/*
  libheif example application "heif".

  MIT License

  Copyright (c) 2017 Dirk Farin <dirk.farin@gmail.com>

  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
  copies or substantial portions of the Software.

  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
  SOFTWARE.
*/

#include <cassert>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cstring>
#include <getopt.h>

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <filesystem>
#include <regex>
#include <optional>

#include <libheif/heif.h>
#include <libheif/heif_properties.h>
#include "libheif/heif_items.h"

#include "heifio/decoder_jpeg.h"
#include "heifio/decoder_png.h"
#include "heifio/decoder_tiff.h"
#include "heifio/decoder_y4m.h"

#include "benchmark.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "SAI_datafile.h"
#include "libheif/api_structs.h"
#include "libheif/heif_experimental.h"
#include "libheif/heif_sequences.h"
#include "libheif/heif_uncompressed.h"

// --- command line parameters

int master_alpha = 1;
int thumb_alpha = 1;
int list_encoders = 0;
int two_colr_boxes = 0;
int premultiplied_alpha = 0;
int run_benchmark = 0;
heif_metadata_compression metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_off;
int tiled_input_x_y = 0;
const char* encoderId = nullptr;
std::string chroma_downsampling;
int cut_tiles = 0;
int tiled_image_width = 0;
int tiled_image_height = 0;
std::string tiling_method = "grid";
heif_unci_compression unci_compression = heif_unci_compression_brotli;
int add_pyramid_group = 0;

uint16_t nclx_colour_primaries = 1;
uint16_t nclx_transfer_characteristic = 13;
uint16_t nclx_matrix_coefficients = 6;
int nclx_full_range = true;

std::optional<heif_content_light_level> clli;
struct pixel_aspect_ratio
{
  uint32_t h,v;
};
std::optional<pixel_aspect_ratio> pasp;

// default to 30 fps
uint32_t sequence_timebase = 30;
uint32_t sequence_durations = 1;
uint32_t sequence_repetitions = 1;
std::string vmt_metadata_file;
bool binary_metadata_track = false;
std::string metadata_track_uri = "vmt:metadata";

int quality = 50;
bool lossless = false;
std::string output_filename;
int logging_level = 0;
bool option_show_parameters = false;
int thumbnail_bbox_size = 0;
int output_bit_depth = 10;
bool force_enc_av1f = false;
bool force_enc_avc = false;
bool force_enc_hevc = false;
bool force_enc_vvc = false;
bool force_enc_uncompressed = false;
bool force_enc_jpeg = false;
bool force_enc_jpeg2000 = false;
bool force_enc_htj2k = false;
bool use_tiling = false;
bool encode_sequence = false;
bool use_video_handler = false;
std::string option_mime_item_type;
std::string option_mime_item_file;
std::string option_mime_item_name;

enum heif_sequence_gop_structure sequence_gop_structure = heif_sequence_gop_structure_lowdelay;
int sequence_keyframe_distance_min = 0;
int sequence_keyframe_distance_max = 0;
int sequence_max_frames = 0; // 0 -> no maximum
std::string option_gimi_track_id;
std::string option_sai_data_file;


enum heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset
{
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_custom,  // Default. Use the values provided by the user.
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_automatic,  // Choose the profile depending on the input.
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_compatible, // Choose a profile that is decoded correctly by most systems.
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_601,  // SD / JPEG / MPEG
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_709,  // HDTV / (sRGB)
  heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_2020  // UHDTV
};

heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_custom;


std::string property_pitm_description;

// for benchmarking

#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
#define HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY 1  // TODO: should be set by CMake
#endif

#if HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
#include <sys/time.h>
timeval time_encoding_start;
timeval time_encoding_end;
#endif

const int OPTION_NCLX_MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS = 1000;
const int OPTION_NCLX_COLOUR_PRIMARIES = 1001;
const int OPTION_NCLX_TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTIC = 1002;
const int OPTION_NCLX_FULL_RANGE_FLAG = 1003;
const int OPTION_PLUGIN_DIRECTORY = 1004;
const int OPTION_PITM_DESCRIPTION = 1005;
const int OPTION_USE_JPEG_COMPRESSION = 1006;
const int OPTION_USE_JPEG2000_COMPRESSION = 1007;
const int OPTION_VERBOSE = 1008;
const int OPTION_USE_HTJ2K_COMPRESSION = 1009;
const int OPTION_USE_VVC_COMPRESSION = 1010;
const int OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_WIDTH = 1011;
const int OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_HEIGHT = 1012;
const int OPTION_TILING_METHOD = 1013;
const int OPTION_UNCI_COMPRESSION = 1014;
const int OPTION_CUT_TILES = 1015;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_TIMEBASE = 1016;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_DURATIONS = 1017;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_FPS = 1018;
const int OPTION_VMT_METADATA_FILE = 1019;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_REPETITIONS = 1020;
const int OPTION_COLOR_PROFILE_PRESET = 1021;
const int OPTION_SET_CLLI = 1022;
const int OPTION_SET_PASP = 1023;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_GOP_STRUCTURE = 1024;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_MIN_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE = 1025;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE = 1026;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_FRAMES = 1027;
const int OPTION_USE_AVC_COMPRESSION = 1028;
const int OPTION_BINARY_METADATA_TRACK = 1029;
const int OPTION_METADATA_TRACK_URI = 1030;
const int OPTION_ADD_MIME_ITEM = 1031;
const int OPTION_MIME_ITEM_FILE = 1032;
const int OPTION_MIME_ITEM_NAME = 1033;
const int OPTION_METADATA_COMPRESSION = 1034;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_GIMI_TRACK_ID = 1035;
const int OPTION_SEQUENCES_SAI_DATA_FILE = 1036;
const int OPTION_USE_HEVC_COMPRESSION = 1037;

