File: dbdimp.c

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/*

  Copyright (c) 2002-2023 Greg Sabino Mullane and others: see the Changes file
  Portions Copyright (c) 2002 Jeffrey W. Baker
  Portions Copyright (c) 1997-2000 Edmund Mergl
  Portions Copyright (c) 1994-1997 Tim Bunce
   
  You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
  License or the Artistic License, as specified in the Perl README file.

*/


#include "Pg.h"

#if defined (_WIN32) && !defined (atoll)
#define atoll(X) _atoi64(X)
#endif

#define DEBUG_LAST_RESULT 0

#if PGLIBVERSION < 80300
Oid lo_truncate (PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len);
Oid lo_truncate (PGconn *conn, int fd, size_t len) {
    croak ("Cannot use lo_truncate unless compiled against Postgres 8.3 or later");
}

#endif

#if PGLIBVERSION < 80400
Oid lo_import_with_oid (PGconn *conn, char *filename, unsigned int lobjId);
Oid lo_import_with_oid (PGconn *conn, char *filename, unsigned int lobjId) {
    croak ("Cannot use lo_import_with_oid unless compiled against Postgres 8.4 or later");
}

#endif

#ifndef PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME
#define PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME     's'
#define PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME      't'
#define PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME     'c'
#define PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME   'd'
#define PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME 'n'
#endif

#ifndef PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED
#define PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED 'V'
#endif

#ifndef PGErrorVerbosity
typedef enum
    {
        PGERROR_TERSE,                /* single-line error messages */
        PGERROR_DEFAULT,            /* recommended style */
        PGERROR_VERBOSE                /* all the facts, ma'am */
    } PGErrorVerbosity;
#endif

typedef enum
    {
        PQTYPE_UNKNOWN,
        PQTYPE_EXEC,
        PQTYPE_PARAMS,
        PQTYPE_PREPARED,
    } PQExecType;

#define IS_DBI_HANDLE(h)                                        \
    (SvROK(h) && SvTYPE(SvRV(h)) == SVt_PVHV &&                    \
     SvRMAGICAL(SvRV(h)) && (SvMAGIC(SvRV(h)))->mg_type == 'P')

static void pg_error(pTHX_ SV *h, int error_num, const char *error_msg);
static void pg_warn (void * arg, const char * message);
static ExecStatusType _result(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh, const char *sql);
static void _fatal_sqlstate(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh);
static ExecStatusType _sqlstate(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh, PGresult *result);
static int pg_db_rollback_commit (pTHX_ SV *dbh, imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh, int action);
static SV *pg_st_placeholder_key (imp_sth_t *imp_sth, ph_t *currph, int i);
static void pg_st_split_statement (pTHX_ imp_sth_t *imp_sth, char *statement);
static int pg_st_prepare_statement (pTHX_ SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth);
static int pg_st_deallocate_statement(pTHX_ SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth);
static PGTransactionStatusType pg_db_txn_status (pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh);
static int pg_db_start_txn (pTHX_ SV *dbh, imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh);
static int handle_old_async(pTHX_ SV * handle, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, const int asyncflag);
static void pg_db_detect_client_encoding_utf8(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh);

/* ================================================================== */
void dbd_init (dbistate_t *dbistate)
{
    dTHX;
    DBISTATE_INIT;
}


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_login6 (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, char * dbname, char * uid, char * pwd, SV *attr)
{

    dTHR;
    dTHX;
    char *         conn_str;
    char *         dest;
    bool           inquote = DBDPG_FALSE;
    STRLEN         connect_string_size;
    ConnStatusType connstatus;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_login\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* DBD::Pg syntax: 'dbname=dbname;host=host;port=port', 'User', 'Pass' */
    /* libpq syntax: 'dbname=dbname host=host port=port user=uid password=pwd' */

    /* Figure out how large our connection string is going to be */
    connect_string_size = strlen(dbname);
    if (*uid)
        connect_string_size += strlen("user='' ") + 2*strlen(uid);
    if (*pwd)
        connect_string_size += strlen("password='' ") + 2*strlen(pwd);
    New(0, conn_str, connect_string_size+1, char); /* freed below */

    /* Change all semi-colons in dbname to a space, unless single-quoted */
    dest = conn_str;
    while (*dbname != '\0') {
        if (';' == *dbname && !inquote)
            *dest++ = ' ';
        else {
            if ('\\' == *dbname && *(dbname+1) != '\0')
                *dest++ = *dbname++;
            else if ('\'' == *dbname)
                inquote = !inquote;
            *dest++ = *dbname;
        }
        dbname++;
    }
    *dest = '\0';

    /* Add in the user and/or password if they exist, escaping single quotes and backslashes */
    if (*uid) {
        strcat(conn_str, " user='");
        dest = conn_str;
        while(*dest != '\0')
            dest++;
        while(*uid != '\0') {
            if ('\''==*uid || '\\'==*uid)
                *(dest++)='\\';
            *(dest++)=*(uid++);
        }
        *dest = '\0';
        strcat(conn_str, "'");
    }
    if (*pwd) {
        strcat(conn_str, " password='");
        dest = conn_str;
        while(*dest != '\0')
            dest++;
        while(*pwd != '\0') {
            if ('\''==*pwd || '\\'==*pwd)
                *(dest++)='\\';
            *(dest++)=*(pwd++);
        }
        *dest = '\0';
        strcat(conn_str, "'");
    }

    /* Remove any stored savepoint information */
    if (imp_dbh->savepoints) {
        av_undef(imp_dbh->savepoints);
        sv_free((SV *)imp_dbh->savepoints);
    }
    imp_dbh->savepoints = newAV(); /* freed in dbd_db_destroy */

    /* Close any old connection and free memory, just in case */
    if (imp_dbh->conn) {
        TRACE_PQFINISH;
        PQfinish(imp_dbh->conn);
    }
    
    /* Attempt the connection to the database */
    if (TLOGIN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sLogin connection string: (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, conn_str);
    TRACE_PQCONNECTDB;
    imp_dbh->conn = PQconnectdb(conn_str);
    if (TLOGIN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sConnection complete\n", THEADER_slow);
    Safefree(conn_str);

    /* Set the initial sqlstate */
    Renew(imp_dbh->sqlstate, 6, char); /* freed in dbd_db_destroy */
    strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, "25P01", 6); /* "NO ACTIVE SQL TRANSACTION" */

    /* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
    TRACE_PQSTATUS;
    connstatus = PQstatus(imp_dbh->conn);
    if (CONNECTION_OK != connstatus) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, "08006", 6); /* "CONNECTION FAILURE" */
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, connstatus, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        TRACE_PQFINISH;
        PQfinish(imp_dbh->conn);
        sv_free((SV *)imp_dbh->savepoints);
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_login (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Call the pg_warn function anytime this connection raises a notice */
    TRACE_PQSETNOTICEPROCESSOR;
    (void)PQsetNoticeProcessor(imp_dbh->conn, pg_warn, (void *)SvRV(dbh));
    
    /* Figure out what protocol this server is using (most likely 3) */
    TRACE_PQPROTOCOLVERSION;
    imp_dbh->pg_protocol = PQprotocolVersion(imp_dbh->conn);

    /* Figure out this particular backend's version */
    TRACE_PQSERVERVERSION;
    imp_dbh->pg_server_version = PQserverVersion(imp_dbh->conn);

    if (imp_dbh->pg_server_version < 80000) {
        /* 
           Special workaround for PgBouncer, which has the unfortunate habit of modifying 'server_version', 
           something it should never do. If we think this is the case for the version failure, we 
           simply allow things to continue with a faked version. See github issue #47
        */
        if (NULL != strstr(PQparameterStatus(imp_dbh->conn, "server_version"), "bouncer")) {
           imp_dbh->pg_server_version = 90600;
        }
        else {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, "08001", 6); /* sqlclient_unable_to_establish_sqlconnection */
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, CONNECTION_BAD, "Server version 8.0 required");
            TRACE_PQFINISH;
            PQfinish(imp_dbh->conn);
            sv_free((SV *)imp_dbh->savepoints);
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_login (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 0;
        }
    }

    pg_db_detect_client_encoding_utf8(aTHX_ imp_dbh);

    /* If the client_encoding is UTF8, flip the utf8 flag until convinced otherwise */
    imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag = imp_dbh->client_encoding_utf8;

    imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8  = -1;

    imp_dbh->prepare_now       = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->done_begin        = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->dollaronly        = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->nocolons          = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->ph_escaped        = DBDPG_TRUE;
    imp_dbh->expand_array      = DBDPG_TRUE;
    imp_dbh->txn_read_only     = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->pid_number        = getpid();
    imp_dbh->server_prepare    = DBDPG_TRUE;
    imp_dbh->prepare_number    = 1;
    imp_dbh->switch_prepared   = 2;
    imp_dbh->copystate         = 0;
    imp_dbh->copybinary        = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->pg_errorlevel     = 1; /* Default */
    imp_dbh->async_status      = 0;
    imp_dbh->async_sth         = NULL;
    imp_dbh->last_result       = NULL; /* NULL or the last PGresult returned by a database or statement handle */
    imp_dbh->result_clearable  = DBDPG_TRUE;
    imp_dbh->pg_int8_as_string = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_dbh->skip_deallocate   = DBDPG_FALSE;

    /* Tell DBI that we should call destroy when the handle dies */
    DBIc_IMPSET_on(imp_dbh);

    /* Tell DBI that we should call disconnect when the handle dies */
    DBIc_ACTIVE_on(imp_dbh);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_login\n", THEADER_slow);

    return 1;

} /* end of dbd_db_login */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Database specific error handling.
*/
static void pg_error (pTHX_ SV * h, int error_num, const char * error_msg)
{
    D_imp_xxh(h);
    size_t error_len;
    imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh = (imp_dbh_t *)(DBIc_TYPE(imp_xxh) == DBIt_ST ? DBIc_PARENT_COM(imp_xxh) : imp_xxh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_error (message: %s number: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, error_msg, error_num);

    error_len = strlen(error_msg);

    /* Strip final newline so line number appears for warn/die */
    if (error_len > 0 && error_msg[error_len-1] == 10)
        error_len--;

    sv_setiv(DBIc_ERR(imp_xxh), (IV)error_num);
    sv_setpv(DBIc_STATE(imp_xxh), (char*)imp_dbh->sqlstate);

    /*
        We need a special exception for cases in which libpq doesn't know what the error was,
        and Postgres returns nothing. Probably client_min_messages is boosted too high.
        See CPAN ticket #109591
    */
    if (7 == error_num && 0 == error_len) {
        sv_setpvn(DBIc_ERRSTR(imp_xxh), "No error returned from Postgres. Perhaps client_min_messages is set too high?", 77);
    }
    else {
        sv_setpvn(DBIc_ERRSTR(imp_xxh), error_msg, error_len);
    }

    /* Set as utf-8 */
    if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag)
        SvUTF8_on(DBIc_ERRSTR(imp_xxh));

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_error\n", THEADER_slow);

} /* end of pg_error */


/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Turn database notices into perl warnings for proper handling.
*/
static void pg_warn (void * arg, const char * message)
{
    dTHX;
    SV *tmp;

    tmp = sv_2mortal(newRV_inc((SV *)arg));

    /* This fun little bit is to prevent a core dump when the following occurs:
       client_min_messages is set to DEBUG3 or greater, and we exit without a disconnect.
       DBI issues a 'rollback' in this case, which causes some debugging messages 
       to be emitted from the server (such as "StartTransactionCommand"). However, we can't do 
       the D_imp_dbh call anymore, because the underlying dbh has lost some of its magic.
       Unfortunately, DBI then coredumps in dbh_getcom2. Hence, we make sure that the 
       object passed in is still 'valid', in that a certain level has a ROK flag.
       If it's not, we just return without issuing any warning, as we can't check things 
       like DBIc_WARN. There may be a better way of handling all this, and we may want to 
       default to always warn() - input welcome.
    */
    if (!SvROK(SvMAGIC(SvRV(tmp))->mg_obj)) {
        return;
    }
    else {
        D_imp_dbh(tmp);

        if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_warn (message: %s DBIc_WARN: %d PrintWarn: %d)\n",
                        THEADER_slow,
                        message, DBIc_WARN(imp_dbh) ? 1 : 0,
                        DBIc_is(imp_dbh, DBIcf_PrintWarn) ? 1 : 0);

        if (DBIc_WARN(imp_dbh) && DBIc_is(imp_dbh, DBIcf_PrintWarn))
            warn("%s", message);

        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_warn\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

} /* end of pg_warn */


/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Quick command executor used throughout this file
*/
static ExecStatusType _result(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, const char * sql)
{
    ExecStatusType status;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin _result (sql: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, sql);

    if (TSQL) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s;\n\n", sql);

    /* Free the last_result as needed, as we are about to replace it */
    if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
        PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
        imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
    }

    TRACE_PQEXEC;
    imp_dbh->last_result = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, sql);
    imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_TRUE;
    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, imp_dbh->last_result);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd _result\n", THEADER_slow);
    return status;

} /* end of _result */


/* ================================================================== */
/* Set the SQLSTATE for a 'fatal' error */
static void _fatal_sqlstate(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    char *sqlstate;

    sqlstate = PQstatus(imp_dbh->conn) == CONNECTION_BAD ?
        "08000" :    /* CONNECTION EXCEPTION */
        "22000";    /* DATA EXCEPTION */
    strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, sqlstate, 6);
}

/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Set the SQLSTATE based on a result, returns the status
*/
static ExecStatusType _sqlstate(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, PGresult * result)
{
    char *sqlstate;
    ExecStatusType status   = PGRES_FATAL_ERROR; /* until proven otherwise */

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin _sqlstate\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (result) {
        TRACE_PQRESULTSTATUS;
        status = PQresultStatus(result);
    }

    sqlstate = NULL;

    /*
      Because PQresultErrorField may not work completely when an error occurs, and 
      we are connecting over TCP/IP, only set it here if non-null, and fall through 
      to a better default value below.
    */
    if (result) {
        TRACE_PQRESULTERRORFIELD;
        sqlstate = PQresultErrorField(result, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE);
    }
    
    if (!sqlstate) {
        /* Do our best to map the status result to a sqlstate code */
        switch ((int)status) {
        case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
        case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
        case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
        case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
        case PGRES_COPY_IN:
        case PGRES_COPY_BOTH:
            sqlstate = "00000"; /* SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION */
            break;
        case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
        case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
            sqlstate = "01000"; /* WARNING */
            break;
        case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
            /* libpq returns NULL result in case of connection failures */
            if (!result || PQstatus(imp_dbh->conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
                sqlstate = "08000";    /* CONNECTION EXCEPTION */
                break;
            }
            /*@fallthrough@*/
        default:
            sqlstate = "22000"; /* DATA EXCEPTION */
            break;
        }
    }

    strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, sqlstate, 5);
    imp_dbh->sqlstate[5] = 0;

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd _sqlstate (imp_dbh->sqlstate: %s)\n",
                  THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->sqlstate);

    if (TRACE7_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s_sqlstate txn_status is %d\n",
                    THEADER_slow, pg_db_txn_status(aTHX_ imp_dbh));


    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd _sqlstate (status: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, status);
    return status;

} /* end of _sqlstate */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_ping (SV * dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    PGTransactionStatusType tstatus;
    ExecStatusType          status;
    PGresult              * result;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_ping\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (NULL == imp_dbh->conn) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_ping (error: no connection)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -1;
    }

    tstatus = pg_db_txn_status(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
    if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sdbd_db_ping txn_status is %d\n", THEADER_slow, tstatus);

    if (tstatus >= PQTRANS_UNKNOWN) { /* Unknown, so we err on the side of "bad" */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_pg_ping (result: -2 unknown/bad)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }

    /* No matter what state we are in, send an empty query to the backend */
    result = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, "/* DBD::Pg ping test v3.18.0 */");
    status = PQresultStatus(result);
    PQclear(result);
    if (PGRES_FATAL_ERROR == status) {
        /* Something very bad, usually indicating the backend is gone */
        return -3;
    }

    /* We expect to see an empty query most times */
    if (PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY == status) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_pg_ping (PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 1+tstatus;
        /* 0=idle 1=active 2=intrans 3=inerror 4=unknown */
    }

    /* As a safety measure, check PQstatus as well */
    if (CONNECTION_BAD == PQstatus(imp_dbh->conn)) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_pg_ping (PQstatus returned CONNECTION_BAD)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -4;
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_pg_ping\n", THEADER_slow);

    return 1+tstatus;

} /* end of dbd_db_ping */
 

/* ================================================================== */
static PGTransactionStatusType pg_db_txn_status (pTHX_ imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin PGTransactionStatusType\n", THEADER_slow);
    TRACE_PQTRANSACTIONSTATUS;
    return PQtransactionStatus(imp_dbh->conn);

} /* end of pg_db_txn_status */


/* rollback and commit share so much code they get one function: */

/* ================================================================== */
static int pg_db_rollback_commit (pTHX_ SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, int action)
{
    PGTransactionStatusType tstatus;
    ExecStatusType          status;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_rollback_commit (action: %s AutoCommit: %d BegunWork: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow,
                    action ? "commit" : "rollback",
                    DBIc_is(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit) ? 1 : 0,
                    DBIc_is(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork) ? 1 : 0);
    
    /* No action if AutoCommit = on or the connection is invalid */
    if ((NULL == imp_dbh->conn) || (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit))) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_commit (result: 0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    /* We only perform these actions if we need to. For newer servers, we 
       ask it for the status directly and double-check things */

    tstatus = pg_db_txn_status(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
    if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sdbd_db_%s txn_status is %d\n", THEADER_slow, action ? "commit" : "rollback", tstatus);

    if (PQTRANS_IDLE == tstatus) { /* Not in a transaction */
        if (imp_dbh->done_begin) {
            /* We think we ARE in a transaction but we really are not */
            if (TRACEWARN_slow)
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sWarning: invalid done_begin turned off\n", THEADER_slow);
            imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
    }
    else if (PQTRANS_ACTIVE == tstatus) { /* Still active - probably in a COPY */
        if (TRACEWARN_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP,"%sCommand in progress, so no done_begin checking!\n", THEADER_slow);
    }
    else if (PQTRANS_INTRANS == tstatus || PQTRANS_INERROR == tstatus) { /* In a (possibly failed) transaction */
        if (!imp_dbh->done_begin) {
            /* We think we are NOT in a transaction but we really are */
            if (TRACEWARN_slow)
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sWarning: invalid done_begin turned on\n", THEADER_slow);
            imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
    }
    else { /* Something is wrong: transaction status unknown */
        if (TRACEWARN_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sWarning: cannot determine transaction status\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    if (!imp_dbh->done_begin) { /* for example, inside a COPY */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_commit (result: 1)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 1;
    }

    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, action ? "commit" : "rollback");
        
    /* Set this early, for scripts that continue despite the error below */
    imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;

    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_commit (error: status not OK)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    /* If begin_work has been called, turn AutoCommit back on and BegunWork off */
    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork)!=0) {
        DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit, 1);
        DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork, 0);
    }


    /* We just did a rollback or a commit, so savepoints are not relevant, and we cannot be in a PGRES_COPY state */
    av_undef(imp_dbh->savepoints);
    imp_dbh->copystate=0;

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_commit (result: 1)\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_rollback_commit */

/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_commit (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_commit\n", THEADER_slow);
    return pg_db_rollback_commit(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, 1);
}

/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_rollback (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_rollback\n", THEADER_slow);
    return pg_db_rollback_commit(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, 0);
}


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_disconnect (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_disconnect\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* We assume that disconnect will always work    
       since most errors imply already disconnected. */

    DBIc_ACTIVE_off(imp_dbh);
    
    if (NULL != imp_dbh->conn) {
        /* Attempt a rollback */
        if (0 != dbd_db_rollback(dbh, imp_dbh) && TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sdbd_db_disconnect: AutoCommit=off -> rollback\n", THEADER_slow);
        
