the author.
</blockquote>
Another possibility is that you could try the port yourself.
I'm not sure what the licensing of Cthugha and its sources is
-- but it's probably GPL. That license lets you port it to
any OS or platform you like -- or pay anyone else to perform
the port to your specs.
<P>
If you should find that the port to native Windows API's is
too difficult you could try DESQview/X (which offers X Windows
API's over DOS) or you could try OpenNT (from Softway Systems
at www.softway.com). OpenNT offers reasonably complete Unix
API's -- and some X Windows if I heard correctly -- and runs
under NT. I have also heard of several developers tools that
purport to compile Unix/X Windows code into native MS Windows
API's. However I don't have any experience with them, nor any
personal interest in them.
<P>
-- Jim
<p><hr><p>
<!--================================================================-->
<a name="login"></a>
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
xdm Login doesn't!
</h3>
<P> <B>
From: Cesar Augusto Kant Grossmann, <A HREF="mailto:ckant@fazenda.gov.br">
ckant@fazenda.gov.<BR></A>
</B> <P><B>
I run my Linux Box in the "graphics mode" (changing inittab accordling) =
bu I can't login as normal user. When I try to login as normal user, the =
screen flickers like a logout in the X, and the login screen comes back.
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
This is also referred to as "using 'xdm'" (X Display Manager)
which provides a GUI login to X.
<P>
You don't mention what sort of system you have (which distribution
what architecture/platform, what packages you've installed or
updated, etc). You also don't mention whether you can login via
a text mode console (VC/VT) or via telnet or a serial line.
<P>
If you can, the problem is likely to be a mismatch between your
'xdm' binary and the authentication model/settings that you
have for your other 'login' modes.
<P>
This is one area where the FreeBSD crowd definitely had a
better model. Under Linux you can use the old-fashioned
(traditional -- and insecure) authentication mode where
the hashes of your passwords are stored in the /etc/passwd.
Alternatively you can install or enable some variation of the
"shadow" suite. This removes the password hashes from the
/etc/passwd file and stores them in a different file -- one which
is only accessible to privileged (SUID) programs -- and not
readable by normal users.
<P>
The purpose of all that is to make the system more resistant
to dictionary and cryptanalytic (brute force or otherwise)
attacks. In other words using the 'shadow' options is more
secure than allowing normal users to just snarf the hashes
up, and copy them to a machine running 'crack'.
<P>
The problem is that there are many programs that authenticate
users under Unix/Linux. In addition to login there's xdm,
ftpd, xlock, vlock, screen's lock feature, popd, imapd, the
passwd command etc. In FreeBSD they modified the libraries
-- and ensured that all the programs were linked against the
same shared library. This hides the details -- because the
library calls that "getpwent()" (get password file entries)
automatigically merge the passwd hash from the shadow file
(called /etc/pwdb.master? or somethine like that -- in
FreeBSD) if that file exists and is readable.
<P>
Thus unprivileged files on a shadow enabled get pw entries
with an "obscured" password field (usually just a "x")
while privileged (SUID) program get a merged one that's
suitable for comparison to a properly crypted/hashed
password as provided by an alleged user.
<P>
The other advantage to the FreeBSD method is that changing
the hashing algorithm (from the traditional 56-bit DES on
a string of zeros -- to a MD5 sum) is relatively easy --
only has to be supported in one place (the shared libraries)
and doesn't require that all the other programs be changed.
(Another feature of the FreeBSD password/account management
libraries is that they support dbm hashes of the account
names -- meaning that *huge* lists of accounts are possible
without suffering a "linear" increase in login/authentication
response times)
<P>
For now Linux has three different, and partially incompatible
account/authentication schemes:
<ul>
<li>Traditional /etc/passwd files
<li>Shadow suite (still with flat text files)
<li>PAM and libpwdb (dbm files and modular authentication
model).
</ul>
The frustrating thing is that these can all work together
do some degrees -- a pwdb system maintains a set of text
flatfiles that are sync'd to the dbm/hash tables (these hashes
are the indexed/search type -- as opposed to the cryptographic
variety that I referred to earlier -- like 56-DES and MD5).
<P>
Although Red Hat has shipped their last 2 or three releases
with PAM -- it isn't quite all there yet. The most recent
version of PAM is about 0.63 (beta). However -- if you installed
a recent Red Hat Linux (4.2 or 5.0 with patches)
you should be able to use its xdm and all of their stock utils
without trouble.
<P>
If you compiled your own 'xdm' or fetched it from somewhere
you should consider recompiling it -- but looking for
options that relate to "shadow" support.
<P> <B>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
What seems to happen? Where I can find more informations about these? A
FAQ or something like...
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
I'd start by reading the Shadow HOWTO. I'd also suggest a
web search on PAM (pluggable authentication modules):
Here's some URL's I have for them:
<ul>
<li>Andrew Morgan's Page:
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/
<li>The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide:
http://www.math.muni.cz/linux/Linux-PAM/html/pam.html
<li>PAM - Pluggable Authentication:
http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/pam/
<li>PAM specs -- OSF RFC 86.0:
http://sysadm.sorosis.ro/devel/pam/rfc86.0.txt
</ul>
It's a good idea to read about PAM since several other
Unix flavors are also moving towards it (currently appearing
in Solaris and HP-UX, at least).
<P> <B>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ques.gif">
Sorry for my bad English, but I think it's better than your
Portuguese...
</B> <P>
<img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/ans2.gif">
Undoubtedly your English is better than my Portugese --
or even my French (I've never studied the former and only
had a couple of high school years of the latter).
--Jim
<!--================================================================-->
<P> <hr> <P>
<center><H4>Previous "Answer Guy" Columns</H4></center>
<P>
<A HREF="../issue13/answer.html">Answer Guy #1, January 1997</A><BR>
<A HREF="../issue14/answer.html">Answer Guy #2, February 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue15/answer.html">Answer Guy #3, March 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue16/answer.html">Answer Guy #4, April 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue17/answer.html">Answer Guy #5, May 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue18/lg_answer18.html">Answer Guy #6, June 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue19/lg_answer19.html">Answer Guy #7, July 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue20/lg_answer20.html">Answer Guy #8, August 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue21/lg_answer21.html">Answer Guy #9, September 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue22/lg_answer22.html">Answer Guy #10, October 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue23/lg_answer23.html">Answer Guy #11, December 1997</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue24/lg_answer24.html">Answer Guy #12, January 1998</A><br>
<A HREF="../issue25/lg_answer25.html">Answer Guy #13, February 1998</A>
<P><HR><P>
<center><H5>Copyright © 1998, James T. Dennis <BR>
Published in <I>Linux Gazette</I> Issue 26 March 1998</H5></center>
<P> <hr> <P>
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