#######################################################################
#
#  DBI::SQL::Nano - a very tiny SQL engine
#
#  Copyright (c) 2004 by Jeff Zucker < jzucker AT cpan.org >
#
#  All rights reserved.
#
#  You may freely distribute and/or modify this  module under the terms
#  of either the GNU  General Public License (GPL) or the Artistic License,
#  as specified in the Perl README file.
#
#  See the pod at the bottom of this file for help information
#
#######################################################################

#######################
package DBI::SQL::Nano;
#######################
use strict;
use warnings;
require DBI; # for looks_like_number()
use vars qw( $VERSION $versions );
BEGIN {
    $VERSION = sprintf("1.%06d", q$Revision: 9744 $ =~ /(\d+)/o);

    $versions->{nano_version} = $VERSION;
    if ($ENV{DBI_SQL_NANO} || !eval { require "SQL/Statement.pm" }) {
        @DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement::ISA = qw(DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement_);
        @DBI::SQL::Nano::Table::ISA     = qw(DBI::SQL::Nano::Table_);
    }
    else {
        @DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement::ISA = qw( SQL::Statement );
        @DBI::SQL::Nano::Table::ISA     = qw( SQL::Eval::Table);
        $versions->{statement_version}  = $SQL::Statement::VERSION;
    }
}

###################################
package DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement_;
###################################

sub new {
    my($class,$sql) = @_;
    my $self = {};
    bless $self, $class;
    return $self->prepare($sql);
}