        TRACE_PQFINISH;
        PQfinish(imp_dbh->conn);
        imp_dbh->conn = NULL;
    }

    /* We don't free imp_dbh since a reference still exists    */
    /* The DESTROY method is the only one to 'free' memory.    */
    /* Note that statement objects may still exists for this dbh! */

    if (TLOGIN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sDisconnection complete\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_disconnect\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of dbd_db_disconnect */


/* ================================================================== */
void dbd_db_destroy (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_destroy\n", THEADER_slow);

    imp_dbh->do_tmp_sth = NULL;

    if (DBIc_ACTIVE(imp_dbh))
        (void)dbd_db_disconnect(dbh, imp_dbh);

    if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth) { /* Just in case */
        if (imp_dbh->async_sth->result) {
            TRACE_PQCLEAR;
            PQclear(imp_dbh->async_sth->result);
            imp_dbh->async_sth->result = NULL;
        }
        imp_dbh->async_sth = NULL;
    }

    /* Free the last_result as needed */
    if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
        PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
        imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
    }

    av_undef(imp_dbh->savepoints);
    sv_free((SV *)imp_dbh->savepoints);
    Safefree(imp_dbh->sqlstate);

    DBIc_IMPSET_off(imp_dbh);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_destroy\n", THEADER_slow);

} /* end of dbd_db_destroy */


/* ================================================================== */
SV * dbd_db_FETCH_attrib (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, SV * keysv)
{
    dTHX;
    STRLEN kl;
    char * key = SvPV(keysv,kl);
    SV *   retsv = Nullsv;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_FETCH (key: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, dbh ? key : key);

    switch (kl) {

    case 5: /* pg_db */

        if (strEQ("pg_db", key)) {
            TRACE_PQDB;
            retsv = newSVpv(PQdb(imp_dbh->conn),0);
        }
        break;

    case 6: /* pg_pid */

        if (strEQ("pg_pid", key)) {
            TRACE_PQBACKENDPID;
            retsv = newSViv((IV)PQbackendPID(imp_dbh->conn));
        }
        break;

    case 7: /* pg_user  pg_pass  pg_port  pg_host */

        if (strEQ("pg_user", key)) {
            TRACE_PQUSER;
            retsv = newSVpv(PQuser(imp_dbh->conn),0);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_pass", key)) {
            TRACE_PQPASS;
            retsv = newSVpv(PQpass(imp_dbh->conn),0);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_port", key)) {
            TRACE_PQPORT;
            retsv = newSVpv(PQport(imp_dbh->conn),0);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_host", key)) {
            TRACE_PQHOST;
            retsv = PQhost(imp_dbh->conn) ? newSVpv(PQhost(imp_dbh->conn),0) : Nullsv;
        }
        break;

    case 9: /* pg_socket */

        if (strEQ("pg_socket", key)) {
            TRACE_PQSOCKET;
            retsv = newSViv((IV)PQsocket(imp_dbh->conn));
        }
        break;

    case 10: /* AutoCommit  pg_bool_tf  pg_options */

        if (strEQ("AutoCommit", key))
            retsv = boolSV(DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit));
        else if (strEQ("pg_bool_tf", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_bool_tf);
        else if (strEQ("pg_options", key)) {
            TRACE_PQOPTIONS;
            retsv = newSVpv(PQoptions(imp_dbh->conn),0);
        }
        break;

    case 11: /* pg_INV_READ  pg_protocol  ParamValues */

        if (strEQ("pg_INV_READ", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)INV_READ);
        else if (strEQ("pg_protocol", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_protocol);
        else if (strEQ("ParamValues", key) && imp_dbh->do_tmp_sth != NULL)
            return dbd_st_FETCH_attrib (dbh, imp_dbh->do_tmp_sth, keysv);
        break;

    case 12: /* pg_INV_WRITE  pg_utf8_flag */

        if (strEQ("pg_INV_WRITE", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV) INV_WRITE );
        else if (strEQ("pg_utf8_flag", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag);
        break;

    case 13: /* pg_errorlevel */

        if (strEQ("pg_errorlevel", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_errorlevel);
        break;

    case 14: /* pg_lib_version  pg_prepare_now  pg_enable_utf8 */

        if (strEQ("pg_lib_version", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV) PGLIBVERSION );
        else if (strEQ("pg_prepare_now", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->prepare_now);
        else if (strEQ("pg_enable_utf8", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8);
        break;

    case 15: /* pg_default_port pg_async_status pg_expand_array */

        if (strEQ("pg_default_port", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV) PGDEFPORT );
        else if (strEQ("pg_async_status", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->async_status);
        else if (strEQ("pg_expand_array", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->expand_array);
        break;

    case 17: /* pg_server_prepare  pg_server_version  pg_int8_as_string */

        if (strEQ("pg_server_prepare", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->server_prepare);
        else if (strEQ("pg_server_version", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_server_version);
        else if (strEQ("pg_int8_as_string", key)) {
              retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->pg_int8_as_string);
        }
        break;

    case 18: /* pg_switch_prepared  pg_skip_deallocate */

        if (strEQ("pg_switch_prepared", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->switch_prepared);
        else if (strEQ("pg_skip_deallocate", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->skip_deallocate);
        break;

    case 23: /* pg_placeholder_nocolons */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_nocolons", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->nocolons);
        break;

    case 25: /* pg_placeholder_dollaronly */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_dollaronly", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_dbh->dollaronly);
        break;

    case 30: /* pg_standard_conforming_strings */

        if (strEQ("pg_standard_conforming_strings", key)) {
            if (NULL != PQparameterStatus(imp_dbh->conn, "standard_conforming_strings")) {
                retsv = newSVpv(PQparameterStatus(imp_dbh->conn,"standard_conforming_strings"),0);
            }
        }
        break;

    default: /* Do nothing, unknown name */
        break;

    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_FETCH_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (!retsv)
        return Nullsv;
    
    if (retsv == &PL_sv_yes || retsv == &PL_sv_no) {
        return retsv; /* no need to mortalize yes or no */
    }
    return sv_2mortal(retsv);

} /* end of dbd_db_FETCH_attrib */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_db_STORE_attrib (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, SV * keysv, SV * valuesv)
{
    dTHX;
    STRLEN       kl;
    char *       key = SvPV(keysv,kl);
    unsigned int newval = SvTRUE(valuesv);
    int          retval = 0;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_db_STORE (key: %s newval: %d kl:%d)\n", THEADER_slow, key, newval, (int)kl);
    
    switch (kl) {

    case 8: /* ReadOnly */

        if (strEQ("ReadOnly", key)) {
            if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
                warn("Setting ReadOnly in AutoCommit mode has no effect");
            }
            imp_dbh->txn_read_only = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 10: /* AutoCommit  pg_bool_tf */

        if (strEQ("AutoCommit", key)) {
            if (newval != DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
                if (newval!=0) { /* It was off but is now on, so do a final commit */
                    if (0!=dbd_db_commit(dbh, imp_dbh) && TRACE4_slow)
                        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sSetting AutoCommit to 'on' forced a commit\n", THEADER_slow);
                }
                DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit, newval);
            }
            retval = 1;
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_bool_tf", key)) {
            imp_dbh->pg_bool_tf = newval!=0 ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;
    
    case 13: /* pg_errorlevel */

        if (strEQ("pg_errorlevel", key)) {
            if (SvOK(valuesv)) {
                newval = (unsigned)SvIV(valuesv);
            }
            /* Default to "1" if an invalid value is passed in */
            imp_dbh->pg_errorlevel = 0==newval ? 0 : 2==newval ? 2 : 1;
            TRACE_PQSETERRORVERBOSITY;
            (void)PQsetErrorVerbosity(imp_dbh->conn, (PGVerbosity)imp_dbh->pg_errorlevel);
            if (TRACE5_slow)
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sReset error verbosity to %d\n", THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->pg_errorlevel);
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 14: /* pg_prepare_now  pg_enable_utf8 */

        if (strEQ("pg_prepare_now", key)) {
            imp_dbh->prepare_now = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }

        /* 
           We don't want to check the client_encoding every single time we talk to the database,
           so we only do it here, which allows people to signal DBD::Pg that something 
           may have changed, so could you please rescan client_encoding?
        */
        else if (strEQ("pg_enable_utf8", key)) {
            /* Technically, we only allow -1, 0, and 1 */
            if (SvOK(valuesv)) {
                newval = (unsigned)SvIV(valuesv);
            }
            imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8 = newval;

            /* Never use the utf8 flag, no matter what */
            if (0 == imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8) {
                imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag = DBDPG_FALSE;
            }
            /* Always use the flag, no matter what */
            else if (1 == imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8) {
                imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }
            /* Do The Right Thing */
            else if (-1 == imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8) {
                pg_db_detect_client_encoding_utf8(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
                imp_dbh->pg_enable_utf8 = -1;
                imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag = imp_dbh->client_encoding_utf8;
            }
            else {
                warn("The pg_enable_utf8 setting can only be set to 0, 1, or -1");
            }
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 15: /* pg_expand_array */

        if (strEQ("pg_expand_array", key)) {
            imp_dbh->expand_array = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 17: /* pg_server_prepare  pg_int8_as_string */

        if (strEQ("pg_server_prepare", key)) {
            imp_dbh->server_prepare = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_int8_as_string", key)) {
            imp_dbh->pg_int8_as_string = newval!=0 ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 18: /* pg_switch_prepared  pg_skip_deallocate */

        if (strEQ("pg_switch_prepared", key)) {
            if (SvOK(valuesv)) {
                imp_dbh->switch_prepared = (unsigned)SvIV(valuesv);
                retval = 1;
            }
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_skip_deallocate", key)) {
            if (SvOK(valuesv)) {
                imp_dbh->skip_deallocate = (unsigned)SvIV(valuesv);
                retval = 1;
            }
        }
        break;

    case 22: /* pg_placeholder_escaped */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_escaped", key)) {
            imp_dbh->ph_escaped = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 23: /* pg_placeholder_nocolons */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_nocolons", key)) {
            imp_dbh->nocolons = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 25: /* pg_placeholder_dollaronly */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_dollaronly", key)) {
            imp_dbh->dollaronly = newval ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_db_STORE_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);
    return retval;

} /* end of dbd_db_STORE_attrib */

static SV * pg_st_placeholder_key (imp_sth_t * imp_sth, ph_t * currph, int i) {
    dTHX;
    if (PLACEHOLDER_COLON == imp_sth->placeholder_type)
        return newSVpv(currph->fooname, 0);
    return newSViv(i+1);
}

/* ================================================================== */
SV * dbd_st_FETCH_attrib (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth, SV * keysv)
{
    dTHX;
    STRLEN            kl;
    char *            key = SvPV(keysv,kl);
    SV *              retsv = Nullsv;
    int               fields, x;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_FETCH (key: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, key);

    /* Some can be done before we have a result: */
    switch (kl) {

    case 8: /* pg_bound */

        if (strEQ("pg_bound", key)) {
            HV *pvhv = newHV();
            ph_t *currph;
            int i;
            for (i=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,i++) {
                SV *key, *val;
                key = pg_st_placeholder_key(imp_sth, currph, i);
                val = newSViv(NULL == currph->bind_type ? 0 : 1);
                if (! hv_store_ent(pvhv, key, val, 0)) {
                    SvREFCNT_dec(val);
                }
                SvREFCNT_dec(key);
            }
            retsv = newRV_noinc((SV*)pvhv);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_async", key)) {
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->async_flag);
        }
        break;

    case 9: /* pg_direct */

        if (strEQ("pg_direct", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->direct);
        break;

    case 10: /* ParamTypes */

        if (strEQ("ParamTypes", key)) {
            HV *pvhv = newHV();
            ph_t *currph;
            int i;
            for (i=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,i++) {
                SV *key, *val;
                key = pg_st_placeholder_key(imp_sth, currph, i);
                if (NULL == currph->bind_type) {
                    val = newSV(0);
                    if (! hv_store_ent(pvhv, key, val, 0)) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(val);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    HV *pvhv2 = newHV();
                    if (currph->bind_type->type.sql) {
                        (void)hv_store(pvhv2, "TYPE", 4, newSViv(currph->bind_type->type.sql), 0);
                    }
                    else {
                        (void)hv_store(pvhv2, "pg_type", 7, newSViv(currph->bind_type->type_id), 0);
                    }
                    val = newRV_noinc((SV*)pvhv2);
                    if (! hv_store_ent(pvhv, key, val, 0)) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(val);
                    }
                }
                SvREFCNT_dec(key);
            }
            retsv = newRV_noinc((SV*)pvhv);
        }
        break;

    case 11: /* ParamValues pg_segments pg_numbound */

        if (strEQ("ParamValues", key)) {
            HV *pvhv = newHV();
            ph_t *currph;
            int i;
            for (i=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,i++) {
                SV *key, *val;
                key = pg_st_placeholder_key(imp_sth, currph, i);
                if (NULL == currph->value) {
                    val = newSV(0);
                    if (!hv_store_ent(pvhv, key, val, 0)) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(val);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    val = newSVpv(currph->value,currph->valuelen);
                    if (!hv_store_ent(pvhv, key, val, 0)) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(val);
                    }
                }
                SvREFCNT_dec(key);
            }
            retsv = newRV_noinc((SV*)pvhv);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_segments", key)) {
            AV *arr = newAV();
            seg_t *currseg;
            int i;
            for (i=0,currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg,i++) {
                av_push(arr, newSVpv(currseg->segment ? currseg->segment : "NULL",0));
            }
            retsv = newRV_noinc((SV*)arr);
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_numbound", key)) {
            ph_t *currph;
            int i = 0;
            for (currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
                i += NULL == currph->bind_type ? 0 : 1;
            }
            retsv = newSViv(i);
        }
        break;

    case 14: /* pg_prepare_now pg_current_row */

        if (strEQ("pg_prepare_now", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->prepare_now);
        else if (strEQ("pg_current_row", key))
            retsv = newSViv(imp_sth->cur_tuple);
        break;

    case 15: /* pg_prepare_name pg_async_status */

        if (strEQ("pg_prepare_name", key))
            retsv = newSVpv((char *)imp_sth->prepare_name, 0);
        else if (strEQ("pg_async_status", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->async_status);
        break;

    case 17: /* pg_server_prepare */

        if (strEQ("pg_server_prepare", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->server_prepare);
        break;

    case 18: /* pg_switch_prepared */

        if (strEQ("pg_switch_prepared", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->switch_prepared);
        break;

    case 23: /* pg_placeholder_nocolons */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_nocolons", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->nocolons);
        break;

    case 25: /* pg_placeholder_dollaronly */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_dollaronly", key))
            retsv = newSViv((IV)imp_sth->dollaronly);
        break;

    default: /* Do nothing, unknown name */
        break;

    }

    if (retsv != Nullsv) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_FETCH_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);
        return sv_2mortal(retsv);
    }

    if (NULL == imp_sth->result) {
        if (TRACEWARN_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sCannot fetch value of %s pre-execute\n", THEADER_slow, key);
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_FETCH_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);
        return Nullsv;
    }

    fields = DBIc_NUM_FIELDS(imp_sth);
    
    switch (kl) {

    case 4: /* NAME  TYPE */

        if (strEQ("NAME", key)) {
            AV *av = newAV();
            char *fieldname;
            SV * sv_fieldname;
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {
                D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
                TRACE_PQFNAME;
                fieldname = PQfname(imp_sth->result, fields);
                sv_fieldname = newSVpv(fieldname,0);
                if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag) SvUTF8_on(sv_fieldname);
                (void)av_store(av, fields, sv_fieldname);
            }
        }
        else if (strEQ("TYPE", key)) {
            /* Need to convert the Pg type to ANSI/SQL type. */
            sql_type_info_t * type_info;
            AV *av = newAV();
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {
                TRACE_PQFTYPE;
                type_info = pg_type_data((int)PQftype(imp_sth->result, fields));
                (void)av_store(av, fields, newSViv( type_info ? type_info->type.sql : 0 ) );
            }
        }
        break;

    case 5: /* SCALE */

        if (strEQ("SCALE", key)) {
            AV *av = newAV();
            Oid o;
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {
                TRACE_PQFTYPE;
                o = PQftype(imp_sth->result, fields);
                if (PG_NUMERIC == o) {
                    TRACE_PQFMOD;
                    o = PQfmod(imp_sth->result, fields)-4;
                    (void)av_store(av, fields, newSViv(o % (o>>16)));
                }
                else {
                    (void)av_store(av, fields, &PL_sv_undef);
                }
            }
        }
        break;

    case 7: /* pg_size  pg_type */

        if (strEQ("pg_size", key)) {
            AV *av = newAV();
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {
                TRACE_PQFSIZE;
                (void)av_store(av, fields, newSViv(PQfsize(imp_sth->result, fields)));
            }
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_type", key)) {
            sql_type_info_t * type_info;
            AV *av = newAV();
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {            
                TRACE_PQFTYPE;
                type_info = pg_type_data((int)PQftype(imp_sth->result,fields));
                (void)av_store(av, fields, newSVpv(type_info ? type_info->type_name : "unknown", 0));
            }
        }
        break;

    case 8: /* NULLABLE */

        if (strEQ("NULLABLE", key)) {
            AV *av = newAV();
            PGresult *result;
            int status = -1;
            D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
            int nullable; /* 0 = not nullable, 1 = nullable 2 = unknown */
            int y;
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));

            while(--fields >= 0) {
                nullable=2;
                TRACE_PQFTABLE;
                x = PQftable(imp_sth->result, fields);
                TRACE_PQFTABLECOL;
                y = PQftablecol(imp_sth->result, fields);
                if (InvalidOid != x && y > 0) { /* We know what table and column this came from */
                    char statement[128];
                    sprintf(statement, "SELECT attnotnull FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute WHERE attrelid=%d AND attnum=%d", x, y);
                    TRACE_PQEXEC;
                    result = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, statement);
                    TRACE_PQRESULTSTATUS;
                    status = PQresultStatus(result);
                    if (PGRES_TUPLES_OK == status) {
                        TRACE_PQNTUPLES;
                        if (PQntuples(result)!=0) {
                            TRACE_PQGETVALUE;
                            switch (PQgetvalue(result,0,0)[0]) {
                            case 't':
                                nullable = 0;
                                break;
                            case 'f':
                            default:
                                nullable = 1;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    TRACE_PQCLEAR;
                    PQclear(result);
                }
                (void)av_store(av, fields, newSViv(nullable));
            }
        }
        break;

    case 9: /* PRECISION */

        if (strEQ("PRECISION", key)) {
            AV *av = newAV();
            int sz = 0;
            Oid o;
            retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)av));
            while(--fields >= 0) {
                TRACE_PQFTYPE;
                o = PQftype(imp_sth->result, fields);
                switch (o) {
                case PG_BPCHAR:
                case PG_VARCHAR:
                    TRACE_PQFMOD;
                    sz = PQfmod(imp_sth->result, fields);
                    break;
                case PG_NUMERIC:
                    TRACE_PQFMOD;
                    sz = PQfmod(imp_sth->result, fields)-4;
                    if (sz > 0)
                        sz = sz >> 16;
                    break;
                default:
                    TRACE_PQFSIZE;
                    sz = PQfsize(imp_sth->result, fields);
                    break;
                }
                (void)av_store(av, fields, sz > 0 ? newSViv(sz) : &PL_sv_undef);
            }
        }
        break;

    case 10: /* CursorName */

        if (strEQ("CursorName", key))
            retsv = &PL_sv_undef;
        break;

    case 11: /* RowsInCache */

        if (strEQ("RowsInCache", key))
            retsv = &PL_sv_undef;
        break;

    case 13: /* pg_oid_status  pg_cmd_status */
        if (strEQ("pg_oid_status", key)) {
            TRACE_PQOIDVALUE;
            retsv = newSVuv((unsigned int)PQoidValue(imp_sth->result));
        }
        else if (strEQ("pg_cmd_status", key)) {
            TRACE_PQCMDSTATUS;
            retsv = newSVpv((char *)PQcmdStatus(imp_sth->result), 0);
        }
        break;

    default: /* Do nothing, unknown name */
        break;