static option long_options[] = {
    {(char* const) "help",                    no_argument,       0,              'h'},
    {(char* const) "version",                 no_argument,       0,              'v'},
    {(char* const) "quality",                 required_argument, 0,              'q'},
    {(char* const) "output",                  required_argument, 0,              'o'},
    {(char* const) "lossless",                no_argument,       0,              'L'},
    {(char* const) "thumb",                   required_argument, 0,              't'},
    {(char* const) "verbose",                 no_argument,       0,              OPTION_VERBOSE},
    {(char* const) "params",                  no_argument,       0,              'P'},
    {(char* const) "no-alpha",                no_argument,       &master_alpha,  0},
    {(char* const) "no-thumb-alpha",          no_argument,       &thumb_alpha,   0},
    {(char* const) "list-encoders",           no_argument,       &list_encoders, 1},
    {(char* const) "encoder",                 required_argument, 0,              'e'},
    {(char* const) "bit-depth",               required_argument, 0,              'b'},
    {(char* const) "even-size",               no_argument,       0,              'E'},
    {(char* const) "avif",                    no_argument,       0,              'A'},
    {(char* const) "hevc",                    no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_HEVC_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "vvc",                     no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_VVC_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "avc",                     no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_AVC_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "jpeg",                    no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_JPEG_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "jpeg2000",                no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_JPEG2000_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "htj2k",                   no_argument,       0,              OPTION_USE_HTJ2K_COMPRESSION},
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
    {(char* const) "uncompressed",                no_argument,       0,                     'U'},
    {(char* const) "unci-compression-method",     required_argument, nullptr, OPTION_UNCI_COMPRESSION},
#endif
    {(char* const) "color-profile",               required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_COLOR_PROFILE_PRESET},
    {(char* const) "matrix_coefficients",         required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_NCLX_MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS},
    {(char* const) "colour_primaries",            required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_NCLX_COLOUR_PRIMARIES},
    {(char* const) "transfer_characteristic",     required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_NCLX_TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTIC},
    {(char* const) "full_range_flag",             required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_NCLX_FULL_RANGE_FLAG},
    {(char* const) "enable-two-colr-boxes",       no_argument,       &two_colr_boxes,       1},
    {(char* const) "clli",                        required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_SET_CLLI},
    {(char* const) "pasp",                        required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_SET_PASP},
    {(char* const) "premultiplied-alpha",         no_argument,       &premultiplied_alpha,  1},
    {(char* const) "plugin-directory",            required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_PLUGIN_DIRECTORY},
    {(char* const) "benchmark",                   no_argument,       &run_benchmark,        1},
    {(char* const) "enable-metadata-compression", required_argument, 0, OPTION_METADATA_COMPRESSION},
    {(char* const) "pitm-description",            required_argument, 0,                     OPTION_PITM_DESCRIPTION},
    {(char* const) "chroma-downsampling",         required_argument, 0, 'C'},
    {(char* const) "cut-tiles",                   required_argument, nullptr, OPTION_CUT_TILES},
    {(char* const) "tiled-input",                 no_argument, 0, 'T'},
    {(char* const) "tiled-image-width",           required_argument, nullptr, OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_WIDTH},
    {(char* const) "tiled-image-height",          required_argument, nullptr, OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_HEIGHT},
    {(char* const) "tiled-input-x-y",             no_argument,       &tiled_input_x_y, 1},
    {(char* const) "tiling-method",               required_argument, nullptr, OPTION_TILING_METHOD},
    {(char* const) "add-pyramid-group",           no_argument,       &add_pyramid_group, 1},
    {(char* const) "sequence",                    no_argument, 0, 'S'},
    {(char* const) "video",                       no_argument, 0, 'V'},
    {(char* const) "timebase",                    required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_TIMEBASE},
    {(char* const) "duration",                    required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_DURATIONS},
    {(char* const) "fps",                         required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_FPS},
    {(char* const) "repetitions",                 required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_REPETITIONS},
    {(char* const) "max-frames",                  required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_FRAMES},
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
    {(char* const) "vmt-metadata",                required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_VMT_METADATA_FILE},
    {(char* const) "binary-metadata-track",       no_argument,             nullptr, OPTION_BINARY_METADATA_TRACK},
    {(char* const) "metadata-track-uri",          required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_METADATA_TRACK_URI},
    {(char* const) "add-mime-item",               required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_ADD_MIME_ITEM},
    {(char* const) "mime-item-file",              required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_MIME_ITEM_FILE},
    {(char* const) "mime-item-name",              required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_MIME_ITEM_NAME},
#endif
    {(char* const) "gop-structure",               required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_GOP_STRUCTURE},
    {(char* const) "min-keyframe-distance",       required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_MIN_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE},
    {(char* const) "max-keyframe-distance",       required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE},
    {(char* const) "set-gimi-track-id",           required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_GIMI_TRACK_ID},
    {(char* const) "sai-data-file",               required_argument,       nullptr, OPTION_SEQUENCES_SAI_DATA_FILE},
    {0, 0,                                                           0,  0}
};