#####################################################################
# PREPARE
#####################################################################
sub prepare {
    my($self,$sql) = @_;
    $sql =~ s/\s+$//;
    for ($sql) {
        /^\s*CREATE\s+TABLE\s+(.*?)\s*\((.+)\)\s*$/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'CREATE';
                $self->{table_name}   = $1;
                $self->{column_names} = parse_coldef_list($2) if $2;
                die "Can't find columns\n" unless $self->{column_names};
            };
        /^\s*DROP\s+TABLE\s+(IF\s+EXISTS\s+)?(.*?)\s*$/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'DROP';
                $self->{table_name}   = $2;
                $self->{ignore_missing_table} = 1 if $1;
            };
        /^\s*SELECT\s+(.*?)\s+FROM\s+(\S+)((.*))?/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'SELECT';
                $self->{column_names} = parse_comma_list($1) if $1;
                die "Can't find columns\n" unless $self->{column_names};
                $self->{table_name}   = $2;
                if ( my $clauses = $4) {
		    if ($clauses =~ /^(.*)\s+ORDER\s+BY\s+(.*)$/is) {
                        $clauses = $1;
                        $self->{order_clause} = $self->parse_order_clause($2);
		    }
                    $self->{where_clause}=$self->parse_where_clause($clauses)
                        if $clauses;
		}
            };
        /^\s*INSERT\s+INTO\s+(\S+)\s*(\((.*?)\))?\s*VALUES\s*\((.+)\)/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'INSERT';
                $self->{table_name}   = $1;
                $self->{column_names} = parse_comma_list($2) if $2;
                $self->{values}       = $self->parse_values_list($4) if $4;
                die "Can't parse values\n" unless $self->{values};
            };
        /^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)((.*))?/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'DELETE';
                $self->{table_name}   = $1;
                $self->{where_clause} = $self->parse_where_clause($3) if $3;
            };
        /^\s*UPDATE\s+(\S+)\s+SET\s+(.+)(\s+WHERE\s+.+)/is
            &&do{
                $self->{command}      = 'UPDATE';
                $self->{table_name}   = $1;
                $self->parse_set_clause($2) if $2;
                $self->{where_clause} = $self->parse_where_clause($3) if $3;
            };
    }
    die "Couldn't parse\n"
	unless $self->{command} and $self->{table_name};
    return $self;
}
sub parse_order_clause {
    my($self,$str) = @_;
    my @clause = split /\s+/,$str;
    return { $clause[0] => 'ASC' } if @clause == 1;
    die "Bad ORDER BY clause '$str'\n" if @clause > 2;
    $clause[1] ||= '';
    return { $clause[0] => uc $clause[1] } if $clause[1] =~ /^ASC$/i
                                           or $clause[1] =~ /^DESC$/i;
    die "Bad ORDER BY clause '$clause[1]'\n";
}
sub parse_coldef_list  {                # check column definitions
    my @col_defs;
    for ( split',',shift ) {
        my $col = clean_parse_str($_);
        if ( $col =~ /^(\S+?)\s+.+/ ) { # doesn't check what it is
            $col = $1;                  # just checks if it exists
	}
        else {
 	    die "No column definition for '$_'\n";
	}
        push @col_defs,$col;
    }
    return \@col_defs;
}
sub parse_comma_list  {[map{clean_parse_str($_)} split(',',shift)]}
sub clean_parse_str { local $_ = shift; s/\(//;s/\)//;s/^\s+//; s/\s+$//; $_; }
sub parse_values_list {
    my($self,$str) = @_;
    [map{$self->parse_value(clean_parse_str($_))}split(',',$str)]
}
sub parse_set_clause {
    my $self = shift;
    my @cols = split /,/, shift;
    my $set_clause;
    for my $col(@cols) {
        my($col_name,$value)= $col =~ /^\s*(.+?)\s*=\s*(.+?)\s*$/s;
        push @{$self->{column_names}}, $col_name;
        push @{$self->{values}}, $self->parse_value($value);
    }
    die "Can't parse set clause\n"
        unless $self->{column_names}
           and $self->{values};
}
sub parse_value {
    my($self,$str) = @_;
    return undef unless defined $str;
    $str =~ s/\s+$//;
    $str =~ s/^\s+//;
    if ($str =~ /^\?$/) {
        push @{$self->{params}},'?';
        return { value=>'?'  ,type=> 'placeholder' };
    }
    return { value=>undef,type=> 'NULL'   } if $str =~ /^NULL$/i;
    return { value=>$1   ,type=> 'string' } if $str =~ /^'(.+)'$/s;
    return { value=>$str ,type=> 'number' } if DBI::looks_like_number($str);
    return { value=>$str ,type=> 'column' };
}
sub parse_where_clause {
    my($self,$str) = @_;
    $str =~ s/\s+$//;
    if ($str =~ /^\s*WHERE\s+(.*)/i) {
        $str = $1;
    }
    else {
        die "Couldn't find WHERE clause in '$str'\n";
    }
    my($neg) = $str =~ s/^\s*(NOT)\s+//is;
    my $opexp = '=|<>|<=|>=|<|>|LIKE|CLIKE|IS';
    my($val1,$op,$val2) = $str =~ /^(.+?)\s*($opexp)\s*(.+)\s*$/iso;
    die "Couldn't parse WHERE expression '$str'\n"
       unless defined $val1 and defined $op and defined $val2;
    return {
        arg1 => $self->parse_value($val1),
        arg2 => $self->parse_value($val2),
        op   => $op,
        neg  => $neg,
    }
}

