#!/usr/bin/perl -w

# lccnorm by Paul Hoffman (nkuitse AT nkuitse DOT com).
# Copyright 2007 Paul M. Hoffman.
# This software is made available under the same terms as Perl;
# see below for details.

use strict;

# -------------------------------- Required modules

use Biblio::LCC;
use File::Basename qw(basename);
use Getopt::Long
    qw(:config posix_default gnu_compat require_order bundling no_ignore_case);

# -------------------------------- Variables

use vars qw($PROGRAM $VERSION $AUTHOR $COPYRIGHT $PAGER);

$PROGRAM = basename($0);
$VERSION = '0.08';
$AUTHOR  = 'Paul Hoffman (nkuitse AT nkuitse DOT com)';
$COPYRIGHT = "Copyright 2007 Paul M. Hoffman";

my $action = \&run;
my $verbose;

my $in_delim = "\t";
my $out_join;
my ($i, $j) = (0, 0);  # Field(s) that contain the call no. (or range)
my ($output_pos, $copy, $at_beginning, $at_end, $input_is_ranges, $errors_are_fatal);

# -------------------------------- Setup

$| = 1;

# -------------------------------- Read command-line options and arguments

GetOptions(

    'f|fields=s' => sub {
        my $field_spec = $_[1];
        if ($field_spec =~ /^(\d+)-(\d+)$/) {
            ($i, $j) = ($1 - 1, $2 - 1);
            exit usage("Invalid field spec: end must be greater than beginning")
                unless $i < $j;
            exit usage("Invalid field spec: must be 1, 2, 3, or 4 fields")
                unless $j - $i < 4;
        }
        elsif ($field_spec =~ /^(\d+)$/) {
            ($i, $j) = ($1 - 1, $1 - 1);
        }
    },
    'r|ranges'      => \$input_is_ranges,
    
    'd|delimiter=s' => \$in_delim,
    'j|join=s'      => \$out_join,

    'c|copy'        => \$copy,
    'b|beginning'   => \$at_beginning,
    'e|end'         => \$at_end,
    
    'D|die-on-error' => \$errors_are_fatal,
    'v|verbose'       => \$verbose,
    
    'h|help'     => sub { $action = \&help },
    'V|version'  => sub { $action = \&version },
    'M|manual'   => sub { $action = \&manual },
    'L|license'  => sub { $action = \&license },

) or exit usage();

$out_join = $in_delim unless defined $out_join;
$in_delim = qr/\Q$in_delim\E/ if defined $in_delim;

if ($copy) {
    exit usage("Must specify -b|--beginning or -e|--end when using option -c|--copy")
        unless $at_beginning or $at_end;
}

# -------------------------------- Perform the desired action

$action->();

# -------------------------------- Action functions

sub run {

    # --- Figure out how to convert fields to a range string
    
    # Number of fields that hold the call number or range
    my $n = $j - $i + 1;
    
    # Function to construct an (unnormalized) call number or range from the input fields
    my $field2str;
    
    if ($n == 1) {
        # Ranges: ("E184-E184.5") --> "E184-E184.5"
        # Call #: ("Z699.22 .H54 1982")
        $field2str = sub { $_[0] };
    }
    elsif ($n == 2) {
        # Ranges: ("E184", "E184.5") --> "E184-E184.5"
        # Call #: ("Z", "699.22 .H54 1982") or some such
        $field2str = $input_is_ranges
            ? sub { join('-', @_) }
            : sub { join(' ', @_) };
    }
    elsif ($n == 3) {
        # ("E", "184", "184.5") --> "E184-E184.5"
        # Call #: ("Z", "699.22", ".H54 1982") or some such
        $field2str = $input_is_ranges
            ? sub { "$_[0] $_[1]-$_[0] $_[2]" }
            : sub { join(' ', @_) };
    }
    elsif ($n == 4) {
        # ("E", "184", "E", "184.5") --> "E184-E184.5"
        # Call #: ("Z", "699.22", ".H54", "1982") or some such
        $field2str = $input_is_ranges
            ? sub { "$_[0] $_[1]-$_[2] $_[3]" }
            : sub { join(' ', @_) };
    }
    else {
        die "This can't happen, because we eliminated this possibility earlier";
    }
    
    # --- Process the input (finally!)
    
    my $line_num = 1;
    while (<>) {
        chomp;
        my $line = $_;

        # --- Split the line up into fields
        my @fields = split /$in_delim/;

        # --- Isolate the fields that hold the call number (or range) from
        #     those (if any) that precede and follow them
        my (@before, @callnum, @after);
        @before = splice @fields, 0, $i
            if $i > 0;
        @callnum = splice @fields, 0, $n;
        @after = @fields;

        my @result;