void show_help(const char* argv0)
{
  std::filesystem::path p(argv0);
  std::string filename = p.filename().string();

  std::stringstream sstr;
  sstr << " " << filename << "  libheif version: " << heif_get_version();

  std::string title = sstr.str();

  std::cerr << title << "\n"
            << std::string(title.length() + 1, '-') << "\n"
            << "Usage: " << filename << " [options] <input-image> ...\n"
            << "\n"
            << "When specifying multiple source images, they will all be saved into the same HEIF/AVIF file.\n"
            << "\n"
            << "Some encoders (x265, aom) let you pass-through any parameters by prefixing them with the encoder name.\n"
            << "For example, you may pass any x265 parameter by prefixing it with 'x265:'. For example, to set\n"
            << "the 'ctu' parameter, you will have to set 'x265:ctu' in libheif (e.g.: -p x265:ctu=64).\n"
            << "Note that when using the prefix, libheif cannot tell you which parameters and values are supported.\n"
            << "\n"
            << "Options:\n"
            << "  -h, --help                     show help\n"
            << "  -v, --version                  show version\n"
            << "  -o, --output                   output filename (optional)\n"
            << "  -q, --quality                  set output quality (0-100) for lossy compression\n"
            << "  -L, --lossless                 generate lossless output (-q has no effect). Image will be encoded as RGB (matrix_coefficients=0).\n"
            << "  -t, --thumb #                  generate thumbnail with maximum size # (default: off)\n"
            << "      --no-alpha                 do not save alpha channel\n"
            << "      --no-thumb-alpha           do not save alpha channel in thumbnail image\n"
            << "      --verbose                  enable logging output (more will increase logging level)\n"
            << "  -b, --bit-depth #              number of bits to use from an 16-bit PNG input, valid range: 9-16 (default: 10 bit)\n"
            << "      --premultiplied-alpha      input image has premultiplied alpha\n"
#if WITH_HEADER_COMPRESSION
            << "      --enable-metadata-compression ALGO  enable metadata item compression (experimental)\n"
            << "                                          Choose algorithm from {off"; // TODO: add 'auto', but it currently equals 'off'
  if (heif_metadata_compression_method_supported(heif_metadata_compression_deflate)) {
    std::cerr << ",deflate,zlib";
  }
  if (heif_metadata_compression_method_supported(heif_metadata_compression_brotli)) {
    std::cerr << ",brotli";
  }
  std::cerr << "}.\n"
#endif
            << "  -C, --chroma-downsampling ALGO force chroma downsampling algorithm (nn = nearest-neighbor / average / sharp-yuv)\n"
            << "                                 (sharp-yuv makes edges look sharper when using YUV420 with bilinear chroma upsampling)\n"
            << "      --benchmark                measure encoding time, PSNR, and output file size\n"
            << "      --pitm-description TEXT    set user description for primary image (experimental)\n"
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
            << "      --add-mime-item TYPE       add a mime item of the specified content type (experimental)\n"
            << "      --mime-item-file FILE      use the specified FILE as the data to put into the mime item (experimental)\n"
#endif
            << "\n"
            << "codecs:\n"
            << "  -A, --avif                     encode as AVIF (not needed if output filename with .avif suffix is provided)\n"
            << "      --hevc                     encode as HEVC (default)\n"
            << "      --vvc                      encode as VVC (experimental)\n"
            << "      --avc                      encode as AVC (experimental)\n"
            << "      --jpeg                     encode as JPEG\n"
            << "      --jpeg2000                 encode as JPEG 2000 (experimental)\n"
            << "      --htj2k                    encode as High Throughput JPEG 2000 (experimental)\n"
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
            << "  -U, --uncompressed             encode as uncompressed image (according to ISO 23001-17) (EXPERIMENTAL)\n"
            << "      --unci-compression METHOD  choose one of these methods: none, deflate, zlib, brotli.\n"
#endif
            << "      --list-encoders            list all available encoders for all compression formats\n"
            << "  -e, --encoder ID               select encoder to use (the IDs can be listed with --list-encoders)\n"
            << "      --plugin-directory DIR     load all codec plugins in the directory\n"
            << "  -P, --params                   show all encoder parameters and exit, input file not required or used.\n"
            << "  -p NAME=VALUE                  set encoder parameter\n"
            << "\n"
            << "color profile:\n"
            << "      --color-profile NAME       use a color profile preset for the output. Valid values are:\n"
            << "                                    custom:     (default) use the provided matrix_coefficients, colour_primaries, transfer_characteristic\n"