    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_FETCH_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (retsv == Nullsv)
        return Nullsv;

    return sv_2mortal(retsv);

} /* end of dbd_st_FETCH_attrib */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_st_STORE_attrib (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth, SV * keysv, SV * valuesv)
{
    dTHX;
    STRLEN kl;
    char * key = SvPV(keysv,kl);
    STRLEN vl;
    char * value = SvPV(valuesv,vl);
    int    retval = 0;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_STORE (key: %s value: %s)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, key, value);
    
    switch (kl) {

    case 8: /* pg_async */

        if (strEQ("pg_async", key)) {
            imp_sth->async_flag = (int)SvIV(valuesv);
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 14: /* pg_prepare_now */

        if (strEQ("pg_prepare_now", key)) {
            imp_sth->prepare_now = strEQ(value,"0") ? DBDPG_FALSE : DBDPG_TRUE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 15: /* pg_prepare_name */

        if (strEQ("pg_prepare_name", key)) {
            Safefree(imp_sth->prepare_name);
            New(0, imp_sth->prepare_name, vl+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            Copy(value, imp_sth->prepare_name, vl, char);
            imp_sth->prepare_name[vl] = '\0';
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 17: /* pg_server_prepare */

        if (strEQ("pg_server_prepare", key)) {
            imp_sth->server_prepare = SvTRUE(valuesv) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 18: /* pg_switch_prepared */

        if (strEQ("pg_switch_prepared", key)) {
            imp_sth->switch_prepared = (int)SvIV(valuesv);
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 23: /* pg_placeholder_nocolons */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_nocolons", key)) {
            imp_sth->nocolons = SvTRUE(valuesv) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    case 25: /* pg_placeholder_dollaronly */

        if (strEQ("pg_placeholder_dollaronly", key)) {
            imp_sth->dollaronly = SvTRUE(valuesv) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
            retval = 1;
        }
        break;

    default: /* Do nothing, unknown name */
        break;

    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_STORE_attrib\n", THEADER_slow);
    return retval;

} /* end of dbd_st_STORE_attrib */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_discon_all (SV * drh, imp_drh_t * imp_drh)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_discon_all\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* The disconnect_all concept is flawed and needs more work */
    if (!PL_dirty && !SvTRUE(get_sv("DBI::PERL_ENDING",0))) {
        sv_setiv(DBIc_ERR(imp_drh), (IV)1);
        sv_setpv(DBIc_ERRSTR(imp_drh), "disconnect_all not implemented");
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_discon_all\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;

} /* end of dbd_discon_all */


/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Deprecated in favor of $dbh->{pg_socket}
*/
int pg_db_getfd (imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_getfd\n", THEADER_slow);

    TRACE_PQSOCKET;
    return PQsocket(imp_dbh->conn);

} /* end of pg_db_getfd */


/* ================================================================== */
SV * pg_db_pg_notifies (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    int        status;
    PGnotify * notify;
    AV *       ret;
    SV *       retsv;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_pg_notifies\n", THEADER_slow);

    TRACE_PQCONSUMEINPUT;
    status = PQconsumeInput(imp_dbh->conn);
    if (0 == status) {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_pg_notifies (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return &PL_sv_undef;
    }

    TRACE_PQNOTIFIES;
    notify = PQnotifies(imp_dbh->conn);

    if (!notify) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_pg_notifies (undef)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return &PL_sv_undef; 
    }

    ret=newAV();

    SV *relnamesv = newSVpv(notify->relname, 0);
    if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag) {
        SvUTF8_on(relnamesv);
    }
    av_push(ret, relnamesv);

    av_push(ret, newSViv(notify->be_pid) );

    SV *payloadsv = newSVpv(notify->extra, 0);
    if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag) {
        SvUTF8_on(payloadsv);
    }
    av_push(ret, payloadsv);

    TRACE_PQFREEMEM;
     PQfreemem(notify);

    retsv = newRV_inc(sv_2mortal((SV*)ret));

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_pg_notifies\n", THEADER_slow);
    return sv_2mortal(retsv);

} /* end of pg_db_pg_notifies */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_st_prepare_sv (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth, SV * statement_sv, SV * attribs)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    STRLEN mypos=0; /* Used to find and set firstword */
    SV **svp; /* To help parse the arguments */

    statement_sv = pg_rightgraded_sv(aTHX_ statement_sv, imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag);
    char *statement = SvPV_nolen(statement_sv);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_prepare (statement: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, statement);

    if ('\0' == *statement)
        croak ("Cannot prepare empty statement");

    /* Set default values for this statement handle */
    imp_sth->placeholder_type  = PLACEHOLDER_NONE;
    imp_sth->numsegs           = 0;
    imp_sth->numphs            = 0;
    imp_sth->numbound          = 0;
    imp_sth->cur_tuple         = 0;
    imp_sth->rows              = -1; /* per DBI spec */
    imp_sth->totalsize         = 0;
    imp_sth->async_flag        = 0;
    imp_sth->async_status      = 0;
    imp_sth->prepare_name      = NULL;
    imp_sth->firstword         = NULL;
    imp_sth->result            = NULL;
    imp_sth->type_info         = NULL;
    imp_sth->seg               = NULL;
    imp_sth->ph                = NULL;
    imp_sth->PQvals            = NULL;
    imp_sth->PQlens            = NULL;
    imp_sth->PQfmts            = NULL;
    imp_sth->PQoids            = NULL;
    imp_sth->prepared_by_us    = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Set to 1 when actually done preparing */
    imp_sth->direct            = DBDPG_FALSE;
    imp_sth->is_dml            = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Not preparable DML until proved otherwise */
    imp_sth->has_binary        = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Are any of the params binary? */
    imp_sth->has_default       = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Are any of the params DEFAULT? */
    imp_sth->has_current       = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Are any of the params DEFAULT? */
    imp_sth->use_inout         = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Are any of the placeholders using inout? */
    imp_sth->all_bound         = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Have all placeholders been bound? */
    imp_sth->number_iterations = 0;

    /* We inherit some preferences from the database handle */
    imp_sth->server_prepare   = imp_dbh->server_prepare;
    imp_sth->switch_prepared  = imp_dbh->switch_prepared;
    imp_sth->prepare_now      = imp_dbh->prepare_now;
    imp_sth->dollaronly       = imp_dbh->dollaronly;
    imp_sth->nocolons         = imp_dbh->nocolons;

    /* Parse and set any attributes passed in */
    if (attribs) {
        if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_server_prepare", 17, 0)) != NULL) {
            imp_sth->server_prepare = SvTRUE(*svp) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
        if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_direct", 9, 0)) != NULL)
            imp_sth->direct = 0==SvIV(*svp) ? DBDPG_FALSE : DBDPG_TRUE;
        else if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_prepare_now", 14, 0)) != NULL) {
            imp_sth->prepare_now = 0==SvIV(*svp) ? DBDPG_FALSE : DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
        if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_placeholder_dollaronly", 25, 0)) != NULL) {
            imp_sth->dollaronly = SvTRUE(*svp) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
        if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_placeholder_nocolons", 23, 0)) != NULL) {
            imp_sth->nocolons = SvTRUE(*svp) ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
        if ((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_async", 8, 0)) != NULL) {
            imp_sth->async_flag = (int)SvIV(*svp);
        }
    }

    /* Figure out the first word in the statement */
    while (isSPACE(statement[mypos]))
        mypos++;

    if (isALPHA(statement[mypos])) {
        STRLEN wordstart = mypos, wordlen;
        while (isALPHA(statement[mypos]))
            mypos++;

        wordlen = mypos-wordstart;
        New(0, imp_sth->firstword, wordlen+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        Copy(statement+wordstart, imp_sth->firstword, wordlen, char);
        imp_sth->firstword[wordlen] = '\0';

        /* Note whether this is preparable DML */
        if (0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "SELECT") ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "INSERT") ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "UPDATE") ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "DELETE") ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "MERGE")  ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "VALUES") ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "TABLE")  ||
            0 == strcasecmp(imp_sth->firstword, "WITH")
            ) {
            imp_sth->is_dml = DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
    }

    /* Break the statement into segments by placeholder */
    pg_st_split_statement(aTHX_ imp_sth, statement);

    /*
      We prepare it right away if:
      1. The statement is DML
      2. The attribute "direct" is false
      3. The attribute "pg_server_prepare" is true
      4. The attribute "pg_prepare_now" is true
      5. We are compiled on a 8 or greater server
    */
    if (TRACE4_slow)    TRC(DBILOGFP,
                    "%sImmediate prepare decision: dml=%d direct=%d server_prepare=%d prepare_now=%d PGLIBVERSION=%d\n",
                    THEADER_slow,
                    imp_sth->is_dml,
                    imp_sth->direct,
                    imp_sth->server_prepare,
                    imp_sth->prepare_now,
                    PGLIBVERSION);

    if (imp_sth->is_dml
        && !imp_sth->direct
        && imp_sth->server_prepare
        && imp_sth->prepare_now
        ) {
        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRunning an immediate prepare\n", THEADER_slow);

        if (pg_st_prepare_statement(aTHX_ sth, imp_sth)!=0) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            croak ("%s", PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        }
    }

    /* Tell DBI to call destroy when this handle ends */
    DBIc_IMPSET_on(imp_sth);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_prepare\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of dbd_st_prepare */


static const char *placeholder_string[PLACEHOLDER_TYPE_COUNT] = {
    "", "?", "$1", ":foo"
};

/* ================================================================== */
static void pg_st_split_statement (pTHX_ imp_sth_t * imp_sth, char * statement)
{

    /* Builds the "segment" and "placeholder" structures for a statement handle */

    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;

    STRLEN currpos; /* Where we currently are in the statement string */

    STRLEN sectionstart, sectionstop; /* Borders of current section */

    STRLEN sectionsize; /* Size of an allocated segment */

    PGPlaceholderType placeholder_type; /* Which type we are in: one of none,?,$,: */

     unsigned char ch; /* The current character being checked */

    unsigned char oldch; /* The previous character */

    signed char non_standard_strings = -1; /* Status 0=standard 1=non_standard -1=unknown  */

    int xint;

    seg_t *newseg, *currseg = NULL; /* Segment structures to help build linked lists */

    ph_t *newph, *thisph, *currph = NULL; /* Placeholder structures to help build ll */

    bool statement_rewritten = DBDPG_FALSE;
    char * original_statement = NULL; /* Copy as needed so we can restore the original */

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_st_split_statement\n", THEADER_slow);
    if (TRACE6_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%spg_st_split_statement: (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, statement);

    /*
      If the pg_direct flag is set (or the string has no length), we do not split at all,
      but simply put everything verbatim into a single segment and return.
    */
    if (imp_sth->direct || '\0' == *statement) {
        if (TRACE4_slow) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%snot splitting due to %s\n",
                THEADER_slow, imp_sth->direct ? "pg_direct" : "empty string");
        }
        imp_sth->numsegs   = 1;
        imp_sth->numphs    = 0;
        imp_sth->totalsize = strlen(statement);

        New(0, imp_sth->seg, 1, seg_t); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        imp_sth->seg->placeholder = 0;
        imp_sth->seg->nextseg     = NULL;
        imp_sth->seg->ph          = NULL;

        if (imp_sth->totalsize > 0) {
            New(0, imp_sth->seg->segment, imp_sth->totalsize+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            Copy(statement, imp_sth->seg->segment, imp_sth->totalsize+1, char);
        }
        else {
            imp_sth->seg->segment = NULL;
        }
        if (TRACE6_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sdirect split = (%s) length=(%d)\n",
                        THEADER_slow, imp_sth->seg->segment, (int)imp_sth->totalsize);
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_split_statement (direct)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return;
    }

    /* Start everyone at the start of the string */
    currpos = sectionstart = 0;

    ch = oldch = 1;

    while (1) {

        /* Are we done processing this string? */
        if (ch < 1) {
            break;
        }

        /* Store the old character in case we need to look backwards */
        oldch = ch;

        /* Put the current letter into ch, and advance statement to the next character */
        ch = *statement++;

        /* Remember: currpos matches *statement, not ch */
        currpos++;

        /* Quick short-circuit for uninteresting characters */
        if (
            (ch < 34 && ch != 0)
            || (ch > 63 && ch != 91) /* > @ABC... but not [ */
            || 
            (ch!=34 && ch!=39 &&    /* " ' simple quoting */
             ch!=45 && ch!=47 &&    /* - / comment */
             ch!=36 &&              /* $   dollar quoting or placeholder */
             ch!=58 && ch!=63 &&    /* : ? placeholder */
             ch!=91 &&              /* [   array slice */
             ch!=0                  /* end of the string (create segment) */
             )
            ) {
            continue;
        }

        /* 1: A traditionally quoted section */
        if ('\'' == ch || '"' == ch) {
            char quote = ch;
            STRLEN backslashes = 0;
            bool estring = (oldch == 'E') ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE; /* E'' style string with backslash escapes */
            if ('\'' == ch && -1 == non_standard_strings) {
                const char * scs = PQparameterStatus(imp_dbh->conn,"standard_conforming_strings");
                non_standard_strings = (NULL==scs ? 1 : 0==strncmp(scs,"on",2) ? 0 : 1);
            }

            /* Go until ending quote character (unescaped) or end of string */
            while (quote && ++currpos && (ch = *statement++)) {
                /* 1.1 : single quotes have no meaning in double-quoted sections and vice-versa */
                /* 1.2 : backslashed quotes do not end the section */
                /* 1.2.1 : backslashes have no meaning in double quoted sections */
                /* 1.2.2 : if non_standard_strings is not set, ignore backslashes in single quotes */
                /* 1.2.3 : backslashes always escape in E'' strings */
                if (ch == quote && (quote == '"' || 0==(backslashes&1))) {
                    quote = 0;
                }
                else if ('\\' == ch) {
                    if (quote == '"' || non_standard_strings || estring)
                        backslashes++;
                }
                else
                    backslashes = 0;
            }
            /* 1.3 Quote ended normally, not the end of the string */
            if (ch != 0)
                continue;
            /* 1.4 String ended, but the quote did not */
            if (0 != quote) {
                /* Let the backend handle this */
            }

            /* 1.5: End quote was the last character in the string */
        } /* end quote section */

        /* 2: A comment block: */
        if (('-' == ch && '-' == *statement) ||
            ('/' == ch && '*' == *statement)
            ) {
            char quote = *statement;
            /* Go until end of comment (may be newline) or end of the string */
            while (quote && ++currpos && (ch = *statement++)) {
                /* 2.1: dashdash only terminates at newline */
                if ('-' == quote && '\n' == ch) {
                    quote=0;
                }
                /* 2.2: slashstar ends with a matching starslash */
                else if ('*' == quote && '*' == ch && '/' == *statement) {
                    /* Slurp up the slash */
                    ch = *statement++;
                    currpos++;
                    quote=0;
                }
            }

            /* 2.3 Comment ended normally, not the end of the string */
            if (ch != 0)
                continue;

            /* 2.4 String ended, but the comment did not - do nothing special */
            /* 2.5: End quote was the last character in the string */
        } /* end comment section */

        /* 3: advanced dollar quoting */
        if ('$' == ch &&
            (*statement == '$' 
             || *statement == '_'
             || (*statement >= 'A' && *statement <= 'Z') 
             || (*statement >= 'a' && *statement <= 'z')
             || ((unsigned char)*statement >= (unsigned char)'\200'))) {
            /* "SQL identifiers must begin with a letter (a-z, but also letters with diacritical marks and non-Latin letters) 
                or an underscore (_). Subsequent characters in an identifier or key word can be letters, underscores, 
                digits (0-9), or dollar signs ($)
            */
            char * dollarstring = NULL; /* Dynamic string between $$ in dollar quoting */
            STRLEN dollarsize; /* Size of dollarstring */
            STRLEN dollaroffset = 0; /* How far from the first dollar sign are we? */
            STRLEN xlen = 0; /* The current character we are tracing */
            bool found = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Have we found the end of the dollarquote? */
            bool inside_dollar = DBDPG_FALSE; /* Are we evaluating the dollar sign for the end? */

            /* Scan forward until we hit the matching dollarsign */
            while ((ch = *statement++)) {

                dollaroffset++;
                if ('$' == ch) {
                    found = DBDPG_TRUE;
                    break;
                }

                /* If we hit an invalid character, bail out */
                if (ch <= 47 
                    || (ch >= 58 && ch <= 64)
                    || (ch >= 91 && ch <= 94)
                    || ch == 96
                    ) {
                    break;
                }
            } /* end first scan */

            /* Not found? Move to the next letter after the dollarsign and move on */
            if (!found) {
                statement -= dollaroffset;
                if (!ch) {
                    ch = 1; /* So the top loop still works */
                    statement--;
                }
                continue;
            }

            /* We only need to create a dollarstring if something was between the two dollar signs */
            if (dollaroffset >= 1) {
                New(0, dollarstring, dollaroffset, char); /* note: a true array, not a null-terminated string */
                strncpy(dollarstring, statement-dollaroffset, dollaroffset);
            }

            /* Move on and see if the quote is ever closed */

            dollarsize = dollaroffset;
            found = DBDPG_FALSE;
            while ((ch = *statement++)) {
                dollaroffset++;
                if (inside_dollar) {
                    /* Special case of $$ */
                    if (dollarsize < 1) {
                        found = DBDPG_TRUE;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (ch == dollarstring[xlen++]) {
                        /* Got a total match? */
                        if (xlen >= dollarsize) {
                            found = DBDPG_TRUE;
                            statement++;
                            dollaroffset--;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    else { /* False dollar string: reset */
                        inside_dollar=0;
                        xlen=0;
                        /* Fall through in case this is a dollar sign */
                    }
                }
                if ('$' == ch) {
                    inside_dollar = DBDPG_TRUE;
                }
            }

            /* Once here, we are either rewinding, or are done parsing the string */

            /* If end of string, rewind one character */
            if (0==ch) {
                dollaroffset--;
            }

            if (dollarstring)
                Safefree(dollarstring);

            /* Advance our cursor to the current position */
            currpos += dollaroffset+1;

            statement--; /* Rewind statement by one */

            /* If not found, might be end of string, so set ch */
            if (!found) {
                ch = 1;
            }

            /* Regardless if found or not, we send it back */
            continue;

        } /* end dollar quoting */
        
        /* All we care about at this point is placeholder characters and end of string */
        if ('?' != ch && '$' != ch && ':' != ch && 0!=ch) {
            continue;
        }

        /*
          If this placeholder is escaped, we rewrite the string to remove the
          backslash, and move on as if there is no placeholder.
          The use of $dbh->{pg_placeholder_escaped} = 0 is left as an emergency measure.
          It will probably be removed at some point.
        */
        if ('\\' == oldch && imp_dbh->ph_escaped) {
            if (! statement_rewritten) {
                Renew(original_statement, strlen(statement-currpos)+1, char);
                Copy(statement-currpos, original_statement, strlen(statement-currpos)+1, char);
                statement_rewritten = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }

            /* copy the placeholder-like character but ignore the backslash */
            char *p = statement-2;
            while(*p++) {
                *(p-1) = *p;
            }
            /* We need to adjust these items because we just rewrote 'statement'! */
            statement--;
            currpos--;
            ch = *statement;
            continue;
        }

        /* We might slurp in a placeholder, so mark the character before the current one */
        /* In other words, inside of "ABC?", set sectionstop to point to "C" */
        sectionstop=currpos-1;

        /* Figure out if we have a placeholder */
        placeholder_type = PLACEHOLDER_NONE;