#####################################################################
# EXECUTE
#####################################################################
sub execute {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $num_placeholders = $self->params;
    my $num_params       = scalar @$params || 0;
    die "Number of params '$num_params' does not match "
      . "number of placeholders '$num_placeholders'\n"
      unless $num_placeholders == $num_params;
    if (scalar @$params) {
        for my $i(0..$#{$self->{values}}) {
            if ($self->{values}->[$i]->{type} eq 'placeholder') {
                $self->{values}->[$i]->{value} = shift @$params;
            }
        }
        if ($self->{where_clause}) {
            if ($self->{where_clause}->{arg1}->{type} eq 'placeholder') {
                $self->{where_clause}->{arg1}->{value} = shift @$params;
            }
            if ($self->{where_clause}->{arg2}->{type} eq 'placeholder') {
                $self->{where_clause}->{arg2}->{value} = shift @$params;
            }
        }
    }
    my $command = $self->{command};
    ( $self->{'NUM_OF_ROWS'},
      $self->{'NUM_OF_FIELDS'},
      $self->{'data'},
    ) = $self->$command($data, $params);
    $self->{NAME} ||= $self->{column_names};
    $self->{'NUM_OF_ROWS'} || '0E0';
}
sub DROP ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 0, 0);
    $table->drop($data);
    (-1, 0);
}
sub CREATE ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 1, 1);
    $table->push_names($data, $self->{column_names});
    (0, 0);
}
sub INSERT ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 0, 1);
    $self->verify_columns($table);
    $table->seek($data, 0, 2);
    my($array) = [];
    my($val, $col, $i);
    $self->{column_names}=$table->{col_names} unless $self->{column_names};
    my $cNum = scalar(@{$self->{column_names}}) if $self->{column_names};
    my $param_num = 0;
    if ($cNum) {
        for ($i = 0;  $i < $cNum;  $i++) {
            $col = $self->{column_names}->[$i];
            $array->[$self->column_nums($table,$col)] = $self->row_values($i);
        }
    } else {
        die "Bad col names in INSERT";
    }
    $table->push_row($data, $array);
    (1, 0);
}
sub DELETE ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 0, 1);
    $self->verify_columns($table);
    my($affected) = 0;
    my(@rows, $array);
    if ( $table->can('delete_one_row') ) {
        while (my $array = $table->fetch_row($data)) {
            if ($self->eval_where($table,$array)) {
                ++$affected;
                $array = $self->{fetched_value} if $self->{fetched_from_key};
                $table->delete_one_row($data,$array);
                return ($affected, 0) if $self->{fetched_from_key};
            }
        }
        return ($affected, 0);
    }
    while ($array = $table->fetch_row($data)) {
        if ($self->eval_where($table,$array)) {
            ++$affected;
        } else {
            push(@rows, $array);
        }
    }
    $table->seek($data, 0, 0);
    foreach $array (@rows) {
        $table->push_row($data, $array);
    }
    $table->truncate($data);
    return ($affected, 0);
}
sub SELECT ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 0, 0);
    $self->verify_columns($table);
    my $tname = $self->{table_name};
    my($affected) = 0;
    my(@rows, $array, $val, $col, $i);
    while ($array = $table->fetch_row($data)) {
        if ($self->eval_where($table,$array)) {
            $array = $self->{fetched_value} if $self->{fetched_from_key};
            my $col_nums = $self->column_nums($table);
            my %cols   = reverse %{ $col_nums };
            my $rowhash;
            for (sort keys %cols) {
                $rowhash->{$cols{$_}} = $array->[$_];
            }
            my @newarray;
            for ($i = 0;  $i < @{$self->{column_names}};  $i++) {
               $col = $self->{column_names}->[$i];
               push @newarray,$rowhash->{$col};
            }
            push(@rows, \@newarray);
            return (scalar(@rows),scalar @{$self->{column_names}},\@rows)
 	        if $self->{fetched_from_key};
        }
    }
    if ( $self->{order_clause} ) {
        my( $sort_col, $desc ) = each %{$self->{order_clause}};
        undef $desc unless $desc eq 'DESC';
        my @sortCols = ( $self->column_nums($table,$sort_col,1) );
        my($c, $d, $colNum);
        my $sortFunc = sub {
            my $result;
            $i = 0;
            do {
                $colNum = $sortCols[$i++];
                # $desc = $sortCols[$i++];
                $c = $a->[$colNum];
                $d = $b->[$colNum];
                if (!defined($c)) {
                    $result = defined $d ? -1 : 0;
                } elsif (!defined($d)) {
                    $result = 1;
	        } elsif ( DBI::looks_like_number($c) && DBI::looks_like_number($d) ) {
                    $result = ($c <=> $d);
                } else {
  		    if ($self->{"case_fold"}) {
                        $result = lc $c cmp lc $d || $c cmp $d;
		    }
                    else {
                        $result = $c cmp $d;
		    }
                }
                if ($desc) {
                    $result = -$result;
                }
            } while (!$result  &&  $i < @sortCols);
            $result;
        };
        @rows = (sort $sortFunc @rows);
    }
    (scalar(@rows), scalar @{$self->{column_names}}, \@rows);
}
sub UPDATE ($$$) {