        # --- Normalize the call number or range
        if ($input_is_ranges) {
            my $range = $field2str->(@callnum);
            eval {
                @result = Biblio::LCC->normalize_range($range);
            };
        }
        else {
            my $callnum = $field2str->(@callnum);
            eval {
                @result = (Biblio::LCC->normalize($callnum));
            };
        }
        if ($@) {
            print STDERR "Error in input line $line_num: $line\n";
            exit 2 if $errors_are_fatal;
            next;
        }
        my @output;
        if ($copy) {
            @output = $at_beginning
                ? (@result, @before, @callnum, @after)
                : (         @before, @callnum, @after, @result)
                ;
        }
        else {
            @output = $at_beginning
                ? (@result, @before,           @after)
                : $at_end
                    ? ( @before, @after, @result )
                    : ( @before, @result, @after )
                ;
        }
        print join($out_join, @output), "\n";
    }
    continue {
        $line_num++;
    }
}

sub help {
    usage();
    options();
    exit 0;
}

sub version {
    print "This is $PROGRAM " if $verbose;
    print $VERSION;
    print <<"EOS" if $verbose;
 by $AUTHOR.
$COPYRIGHT.
This is free software, made available under the same terms as Perl itself.
EOS
    print "\n" unless $verbose;
    exit 0;
}

sub manual {
    system(podder()) == 0
        or print STDERR "I can't find a way to print the manual page for $PROGRAM.\n";
}

sub license {
    my $pager = pager();
    if ($pager and which('sed')) {
        system(qq{sed '/^This software is made available/,/^The End/!d' "$0" | "$pager"});
    } else {
        print STDERR "I can't find a way to print the license for $PROGRAM\n";
    }
}

# -------------------------------- Other functions

sub options {
    print <<"EOS";
Options:
  -f|--fields RANGE   Field(s) containing the call number (or range)
  -r|--ranges         Input is ranges
  
  -d|--delimiter STR  Input delimiter (default: tab)
  -j|--join STR       Output delimiter (default: same as for input)

  -c|--copy           Don't delete source fields
  -b|--beginning      Put normalized string at beginning of line
  -e|--end            Put normalized string at end of line
  
  -D|--die-on-error   Exit with an error as soon as an error is encountered
  -v|--verbose        Be verbose
  
  -h|--help           Print help and exit
  -V|--version        Print version and exit
  -M|--manual         Print manual (using pager) and exit
  -L|--license        Print license (using pager) and exit
EOS
}

sub usage {
    print STDERR "$_\n" foreach @_;
    print <<"EOS";
Usage:
  $PROGRAM [OPTION...] [FILE...]
EOS
    return 1;
}

sub pager {
    return $PAGER if defined $PAGER;
    $PAGER = $ENV{'PAGER'} || which(qw(less more)) || which('cat') || 0;
    return $PAGER;
}

sub podder {
    return "cat $0 | pod2man -n $PROGRAM -s 1 -r $VERSION -c '' | nroff -man | " . pager()
        if pager() and which('pod2man') and which('nroff');
    return "man 1 $PROGRAM"
        if manpage($PROGRAM);
    return "perldoc -F $0"
        if which('perldoc');
    return undef;
}

sub which {
    my $out;
    no warnings;
    foreach my $prog (@_) {
        $out = `which $prog 2>/dev/null`;
        if (defined $out) {
            chomp $out;
            return $out if -x $out;
        }
    }
    return undef;
}

sub manpage {
    return unless which('man');
    my $out = `man -w 1 $PROGRAM 2>/dev/null`;
    return unless defined $out;
    chomp $out;
    return $out;
}

=head1 NAME

lccnorm - normalize Library of Congress Classification call numbers

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<lccnorm> [I<option>...] [I<file>...]

B<lccnorm> B<-h>|B<--help>

B<lccnorm> B<-V>|B<--version>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

B<lccnorm> transforms LC-style call numbers into a form that may be used in a
straight ASCII sort.

By default, each line of input is assumed to consist of a number of
tab-delimited fields, of which the first contains an LC-style call number or
class.

If no file is specified, or if the file name C<-> is specified, standard input
will be processed.

Normalization of call number ranges is a special challenge, because ranges are
not normally specified using the exact endpoint.  Consider the range C<B708-B713>; while
C<B708> does indicate the beginning point -- a no call number that comes before B 708 can
fall within the range -- the end point is only a guide, not a strict limit, since the intent
is that call numbers such as C<B 713 .H94> and C<B 713 .W55 L86> B<do> fall within the
range.  Unfortunately, ranges are often specified ambiguously; for example, the call number
C<B 713.14 G92> might or might not be considered to fall within this range.

=head1 OPTIONS

=over 4

=item B<-d>, B<--delimiter> I<string>

Specify a string other than a single tab (ASCII character 9) to delimit the
fields in a line of input.  This also provides the default for joining fields
in the output; see option B<-j> below.

=item B<-f>, B<--field> I<range>

The call number (or range) is found in the given range of fields.  Fields are
1-based (the first field is field 1, not field 0) and are separated by a single
tab character (unless option B<-d> is used to specify an alternate delimiter).

When parsing call numbers (not ranges), all fields are concatenated using a
single space to form the call number that will be normalized.