        /* Dollar sign placeholder style */
        if ('$' == ch && isDIGIT(*statement)) {
            if ('0' == *statement)
                croak("Invalid placeholder value");
            while(isDIGIT(*statement)) {
                ++statement;
                ++currpos;
            }
            placeholder_type = PLACEHOLDER_DOLLAR;
        }
        else if (! imp_sth->dollaronly) {
            /* Question mark style */
            if ('?' == ch) {
                placeholder_type = PLACEHOLDER_QUESTIONMARK;
            }
            /* Colon style */
            else if (':' == ch && ! imp_sth->nocolons) {
                /* Skip two colons in a row (e.g. myval::float) */
                if (':' == *statement) {
                    /* Might as well skip _all_ consecutive colons */
                    while(':' == *statement) {
                        ++statement;
                        ++currpos;
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                /* Skip number-colon-number */
                if (isDIGIT(oldch) && isDIGIT(*statement)) {
                    /* Eat until we don't see a number */
                    while (isDIGIT(*statement)) {
                        ++statement;
                        ++currpos;
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                /* Only allow colon placeholders if they start with alphanum */
                if (isALNUM(*statement)) {
                    while(isALNUM(*statement)) {
                        ++statement;
                        ++currpos;
                    }
                    placeholder_type = PLACEHOLDER_COLON;
                }
            }
        }

        /* Check for conflicting placeholder types */
        if (placeholder_type != PLACEHOLDER_NONE) {
            if (imp_sth->placeholder_type && placeholder_type != imp_sth->placeholder_type)
                croak("Cannot mix placeholder styles \"%s\" and \"%s\"",
                      placeholder_string[imp_sth->placeholder_type],
                      placeholder_string[placeholder_type]);
        }
        
        /* Move on to the next letter unless we found a placeholder, or we are at the end of the string */
        if (PLACEHOLDER_NONE == placeholder_type && ch)
            continue;

        /* If we got here, we have a segment that needs to be saved */
        New(0, newseg, 1, seg_t); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        newseg->nextseg = NULL;
        newseg->placeholder = 0;
        newseg->ph = NULL;

        if (PLACEHOLDER_QUESTIONMARK == placeholder_type) {
            newseg->placeholder = ++imp_sth->numphs;
        }
        else if (PLACEHOLDER_DOLLAR == placeholder_type) {
            newseg->placeholder = atoi(statement-(currpos-sectionstop-1));
        }
        else if (PLACEHOLDER_COLON == placeholder_type) {
            STRLEN phsectionsize = currpos-sectionstop;
            /* Have we seen this placeholder yet? */
            for (xint=1,thisph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != thisph; thisph=thisph->nextph,xint++) {
                /*
                  Because we need to make sure :foobar does not match as a previous 
                   hit when seeing :foobar2, we always use the greater of the two lengths:
                   the length of the old name or the current name we are scanning
                */
                if (0==strncmp(thisph->fooname, statement-phsectionsize,
                               strlen(thisph->fooname) > phsectionsize ? strlen(thisph->fooname) : phsectionsize)) {
                    newseg->placeholder = xint;
                    newseg->ph = thisph;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (0==newseg->placeholder) {
                imp_sth->numphs++;
                newseg->placeholder = imp_sth->numphs;
                New(0, newph, 1, ph_t); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                newseg->ph        = newph;
                newph->nextph     = NULL;
                newph->bind_type  = NULL;
                newph->value      = NULL;
                newph->quoted     = NULL;
                newph->referenced = DBDPG_FALSE;
                newph->defaultval = DBDPG_TRUE;
                newph->isdefault  = DBDPG_FALSE;
                newph->iscurrent  = DBDPG_FALSE;
                newph->isinout    = DBDPG_FALSE;
                New(0, newph->fooname, phsectionsize+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                Copy(statement-phsectionsize, newph->fooname, phsectionsize, char);
                newph->fooname[phsectionsize] = '\0';
                if (NULL==currph) {
                    imp_sth->ph = newph;
                }
                else {
                    currph->nextph = newph;
                }
                currph = newph;
            }
        } /* end if placeholder_type */

        sectionsize = sectionstop-sectionstart; /* 4-0 for "ABCD" */
        if (sectionsize>0) {
            New(0, newseg->segment, sectionsize+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            Copy(statement-(currpos-sectionstart), newseg->segment, sectionsize, char);
            newseg->segment[sectionsize] = '\0';
            imp_sth->totalsize += sectionsize;
        }
        else {
            newseg->segment = NULL;
        }
        if (TRACE6_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sCreated segment (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, newseg->segment);
        
        /* Tie it in to the previous one */
        if (NULL==currseg) {
            imp_sth->seg = newseg;
        }
        else {
            currseg->nextseg = newseg;
        }
        currseg = newseg;
        sectionstart = currpos;
        imp_sth->numsegs++;

        if (placeholder_type != PLACEHOLDER_NONE)
            imp_sth->placeholder_type = placeholder_type;

        /* 
           Check if this segment also ends the string.
           If it does, we simply leave right away.
           Make sure we don't peek at statement if we know it is past the end of the string.
        */
        if ('\0' != ch && '\0' == *statement)
            break;

    } /* end large while(1) loop: statement parsing */

    /* For dollar sign placeholders, ensure that the rules are followed */
    if (PLACEHOLDER_DOLLAR == imp_sth->placeholder_type) {
        /* 
           We follow the Pg rules: must start with $1, repeats are allowed, 
           numbers must be sequential. We change numphs if repeats found
        */
        int topdollar = 0;
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (currseg->placeholder > topdollar)
                topdollar = currseg->placeholder;
        }
        /* Make sure every placeholder from 1 to topdollar is used at least once */
        for (xint=1; xint <= topdollar; xint++) {
            bool found = DBDPG_FALSE;
            for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
                if (currseg->placeholder==xint) {
                    found = DBDPG_TRUE;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!found)
                croak("Invalid placeholders: must start at $1 and increment one at a time (expected: $%d)\n", xint);
        }
        if (TRACE6_slow)    TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sSet number of placeholders to %d\n", THEADER_slow, topdollar);
        imp_sth->numphs = topdollar;
    }

    /* Create sequential placeholders */
    if (PLACEHOLDER_COLON != imp_sth->placeholder_type) {
        for (xint=1; xint <= imp_sth->numphs; xint++) {
            New(0, newph, 1, ph_t); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            newph->nextph     = NULL;
            newph->bind_type  = NULL;
            newph->value      = NULL;
            newph->quoted     = NULL;
            newph->fooname    = NULL;
            newph->referenced = DBDPG_FALSE;
            newph->defaultval = DBDPG_TRUE;
            newph->isdefault  = DBDPG_FALSE;
            newph->iscurrent  = DBDPG_FALSE;
            newph->isinout    = DBDPG_FALSE;
            /* Let the correct segment(s) point to it */
            for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
                if (currseg->placeholder==xint) {
                    currseg->ph = newph;
                }
            }
            if (NULL==currph) {
                imp_sth->ph = newph;
            }
            else {
                currph->nextph = newph;
            }
            currph = newph;
        }
    }

    if (TRACE7_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPlaceholder type: %d numsegs: %d numphs: %d\n",
            THEADER_slow, imp_sth->placeholder_type, imp_sth->numsegs, imp_sth->numphs);
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPlaceholder numbers and segments:\n",
            THEADER_slow);
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPH: (%d) SEG: (%s)\n",
                THEADER_slow, currseg->placeholder, currseg->segment);
        }
        if (imp_sth->numphs) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPlaceholder number, fooname, id:\n", THEADER_slow);
            STRLEN xlen = 1;
            for (currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,xlen++) {
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s#%d FOONAME: (%s)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, (int)xlen, currph->fooname);
            }
        }
    }

    DBIc_NUM_PARAMS(imp_sth) = imp_sth->numphs;

    if (statement_rewritten) {
        Copy(original_statement, statement-currpos, strlen(original_statement)+1, char);
    }
    Safefree(original_statement);


    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_split_statement\n", THEADER_slow);

    return;

} /* end pg_st_split_statement */



/* ================================================================== */
static int pg_st_prepare_statement (pTHX_ SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    char *       statement;
    unsigned int placeholder_digits;
    int          x;
    STRLEN       execsize;
    int          status = -1;
    seg_t *      currseg;
    ph_t *       currph;
    long         power_of_ten;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_st_prepare_statement\n", THEADER_slow);

    Renew(imp_sth->prepare_name, 25, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */

    /* Name is "dbdpg_xPID_#", where x is p for positive or n for negative */
    sprintf(imp_sth->prepare_name,"dbdpg_%c%d_%x",
            (imp_dbh->pid_number < 0 ? 'n' : 'p'),
            abs(imp_dbh->pid_number),
            imp_dbh->prepare_number);

    if (TRACE5_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sNew statement name (%s)\n",
            THEADER_slow, imp_sth->prepare_name);

    execsize = imp_sth->totalsize;
    if (imp_sth->numphs!=0) {
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (0==currseg->placeholder)
                continue;
            /* The parameter itself: dollar sign plus digit(s) */
            power_of_ten = 10;
            for (placeholder_digits=1; placeholder_digits<7; placeholder_digits++, power_of_ten *= 10) {
                if (currseg->placeholder < power_of_ten)
                    break;
            }
            if (placeholder_digits >= 7)
                croak("Too many placeholders!");
            execsize += placeholder_digits+1;
        }
    }

    New(0, statement, execsize+1, char); /* freed below */

    statement[0] = '\0';

    /* Construct the statement, with proper placeholders */
    for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
        if (currseg->segment != NULL)
            strcat(statement, currseg->segment);
        if (currseg->placeholder) {
            sprintf(strchr(statement, '\0'), "$%d", currseg->placeholder);
        }
    }

    statement[execsize] = '\0';

    if (TRACE6_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPrepared statement (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, statement);

    int params = 0;
    if (imp_sth->numbound!=0) {
        params = imp_sth->numphs;
        if (NULL == imp_sth->PQoids) {
            Newz(0, imp_sth->PQoids, (unsigned int)imp_sth->numphs, Oid);
        }
        for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
            imp_sth->PQoids[x++] = (currph->defaultval) ? 0 : (Oid)currph->bind_type->type_id;
        }
    }
    if (TSQL)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "PREPARE %s AS %s;\n\n", imp_sth->prepare_name, statement);

    /* Free the last_result as needed, even if happens to be owned by us */
    if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
        PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
        imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
    }
    if (imp_sth->result) {

        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
        PQclear(imp_sth->result);
        imp_sth->result = NULL;
    }

    TRACE_PQPREPARE;
    imp_dbh->last_result = imp_sth->result
        = PQprepare(
                    imp_dbh->conn, imp_sth->prepare_name, statement, params, imp_sth->PQoids
                    );
    imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, imp_sth->result);
    if (TRACE6_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sUsing PQprepare: %s\n", THEADER_slow, statement);

    Safefree(statement);
    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        Safefree(imp_sth->prepare_name);
        imp_sth->prepare_name = NULL;
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_prepare_statement (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }

    imp_sth->prepared_by_us = DBDPG_TRUE; /* Done here so deallocate is not called spuriously */
    imp_dbh->prepare_number++; /* We do this at the end so we don't increment if we fail above */

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_prepare_statement\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;
    
} /* end of pg_st_prepare_statement */



/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_bind_ph (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth, SV * ph_name, SV * newvalue, IV sql_type, SV * attribs, int is_inout, IV maxlen)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    char * name = Nullch;
    STRLEN name_len;
    ph_t * currph = NULL;
    int    x, phnum;
    SV **  svp;
    bool   reprepare = DBDPG_FALSE;
    int    pg_type = 0;
    char * value_string = NULL;
    bool   is_array = DBDPG_FALSE;

    maxlen = 0; /* not used, this makes the compiler happy */

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_bind_ph (ph_name: %s)\n",
                    THEADER_slow,
                    neatsvpv(ph_name,0));

    if (0==imp_sth->numphs)
        croak("Statement has no placeholders to bind");

    /* Check the placeholder name and transform to a standard form */
    if (SvGMAGICAL(ph_name)) {
        (void)mg_get(ph_name);
    }
    name = SvPV(ph_name, name_len);
    if (PLACEHOLDER_COLON == imp_sth->placeholder_type) {
        if (':' != *name) {
            croak("Placeholders must begin with ':' when using the \":foo\" style");
        }
    }
    else {
        for (x=0; *(name+x); x++) {
            if (!isDIGIT(*(name+x)) && (x!=0 || '$'!=*(name+x))) {
                croak("Placeholder should be in the format \"$1\"\n");
            }
        }
    }

    /* Find the placeholder in question */

    if (PLACEHOLDER_COLON == imp_sth->placeholder_type) {
        for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph = currph->nextph) {
            if (0==strcmp(currph->fooname, name)) {
                x=1;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (0==x)
            croak("Cannot bind unknown placeholder '%s'", name);
    }
    else { /* We have a number */    
        if ('$' == *name)
            name++;
        phnum = atoi(name);
        if (phnum < 1 || phnum > imp_sth->numphs)
            croak("Cannot bind unknown placeholder %d (%s)", phnum, neatsvpv(ph_name,0));
        for (x=1,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph = currph->nextph,x++) {
            if (x==phnum)
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Check the value */
    if (SvTYPE(newvalue) > SVt_PVLV) { /* hook for later array logic    */
        croak("Cannot bind a non-scalar value (%s)", neatsvpv(newvalue,0));
    }
    /* dbi handle allowed for cursor variables */
    if (SvROK(newvalue) &&!IS_DBI_HANDLE(newvalue)) {
        if (sv_isa(newvalue, "DBD::Pg::DefaultValue")
            || sv_isa(newvalue, "DBI::DefaultValue")) {
            /* This is a special type */
            Safefree(currph->value);
            currph->value = NULL;
            currph->valuelen = 0;
            currph->isdefault = DBDPG_TRUE;
            imp_sth->has_default = DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
        else if (sv_isa(newvalue, "DBD::Pg::Current")) {
            /* This is a special type */
            Safefree(currph->value);
            currph->value = NULL;
            currph->valuelen = 0;
            currph->iscurrent = DBDPG_TRUE;
            imp_sth->has_current = DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
        else if (SvTYPE(SvRV(newvalue)) == SVt_PVAV) {
            SV * quotedval;
            quotedval = pg_stringify_array(newvalue,",",imp_dbh->pg_server_version,imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag);
            currph->valuelen = sv_len(quotedval);
            Renew(currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            Copy(SvUTF8(quotedval) ? SvPVutf8_nolen(quotedval) : SvPV_nolen(quotedval),
                 currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char);
            currph->bind_type = pg_type_data(PG_CSTRINGARRAY);
            sv_2mortal(quotedval);
            is_array = DBDPG_TRUE;
        }
        else if (!SvAMAGIC(newvalue)) {
            /*
              We want to allow magic scalars on through - but we cannot check above,
              because sometimes DBD::Pg::DefaultValue arrives as one!
            */
            croak("Cannot bind a reference\n");
        }
    }
    if (TRACE5_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBind (%s) (type=%ld)\n", THEADER_slow, name, (long)sql_type);
        if (attribs) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBind attribs (%s)", THEADER_slow, neatsvpv(attribs,0));
        }
    }

    if (is_inout) {
        currph->isinout = DBDPG_TRUE;
        imp_sth->use_inout = DBDPG_TRUE;
        currph->inout = newvalue; /* Reference to a scalar */
    }

    /* We ignore attribs for these special cases */
    if (currph->isdefault || currph->iscurrent || (is_array && !SvAMAGIC(newvalue))) {
        if (NULL == currph->bind_type) {
            imp_sth->numbound++;
            currph->bind_type = pg_type_data(PG_UNKNOWN);
        }
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_bind_ph (special)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 1;
    }

    /* Check for a pg_type argument (sql_type already handled) */
    if (attribs) {
        if((svp = hv_fetch((HV*)SvRV(attribs),"pg_type", 7, 0)) != NULL)
            pg_type = (int)SvIV(*svp);
    }
    
    if (sql_type && pg_type)
        croak ("Cannot specify both sql_type and pg_type");

    if (NULL == currph->bind_type && (sql_type || pg_type))
        imp_sth->numbound++;
    
    if (pg_type) {
        if ((currph->bind_type = pg_type_data(pg_type))) {
            if (!currph->bind_type->bind_ok) { /* Re-evaluate with new prepare */
                croak("Cannot bind %s, pg_type %s not supported by DBD::Pg",
                      name, currph->bind_type->type_name);
            }
        }
        else {
            croak("Cannot bind %s unknown pg_type %d", name, pg_type);
        }
    }
    else if (sql_type) {
        /* always bind as pg_type, because we know we are 
           inserting into a pg database... It would make no 
           sense to quote something to sql semantics and break
           the insert.
        */
        if (!(currph->bind_type = sql_type_data((int)sql_type))) {
            croak("Cannot bind param %s: unknown sql_type %ld", name, (long)sql_type);
        }
        if (!(currph->bind_type = pg_type_data(currph->bind_type->type.pg))) {
            croak("Cannot find a pg_type for %ld", (long)sql_type);
        }
     }
    else if (NULL == currph->bind_type) { /* "sticky" data type */
        /* This is the default type, but we will honor defaultval if we can */
        currph->bind_type = pg_type_data(PG_UNKNOWN);
        if (!currph->bind_type)
            croak("Default type is bad!!!!???");
    }

    if (pg_type || sql_type) {
        currph->defaultval = DBDPG_FALSE;
        /* Possible re-prepare, depending on whether the type name also changes */
        if (imp_sth->prepared_by_us && NULL != imp_sth->prepare_name)
            reprepare = DBDPG_TRUE;
        /* Mark this statement as having binary if the type is bytea */
        if (PG_BYTEA==currph->bind_type->type_id)
            imp_sth->has_binary = DBDPG_TRUE;
    }

    /* convert to a string ASAP */
    if (!SvPOK(newvalue) && SvOK(newvalue)) {
        (void)sv_2pv(newvalue, &PL_na);
    }

    /* upgrade to at least string */
    (void)SvUPGRADE(newvalue, SVt_PV);

    if (SvOK(newvalue)) {
        /* get the right encoding, without modifying the caller's copy */
        newvalue = pg_rightgraded_sv(aTHX_ newvalue, imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag && PG_BYTEA!=currph->bind_type->type_id);
        value_string = SvPV(newvalue, currph->valuelen);
        Renew(currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        Copy(value_string, currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char);
        currph->value[currph->valuelen] = '\0';
    }
    else {
        Safefree(currph->value);
        currph->value = NULL;
        currph->valuelen = 0;
    }

    if (reprepare) {
        if (TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBinding has forced a re-prepare\n", THEADER_slow);
        /* Deallocate sets the prepare_name to NULL */
        if (pg_st_deallocate_statement(aTHX_ sth, imp_sth)!=0) {
            /* Deallocation failed. Let's mark it and move on */
            Safefree(imp_sth->prepare_name);
            imp_sth->prepare_name = NULL;
            if (TRACEWARN_slow)
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sFailed to deallocate!\n", THEADER_slow);
        }
    }

    if (TRACE7_slow)
        TRC    (DBILOGFP,
             "%sPlaceholder (%s) bound as type (%s) (type_id=%d), length %d, value of (%s)\n",
             THEADER_slow, name, currph->bind_type->type_name,
             currph->bind_type->type_id, (int)currph->valuelen,
             PG_BYTEA==currph->bind_type->type_id ? "(binary, not shown)" : value_string);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_bind_ph\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of dbd_bind_ph */


/* ================================================================== */
SV * pg_stringify_array(SV *input, const char * array_delim, int server_version, bool utf8) {

    dTHX;
    AV * toparr;
    AV * currarr;
    AV * lastarr;
    int done;
    int array_depth = 0;
    int array_items;
    int inner_arrays = 0;
    int xy, yz;
    SV * svitem;
    char * string;
    STRLEN stringlength;
    SV * value;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_stringify_array\n", THEADER_slow);

    toparr = (AV *) SvRV(input);
    value = newSVpv("{", 1);
    if (utf8)
        SvUTF8_on(value);

    /* Empty arrays are easy */
    if (av_len(toparr) < 0) {
        av_clear(toparr);
        sv_catpv(value, "}");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_stringify_array (empty)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return value;
    }

    done = 0;
    currarr = lastarr = toparr;