            << "                                    auto:       automatically guess suitable values from the input image characteristics\n"
            << "                                    compatible: use a profile that is decoded correctly by most applications by avoiding incomplete implementations\n"
            << "                                    601:        use Rec.601 (SD), close to JPEG\n"
            << "                                    709:        use Rec.709 (HDTV), close to sRGB\n"
            << "                                    2020:       use Rec.2020 (UHDTV), transfer curve will be selected based on bits per pixel\n"
            << "      --matrix_coefficients     nclx profile: color conversion matrix coefficients, default=6 (see h.273)\n"
            << "      --colour_primaries        nclx profile: color primaries (see h.273)\n"
            << "      --transfer_characteristic nclx profile: transfer characteristics (see h.273)\n"
            << "      --full_range_flag         nclx profile: full range flag, default: 1\n"
            << "      --enable-two-colr-boxes   will write both an ICC and an nclx color profile if both are present\n"
            << "      --clli MaxCLL,MaxPALL     add 'content light level information' property to all encoded images\n"
            << "      --pasp h,v                set pixel aspect ratio property to all encoded images\n"
            << "\n"
            << "tiling:\n"
            << "      --cut-tiles #             cuts the input image into square tiles of the given width\n"
            << "  -T, --tiled-input             input is a set of tile images (only provide one filename with two tile position numbers).\n"
            << "                                For example, 'tile-01-05.jpg' would be a valid input filename.\n"
            << "                                You only have to provide the filename of one tile as input, heif-enc will scan the directory\n"
            << "                                for the other tiles and determine the range of tiles automatically.\n"
            << "      --tiled-image-width #     override image width of tiled image\n"
            << "      --tiled-image-height #    override image height of tiled image\n"
            << "      --tiled-input-x-y         usually, the first number in the input tile filename should be the y position.\n"
            << "                                With this option, this can be swapped so that the first number is x, the second number y.\n"
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES || WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
            << "      --tiling-method METHOD    choose one of these methods: grid"
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
               ", tili (experimental)"
#endif
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
               ", unci"
#endif
               ". The default is 'grid'.\n"
#endif
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
            << "      --add-pyramid-group       when several images are given, put them into a multi-resolution pyramid group. (experimental)\n"
#endif
            << "\n"
            << "sequences:\n"
            << "  -S, --sequence                 encode input images as sequence (input filenames with a number will pull in all files with this pattern).\n"
            << "  -V, --video                    encode as video instead of image sequence\n"
            << "      --timebase #               set clock ticks/second for sequence\n"
            << "      --duration #               set frame duration (default: 1)\n"
            << "      --fps #                    set timebase and duration based on fps\n"
            << "      --repetitions #            set how often the sequence should be played back (default=1), special value: 'infinite'\n"
            << "      --gop-structure GOP        frame types to use in GOP (intra-only, low-delay, unrestricted)\n"
            << "      --min-keyframe-distance #  minimum distance of keyframes in sequence (0 = undefined)\n"
            << "      --max-keyframe-distance #  maximum distance of keyframes in sequence (0 = undefined)\n"
            << "      --max-frames #             limit sequence length to maximum number of frames\n"
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
            << "      --vmt-metadata FILE        encode metadata track from VMT file (experimental)\n"
            << "      --binary-metadata-track    parses VMT data as hex values that are written as raw binary (experimental)\n"
            << "      --metadata-track-uri URI   uses the URI identifier for the metadata track (experimental)\n"
            << "      --set-gimi-track-id ID     set the GIMI track ID for the visual track (experimental)\n"
            << "      --sai-data-file FILE       use the specified FILE as input data for the video frames SAI data\n"
#endif
            ;
}


void list_encoder_parameters(heif_encoder* encoder)
{
  std::cerr << "Parameters for encoder `" << heif_encoder_get_name(encoder) << "`:\n";

  const heif_encoder_parameter* const* params = heif_encoder_list_parameters(encoder);
  for (int i = 0; params[i]; i++) {
    const char* name = heif_encoder_parameter_get_name(params[i]);