When parsing ranges, there are four possibilities:

=over 4

=item 1 field

The field contains a range in the form I<prefix> (e.g., C<J80>), I<closed
range> (e.g., C<ML566-566.6> or C<ML566-ML566.6>) or I<half-open range> (e.g.,
C<< KME451E<lt>KME500 >>).

=item 2 fields

The first field is the beginning of the (closed) range, and the second is the
end.

=item 3 fields

The first field is a prefix common to both the beginning and end of the range,
and the second and third fields are the remainders.

=item 4 fields

The first and third fields together are the beginning of the range, and the
second and fourth are the end.

=back

For example, the following all produce identical output:

    $ echo 'PL4501-4509'     | lccnorm -d: -f1
    $ echo 'PL4501:PL4509'   | lccnorm -d: -f1-2
    $ echo 'PL:4501:4509'    | lccnorm -d: -f1-3
    $ echo 'PL:4501:PL:4509' | lccnorm -d: -f1-4

=item B<-j>, B<--join> I<string>

Specify a character to use when joining fields for output. The default is to use the same
string specified in option B<-d>, or a single tab if B<-d> was not given.

=item B<-c>

Don't delete the input fields from which call numbers (or ranges) were obtained.
Either the B<-b> and B<-e> option must be provided to specify where the normalized 
string is to be placed.

=item B<-b>, B<--begin>

Place normalized strings at the beginning of output lines.

=item B<-e>, B<--end>

Place normalized strings at the end of output lines.

=item B<-D>, B<--die-on-error>

Exit with a non-zero status as soon as an unnormalizable input is encountered.
The default is to issue a warning and normalize to the empty string.

=item B<-v>, B<--verbose>

Be verbose.  This currently has no effect unless used with the B<-V> or
B<--version> option.

=item B<-h>, B<--help>

Print help information and exit.

=item B<-V>, B<--version>

Print the version number and exit.  If the B<-v> or B<--verbose> option is
specified, print out additional information.

=item B<-M>, B<--manual>

View the manual page for B<lccnorm>.

=item B<-L>, B<--license>

View the license under which B<lccnorm> is distributed.

=back

=head1 AUTHOR

Paul Hoffman (nkuitse AT nkuitse DOT com)

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2007 Paul M. Hoffman.

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl:

=over 4

=item a)

the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version;

B<or>

=item b)

the "Artistic License".

For the full text of these licenses, see the script file itself or
enter the command B<lccnorm -L>.

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Biblio::LCC|Biblio::LCC>

=begin license

This software is made available under the same terms as Perl:

   a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
      Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any
      later version;

or (at your option)

   b) the "Artistic License"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The General Public License (GPL)
Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,
MA 02139, USA. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of
this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

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END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS


----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Artistic License

Preamble

The intent of this document is to state the conditions under which a Package may
be copied, such that the Copyright Holder maintains some semblance of artistic
control over the development of the package, while giving the users of the
package the right to use and distribute the Package in a more-or-less customary
fashion, plus the right to make reasonable modifications.

Definitions:

 - "Package" refers to the collection of files distributed by the Copyright
   Holder, and derivatives of that collection of files created through textual
   modification. 
 - "Standard Version" refers to such a Package if it has not been modified,
   or has been modified in accordance with the wishes of the Copyright
   Holder. 
 - "Copyright Holder" is whoever is named in the copyright or copyrights for
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 - "You" is you, if you're thinking about copying or distributing this Package.
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 - "Freely Available" means that no fee is charged for the item itself, though
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1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of the Standard
Version of this Package without restriction, provided that you duplicate all of
the original copyright notices and associated disclaimers.

2. You may apply bug fixes, portability fixes and other modifications derived
from the Public Domain or from the Copyright Holder. A Package modified in such
a way shall still be considered the Standard Version.

3. You may otherwise modify your copy of this Package in any way, provided that
you insert a prominent notice in each changed file stating how and when you
changed that file, and provided that you do at least ONE of the following:

     a) place your modifications in the Public Domain or otherwise
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     b) use the modified Package only within your corporation or
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     c) rename any non-standard executables so the names do not
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     d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.

4. You may distribute the programs of this Package in object code or executable
form, provided that you do at least ONE of the following:

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     files, together with instructions (in the manual page or equivalent)
     on where to get the Standard Version.

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     c) accompany any non-standard executables with their
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     documenting the differences in manual pages (or equivalent),
     together with instructions on where to get the Standard Version.

     d) make other distribution arrangements with the Copyright Holder.

5. You may charge a reasonable copying fee for any distribution of this Package.
You may charge any fee you choose for support of this Package. You may not
charge a fee for this Package itself. However, you may distribute this Package
in aggregate with other (possibly commercial) programs as part of a larger
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6. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as output from
the programs of this Package do not automatically fall under the copyright of
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7. C or perl subroutines supplied by you and linked into this Package shall not
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8. The name of the Copyright Holder may not be used to endorse or promote
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9. THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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The End

=end license