    /* We want to walk through to find out the depth */
    while (!done) {

        /* If we come across a null, we are done */
        if (! av_exists(currarr, 0)) {
            done = 1;
            break;
        }

        /* Grab the first item of the current array */
        svitem = *av_fetch(currarr, 0, 0);

        /* If a ref, die if not an array, else keep descending */
        if (SvROK(svitem)) {
            if (SvTYPE(SvRV(svitem)) != SVt_PVAV)
                croak("Arrays must contain only scalars and other arrays");
            array_depth++;

            /* Squirrel away this level before we leave it */
            lastarr = currarr;

            /* Set the current array to this item */
            currarr = (AV *)SvRV(svitem);

            /* If this is an empty array, stop here */
            if (av_len(currarr) < 0)
                done = 1;
        }
        else
            done = 1;
    }

    inner_arrays = array_depth ? 1+(int)av_len(lastarr) : 0;

    /* How many items are in each inner array? */
    array_items = array_depth ? (1+(int)av_len((AV*)SvRV(*av_fetch(lastarr,0,0)))) : 1+(int)av_len(lastarr);

    for (xy=1; xy < array_depth; xy++) {
        sv_catpv(value, "{");
    }

    for (xy=0; xy < inner_arrays || !array_depth; xy++) {
        if (array_depth) {
            svitem = *av_fetch(lastarr, xy, 0);
            if (!SvROK(svitem))
                croak ("Not a valid array!");
            currarr = (AV*)SvRV(svitem);
            if (SvTYPE(currarr) != SVt_PVAV)
                croak("Arrays must contain only scalars and other arrays!");
            if (1+av_len(currarr) != array_items)
                croak("Invalid array - all arrays must be of equal size");
            sv_catpv(value, "{");
        }
        for (yz=0; yz < array_items; yz++) {
            if (! av_exists(currarr, yz)) {
                sv_catpv(value, "NULL");
            }
            else {
                svitem = *av_fetch(currarr, yz, 0);

                if (SvROK(svitem))
                    croak("Arrays must contain only scalars and other arrays");

                if (!SvOK(svitem)) { /* Insert NULL if we can */
                    /* Only version 8.2 and up can handle NULLs in arrays */
                    if (server_version < 80200)
                        croak("Cannot use NULLs in arrays until version 8.2");
                    sv_catpv(value, "NULL"); /* Beware of array_nulls config param! */
                }
                else {
                    sv_catpv(value, "\"");
                    /* avoid up- or down-grading the caller's value */
                    svitem = pg_rightgraded_sv(aTHX_ svitem, utf8);
                    string = SvPV(svitem, stringlength);
                    while (stringlength--) {
                        /* Escape backslashes and double-quotes. */
                        if ('\"' == *string || '\\' == *string)
                            sv_catpvn(value, "\\", 1);
                        sv_catpvn(value, string, 1);
                        string++;
                    }
                    sv_catpv(value, "\"");
                }
            }

            if (yz < array_items-1)
                sv_catpv(value, array_delim);
        }

        if (!array_items) {
            sv_catpv(value, "\"\"");
        }

        sv_catpv(value, "}");
        if (xy < inner_arrays-1)
            sv_catpv(value, array_delim);
        if (!array_depth)
            break;
    }

    for (xy=0; xy<array_depth; xy++) {
        sv_catpv(value, "}");
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_stringify_array (string: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, neatsvpv(value,0));
    return value;

} /* end of pg_stringify_array */

/* ================================================================== */
static SV * pg_destringify_array(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh, unsigned char * input, sql_type_info_t * coltype)
{

    AV*    av;              /* The main array we are returning a reference to */
    AV*    currentav;       /* The current array level */
    AV*    topav;           /* Where each item starts at */
    char*  string;
    STRLEN section_size = 0;
    bool   in_quote = 0;
    bool   seen_quotes = 0;
    int    opening_braces = 0;
    int    closing_braces = 0;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_destringify_array (string: %s quotechar: %c)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, input, coltype->array_delimiter);

    /*
      Note: we don't do careful balance checking here, as this is coming straight from 
      the Postgres backend, and we rely on it to give us a sane and balanced structure
    */

    /* The array may start with a non 1-based beginning. If so, we'll just eat the range */
    if ('[' == *input) {
        while (*input != '\0') {
            if ('=' == *input++)
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Eat the opening brace and perform a sanity check */
    if ('{' != *(input++))
        croak("Tried to destringify a non-array!: %s", input);

    /* Count how deep this array goes */
    while ('{' == *input) {
        opening_braces++;
        input++;
    }
    input -= opening_braces;

    New(0, string, strlen((char *)input), char); /* Freed at end of this function */
    string[0] = '\0';

    av = currentav = topav = newAV();

    while (*input != '\0') {
        if (in_quote) {
            if ('"' == *input) {
                in_quote = 0;
                /* String will be stored by following delimiter or brace */
                input++;
                continue;
            }
            if ('\\' == *input) { /* Eat backslashes */
                input++;
            }
            string[section_size++] = *input++;
            continue;
        }
        else if ('{' == *input) {
            AV * const newav = newAV();
            av_push(currentav, newRV_noinc((SV*)newav));
            currentav = newav;
        }
        else if (coltype->array_delimiter == *input) {
        }
        else if ('}' == *input) {
        }
        else if ('"' == *input) {
            in_quote = seen_quotes = (bool)1;
        }
        else {
            string[section_size++] = *input;
        }

        if ('}' == *input || (coltype->array_delimiter == *input && '}' != *(input-1))) {
            string[section_size] = '\0';
            if (0 == section_size && !seen_quotes) {
                /* Just an empty array */
            }
            else if (4 == section_size && 0 == strncmp(string, "NULL", 4) && '"' != *(input-1)) {
                av_push(currentav, newSV(0));
            }
            else {
                if (1 == coltype->svtype)
                    av_push(currentav, newSViv(SvIV(sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(string,section_size)))));
                else if (2 == coltype->svtype)
                    av_push(currentav, newSVnv(SvNV(sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(string,section_size)))));
                else if (3 == coltype->svtype) {
                    if (imp_dbh->pg_bool_tf) {
                        av_push(currentav, newSVpv('t' == *string ? "t" : "f", 0));
                    }
                    else
                        av_push(currentav, newSViv('t' == *string ? 1 : 0));
                }
                else {
                    // Bytea gets special dequoting
                    if (0 == strncmp(coltype->type_name, "_bytea", 6)) {
                        coltype->dequote(aTHX_ string, &section_size);
                    }

                    SV *sv = newSVpvn(string, section_size);

                    // Mark as utf8 if needed (but never bytea)
                    if (0 != strncmp(coltype->type_name, "_bytea", 6)
                        && imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag)
                        SvUTF8_on(sv);

                    av_push(currentav, sv);

                }
            }
            section_size = 0;
        }

        /* Handle all touching closing braces */
        if ('}' == *input) {
            if (closing_braces) {
                while ('}' == *input) {
                    input++;
                }
            }
            else {
                while ('}' == *input) {
                    closing_braces++;
                    input++;
                }
                /* Set the new topav if required */
                if ('\0' != *input && opening_braces > closing_braces) {
                    closing_braces = opening_braces - closing_braces;
                    while (closing_braces--) {
                        topav = (AV*)SvRV(AvARRAY(topav)[0]);
                    }
                }
            }
            currentav = topav;
        }
        else {
            input++;
        }
    }
    Safefree(string);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_destringify_array\n", THEADER_slow);
    return newRV_noinc((SV*)av);

} /* end of pg_destringify_array */

SV * pg_upgraded_sv(pTHX_ SV *input) {
    U8 *p, *end;
    STRLEN len;
    /* SvPV() can change the value SvUTF8() (for overloaded values and tied values). */
    p = (U8*)SvPV(input, len);
    if(SvUTF8(input)) return input;
    for(end = p + len; p != end; p++) {
        if(*p & 0x80) {
            SV *output = sv_mortalcopy(input);
            sv_utf8_upgrade(output);
            return output;
        }
    }
    return input;
}

SV * pg_downgraded_sv(pTHX_ SV *input) {
    U8 *p, *end;
    STRLEN len;
    /* SvPV() can change the value SvUTF8() (for overloaded values and tied values). */
    p = (U8*)SvPV(input, len);
    if(!SvUTF8(input)) return input;
    for(end = p + len; p != end; p++) {
        if(*p & 0x80) {
            SV *output = sv_mortalcopy(input);
            sv_utf8_downgrade(output, DBDPG_FALSE);
            return output;
        }
    }
    return input;
}

SV * pg_rightgraded_sv(pTHX_ SV *input, bool utf8) {
    return utf8 ? pg_upgraded_sv(aTHX_ input) : pg_downgraded_sv(aTHX_ input);
}

static void pg_db_detect_client_encoding_utf8(pTHX_ imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh) {
    char *clean_encoding;
    int i, j;
    const char * const client_encoding =
        PQparameterStatus(imp_dbh->conn, "client_encoding");
    if (NULL != client_encoding) {
        STRLEN len = strlen(client_encoding);
        New(0, clean_encoding, len + 1, char);
        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++) {
            const char c = toLOWER(client_encoding[i]);
            if (isALPHA(c) || isDIGIT(c))
                clean_encoding[j++] = c;
        };
        clean_encoding[j] = '\0';
        imp_dbh->client_encoding_utf8 =
            (strnEQ(clean_encoding, "utf8", 4) || strnEQ(clean_encoding, "unicode", 8))
            ? DBDPG_TRUE : DBDPG_FALSE;
        Safefree(clean_encoding);
    }
    else {
        imp_dbh->client_encoding_utf8 = DBDPG_FALSE;
    }
}

/* ================================================================== */
long pg_quickexec (SV * dbh, const char * sql, const int asyncflag)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    ExecStatusType          status = PGRES_FATAL_ERROR; /* Assume the worst */
    PGTransactionStatusType txn_status;
    char *                  cmdStatus = NULL;
    long                    rows = 0;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_quickexec (query: %s async: %d async_status: %d)\n",
            THEADER_slow, sql, asyncflag, imp_dbh->async_status);

    if (NULL == imp_dbh->conn) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Database handle has been disconnected");
        return -2;
    }

    /* Abort if we are in the middle of a copy */
    if (imp_dbh->copystate != 0) {
        if (PGRES_COPY_IN == imp_dbh->copystate) {
            croak("Must call pg_putcopyend before issuing more commands");
        }
        else {
            croak("Must call pg_getcopydata until no more rows before issuing more commands");
        }
    }            

    /* If we are still waiting on an async, handle it */
    if (imp_dbh->async_status) {
        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%shandling old async\n", THEADER_slow);
        rows = handle_old_async(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, asyncflag);
        if (rows) {
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (async rows: %ld)\n", THEADER_slow, rows);
            return rows;
        }
    }

    /* If not autocommit, start a new transaction */
    if (!imp_dbh->done_begin && !DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "begin");
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (error: begin failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return -2;
        }
        imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_TRUE;
        /* If read-only mode, make it so */
        if (imp_dbh->txn_read_only) {
            status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "set transaction read only");
            if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
                TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
                pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (error: set transaction read only failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
        }
    }

    /*
      We want txn mode if AutoCommit
     */


    /* Asynchronous commands get kicked off and return undef */
    if (asyncflag & PG_ASYNC) {
        if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sGoing asychronous with do()\n", THEADER_slow);
        TRACE_PQSENDQUERY;
        if (! PQsendQuery(imp_dbh->conn, sql)) {
            if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQsendQuery failed\n", THEADER_slow);
            _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);

            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (error: async do failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return -2;
        }
        imp_dbh->async_status = 1;
        imp_dbh->async_sth = NULL; /* Needed? */

        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (async)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    if (TSQL) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s;\n\n", sql);


    /* Free the last_result as needed, as we are about to replace it */
    if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
        PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
        imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
    }

    TRACE_PQEXEC;
    imp_dbh->last_result = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, sql);
    imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_TRUE;
    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, imp_dbh->last_result);

    imp_dbh->copystate = 0; /* Assume not in copy mode until told otherwise */

    if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sGot a status of %d\n", THEADER_slow, status);
    switch ((int)status) {
    case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
        TRACE_PQNTUPLES;
        rows = PQntuples(imp_dbh->last_result);
        break;
    case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
        /* non-select statement */
        TRACE_PQCMDSTATUS;
        cmdStatus = PQcmdStatus(imp_dbh->last_result);
        /* If the statement indicates a number of rows, we want to return that */
        /* Note: COPY and FETCH do not currently reach here, although they return numbers */
        if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "INSERT", 6)) {
            /* INSERT(space)oid(space)numrows */
            for (rows=8; cmdStatus[rows-1] != ' '; rows++) {
            }
            rows = atol(cmdStatus + rows);
        }
        else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MOVE", 4)) {
            rows = atol(cmdStatus + 5);
        }
        else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "DELETE", 6)
               || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "UPDATE", 6)
               || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "SELECT", 6)) {
            rows = atol(cmdStatus + 7);
        }
        else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MERGE", 5)) {
            rows = atol(cmdStatus + 6);
        }
        break;
    case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
    case PGRES_COPY_IN:
    case PGRES_COPY_BOTH:
        /* Copy Out/In data transfer in progress */
        imp_dbh->copystate = status;
        imp_dbh->copybinary = PQbinaryTuples(imp_dbh->last_result);
        rows = -1;
        break;
    case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
    case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
    case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
        rows = -2;
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        break;
    case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
    default:
        rows = -2;
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        break;
    }

    if (NULL == imp_dbh->last_result) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (no result)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }

    TRACE_PQTRANSACTIONSTATUS;
    txn_status = PQtransactionStatus(imp_dbh->conn);

    if (PQTRANS_IDLE == txn_status) {
        imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
        imp_dbh->copystate=0;
        /* If begin_work has been called, turn AutoCommit back on and BegunWork off */
        if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork)!=0) {
            DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit, 1);
            DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork, 0);
        }
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_quickexec (rows: %ld, txn_status: %d)\n",
                  THEADER_slow, rows, txn_status);
    return rows;

} /* end of pg_quickexec */


/* ================================================================== */
/* Return value <= -2:error, >=0:ok row count, (-1=unknown count) */
long dbd_st_execute (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    ph_t *        currph;
    int           status = -1;
    STRLEN        execsize, x;
    unsigned int  placeholder_digits;
    seg_t *       currseg;
    char *        statement = NULL;
    int           num_fields;
    long          ret = -2;
    PQExecType    pqtype = PQTYPE_UNKNOWN;
    long          power_of_ten;
    
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_execute\n", THEADER_slow);
    
    if (NULL == imp_dbh->conn) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Cannot call execute on a disconnected database handle");
        return -2;
    }

    /* Abort if we are in the middle of a copy */
    if (imp_dbh->copystate!=0)
        croak("Must call pg_endcopy before issuing more commands");

    /* Ensure that all the placeholders have been bound */
    if (!imp_sth->all_bound && imp_sth->numphs!=0) {
        for (currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
            if (NULL == currph->bind_type) {
                pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "execute called with an unbound placeholder");
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (error: unbound placeholder)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
            if (currph->isinout) {
                currph->valuelen = sv_len(currph->inout);
                Renew(currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char);
                Copy(SvPV_nolen(currph->inout), currph->value, currph->valuelen+1, char);
                currph->value[currph->valuelen] = '\0';
            }
        }
        imp_sth->all_bound = DBDPG_TRUE;
    }

    /* Check for old async transactions */
    if (imp_dbh->async_status) {
        if (TRACE7_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sAttempting to handle existing async transaction\n", THEADER_slow);
        ret = handle_old_async(aTHX_ sth, imp_dbh, imp_sth->async_flag);
        if (ret) {
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (async ret: %ld)\n", THEADER_slow, ret);
            return ret;
        }
    }

    /* If not autocommit, start a new transaction */
    if (!imp_dbh->done_begin && !DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "begin");
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ sth, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (error: begin failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return -2;
        }
        imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_TRUE;
        /* If read-only mode, make it so */
        if (imp_dbh->txn_read_only) {
            status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "set transaction read only");
            if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
                TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
                pg_error(aTHX_ sth, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (error: set transaction read only failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
        }
    }

    /*
      Now, we need to build the statement to send to the backend
      We are using one of PQexec, PQexecPrepared, or PQexecParams
      Let's figure out which we are going to use and set pqtype
    */

    if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP,
                    "%sPQexec* decision: dml=%d direct=%d server_prepare=%d numbound=%d numphs=%d default=%d current=%d\n",
                    THEADER_slow, 
                    imp_sth->is_dml,
                    imp_sth->direct,
                    imp_sth->server_prepare,
                    imp_sth->numbound,
                    imp_sth->numphs,
                    imp_sth->has_default,
                    imp_sth->has_current);

    /* Increment our count */
    imp_sth->number_iterations++;

    /* We use PQexec if:
       1. The statement is *not* DML (e.g. is DDL, which cannot be prepared)
       2. We have a DEFAULT parameter
       3. We have a CURRENT parameter
       4. pg_direct is true
       5. There are no placeholders
       6. pg_server_prepare is false
    */
    if (!imp_sth->is_dml
        || imp_sth->has_default
        || imp_sth->has_current
        || imp_sth->direct
        || !imp_sth->numphs
        || !imp_sth->server_prepare
        )
        pqtype = PQTYPE_EXEC;
    else if (0==imp_sth->switch_prepared || imp_sth->number_iterations < imp_sth->switch_prepared) {
        pqtype = PQTYPE_PARAMS;
    }
    else {
        pqtype = PQTYPE_PREPARED;
    }

    /* We use the new server_side prepare style if:
       1. The statement is DML (DDL is not preparable)
       2. The attribute "pg_direct" is false
       3. The attribute "pg_server_prepare" is true
       4. There are no DEFAULT or CURRENT values
    */
    execsize = imp_sth->totalsize; /* Total of all segments */

    /* If using plain old PQexec, we need to quote each value ourselves */
    if (PQTYPE_EXEC == pqtype) {
        for (currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
            if (currph->isdefault) {
                Renew(currph->quoted, 8, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                strncpy(currph->quoted, "DEFAULT", 8);
                currph->quotedlen = 7;
            }
            else if (currph->iscurrent) {
                Renew(currph->quoted, 18, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                strncpy(currph->quoted, "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", 18);
                currph->quotedlen = 17;
            }
            else if (NULL == currph->value) {
                Renew(currph->quoted, 5, char); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                strncpy(currph->quoted, "NULL", 5);
                currph->quotedlen = 4;
            }
            else {
                if (currph->quoted)
                    Safefree(currph->quoted);
                currph->quoted = currph->bind_type->quote(
                    aTHX_
                    currph->value,
                    currph->valuelen,
                    &currph->quotedlen,
                    imp_dbh->pg_server_version >= 80100 ? 1 : 0
                                                          ); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
            }
        }
        /* Set the size of each actual in-place placeholder */
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (currseg->placeholder!=0)
                execsize += currseg->ph->quotedlen;
        }
    }
    else { /* We are using a server that can handle PQexecParams/PQexecPrepared */

        /* Put all values into an array to pass to one of the above */
        if (NULL == imp_sth->PQvals) {
            Newz(0, imp_sth->PQvals, (unsigned int)imp_sth->numphs, const char *); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        }
        for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
            imp_sth->PQvals[x++] = currph->value;
        }

        /* Binary or regular? */

        if (imp_sth->has_binary) {
            if (NULL == imp_sth->PQlens) {
                Newz(0, imp_sth->PQlens, (unsigned int)imp_sth->numphs, int); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
                Newz(0, imp_sth->PQfmts, (unsigned int)imp_sth->numphs, int); /* freed below */
            }
            for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,x++) {
                if (PG_BYTEA==currph->bind_type->type_id) {
                    imp_sth->PQlens[x] = (int)currph->valuelen;
                    imp_sth->PQfmts[x] = 1;
                }
                else {
                    imp_sth->PQlens[x] = 0;
                    imp_sth->PQfmts[x] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    /* Run one of PQexec (or PQsendQuery), PQexecParams (or PQsendQueryParams), PQexecPrepared (or PQsendQueryPrepared) */

    if (PQTYPE_EXEC == pqtype) { /* PQexec or PQsendQuery */

        if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s%s\n",
                             THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQuery" : "PQexec");