    switch (heif_encoder_parameter_get_type(params[i])) {
      case heif_encoder_parameter_type_integer: {
        heif_error error;

        std::cerr << "  " << name;

        if (heif_encoder_has_default(encoder, name)) {
          int value;
          error = heif_encoder_get_parameter_integer(encoder, name, &value);
          (void) error;

          std::cerr << ", default=" << value;
        }

        int have_minimum, have_maximum, minimum, maximum, num_valid_values;
        const int* valid_values = nullptr;
        error = heif_encoder_parameter_integer_valid_values(encoder, name,
                                                            &have_minimum, &have_maximum,
                                                            &minimum, &maximum,
                                                            &num_valid_values,
                                                            &valid_values);

        if (have_minimum || have_maximum) {  // TODO: only one is set
          std::cerr << ", [" << minimum << ";" << maximum << "]";
        }

        if (num_valid_values > 0) {
          std::cerr << ", {";

          for (int p = 0; p < num_valid_values; p++) {
            if (p > 0) {
              std::cerr << ", ";
            }

            std::cerr << valid_values[p];
          }

          std::cerr << "}";
        }

        std::cerr << "\n";
      }
        break;

      case heif_encoder_parameter_type_boolean: {
        heif_error error;
        std::cerr << "  " << name;

        if (heif_encoder_has_default(encoder, name)) {
          int value;
          error = heif_encoder_get_parameter_boolean(encoder, name, &value);
          (void) error;

          std::cerr << ", default=" << (value ? "true" : "false");
        }

        std::cerr << "\n";
      }
        break;

      case heif_encoder_parameter_type_string: {
        heif_error error;
        std::cerr << "  " << name;

        if (heif_encoder_has_default(encoder, name)) {
          const int value_size = 50;
          char value[value_size];
          error = heif_encoder_get_parameter_string(encoder, name, value, value_size);
          (void) error;

          std::cerr << ", default=" << value;
        }

        const char* const* valid_options;
        error = heif_encoder_parameter_string_valid_values(encoder, name, &valid_options);

        if (valid_options) {
          std::cerr << ", { ";
          for (int k = 0; valid_options[k]; k++) {
            if (k > 0) { std::cerr << ","; }
            std::cerr << valid_options[k];
          }
          std::cerr << " }";
        }

        std::cerr << "\n";
      }
        break;
    }
  }
}


void set_params(heif_encoder* encoder, const std::vector<std::string>& params)
{
  for (const std::string& p : params) {
    auto pos = p.find_first_of('=');
    if (pos == std::string::npos || pos == 0 || pos == p.size() - 1) {
      std::cerr << "Encoder parameter must be in the format 'name=value'\n";
      exit(5);
    }

    std::string name = p.substr(0, pos);
    std::string value = p.substr(pos + 1);

    struct heif_error error = heif_encoder_set_parameter(encoder, name.c_str(), value.c_str());
    if (error.code) {
      std::cerr << "Error: " << error.message << "\n";
      exit(5);
    }
  }
}


static void show_list_of_encoders(const heif_encoder_descriptor* const* encoder_descriptors,
                                  int count)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    std::cout << "- " << heif_encoder_descriptor_get_id_name(encoder_descriptors[i])
              << " = "
              << heif_encoder_descriptor_get_name(encoder_descriptors[i]);

    if (i == 0) {
      std::cout << " [default]";
    }

    std::cout << "\n";
  }
}


static const char* get_compression_format_name(heif_compression_format format)
{
  switch (format) {
    case heif_compression_AV1:
      return "AV1";
      break;
    case heif_compression_AVC:
      return "AVC";
      break;
    case heif_compression_VVC:
      return "VVC";
      break;
    case heif_compression_HEVC:
      return "HEVC";
      break;
    case heif_compression_JPEG:
      return "JPEG";
      break;
    case heif_compression_JPEG2000:
      return "JPEG 2000";
      break;
    case heif_compression_HTJ2K:
      return "HT-J2K";
      break;
    case heif_compression_uncompressed:
      return "Uncompressed";
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
      return "unknown";
  }
}

static void show_list_of_all_encoders()
{
  for (auto compression_format: {heif_compression_AVC, heif_compression_AV1, heif_compression_HEVC,
                                 heif_compression_JPEG, heif_compression_JPEG2000, heif_compression_HTJ2K,
                                 heif_compression_uncompressed, heif_compression_VVC
  }) {

    switch (compression_format) {
      case heif_compression_AVC:
        std::cout << "AVC";
        break;
      case heif_compression_AV1:
        std::cout << "AVIF";
        break;
      case heif_compression_HEVC:
        std::cout << "HEIC";
        break;
      case heif_compression_JPEG:
        std::cout << "JPEG";
        break;
      case heif_compression_JPEG2000:
        std::cout << "JPEG 2000";
        break;
      case heif_compression_HTJ2K:
        std::cout << "JPEG 2000 (HT)";
        break;
      case heif_compression_uncompressed:
        std::cout << "Uncompressed";
        break;
      case heif_compression_VVC:
        std::cout << "VVIC";
        break;
      default:
        assert(false);
    }

    std::cout << " encoders:\n";