    my($self, $data, $params) = @_;
    my $table = $self->open_tables($data, 0, 1);
    $self->verify_columns($table);
    return undef unless $table;
    my($affected) = 0;
    my(@rows, $array, $f_array, $val, $col, $i);
    while ($array = $table->fetch_row($data)) {
        if ($self->eval_where($table,$array)) {
            $array = $self->{fetched_value} if $self->{fetched_from_key}
                                             and $table->can('update_one_row');
            my $col_nums = $self->column_nums($table);
            my %cols   = reverse %{ $col_nums };
            my $rowhash;
            for (sort keys %cols) {
                $rowhash->{$cols{$_}} = $array->[$_];
            }
            for ($i = 0;  $i < @{$self->{column_names}};  $i++) {
               $col = $self->{column_names}->[$i];
               $array->[$self->column_nums($table,$col)]=$self->row_values($i);
            }
            $affected++;
            if ($self->{fetched_from_key}){
                $table->update_one_row($data,$array);
                return ($affected, 0);
	    }
            push(@rows, $array);
	}
        else {
            push(@rows, $array);
        }
    }
    $table->seek($data, 0, 0);
    foreach my $array (@rows) {
        $table->push_row($data, $array);
    }
    $table->truncate($data);
    ($affected, 0);
}
sub verify_columns {
   my($self,$table) = @_;
   my @cols = @{$self->{column_names}};
   if ($self->{where_clause}) {
      if (my $col = $self->{where_clause}->{arg1}) {
          push @cols, $col->{value} if $col->{type} eq 'column';
      }
      if (my $col = $self->{where_clause}->{arg2}) {
          push @cols, $col->{value} if $col->{type} eq 'column';
      }
   }
   for (@cols) {
       $self->column_nums($table,$_);
   }
}
sub column_nums {
    my($self,$table,$stmt_col_name,$find_in_stmt)=@_;
    my %dbd_nums = %{ $table->{col_nums} };
    my @dbd_cols = @{ $table->{col_names} };
    my %stmt_nums;
    if ($stmt_col_name and !$find_in_stmt) {
        while(my($k,$v)=each %dbd_nums) {
            return $v if uc $k eq uc $stmt_col_name;
        }
        die "No such column '$stmt_col_name'\n";
    }
    if ($stmt_col_name and $find_in_stmt) {
        for my $i(0..@{$self->{column_names}}) {
            return $i if uc $stmt_col_name eq uc $self->{column_names}->[$i];
        }
        die "No such column '$stmt_col_name'\n";
    }
    for my $i(0 .. $#dbd_cols) {
        for my $stmt_col(@{$self->{column_names}}) {
            $stmt_nums{$stmt_col} = $i if uc $dbd_cols[$i] eq uc $stmt_col;
        }
    }
    return \%stmt_nums;
}
sub eval_where {
    my $self   = shift;
    my $table  = shift;
    my $rowary = shift;
    my $where = $self->{"where_clause"} || return 1;
    my $col_nums = $table->{"col_nums"} ;
    my %cols   = reverse %{ $col_nums };
    my $rowhash;
    for (sort keys %cols) {
        $rowhash->{uc $cols{$_}} = $rowary->[$_];
    }
    return $self->process_predicate($where,$table,$rowhash);
}
sub process_predicate {
    my($self,$pred,$table,$rowhash) = @_;
    my $val1 = $pred->{arg1};
    if ($val1->{type} eq 'column') {
        $val1 = $rowhash->{ uc $val1->{value}};
    }
    else {
        $val1 = $val1->{value};
    }
    my $val2 = $pred->{arg2};
    if ($val2->{type}eq 'column') {
        $val2 = $rowhash->{uc $val2->{value}};
    }
    else {
        $val2 = $val2->{value};
    }
    my $op   = $pred->{op};
    my $neg  = $pred->{neg};
    my $match;
    if ( $op eq '=' and !$neg and $table->can('fetch_one_row')
       ) {
        my $key_col = $table->fetch_one_row(1,1);
        if ($pred->{arg1}->{value} =~ /^$key_col$/i) {
            $self->{fetched_from_key}=1;
            $self->{fetched_value} = $table->fetch_one_row(
                0,$pred->{arg2}->{value}
            );
            return 1;
	}
    }
    $match = $self->is_matched($val1,$op,$val2) || 0;
    if ($neg) { $match = $match ? 0 : 1; }
    return $match;
}
sub is_matched {
    my($self,$val1,$op,$val2)=@_;
    if ($op eq 'IS') {
        return 1 if (!defined $val1 or $val1 eq '');
        return 0;
    }
    $val1 = '' unless defined $val1;
    $val2 = '' unless defined $val2;
    if ($op =~ /LIKE|CLIKE/i) {
        $val2 = quotemeta($val2);
        $val2 =~ s/\\%/.*/g;
        $val2 =~ s/_/./g;
    }
    if ($op eq 'LIKE' )  { return $val1 =~ /^$val2$/s;  }
    if ($op eq 'CLIKE' ) { return $val1 =~ /^$val2$/si; }
    if ( DBI::looks_like_number($val1) && DBI::looks_like_number($val2) ) {
        if ($op eq '<'  ) { return $val1 <  $val2; }
        if ($op eq '>'  ) { return $val1 >  $val2; }
        if ($op eq '='  ) { return $val1 == $val2; }
        if ($op eq '<>' ) { return $val1 != $val2; }
        if ($op eq '<=' ) { return $val1 <= $val2; }
        if ($op eq '>=' ) { return $val1 >= $val2; }
    }
    else {
        if ($op eq '<'  ) { return $val1 lt $val2; }
        if ($op eq '>'  ) { return $val1 gt $val2; }
        if ($op eq '='  ) { return $val1 eq $val2; }
        if ($op eq '<>' ) { return $val1 ne $val2; }
        if ($op eq '<=' ) { return $val1 ge $val2; }
        if ($op eq '>=' ) { return $val1 le $val2; }
    }
}
sub params {
    my $self = shift;
    my $val_num = shift;
    if (!$self->{"params"}) { return 0; }
    if (defined $val_num) {
        return $self->{"params"}->[$val_num];
    }
    if (wantarray) {
        return @{$self->{"params"}};
    }
    else {
        return scalar @{ $self->{"params"} };
    }