        /* Go through and quote each value, then turn into a giant statement */
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (currseg->placeholder!=0)
                execsize += currseg->ph->quotedlen;
        }

        New(0, statement, execsize+1, char); /* freed below at end of this 'if' block */
        statement[0] = '\0';
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (currseg->segment != NULL)
                strcat(statement, currseg->segment);
            if (currseg->placeholder!=0)
                strcat(statement, currseg->ph->quoted);
        }
        statement[execsize] = '\0';

        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRunning %s with (%s)\n", 
                             THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQuery" : "PQexec",
                             statement);
            
        if (TSQL)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s;\n\n", statement);

        if (imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC) {
            TRACE_PQSENDQUERY;
            ret = PQsendQuery(imp_dbh->conn, statement);
        }
        else {

            /* Free the last_result as needed, even if happens to be owned by us */
            if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
                imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
            }
            if (imp_sth->result) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_sth->result);
                imp_sth->result = NULL;
            }

            TRACE_PQEXEC;
            imp_dbh->last_result = imp_sth->result
                = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, statement);
            imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }

        Safefree(statement);

    }
    else if (PQTYPE_PARAMS == pqtype) { /* PQexecParams or PQsendQueryParams */

        if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s%s\n",
                             THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQueryParams" : "PQexecParams");

        /* Figure out how big the statement plus placeholders will be */
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (0==currseg->placeholder)
                continue;
            /* The parameter itself: dollar sign plus digit(s) */
            power_of_ten = 10;
            for (placeholder_digits=1; placeholder_digits<7; placeholder_digits++, power_of_ten *= 10) {
                if (currseg->placeholder < power_of_ten)
                    break;
            }
            if (placeholder_digits >= 7)
                croak("Too many placeholders!");
            execsize += placeholder_digits+1;
        }

        /* Create the statement */
        New(0, statement, execsize+1, char); /* freed below at end of this 'if' block */
        statement[0] = '\0';
        for (currseg=imp_sth->seg; NULL != currseg; currseg=currseg->nextseg) {
            if (currseg->segment != NULL)
                strcat(statement, currseg->segment);
            if (currseg->placeholder!=0)
                sprintf(strchr(statement, '\0'), "$%d", currseg->placeholder);
        }
        statement[execsize] = '\0';
            
        /* Populate PQoids */
        if (NULL == imp_sth->PQoids) {
            Newz(0, imp_sth->PQoids, (unsigned int)imp_sth->numphs, Oid);
        }
        for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph) {
            imp_sth->PQoids[x++] = (currph->defaultval) ? 0 : (Oid)currph->bind_type->type_id;
        }
        
        if (TRACE7_slow) {
            for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,x++) {
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQexecParams item #%d\n", THEADER_slow, (int)x);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Type: (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQoids[x]);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Value: (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQvals[x]);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Length: (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQlens ? imp_sth->PQlens[x] : 0);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Format: (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQfmts ? imp_sth->PQfmts[x] : 0);
            }
        }

        if (TSQL) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "EXECUTE %s (\n", statement);
            for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,x++) {
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "$%d: %s\n", (int)x+1, imp_sth->PQvals[x]);
            }
            TRC(DBILOGFP, ");\n\n");
        }

        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRunning %s with (%s)\n",
                             THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQueryParams" : "PQexecParams",
                             statement);

        if (imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC) {
            TRACE_PQSENDQUERYPARAMS;
            ret = PQsendQueryParams
                (imp_dbh->conn, statement, imp_sth->numphs,
                 imp_sth->PQoids, imp_sth->PQvals, imp_sth->PQlens, imp_sth->PQfmts, 0);
        }
        else {

            /* Free the last_result as needed, even if happens to be owned by us */
            if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
                imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
            }
            if (imp_sth->result) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_sth->result);
                imp_sth->result = NULL;
            }

            TRACE_PQEXECPARAMS;
            imp_dbh->last_result = imp_sth->result
                = PQexecParams(
                               imp_dbh->conn, statement, imp_sth->numphs,
                               imp_sth->PQoids, imp_sth->PQvals, imp_sth->PQlens, imp_sth->PQfmts, 0
                               );
            imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }

        Safefree(statement);

    }
    else if (PQTYPE_PREPARED == pqtype) { /* PQexecPrepared or PQsendQueryPrepared */
    
        if (TRACE4_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s%s\n",
                             THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQueryPrepared" : "PQexecPrepared");

        /* Prepare if it has not already been prepared (or it needs repreparing) */
        if (NULL == imp_sth->prepare_name) {
            if (imp_sth->prepared_by_us) {
                if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRe-preparing statement\n", THEADER_slow);
            }
            if (pg_st_prepare_statement(aTHX_ sth, imp_sth)!=0) {
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
        }
        else {
            if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sUsing previously prepared statement (%s)\n",
                            THEADER_slow, imp_sth->prepare_name);
        }
        
        if (TRACE7_slow) {
            for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,x++) {
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQexecPrepared item #%d\n", THEADER_slow, (int)x);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Value: (%s)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, (imp_sth->PQfmts && imp_sth->PQfmts[x]==1) ? "(binary, not shown)" 
                                    : imp_sth->PQvals[x]);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Length: (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQlens ? imp_sth->PQlens[x] : 0);
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%s-> Format: (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->PQfmts ? imp_sth->PQfmts[x] : 0);
            }
        }
        
        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRunning %s with (%s)\n", THEADER_slow,
                             imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC ? "PQsendQueryPrepared" : "PQexecPrepared",
                             imp_sth->prepare_name);

        if (TSQL) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "EXECUTE %s (\n", imp_sth->prepare_name);
            for (x=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph; currph=currph->nextph,x++) {
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "$%d: %s\n", (int)x+1, imp_sth->PQvals[x]);
            }
            TRC(DBILOGFP, ");\n\n");
        }

        if (imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC) {
            TRACE_PQSENDQUERYPREPARED;
            ret = PQsendQueryPrepared
                (imp_dbh->conn, imp_sth->prepare_name, imp_sth->numphs,
                 imp_sth->PQvals, imp_sth->PQlens, imp_sth->PQfmts, 0);
        }
        else {

            /* Free the last_result as needed, even if happens to be owned by us */
            if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
                imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
            }
            if (imp_sth->result) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_sth->result);
                imp_sth->result = NULL;
            }

            TRACE_PQEXECPREPARED;
            imp_dbh->last_result = imp_sth->result
                = PQexecPrepared(
                                 imp_dbh->conn, imp_sth->prepare_name, imp_sth->numphs,
                                 imp_sth->PQvals, imp_sth->PQlens, imp_sth->PQfmts, 0
                                 );
            imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
    } /* end new-style prepare */
        
    /* Some form of PQexec* or PQsend* has been run at this point */

    /* If running asynchronously, we don't stick around for the result */
    if (imp_sth->async_flag & PG_ASYNC) {
        if (TRACEWARN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEarly return for async query", THEADER_slow);
        imp_sth->async_status = 1;
        imp_dbh->async_sth = imp_sth;
        imp_dbh->async_status = 1;
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (async)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, imp_sth->result);

    imp_dbh->copystate = 0; /* Assume not in copy mode until told otherwise */

    if (PGRES_TUPLES_OK == status) {
        TRACE_PQNFIELDS;
        num_fields = PQnfields(imp_sth->result);
        imp_sth->cur_tuple = 0;
        DBIc_NUM_FIELDS(imp_sth) = num_fields;
        DBIc_ACTIVE_on(imp_sth);
        TRACE_PQNTUPLES;
        ret = PQntuples(imp_sth->result);
        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP,
                        "%sStatus was PGRES_TUPLES_OK, fields=%d, tuples=%ld\n",
                        THEADER_slow, num_fields, ret);
    }
    else if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK == status) {
        /* non-select statement */
        char *cmdStatus = NULL;
        bool gotrows = DBDPG_FALSE;

        if (TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sStatus was PGRES_COMMAND_OK\n", THEADER_slow);

        if (imp_sth->result) {
            TRACE_PQCMDSTATUS;
            cmdStatus = PQcmdStatus(imp_sth->result);
            if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "INSERT", 6)) {
                /* INSERT(space)oid(space)numrows */
                for (ret=8; cmdStatus[ret-1] != ' '; ret++) {
                }
                ret = atol(cmdStatus + ret);
                gotrows = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MOVE", 4)) {
                ret = atol(cmdStatus + 5);
                gotrows = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "DELETE", 6)
                     || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "UPDATE", 6)
                     || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "SELECT", 6)) {
                ret = atol(cmdStatus + 7);
                gotrows = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MERGE", 5)) {
                ret = atol(cmdStatus + 6);
                gotrows = DBDPG_TRUE;
            }
        }
        if (!gotrows) {
            /* No rows affected, but check for change of state */
            TRACE_PQTRANSACTIONSTATUS;
            if (PQTRANS_IDLE == PQtransactionStatus(imp_dbh->conn)) {
                imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
                /* If begin_work has been called, turn AutoCommit back on and BegunWork off */
                if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork)!=0) {
                    DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit, 1);
                    DBIc_set(imp_dbh, DBIcf_BegunWork, 0);
                }
            }
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (OK, no rows)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else if (PGRES_COPY_OUT == status || PGRES_COPY_IN == status || PGRES_COPY_BOTH == status) {
        if (TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sStatus was PGRES_COPY_%s\n",
                THEADER_slow, PGRES_COPY_OUT == status ? "OUT" : PGRES_COPY_IN == status ? "IN" : "BOTH");
        /* Copy Out/In data transfer in progress */
        imp_dbh->copystate = status;
        imp_dbh->copybinary = PQbinaryTuples(imp_sth->result);
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (COPY)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -1;
    }
    else {
        if (TRACE5_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sInvalid status returned (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, status);
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (error: bad status)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }
    
    /* store the number of affected rows */
    
    imp_sth->rows = ret;

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_execute (rows: %ld)\n", THEADER_slow, ret);
    return ret;

} /* end of dbd_st_execute */


/* ================================================================== */
AV * dbd_st_fetch (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    int               num_fields;
    int               i;
    int               chopblanks;
    AV *              av;
    
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_fetch\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* Check that execute() was executed successfully */
    if ( !DBIc_ACTIVE(imp_sth) ) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR, "no statement executing\n");    
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_fetch (error: no statement)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return Nullav;
    }

    TRACE_PQNTUPLES;

    if (imp_sth->cur_tuple == imp_sth->rows) {
        if (TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sFetched the last tuple (%d)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->cur_tuple);
        imp_sth->cur_tuple = 0;
        DBIc_ACTIVE_off(imp_sth);
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_fetch (last tuple)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return Nullav; /* we reached the last tuple */
    }

    av = DBIc_DBISTATE(imp_sth)->get_fbav(imp_sth);
    num_fields = AvFILL(av)+1;
    
    chopblanks = (int)DBIc_has(imp_sth, DBIcf_ChopBlanks);

    /* Set up the type_info array if we have not seen it yet */
    if (NULL == imp_sth->type_info) {
        Newz(0, imp_sth->type_info, (unsigned int)num_fields, sql_type_info_t*); /* freed in dbd_st_destroy */
        for (i = 0; i < num_fields; ++i) {
            TRACE_PQFTYPE;
            imp_sth->type_info[i] = pg_type_data((int)PQftype(imp_sth->result, i));
            if (imp_sth->type_info[i] == NULL) {
                if (TRACEWARN_slow) {
                    TRACE_PQFTYPE;
                    TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sUnknown type returned by Postgres: %d. Setting to UNKNOWN\n",
                        THEADER_slow, PQftype(imp_sth->result, i));
                }
                imp_sth->type_info[i] = pg_type_data(PG_UNKNOWN);
            }
        }
    }
    
    for (i = 0; i < num_fields; ++i) {
        sql_type_info_t * type_info;
        SV *sv;

        if (TRACE5_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sFetching field #%d\n", THEADER_slow, i);

        sv = AvARRAY(av)[i];

        TRACE_PQGETISNULL;
        if (PQgetisnull(imp_sth->result, imp_sth->cur_tuple, i)!=0) {
            SvROK(sv) ? (void)sv_unref(sv) : (void)SvOK_off(sv);
        }
        else {
            unsigned char * value;
            TRACE_PQGETVALUE;
            value = (unsigned char*)PQgetvalue(imp_sth->result, imp_sth->cur_tuple, i); 

            type_info = imp_sth->type_info[i];

            if (type_info
                && 0 == strncmp(type_info->arrayout, "array", 5)
                && imp_dbh->expand_array) {
                sv_setsv(sv, sv_2mortal(pg_destringify_array(aTHX_ imp_dbh, value, type_info)));
            }
            else {
                if (type_info) {
                    STRLEN value_len;
                    type_info->dequote(aTHX_ value, &value_len); /* dequote in place */
                    /* For certain types, we can cast to non-string Perlish values */
                    switch (type_info->type_id) {
                    case PG_BOOL:
                        if (imp_dbh->pg_bool_tf) {
                            *value = ('1' == *value) ? 't' : 'f';
                            sv_setpvn(sv, (char *)value, value_len);
                        }
                        else
                            sv_setiv(sv, '1' == *value ? 1 : 0);
                        break;
#if IVSIZE >= 8 && LONGSIZE >= 8
                    case PG_INT8:
                        if (imp_dbh->pg_int8_as_string) {
                            sv_setpvn(sv, (char *)value, value_len);
                            break;
                        }
#endif
                    case PG_INT2:
                    case PG_INT4:
                        sv_setiv(sv, atol((char *)value));
                        break;
                    case PG_FLOAT4:
                    case PG_FLOAT8:
                        sv_setnv(sv, strtod((char *)value, NULL));
                        break;
                    default:
                        sv_setpvn(sv, (char *)value, value_len);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    sv_setpv(sv, (char *)value);
                }
            
                if (type_info && (PG_BPCHAR == type_info->type_id) && chopblanks) {
                    char *p = SvEND(sv);
                    STRLEN len = SvCUR(sv);
                    while(len && ' ' == *--p)
                        --len;
                    if (len != SvCUR(sv)) {
                        SvCUR_set(sv, len);
                        *SvEND(sv) = '\0';
                    }
                }
            }
            if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag) {
                /*
                  The only exception to our rule about setting utf8 (when the client_encoding
                  is set to UTF8) is bytea.
                */
                if (type_info && PG_BYTEA == type_info->type_id) {
                    SvUTF8_off(sv);
                }
                /*
                  Don't try to upgrade references (e.g. arrays).
                  pg_destringify_array() upgrades the items as appropriate.
                */
                else if (!SvROK(sv)) {
                    SvUTF8_on(sv);
                    SvSETMAGIC(sv);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    imp_sth->cur_tuple += 1;

    /* Experimental inout support */
    if (imp_sth->use_inout) {
        ph_t *currph;
        for (i=0,currph=imp_sth->ph; NULL != currph && i < num_fields; currph=currph->nextph,i++) {
            if (currph->isinout)
                sv_copypv(currph->inout, AvARRAY(av)[i]);
        }
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_fetch\n", THEADER_slow);
    return av;

} /* end of dbd_st_fetch */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Pop off savepoints to the specified savepoint name
*/
static void pg_db_free_savepoints_to (pTHX_ imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, const char *savepoint)
{
    I32 i;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_free_savepoints_to\n", THEADER_slow);

    for (i = av_len(imp_dbh->savepoints); i >= 0; i--) {
        SV * const elem = av_pop(imp_dbh->savepoints);
        if (strEQ(SvPV_nolen(elem), savepoint)) {
            sv_2mortal(elem);
            break;
        }
        sv_2mortal(elem);
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_free_savepoints_to\n", THEADER_slow);
}


/* ================================================================== */
long dbd_st_rows (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_rows\n", THEADER_slow);

    return imp_sth->rows;

} /* end of dbd_st_rows */


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_st_finish (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{    
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbdpg_finish (async: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->async_status);
    
    /* Are we in the middle of an async for this statement handle? */
    if (imp_dbh->async_status) {
        if (imp_sth->async_status) {
            handle_old_async(aTHX_ sth, imp_dbh, PG_OLDQUERY_WAIT);
        }
    }

    imp_sth->async_status = 0;
    imp_dbh->async_sth = NULL;

    DBIc_ACTIVE_off(imp_sth);
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_finish\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of dbd_st_finish */


/* ================================================================== */
static int pg_st_deallocate_statement (pTHX_ SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    char                    tempsqlstate[6];
    char *                  stmt;
    int                     status;
    PGTransactionStatusType tstatus;
    
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_st_deallocate_statement\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (imp_dbh->skip_deallocate) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_deallocate_statement (skipped)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    if (NULL == imp_dbh->conn || NULL == imp_sth->prepare_name) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_deallocate_statement (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }
    
    tempsqlstate[0] = '\0';

    /* What is our status? */
    tstatus = pg_db_txn_status(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
    if (TRACE5_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%stxn_status is %d\n", THEADER_slow, tstatus);

    /* If we are in a failed transaction, rollback before deallocating */
    if (PQTRANS_INERROR == tstatus) {
        if (TRACE4_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sIssuing rollback before deallocate\n", THEADER_slow);
        {
            /* If a savepoint has been set, rollback to the last savepoint instead of the entire transaction */
            I32    alen = av_len(imp_dbh->savepoints);
            if (alen > -1) {
                char    *cmd;
                SV * const sp = *av_fetch(imp_dbh->savepoints, alen, 0);
                New(0, cmd, SvLEN(sp) + 13, char); /* Freed below */
                if (TRACE4_slow)
                    TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRolling back to savepoint %s\n", THEADER_slow, SvPV_nolen(sp));
                sprintf(cmd, "rollback to %s", SvPV_nolen(sp));
                strncpy(tempsqlstate, imp_dbh->sqlstate, 6);
                status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, cmd);
                Safefree(cmd);
            }
            else {
                status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "ROLLBACK");
                imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
            }
        }
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            /* This is not fatal, it just means we cannot deallocate */
            if (TRACEWARN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sRollback failed, so no deallocate\n", THEADER_slow);
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_deallocate_statement (cannot deallocate)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 1;
        }
    }

#if PGLIBVERSION >= 170000

    if (TRACE5_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sUsing PQclosePrepared: %s\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->prepare_name);

    imp_dbh->last_result = imp_sth->result
        = PQclosePrepared(imp_dbh->conn, imp_sth->prepare_name);
    imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, imp_sth->result);
#else
    New(0, stmt, strlen("DEALLOCATE ") + strlen(imp_sth->prepare_name) + 1, char); /* freed below */

    sprintf(stmt, "DEALLOCATE %s", imp_sth->prepare_name);

    if (TRACE5_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sDeallocating (%s)\n", THEADER_slow, imp_sth->prepare_name);

    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, stmt);
    Safefree(stmt);
#endif

    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_deallocate_statement (error: status not OK)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 2;
    }

    Safefree(imp_sth->prepare_name);
    imp_sth->prepare_name = NULL;
    if (tempsqlstate[0]) {
        strncpy(imp_dbh->sqlstate, tempsqlstate, 6);
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_st_deallocate_statement\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;

} /* end of pg_st_deallocate_statement */


/* ================================================================== */
void dbd_st_destroy (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    seg_t * currseg;
    seg_t * nextseg;
    ph_t *  currph;
    ph_t *  nextph;

    imp_dbh->do_tmp_sth = NULL;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_destroy\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (NULL == imp_sth->seg) /* Already been destroyed! */
        croak("dbd_st_destroy called twice!");

    /* If the AutoInactiveDestroy flag has been set, we go no further */
    if ((DBIc_AIADESTROY(imp_dbh)) && ((U32)PerlProc_getpid() != imp_dbh->pid_number)) {
        if (TRACE4_slow) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sskipping sth destroy due to AutoInactiveDestroy\n", THEADER_slow);
        }
        DBIc_IMPSET_off(imp_sth); /* let DBI know we've done it */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_destroy (AutoInactiveDestroy set)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return;
    }