#define MAX_ENCODERS 10
    const heif_encoder_descriptor* encoder_descriptors[MAX_ENCODERS];
    int count = heif_get_encoder_descriptors(compression_format,
                                             nullptr,
                                             encoder_descriptors, MAX_ENCODERS);
#undef MAX_ENCODERS

    show_list_of_encoders(encoder_descriptors, count);
  }
}


bool ends_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& end)
{
  if (str.length() < end.length()) {
    return false;
  }
  else {
    return str.compare(str.length() - end.length(), end.length(), end) == 0;
  }
}


heif_compression_format guess_compression_format_from_filename(const std::string& filename)
{
  std::string filename_lowercase = filename;
  std::transform(filename_lowercase.begin(), filename_lowercase.end(), filename_lowercase.begin(), ::tolower);

  if (ends_with(filename_lowercase, ".avif")) {
    return heif_compression_AV1;
  }
  else if (ends_with(filename_lowercase, ".vvic")) {
    return heif_compression_VVC;
  }
  else if (ends_with(filename_lowercase, ".avci")) {
    return heif_compression_AVC;
  }
  else if (ends_with(filename_lowercase, ".heic")) {
    return heif_compression_HEVC;
  }
  else if (ends_with(filename_lowercase, ".hej2")) {
    return heif_compression_JPEG2000;
  }
  else {
    return heif_compression_undefined;
  }
}


std::string suffix_for_compression_format(heif_compression_format format)
{
  switch (format) {
    case heif_compression_AV1: return "avif";
    case heif_compression_VVC: return "vvic";
    case heif_compression_AVC: return "avci";
    case heif_compression_HEVC: return "heic";
    case heif_compression_JPEG2000: return "hej2";
    default: return "data";
  }
}


InputImage load_image(const std::string& input_filename, int output_bit_depth)
{
  InputImage input_image;

  // get file type from file name

  std::string suffix;
  auto suffix_pos = input_filename.find_last_of('.');
  if (suffix_pos != std::string::npos) {
    suffix = input_filename.substr(suffix_pos + 1);
    std::transform(suffix.begin(), suffix.end(), suffix.begin(), ::tolower);
  }

  enum
  {
    PNG, JPEG, Y4M, TIFF
  } filetype = JPEG;
  if (suffix == "png") {
    filetype = PNG;
  }
  else if (suffix == "y4m") {
    filetype = Y4M;
  }
  else if (suffix == "tif" || suffix == "tiff") {
    filetype = TIFF;
  }

  if (filetype == PNG) {
    heif_error err = loadPNG(input_filename.c_str(), output_bit_depth, &input_image);
    if (err.code != heif_error_Ok) {
      std::cerr << "Can not load TIFF input_image: " << err.message << '\n';
      exit(1);
    }
  }
  else if (filetype == Y4M) {
    heif_error err = loadY4M(input_filename.c_str(), &input_image);
    if (err.code != heif_error_Ok) {
      std::cerr << "Can not load TIFF input_image: " << err.message << '\n';
      exit(1);
    }
  }
  else if (filetype == TIFF) {
    heif_error err = loadTIFF(input_filename.c_str(), &input_image);
    if (err.code != heif_error_Ok) {
      std::cerr << "Can not load TIFF input_image: " << err.message << '\n';
      exit(1);
    }
  }
  else {
    heif_error err = loadJPEG(input_filename.c_str(), &input_image);
    if (err.code != heif_error_Ok) {
      std::cerr << "Can not load JPEG input_image: " << err.message << '\n';
      exit(1);
    }
  }

  return input_image;
}


heif_error create_output_nclx_profile_and_configure_encoder(heif_encoder* encoder,
                                                            heif_color_profile_nclx** out_nclx,
                                                            std::shared_ptr<heif_image> input_image,
                                                            bool lossless,
                                                            heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset profile_preset)
{
  *out_nclx = heif_nclx_color_profile_alloc();
  if (!*out_nclx) {
    return {heif_error_Encoding_error, heif_suberror_Unspecified, "Cannot allocate NCLX color profile."};
  }

  heif_color_profile_nclx* nclx = *out_nclx; // abbreviation;