}
sub open_tables {
    my($self, $data, $createMode, $lockMode) = @_;
    my $table_name = $self->{table_name};
    my $table;
    eval{$table = $self->open_table($data,$table_name,$createMode,$lockMode)};
    die $@ if $@;
    die "Couldn't open table '$table_name'" unless $table;
    if (!$self->{column_names} or $self->{column_names}->[0] eq '*') {
        $self->{column_names} = $table->{col_names};
    }
    return $table;
}
sub row_values {
    my $self = shift;
    my $val_num = shift;
    if (!$self->{"values"}) { return 0; }
    if (defined $val_num) {
        return $self->{"values"}->[$val_num]->{value};
    }
    if (wantarray) {
        return map{$_->{"value"} } @{$self->{"values"}};
    }
    else {
        return scalar @{ $self->{"values"} };
    }
}

###############################
package DBI::SQL::Nano::Table_;
###############################
sub new ($$) {
    my($proto, $attr) = @_;
    my($self) = { %$attr };
    bless($self, (ref($proto) || $proto));
    $self;
}

1;
__END__

=pod

=head1 NAME

DBI::SQL::Nano - a very tiny SQL engine

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 BEGIN { $ENV{DBI_SQL_NANO}=1 } # forces use of Nano rather than SQL::Statement
 use DBI::SQL::Nano;
 use Data::Dumper;
 my $stmt = DBI::SQL::Nano::Statement->new(
     "SELECT bar,baz FROM foo WHERE qux = 1"
 ) or die "Couldn't parse";
 print Dumper $stmt;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

DBI::SQL::Nano is meant as a *very* minimal SQL engine for use in situations where SQL::Statement is not available.  In most situations you are better off installing SQL::Statement although DBI::SQL::Nano may be faster for some very simple tasks.

DBI::SQL::Nano, like SQL::Statement is primarily intended to provide a SQL engine for use with some pure perl DBDs including DBD::DBM, DBD::CSV, DBD::AnyData, and DBD::Excel.  It isn't of much use in and of itself.  You can dump out the structure of a parsed SQL statement, but that's about it.