    /* If the InactiveDestroy flag has been set, we go no further */
    if (DBIc_IADESTROY(imp_dbh)) {
        if (TRACE4_slow) {
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sskipping sth destroy due to InactiveDestroy\n", THEADER_slow);
        }
        DBIc_IMPSET_off(imp_sth); /* let DBI know we've done it */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_destroy (InactiveDestroy set)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return;
    }

    if (imp_dbh->async_status) {
        handle_old_async(aTHX_ sth, imp_dbh, PG_OLDQUERY_WAIT);
    }

    /* Deallocate only if we named this statement ourselves and we still have a good connection */
    /* On rare occasions, dbd_db_destroy is called first and we can no longer rely on imp_dbh */
    if (imp_sth->prepared_by_us && DBIc_ACTIVE(imp_dbh)) {
        if (pg_st_deallocate_statement(aTHX_ sth, imp_sth)!=0) {
            if (TRACEWARN_slow)
                TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sCould not deallocate\n", THEADER_slow);
        }
    }

    Safefree(imp_sth->prepare_name);
    Safefree(imp_sth->type_info);
    Safefree(imp_sth->firstword);
    Safefree(imp_sth->PQvals);
    Safefree(imp_sth->PQlens);
    Safefree(imp_sth->PQfmts);
    Safefree(imp_sth->PQoids);

    /*
      If our result is the same as the last_result, we will not free it, but will 
       cede control over it so that the parent dbh can clear it later.
       We do this in case $dbh->pg_error_field() is called
    */
    if (imp_sth->result == imp_dbh->last_result) {
        imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_TRUE;
    }
    else {
        if (imp_sth->result) {
            /* Nobody else is using this PGresult, so we can clear it */
            TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
            PQclear(imp_sth->result);
        }
    }

    /* Regardless of the above, we want to not use this anymore */
    imp_sth->result = NULL;

    /* Free all the segments */
    currseg = imp_sth->seg;
    while (NULL != currseg) {
        Safefree(currseg->segment);
        currseg->ph = NULL;
        nextseg = currseg->nextseg;
        Safefree(currseg);
        currseg = nextseg;
    }
    imp_sth->seg = NULL;

    /* Free all the placeholders */
    currph = imp_sth->ph;
    while (NULL != currph) {
        Safefree(currph->fooname);
        Safefree(currph->value);
        Safefree(currph->quoted);
         currph->bind_type = NULL;
        nextph = currph->nextph;
        Safefree(currph);
        currph = nextph;
    }
    imp_sth->ph = NULL;

    if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth)
        imp_dbh->async_sth = NULL;

    DBIc_IMPSET_off(imp_sth); /* let DBI know we've done it */

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_destroy\n", THEADER_slow);

} /* end of dbd_st_destroy */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_putline (SV * dbh, SV * svbuf)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    const char * buffer;
    STRLEN len;
    int copystatus;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_putline\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* We must be in COPY IN state */
    if (PGRES_COPY_IN != imp_dbh->copystate && PGRES_COPY_BOTH != imp_dbh->copystate)
        croak("pg_putline can only be called directly after issuing a COPY FROM command\n");

    if (!svbuf || !SvOK(svbuf))
        croak("pg_putline can only be called with a defined value\n");

    buffer = SvPV(svbuf,len);

    TRACE_PQPUTCOPYDATA;
    copystatus = PQputCopyData(imp_dbh->conn, buffer, (int)strlen(buffer));
    if (-1 == copystatus) {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putline (error: copystatus not -1)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (1 != copystatus) {
        croak("PQputCopyData gave a value of %d\n", copystatus);
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putline\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;

} /* end of pg_db_putline */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_getline (SV * dbh, SV * svbuf, int length)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int    copystatus;
    char * tempbuf;
    char * buffer;

    buffer = SvPV_nolen(svbuf);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_getline\n", THEADER_slow);

    tempbuf = NULL;

    /* We must be in COPY OUT state */
    if (PGRES_COPY_OUT != imp_dbh->copystate && PGRES_COPY_BOTH != imp_dbh->copystate)
        croak("pg_getline can only be called directly after issuing a COPY TO command\n");

    length = 0; /* Make compilers happy */
    TRACE_PQGETCOPYDATA;
    copystatus = PQgetCopyData(imp_dbh->conn, &tempbuf, 0);

    if (-1 == copystatus) {
        *buffer = '\0';
        imp_dbh->copystate=0;
        TRACE_PQENDCOPY;
        PQendcopy(imp_dbh->conn); /* Can't hurt */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_getline (-1)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -1;
    }
    else if (copystatus < 1) {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
    }
    else {
        sv_setpvn(svbuf, tempbuf, copystatus);
        TRACE_PQFREEMEM;
        PQfreemem(tempbuf);
    }
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_getline (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;

} /* end of pg_db_getline */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_getcopydata (SV * dbh, SV * dataline, int async)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int    copystatus;
    char * tempbuf;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_getcopydata\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* We must be in COPY OUT state */
    if (PGRES_COPY_OUT != imp_dbh->copystate && PGRES_COPY_BOTH != imp_dbh->copystate)
        croak("pg_getcopydata can only be called directly after issuing a COPY TO command\n");

    tempbuf = NULL;

    TRACE_PQGETCOPYDATA;
    copystatus = PQgetCopyData(imp_dbh->conn, &tempbuf, async);

    if (copystatus > 0) {
        sv_setpvn(dataline, tempbuf, copystatus);
        if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag && !imp_dbh->copybinary)
            SvUTF8_on(dataline);
        else
            SvUTF8_off(dataline);
        TRACE_PQFREEMEM;
        PQfreemem(tempbuf);
    }
    else if (0 == copystatus) { /* async and still in progress: consume and return */
        TRACE_PQCONSUMEINPUT;
        if (!PQconsumeInput(imp_dbh->conn)) {
            _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
            
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_getcopydata (error: async in progress)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return -2;
        }
    }
    else if (-1 == copystatus) {
        PGresult * result;
        ExecStatusType status;
        sv_setpv(dataline, "");
        imp_dbh->copystate=0;
        TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
        result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
        status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
        while (result != NULL) {
            PQclear(result);
            result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
        }
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
        PQclear(result);
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        }
    }
    else {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_getcopydata\n", THEADER_slow);
    return copystatus;

} /* end of pg_db_getcopydata */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_putcopydata (SV * dbh, SV * dataline)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int copystatus;
    const char *copydata;
    STRLEN copylen;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_putcopydata\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* We must be in COPY IN state */
    if (PGRES_COPY_IN != imp_dbh->copystate && PGRES_COPY_BOTH != imp_dbh->copystate)
        croak("pg_putcopydata can only be called directly after issuing a COPY FROM command\n");

    if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag && !imp_dbh->copybinary)
        copydata = SvPVutf8(dataline, copylen);
    else
        copydata = SvPVbyte(dataline, copylen);

    TRACE_PQPUTCOPYDATA;
    copystatus = PQputCopyData(imp_dbh->conn, copydata, copylen);

    if (1 == copystatus) {
        if (PGRES_COPY_BOTH == imp_dbh->copystate && PQflush(imp_dbh->conn)) {
            _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);

            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        }
    }
    else if (0 == copystatus) { /* non-blocking mode only */
    }
    else {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopydata\n", THEADER_slow);    
    return copystatus == 1 ? 1 : 0;

} /* end of pg_db_putcopydata */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_putcopyend (SV * dbh)
{

    /* If in COPY_IN or COPY_BOTH mode, terminate the COPYing */
    /* Returns 1 on success, otherwise 0 (plus a probably warning/error) */

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int copystatus;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_putcopyend\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (0 == imp_dbh->copystate) {
        warn("pg_putcopyend cannot be called until a COPY is issued");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (warning: copystate is 0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    if (PGRES_COPY_OUT == imp_dbh->copystate) {
        warn("PQputcopyend does not need to be called when using PGgetcopydata");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (warning: copy state is OUT)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Must be PGRES_COPY_IN or PGRES_COPY_BOTH at this point */

    TRACE_PQPUTCOPYEND;
    copystatus = PQputCopyEnd(imp_dbh->conn, NULL);

    if (1 == copystatus) {
        PGresult * result;
        ExecStatusType status;
        imp_dbh->copystate = 0;
        TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
        result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
        status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
        while (result != NULL) {
            PQclear(result);
            result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
        }
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
        PQclear(result);
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (error: status not OK)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 0;
        }
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (1)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 1;
    }
    else if (0 == copystatus) { /* non-blocking mode only */
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }
    else {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_putcopyend (error: copystatus unknown)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

} /* end of pg_db_putcopyend */


/* ================================================================== */
SV * pg_db_error_field (SV *dbh, char * fieldname)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int fieldcode = 0;
    char * startstring = fieldname;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_error_field (fieldname=%s)\n", THEADER_slow, fieldname);

    while (*fieldname) {
        if (*fieldname >= 'a' && *fieldname <= 'z')
            *fieldname += 'A' - 'a';
        fieldname++;
    }
    fieldname = startstring;

    /* These allow partial matches, which is why 'severity_nonlocalized'  needs to go first */
    if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED", 25) ||
         0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SEVERITY_NONLOCAL", 17)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SEVERITY_NONLOCALIZED; // i.e. 'V'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SEVERITY", 16) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SEVERITY", 8)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SEVERITY; // i.e. 'S'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY", 20) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "MESSAGE_PRIMARY", 13) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PRIMARY", 4)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY; // i.e. 'M'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL", 22) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "MESSAGE_DETAIL", 14) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "DETAIL", 6)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_DETAIL; // i.e. 'D'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT", 20) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "MESSAGE_HINT", 12) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "HINT", 4)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_HINT; // i.e. 'H'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION", 21) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "STATEMENT_POSITION", 13)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION; // i.e. 'P'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION", 20) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "INTERNAL_POSITION", 12)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_POSITION; // i.e. 'p'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY", 22) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "INTERNAL_QUERY", 14)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_INTERNAL_QUERY; // i.e. 'q'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_CONTEXT", 15) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "CONTEXT", 7)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_CONTEXT; // i.e. 'W'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME", 14) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SCHEMA", 5)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SCHEMA_NAME; // i.e. 's'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME", 13) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "TABLE", 5)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_TABLE_NAME; // i.e. 't'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME", 11) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "COLUMN", 3)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_COLUMN_NAME; // i.e. 'c'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME", 16) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "DATATYPE", 8) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "TYPE", 4)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME; // i.e. 'd'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME", 18) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "CONSTRAINT", 10)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_CONSTRAINT_NAME; // i.e. 'n'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE", 19) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SOURCE_FILE", 11)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FILE; // i.e. 'F'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE", 19) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SOURCE_LINE", 11)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SOURCE_LINE; // i.e. 'L'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION", 19) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SOURCE_FUNCTION", 11)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION; // i.e. 'R'
    }
    else if ( 0 == strncmp(fieldname, "PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE", 16) || 
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "SQLSTATE", 8) ||
              0 == strncmp(fieldname, "STATE", 5)) {
        fieldcode = PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE; // i.e. 'C'
    }
    else {
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Invalid error field");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_error_field (error: invalid field)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return &PL_sv_undef;
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_error_field (fieldcode: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, fieldcode);

    char *pq_err_field = PQresultErrorField(imp_dbh->last_result, fieldcode);
    if (NULL == pq_err_field) {
        return &PL_sv_undef;
    }
    else {
        SV *sv_err_field = newSVpv(pq_err_field, 0);
        if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag)
            SvUTF8_on(sv_err_field);
        return sv_2mortal(sv_err_field);
    }

} /* end of pg_db_error_field */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_endcopy (SV * dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);
    int            copystatus;
    PGresult *     result;
    ExecStatusType status;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_endcopy\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (0==imp_dbh->copystate)
        croak("pg_endcopy cannot be called until a COPY is issued");

    if (PGRES_COPY_IN == imp_dbh->copystate) {
        TRACE_PQPUTCOPYEND;
        copystatus = PQputCopyEnd(imp_dbh->conn, NULL);
        if (-1 == copystatus) {
            _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
            
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_endcopy (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 1;
        }
        else if (1 != copystatus)
            croak("PQputCopyEnd returned a value of %d\n", copystatus);
        /* Get the final result of the copy */
        TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
        result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
        status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
        TRACE_PQCLEAR;
        PQclear(result);
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_endcopy (error: status not OK)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 1;
        }
        copystatus = 0;
    }
    else {
        TRACE_PQENDCOPY;
        copystatus = PQendcopy(imp_dbh->conn);
    }

    imp_dbh->copystate = 0;
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_endcopy\n", THEADER_slow);
    return copystatus;

} /* end of pg_db_endcopy */


/* ================================================================== */
void pg_db_pg_server_trace (SV * dbh, FILE * fh)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_pg_server_trace\n", THEADER_slow);

    TRACE_PQTRACE;
    PQtrace(imp_dbh->conn, fh);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_pg_server_trace\n", THEADER_slow);

} /* end of pg_db_pg_server_trace */


/* ================================================================== */
void pg_db_pg_server_untrace (SV * dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_pg_server_untrace\n", THEADER_slow);

    TRACE_PQUNTRACE;
    PQuntrace(imp_dbh->conn);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_pg_server_untrace\n", THEADER_slow);

} /* end of pg_db_pg_server_untrace */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_savepoint (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, char * savepoint)
{
    dTHX;
    int    status;
    char * action;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_savepoint (name: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, savepoint);

    /* no action if AutoCommit = on or the connection is invalid */
    if ((NULL == imp_dbh->conn) || (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit))) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_savepoint (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Start a new transaction if this is the first command */
    if (!imp_dbh->done_begin) {
        status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "begin");
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_savepoint (error: status not OK for begin)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return -2;
        }
        imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_TRUE;
    }

    New(0, action, strlen(savepoint) + 11, char); /* freed below */
    sprintf(action, "savepoint %s", savepoint);
    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, action);
    Safefree(action);

    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_savepoint (error: status not OK for savepoint)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    av_push(imp_dbh->savepoints, newSVpv(savepoint,0));
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_savepoint\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_savepoint */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_rollback_to (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, const char *savepoint)
{
    dTHX;
    int    status;
    char * action;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_rollback_to (name: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, savepoint);

    /* no action if AutoCommit = on or the connection is invalid */
    if ((NULL == imp_dbh->conn) || (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit))) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_to (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    New(0, action, strlen(savepoint) + 13, char);
    sprintf(action, "rollback to %s", savepoint);
    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, action);
    Safefree(action);

    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_to (error: status not OK for rollback)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    pg_db_free_savepoints_to(aTHX_ imp_dbh, savepoint);
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_rollback_to\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_rollback_to */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_release (SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, char * savepoint)
{
    dTHX;
    int    status;
    char * action;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_release (name: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, savepoint);

    /* no action if AutoCommit = on or the connection is invalid */
    if ((NULL == imp_dbh->conn) || (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit))) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_release (0)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    New(0, action, strlen(savepoint) + 9, char);
    sprintf(action, "release %s", savepoint);
    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, action);
    Safefree(action);

    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_release (error: status not OK for release)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }

    pg_db_free_savepoints_to(aTHX_ imp_dbh, savepoint);
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_release\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_release */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   For lo_* functions. Used to ensure we are in a transaction
*/
static int pg_db_start_txn (pTHX_ SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh)
{
    int status = -1;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_start_txn\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* If not autocommit, start a new transaction */
    if (!imp_dbh->done_begin) {
        status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, "begin");
        if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_start_txn (error: status not OK for begin)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 0;
        }
        imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_TRUE;
    }
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_start_txn\n", THEADER_slow);

    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_start_txn */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   For lo_import and lo_export functions. Used to commit or rollback a 
   transaction, but only if AutoCommit is on.
*/
static int pg_db_end_txn (pTHX_ SV * dbh, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, int commit)
{
    int status = -1;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_end_txn with %s\n",
                    THEADER_slow, commit ? "commit" : "rollback");

    status = _result(aTHX_ imp_dbh, commit ? "commit" : "rollback");
    imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
    if (PGRES_COMMAND_OK != status) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ dbh, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_end_txn (error: status not OK for %s)\n",
                      THEADER_slow, commit ? "commit" : "rollback");
        return 0;
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_end_txn\n", THEADER_slow);

    return 1;

} /* end of pg_db_end_txn */

/* Large object functions */

/* ================================================================== */
unsigned int pg_db_lo_creat (SV * dbh, int mode)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_pg_lo_creat (mode: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, mode);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_creat when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh)) {
        return 0; /* No other option, because lo_creat returns an Oid */
    }

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_creat\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_creat(imp_dbh->conn, mode); /* 0 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_open (SV * dbh, unsigned int lobjId, int mode)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_pg_lo_open (mode: %d objectid: %u)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, mode, lobjId);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_open when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -2;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_open\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_open(imp_dbh->conn, lobjId, mode); /* -1 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_close (SV * dbh, int fd)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_close (fd: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, fd);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_close when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_close\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_close(imp_dbh->conn, fd); /* <0 on error, 0 if ok */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_read (SV * dbh, int fd, char * buf, size_t len)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_read (fd: %d length: %" UVuf ")\n",
                    THEADER_slow, fd, (UV)len);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_read when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_read\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_read(imp_dbh->conn, fd, buf, len); /* bytes read, <0 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_write (SV * dbh, int fd, char * buf, size_t len)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_write (fd: %d length: %" UVuf ")\n",
                    THEADER_slow, fd, (UV)len);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_write when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_write\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_write(imp_dbh->conn, fd, buf, len); /* bytes written, <0 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
IV pg_db_lo_lseek (SV * dbh, int fd, IV offset, int whence)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_lseek (fd: %d offset: %" IVdf " whence: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, fd, offset, whence);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_lseek when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

#ifdef HAS64BITLO
    if (imp_dbh->pg_server_version >= 90300) {
        if (TLIBPQ_slow)
            TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_lseek64\n", THEADER_slow);

        return lo_lseek64(imp_dbh->conn, fd, offset, whence); /* new position, -1 on error */
    }

    if (offset < INT_MIN || offset > INT_MAX)
        croak("lo_lseek offset out of range of integer");
#endif

    if (TLIBPQ_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_lseek\n", THEADER_slow);

    return lo_lseek(imp_dbh->conn, fd, offset, whence); /* new position, -1 on error */

}


/* ================================================================== */
IV pg_db_lo_tell (SV * dbh, int fd)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_tell (fd: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, fd);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_tell when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

#ifdef HAS64BITLO
    if (TLIBPQ_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_tell64\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (imp_dbh->pg_server_version >= 90300)
        return lo_tell64(imp_dbh->conn, fd); /* current position, <0 on error */
#endif

    if (TLIBPQ_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_tell\n", THEADER_slow);

    return lo_tell(imp_dbh->conn, fd); /* current position, <0 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_truncate (SV * dbh, int fd, IV len)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_truncate (fd: %d length: %" IVdf ")\n",
                         THEADER_slow, fd, len);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_truncate when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

#ifdef HAS64BITLO
    if (TLIBPQ_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_truncate64\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (imp_dbh->pg_server_version >= 90300)
        return lo_truncate64(imp_dbh->conn, fd, len); /* 0 success, <0 on error */

    if (len < INT_MIN || len > INT_MAX)
        croak("lo_truncate len out of range of integer");
#endif

    if (TLIBPQ_slow)
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_truncate\n", THEADER_slow);
    return lo_truncate(imp_dbh->conn, fd, len); /* 0 success, <0 on error */

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_unlink (SV * dbh, unsigned int lobjId)
{

    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_unlink (objectid: %u)\n", THEADER_slow, lobjId);

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        croak("Cannot call pg_lo_unlink when AutoCommit is on");
    }