  // set NCLX based on preset

  switch (profile_preset) {
    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_custom: {
      heif_error error = heif_nclx_color_profile_set_matrix_coefficients(nclx, nclx_matrix_coefficients);
      if (error.code) {
        std::cerr << "Invalid matrix coefficients specified.\n";
        exit(5);
      }

      error = heif_nclx_color_profile_set_transfer_characteristics(nclx, nclx_transfer_characteristic);
      if (error.code) {
        std::cerr << "Invalid transfer characteristics specified.\n";
        exit(5);
      }

      error = heif_nclx_color_profile_set_color_primaries(nclx, nclx_colour_primaries);
      if (error.code) {
        std::cerr << "Invalid color primaries specified.\n";
        exit(5);
      }

      nclx->full_range_flag = (uint8_t) nclx_full_range;
      break;
    }

    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_automatic: {
      heif_color_profile_nclx* input_nclx = nullptr;

      // --- use input image color profile, if it exists

      heif_error error = heif_image_get_nclx_color_profile(input_image.get(), &input_nclx);
      if (error.code == heif_error_Color_profile_does_not_exist) {

        // input image has not color profile, guess one

        if (heif_image_get_colorspace(input_image.get()) == heif_colorspace_RGB) {
          // sRGB
          nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_ITU_R_BT_709_5; // will be overwritten below if lossless
          nclx->color_primaries = heif_color_primaries_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
          nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_IEC_61966_2_1;
        }
        else {
          // BT.709
          nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_ITU_R_BT_709_5; // will be overwritten below if lossless
          nclx->color_primaries = heif_color_primaries_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
          nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
        }
      }
      else if (error.code) {
        std::cerr << "Cannot get input NCLX color profile.\n";
        return error;
      }
      else {
        // no error, we have an input color profile that we can use for output too

        nclx->matrix_coefficients = input_nclx->matrix_coefficients;
        nclx->transfer_characteristics = input_nclx->transfer_characteristics;
        nclx->color_primaries = input_nclx->color_primaries;
        nclx->full_range_flag = input_nclx->full_range_flag;

        heif_nclx_color_profile_free(input_nclx);
        input_nclx = nullptr;
      }

      assert(!input_nclx);
      break;
    }

    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_601:
      nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_ITU_R_BT_601_6;
      nclx->color_primaries = heif_color_primaries_ITU_R_BT_601_6;
      nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_ITU_R_BT_601_6;
      break;

    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_compatible:
    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_709:
      nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
      nclx->color_primaries = heif_color_primaries_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
      nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_ITU_R_BT_709_5;
      break;

    case heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_2020:
      nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_ITU_R_BT_2020_2_constant_luminance;
      nclx->color_primaries = heif_color_primaries_ITU_R_BT_2020_2_and_2100_0;

      if (heif_image_has_channel(input_image.get(), heif_channel_Y) &&
          heif_image_get_bits_per_pixel(input_image.get(), heif_channel_Y) <= 10) {
        nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_ITU_R_BT_2020_2_10bit;
      }
      else {
        nclx->transfer_characteristics = heif_transfer_characteristic_ITU_R_BT_2020_2_12bit;
      }
      break;
  }

  // modify NCLX depending on input image

  if (lossless) {
      heif_encoder_set_lossless(encoder, true);

      if (heif_image_get_colorspace(input_image.get()) == heif_colorspace_RGB) {
        nclx->matrix_coefficients = heif_matrix_coefficients_RGB_GBR;
        nclx->full_range_flag = true;

        heif_error error = heif_encoder_set_parameter(encoder, "chroma", "444");
        if (error.code) {
          return error;
        }
      }
      else {
        heif_error error;

        // TODO: this assumes that the encoder plugin has a 'chroma' parameter. Currently, they do, but there should be a better way to set this.
        switch (heif_image_get_chroma_format(input_image.get())) {
          case heif_chroma_420:
          case heif_chroma_monochrome:
            error = heif_encoder_set_parameter(encoder, "chroma", "420");
            break;
          case heif_chroma_422:
            error = heif_encoder_set_parameter(encoder, "chroma", "422");
            break;
          case heif_chroma_444:
            error = heif_encoder_set_parameter(encoder, "chroma", "444");
            break;
          default:
            assert(false);
            exit(5);
        }

        if (error.code) {
          return error;
        }
      }
  }

  return {heif_error_Ok};
}


struct input_tiles_generator
{
  virtual ~input_tiles_generator() = default;

  virtual uint32_t nColumns() const = 0;
  virtual uint32_t nRows() const = 0;

  virtual uint32_t nTiles() const { return nColumns() * nRows(); }

  virtual InputImage get_image(uint32_t tx, uint32_t ty, int output_bit_depth) = 0;
};

struct input_tiles_generator_separate_files : public input_tiles_generator
{
  uint32_t first_start;
  uint32_t first_end;
  uint32_t first_digits;
  uint32_t second_start;
  uint32_t second_end;
  uint32_t second_digits;

  std::filesystem::path directory;
  std::string prefix;
  std::string separator;
  std::string suffix;

  bool first_is_x = false;

  uint32_t nColumns() const override { return first_is_x ? (first_end - first_start + 1) : (second_end - second_start + 1); }
  uint32_t nRows() const override { return first_is_x ? (second_end - second_start + 1) : (first_end - first_start + 1); }