=head1 USAGE

=head2 Setting the DBI_SQL_NANO flag

By default, when a DBD uses DBI::SQL::Nano, the module will look to see if SQL::Statement is installed.  If it is, SQL::Statement objects are used.  If SQL::Statement is not available, DBI::SQL::Nano objects are used.

In some cases, you may wish to use DBI::SQL::Nano objects even if SQL::Statement is available.  To force usage of DBI::SQL::Nano objects regardless of the availability of SQL::Statement, set the environment variable DBI_SQL_NANO to 1.

You can set the environment variable in your shell prior to running your script (with SET or EXPORT or whatever), or else you can set it in your script by putting this at the top of the script:

 BEGIN { $ENV{DBI_SQL_NANO} = 1 }

=head2 Supported SQL syntax

 Here's a pseudo-BNF.  Square brackets [] indicate optional items;
 Angle brackets <> indicate items defined elsewhere in the BNF.

  statement ::=
      DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] <table_name>
    | CREATE TABLE <table_name> <col_def_list>
    | INSERT INTO <table_name> [<insert_col_list>] VALUES <val_list>
    | DELETE FROM <table_name> [<where_clause>]
    | UPDATE <table_name> SET <set_clause> <where_clause>
    | SELECT <select_col_list> FROM <table_name> [<where_clause>]
                                                 [<order_clause>]

  the optional IF EXISTS clause ::=
    * similar to MySQL - prevents errors when trying to drop
      a table that doesn't exist

  identifiers ::=
    * table and column names should be valid SQL identifiers
    * especially avoid using spaces and commas in identifiers
    * note: there is no error checking for invalid names, some
      will be accepted, others will cause parse failures

  table_name ::=
    * only one table (no multiple table operations)
    * see identifier for valid table names

  col_def_list ::=
    * a parens delimited, comma-separated list of column names
    * see identifier for valid column names
    * column types and column constraints may be included but are ignored
      e.g. these are all the same:
        (id,phrase)
        (id INT, phrase VARCHAR(40))
        (id INT PRIMARY KEY, phrase VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL)
    * you are *strongly* advised to put in column types even though
      they are ignored ... it increases portability

  insert_col_list ::=
    * a parens delimited, comma-separated list of column names
    * as in standard SQL, this is optional

  select_col_list ::=
    * a comma-separated list of column names
    * or an asterisk denoting all columns

  val_list ::=
    * a parens delimited, comma-separated list of values which can be:
       * placeholders (an unquoted question mark)
       * numbers (unquoted numbers)
       * column names (unquoted strings)
       * nulls (unquoted word NULL)
       * strings (delimited with single quote marks);
       * note: leading and trailing percent mark (%) and underscore (_)
         can be used as wildcards in quoted strings for use with
         the LIKE and CLIKE operators
       * note: escaped single quote marks within strings are not
         supported, neither are embedded commas, use placeholders instead

  set_clause ::=
    * a comma-separated list of column = value pairs
    * see val_list for acceptable value formats

  where_clause ::=
    * a single "column/value <op> column/value" predicate, optionally
      preceded by "NOT"
    * note: multiple predicates combined with ORs or ANDs are not supported
    * see val_list for acceptable value formats
    * op may be one of:
         < > >= <= = <> LIKE CLIKE IS
    * CLIKE is a case insensitive LIKE

  order_clause ::= column_name [ASC|DESC]
    * a single column optional ORDER BY clause is supported
    * as in standard SQL, if neither ASC (ascending) nor
      DESC (descending) is specified, ASC becomes the default

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Tim Bunce provided the original idea for this module, helped me out of the tangled trap of namespace, and provided help and advice all along the way.  Although I wrote it from the ground up, it is based on Jochen Weidmann's orignal design of SQL::Statement, so much of the credit for the API goes to him.

=head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

This module is written and maintained by

Jeff Zucker < jzucker AT cpan.org >

Copyright (C) 2004 by Jeff Zucker, all rights reserved.

You may freely distribute and/or modify this module under the terms of either the GNU General Public License (GPL) or the Artistic License, as specified in
the Perl README file.

=cut