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -1;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_unlink\n", THEADER_slow);
    }

    return lo_unlink(imp_dbh->conn, lobjId); /* 1 on success, -1 on failure */

}

/* ================================================================== */
unsigned int pg_db_lo_import (SV * dbh, char * filename)
{

    Oid loid;
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_import (filename: %s)\n", THEADER_slow, filename);

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return 0; /* No other option, because lo_import returns an Oid */

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_import\n", THEADER_slow);
    }
    loid = lo_import(imp_dbh->conn, filename); /* 0 on error */

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        if (!pg_db_end_txn(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, 0==loid ? 0 : 1))
            return 0;
    }

    return loid;

}

/* ================================================================== */
unsigned int pg_db_lo_import_with_oid (SV * dbh, char * filename, unsigned int lobjId)
{

    Oid loid;
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_import_with_oid (filename: %s, oid: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, filename, lobjId);

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return 0; /* No other option, because lo_import* returns an Oid */

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_import_with_oid\n", THEADER_slow);
    }
    loid = lo_import_with_oid(imp_dbh->conn, filename, lobjId); /* 0 on error */

    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        if (!pg_db_end_txn(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, 0==loid ? 0 : 1))
            return 0;
    }

    return loid;

}

/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_lo_export (SV * dbh, unsigned int lobjId, char * filename)
{

    Oid loid;
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh(dbh);

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_lo_export (objectid: %u filename: %s)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, lobjId, filename);

    if (!pg_db_start_txn(aTHX_ dbh,imp_dbh))
        return -2;

    if (TLIBPQ_slow) {
        TRC(DBILOGFP, "%slo_export\n", THEADER_slow);
    }
    loid = lo_export(imp_dbh->conn, lobjId, filename); /* 1 on success, -1 on failure */
    if (DBIc_has(imp_dbh, DBIcf_AutoCommit)) {
        if (!pg_db_end_txn(aTHX_ dbh, imp_dbh, -1==loid ? 0 : 1))
            return -1;
    }

    return loid;
}


/* ================================================================== */
int dbd_st_blob_read (SV * sth, imp_sth_t * imp_sth, int lobjId, long offset, long len, SV * destrv, long destoffset)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;

    int    ret, lobj_fd, nbytes;
    STRLEN nread;
    SV *   bufsv;
    char * tmp;
    
    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_blob_read (objectid: %d offset: %ld length: %ld)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, lobjId, offset, len);

    /* safety checks */
    if (lobjId <= 0) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "dbd_st_blob_read: lobjId <= 0");
        return 0;
    }
    if (offset < 0) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "dbd_st_blob_read: offset < 0");
        return 0;
    }
    if (len < 0) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "dbd_st_blob_read: len < 0");
        return 0;
    }
    if (! SvROK(destrv)) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "dbd_st_blob_read: destrv not a reference");
        return 0;
    }
    if (destoffset < 0) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "dbd_st_blob_read: destoffset < 0");
        return 0;
    }
    
    /* dereference destination and ensure it's writable string */
    bufsv = SvRV(destrv);
    if (0==destoffset) {
        sv_setpvn(bufsv, "", 0);
    }
    
    /* open large object */
    lobj_fd = lo_open(imp_dbh->conn, (unsigned)lobjId, INV_READ);
    if (lobj_fd < 0) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_blob_read (error: open failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }
    
    /* seek on large object */
    if (offset > 0) {
        ret = lo_lseek(imp_dbh->conn, lobj_fd, (int)offset, SEEK_SET);
        if (ret < 0) {
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_blob_read (error: bad seek)\n", THEADER_slow);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    
    /* read from large object */
    nread = 0;
    SvGROW(bufsv, (STRLEN)(destoffset + nread + BUFSIZ + 1));
    tmp = (SvPVX(bufsv)) + destoffset + nread;
    while ((nbytes = lo_read(imp_dbh->conn, lobj_fd, tmp, BUFSIZ)) > 0) {
        nread += nbytes;
        /* break if user wants only a specified chunk */
        if (len > 0 && nread > (STRLEN)len) {
            nread = (STRLEN)len;
            break;
        }
        SvGROW(bufsv, (STRLEN)(destoffset + nread + BUFSIZ + 1));
        tmp = (SvPVX(bufsv)) + destoffset + nread;
    }
    
    /* terminate string */
    SvCUR_set(bufsv, (STRLEN)(destoffset + nread));
    *SvEND(bufsv) = '\0';
    
    /* close large object */
    ret = lo_close(imp_dbh->conn, lobj_fd);
    if (ret < 0) {
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_blob_read (error: close failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return 0;
    }
    
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_blob_read (bytes: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, (int)nread);
    return (int)nread;

} /* end of dbd_st_blob_read */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Return the result of an asynchronous query, waiting if needed
*/
long pg_db_result (SV *h, imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    PGresult *result;
    ExecStatusType status = PGRES_FATAL_ERROR;
    long rows = 0;
    char *cmdStatus = NULL;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_result\n", THEADER_slow);

    if (1 != imp_dbh->async_status) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "No asynchronous query is running\n");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_result (error: no async)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }    

    imp_dbh->copystate = 0; /* Assume not in copy mode until told otherwise */

    TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
    while ((result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn)) != NULL) {
        /* TODO: Better multiple result-set handling */
        status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
        switch ((int)status) {
        case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
            TRACE_PQNTUPLES;
            rows = PQntuples(result);

            if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth) {
                imp_dbh->async_sth->cur_tuple = 0;
                TRACE_PQNFIELDS;
                DBIc_NUM_FIELDS(imp_dbh->async_sth) = PQnfields(result);
                DBIc_ACTIVE_on(imp_dbh->async_sth);
            }

            break;
        case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
            /* non-select statement */
            TRACE_PQCMDSTATUS;
            cmdStatus = PQcmdStatus(result);
            if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "INSERT", 6)) {
                /* INSERT(space)oid(space)numrows */
                for (rows=8; cmdStatus[rows-1] != ' '; rows++) {
                }
                rows = atol(cmdStatus + rows);
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MOVE", 4)) {
                rows = atol(cmdStatus + 5);
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "DELETE", 6)
                     || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "UPDATE", 6)
                     || 0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "SELECT", 6)) {
                rows = atol(cmdStatus + 7);
            }
            else if (0 == strncmp(cmdStatus, "MERGE", 5)) {
                rows = atol(cmdStatus + 6);
            }
            break;
        case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
        case PGRES_COPY_IN:
        case PGRES_COPY_BOTH:
            /* Copy Out/In data transfer in progress */
            imp_dbh->copystate = status;
            imp_dbh->copybinary = PQbinaryTuples(result);
            rows = -1;
            break;
        case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
        case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
        case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
            rows = -2;
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ h, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            break;
        case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
        default:
            rows = -2;
            TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
            pg_error(aTHX_ h, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
            break;
        }

        if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth) {
            /* Free the last_result as needed */
            if (imp_dbh->last_result && imp_dbh->result_clearable) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR last_result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->last_result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_dbh->last_result);
                imp_dbh->last_result = NULL;
            }
            /* If the above wasn't the async handle's result, free that too */
            if (imp_dbh->async_sth->result) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
#if DEBUG_LAST_RESULT
        fprintf(stderr, "CLEAR imp_dbh->async_sth->result of %ld at line %d of %s\n", (long int)imp_dbh->async_sth->result,__LINE__,__func__);
#endif
                PQclear(imp_dbh->async_sth->result);
                imp_dbh->async_sth->result = NULL;
            }

            imp_dbh->last_result = imp_dbh->async_sth->result = result;
            imp_dbh->result_clearable = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
        else {
            TRACE_PQCLEAR;
            PQclear(result);
        }
    }

    if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth) {
        imp_dbh->async_sth->rows = rows;
        imp_dbh->async_sth->async_status = 0;
    }
    imp_dbh->async_status = 0;
    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_result (rows: %ld)\n", THEADER_slow, rows);
    return rows;

} /* end of pg_db_result */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Indicates if an asynchronous query has finished yet
   Accepts either a database or a statement handle
   Returns:
   -1 if no query is running (and raises an exception)
   +1 if the query is finished
   0 if the query is still running
   -2 for other errors
*/
int pg_db_ready(SV *h, imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_ready (async status: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->async_status);

    if (0 == imp_dbh->async_status) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "No asynchronous query is running\n");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_ready (error: no async)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -1;
    }    

    TRACE_PQCONSUMEINPUT;
    if (!PQconsumeInput(imp_dbh->conn)) {
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_ready (error: consume failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_ready\n", THEADER_slow);
    TRACE_PQISBUSY;
    return PQisBusy(imp_dbh->conn) ? 0 : 1;

} /* end of pg_db_ready */


/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Attempt to cancel a running asynchronous query
  Returns true if the cancel succeeded, and false if it did not
  In this case, pg_cancel will return false.
  NOTE: We only return true if we cancelled
*/
int pg_db_cancel(SV *h, imp_dbh_t *imp_dbh)
{
    dTHX;
    PGcancel *cancel;
    char errbuf[256];
    PGresult *result;
    ExecStatusType status;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_cancel (async status: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->async_status);

    if (0 == imp_dbh->async_status) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "No asynchronous query is running");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel (error: no async)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_FALSE;
    }

    if (-1 == imp_dbh->async_status) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Asychronous query has already been cancelled");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel (error: async cancelled)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_FALSE;
    }

    /* Get the cancel structure */
    TRACE_PQGETCANCEL;
    cancel = PQgetCancel(imp_dbh->conn);

    /* This almost always works. If not, free our structure and complain loudly */
    TRACE_PQGETCANCEL;
    if (! PQcancel(cancel,errbuf,sizeof(errbuf))) {
        TRACE_PQFREECANCEL;
        PQfreeCancel(cancel);
        if (TRACEWARN_slow) { TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQcancel failed: %s\n", THEADER_slow, errbuf); }
        _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "PQcancel failed");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel (error: cancel failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_FALSE;
    }
    TRACE_PQFREECANCEL;
    PQfreeCancel(cancel);

    /* Whatever else happens, we should no longer be inside of an async query */
    imp_dbh->async_status = -1;
    if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth)
        imp_dbh->async_sth->async_status = -1;

    /* Read in the result - assume only one */
    TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
    result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn);
    status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
    if (!result) {
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Failed to get a result after PQcancel");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel (error: no result)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_FALSE;
    }

    TRACE_PQCLEAR;
    PQclear(result);

    /* If we actually cancelled a running query, just return true - the caller must rollback if needed */
    if (0 == strncmp(imp_dbh->sqlstate, "57014", 5)) {
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_TRUE;
    }

    /* If we got any other error, make sure we report it */
    if (0 != strncmp(imp_dbh->sqlstate, "00000", 5)) {
        if (TRACEWARN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP,
                           "%sQuery was not cancelled: was already finished\n", THEADER_slow);
        TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
        pg_error(aTHX_ h, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel (error)\n", THEADER_slow);
    }
    else if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel\n", THEADER_slow);
    return DBDPG_FALSE;
                    
} /* end of pg_db_cancel */


/* ================================================================== */
int pg_db_cancel_sth(SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    bool cancel_result;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin pg_db_cancel_sth (async status: %d)\n",
                    THEADER_slow, imp_dbh->async_status);

    cancel_result = pg_db_cancel(sth, imp_dbh);

    dbd_st_finish(sth, imp_sth);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd pg_db_cancel_sth\n", THEADER_slow);
    return cancel_result;

} /* end of pg_db_cancel_sth */


/* ================================================================== */
/*
  Finish up an existing async query, either by cancelling it,
  or by waiting for a result.
 */
static int handle_old_async(pTHX_ SV * handle, imp_dbh_t * imp_dbh, const int asyncflag) {

    PGresult *result;
    ExecStatusType status;

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin handle_old_async (flag: %d)\n", THEADER_slow, asyncflag);

    if (asyncflag & PG_OLDQUERY_CANCEL) {
        /* Cancel the outstanding query */
        if (TRACE3_slow) { TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sCancelling old async command\n", THEADER_slow); }
        TRACE_PQISBUSY;
        if (PQisBusy(imp_dbh->conn)) {
            PGcancel *cancel;
            char errbuf[256];
            int cresult;
            if (TRACE3_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sAttempting to cancel query\n", THEADER_slow);
            TRACE_PQGETCANCEL;
            cancel = PQgetCancel(imp_dbh->conn);
            TRACE_PQCANCEL;
            cresult = PQcancel(cancel,errbuf,255);
            if (! cresult) {
                if (TRACEWARN_slow) { TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQcancel failed: %s\n", THEADER_slow, errbuf); }
                _fatal_sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh);
                pg_error(aTHX_ handle, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Could not cancel previous command");
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async (error: could not cancel)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
            TRACE_PQFREECANCEL;
            PQfreeCancel(cancel);
            /* Suck up the cancellation notice */
            TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
            while ((result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn)) != NULL) {
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
                PQclear(result);
            }
            /* We need to rollback! - reprepare!? */
            TRACE_PQEXEC;
            PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, "rollback");
            imp_dbh->done_begin = DBDPG_FALSE;
        }
    }
    else if (asyncflag & PG_OLDQUERY_WAIT || imp_dbh->async_status == -1) {
        /* Finish up the outstanding query and throw out the result, unless an error */
        if (TRACE3_slow) { TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sWaiting for old async command to finish\n", THEADER_slow); }
        TRACE_PQGETRESULT;
        while ((result = PQgetResult(imp_dbh->conn)) != NULL) {
            status = _sqlstate(aTHX_ imp_dbh, result);
            TRACE_PQCLEAR;
            PQclear(result);
            if (status == PGRES_COPY_IN) { /* In theory, this should be caught by copystate, but we'll be careful */
                TRACE_PQPUTCOPYEND;
                if (-1 == PQputCopyEnd(imp_dbh->conn, NULL)) {
                    TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
                    pg_error(aTHX_ handle, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
                    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async (error: PQputCopyEnd)\n", THEADER_slow);
                    return -2;
                }
            }
            else if (status == PGRES_COPY_OUT) { /* Won't be as nice with this one */
                pg_error(aTHX_ handle, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Must finish copying first");
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async (error: COPY_OUT status)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
            else if (status != PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY
                     && status != PGRES_COMMAND_OK
                     && status != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
                TRACE_PQERRORMESSAGE;
                pg_error(aTHX_ handle, status, PQerrorMessage(imp_dbh->conn));
                if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async (error: bad status)\n", THEADER_slow);
                return -2;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        pg_error(aTHX_ handle, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "Cannot execute until previous async query has finished");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async (error: unfinished)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return -2;
    }

    /* If we made it this far, safe to assume there is no running query */
    imp_dbh->async_status = 0;
    if (NULL != imp_dbh->async_sth)
        imp_dbh->async_sth->async_status = 0;

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd handle_old_async\n", THEADER_slow);
    return 0;

} /* end of handle_old_async */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Attempt to cancel a synchronous query
   Returns true if the cancel succeeded, and false if it did not
*/
int dbd_st_cancel(SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    PGcancel *cancel;
    char errbuf[256];

    if (TSTART_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sBegin dbd_st_cancel\n", THEADER_slow);

    /* Get the cancel structure */
    TRACE_PQGETCANCEL;
    cancel = PQgetCancel(imp_dbh->conn);

    /* This almost always works. If not, free our structure and complain loudly */
    TRACE_PQGETCANCEL;
    if (!PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf))) {
        TRACE_PQFREECANCEL;
        PQfreeCancel(cancel);
        if (TRACEWARN_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sPQcancel failed: %s\n", THEADER_slow, errbuf);
        pg_error(aTHX_ sth, PGRES_FATAL_ERROR, "PQcancel failed");
        if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_cancel (error: cancel failed)\n", THEADER_slow);
        return DBDPG_FALSE;
    }
    TRACE_PQFREECANCEL;
    PQfreeCancel(cancel);

    if (TEND_slow) TRC(DBILOGFP, "%sEnd dbd_st_cancel\n", THEADER_slow);
    return DBDPG_TRUE;

} /* end of dbd_st_cancel */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Retrieves table oid and column position (in that table) for every column in resultset
   Returns array of arrays of table oid and column pos or undef if column is not a simple reference
*/
SV* dbd_st_canonical_ids(SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    TRACE_PQNFIELDS;
    int fields = PQnfields(imp_sth->result);
    AV* result = newAV();
    av_extend(result, fields);
    while(fields--){
        int stored = 0;
        TRACE_PQFTABLE;
        int oid = PQftable(imp_sth->result, fields);
        if(oid != InvalidOid){
            TRACE_PQFTABLECOL;
            int pos = PQftablecol(imp_sth->result, fields);
            if(pos > 0){
                AV * row = newAV();
                av_extend(row, 2);
                av_store(row, 0, newSViv(oid));
                av_store(row, 1, newSViv(pos));
                av_store(result, fields, newRV_noinc((SV *)row));
                stored = 1;
            }
        }
        if(!stored){
            av_store(result, fields, newSV(0));
        }
    }
    SV* sv = newRV_noinc((SV*) result);
    return sv;

} /* end of dbd_st_canonical_ids */


/* ================================================================== */
/* 
   Retrieves canonical name (schema.table.column) for every column in resultset
   Returns array of strings or undef if column is not a simple reference
*/
SV* dbd_st_canonical_names(SV *sth, imp_sth_t *imp_sth)
{
    dTHX;
    D_imp_dbh_from_sth;
    ExecStatusType status = PGRES_FATAL_ERROR;
    PGresult * result;
    TRACE_PQNFIELDS;
    int fields = PQnfields(imp_sth->result);
    AV* result_av = newAV();
    av_extend(result_av, fields);

    while(fields--){
        TRACE_PQFTABLE;
        int oid = PQftable(imp_sth->result, fields);
        int stored = 0;

        if(oid != InvalidOid) {
            TRACE_PQFTABLECOL;
            int pos = PQftablecol(imp_sth->result, fields);
            if(pos > 0){
                char statement[200];
                sprintf(statement, 
                    "SELECT n.nspname, c.relname, a.attname FROM pg_class c LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON c.relnamespace = n.oid LEFT JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.oid WHERE c.oid = %d AND a.attnum = %d", oid, pos);
                TRACE_PQEXEC;
                result = PQexec(imp_dbh->conn, statement);
                TRACE_PQRESULTSTATUS;
                status = PQresultStatus(result);
                if (PGRES_TUPLES_OK == status) {
                    TRACE_PQNTUPLES;
                    if (PQntuples(result)!=0) {
                        int len = PQgetlength(result, 0, 0) + 1;
                        len += PQgetlength(result, 0, 1) + 1;
                        len += PQgetlength(result, 0, 2);
                        SV* table_name = newSV(len);
                        char *nsp = PQgetvalue(result, 0, 0);
                        char *tbl = PQgetvalue(result, 0, 1);
                        char *col = PQgetvalue(result, 0, 2);
                        sv_setpvf(table_name, "%s.%s.%s", nsp, tbl, col);
                        if (imp_dbh->pg_utf8_flag)
                            SvUTF8_on(table_name);
                        av_store(result_av, fields, table_name);
                        stored = 1;
                    }
                }
                TRACE_PQCLEAR;
                PQclear(result);
            }
        }
        if(!stored){
            av_store(result_av, fields, newSV(0));
        }
    }
    SV* sv = newRV_noinc((SV*) result_av);
    return sv;

} /* end of dbd_st_canonical_names */


/*
Some information to keep you sane:
typedef enum
{
    PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY = 0,        // empty query string was executed 
1    PGRES_COMMAND_OK,            // a query command that doesn't return
                                   anything was executed properly by the
                                   backend 
2    PGRES_TUPLES_OK,            // a query command that returns tuples was
                                   executed properly by the backend, PGresult
                                   contains the result tuples 
3    PGRES_COPY_OUT,                // Copy Out data transfer in progress 
4    PGRES_COPY_IN,                // Copy In data transfer in progress 
5    PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE,            // an unexpected response was recv'd from the
                                   backend 
6    PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR,        // notice or warning message 
7    PGRES_FATAL_ERROR            // query failed 
} ExecStatusType;

*/

/* end of dbdimp.c */