  uint32_t nTiles() const override { return (first_end - first_start + 1) * (second_end - second_start + 1); }

  std::filesystem::path filename(uint32_t tx, uint32_t ty) const
  {
    std::stringstream sstr;

    sstr << prefix << std::setw(first_digits) << std::setfill('0') << (first_is_x ? tx : ty) + first_start;
    sstr << separator << std::setw(second_digits) << std::setfill('0') << (first_is_x ? ty : tx) + second_start;
    sstr << suffix;

    std::filesystem::path p = directory / sstr.str();
    return p;
  }

  InputImage get_image(uint32_t tx, uint32_t ty, int output_bit_depth) override
  {
    std::string input_filename = filename(tx, ty).string();
    InputImage image = load_image(input_filename, output_bit_depth);
    return image;
  }
};

std::shared_ptr<input_tiles_generator> determine_input_images_tiling(const std::string& filename, bool first_is_x)
{
  std::regex pattern(R"((.*\D)?(\d+)(\D+?)(\d+)(\..+)$)");
  std::smatch match;

  auto generator = std::make_shared<input_tiles_generator_separate_files>();

  if (std::regex_match(filename, match, pattern)) {
    std::string prefix = match[1];

    auto p = std::filesystem::absolute(std::filesystem::path(prefix));
    generator->directory = p.parent_path();
    generator->prefix = p.filename().string(); // TODO: we could also use u8string(), but it is not well supported in C++20

    generator->separator = match[3];
    generator->suffix = match[5];

    generator->first_start = 9999;
    generator->first_end = 0;
    generator->first_digits = 9;

    generator->second_start = 9999;
    generator->second_end = 0;
    generator->second_digits = 9;
  }
  else {
    return nullptr;
  }

  std::string patternString = generator->prefix + "(\\d+)" + generator->separator + "(\\d+)" + generator->suffix + "$";
  pattern = patternString;

  for (const auto& dirEntry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(generator->directory))
  {
    if (dirEntry.is_regular_file()) {
      std::string s{dirEntry.path().filename().string()};

      if (std::regex_match(s, match, pattern)) {
        uint32_t first = std::stoi(match[1]);
        uint32_t second = std::stoi(match[2]);

        generator->first_digits = std::min(generator->first_digits, (uint32_t)match[1].length());
        generator->second_digits = std::min(generator->second_digits, (uint32_t)match[2].length());

        generator->first_start = std::min(generator->first_start, first);
        generator->first_end = std::max(generator->first_end, first);
        generator->second_start = std::min(generator->second_start, second);
        generator->second_end = std::max(generator->second_end, second);
      }
    }
  }

  generator->first_is_x = first_is_x;

  return generator;
}


class input_tiles_generator_cut_image : public input_tiles_generator
{
public:
  input_tiles_generator_cut_image(const char* filename, int tile_size, int output_bit_depth)
  {
    mImage = load_image(filename, output_bit_depth);

    mWidth = heif_image_get_primary_width(mImage.image.get());
    mHeight = heif_image_get_primary_height(mImage.image.get());

    mTileSize = tile_size;
  }

  uint32_t nColumns() const override { return (mWidth + mTileSize - 1)/mTileSize; }
  uint32_t nRows() const override { return (mHeight + mTileSize - 1)/mTileSize; }

  InputImage get_image(uint32_t tx, uint32_t ty, int output_bit_depth) override
  {
    heif_image* tileImage;
    heif_error err = heif_image_extract_area(mImage.image.get(), tx * mTileSize, ty * mTileSize, mTileSize, mTileSize,
                                             heif_get_global_security_limits(),
                                             &tileImage);
    if (err.code) {
      std::cerr << "error extracting tile " << tx << ";" << ty << std::endl;
      exit(1);
    }

    InputImage tile;
    tile.image = std::shared_ptr<heif_image>(tileImage,
                                             [](heif_image* img) { heif_image_release(img); });
    return tile;
  }

  uint32_t get_image_width() const { return heif_image_get_primary_width(mImage.image.get()); }
  uint32_t get_image_height() const { return heif_image_get_primary_height(mImage.image.get()); }

private:
  InputImage mImage;
  uint32_t mWidth, mHeight;
  int mTileSize;
};


// TODO: we have to attach the input image Exif and XMP to the tiled image
heif_image_handle* encode_tiled(heif_context* ctx, heif_encoder* encoder, heif_encoding_options* options,
                                int output_bit_depth,
                                const std::shared_ptr<input_tiles_generator>& tile_generator,
                                const heif_image_tiling& tiling)
{
  heif_image_handle* tiled_image = nullptr;


  // --- create the main grid image

  if (tiling_method == "grid") {
    heif_error error = heif_context_add_grid_image(ctx, tiling.image_width, tiling.image_height,
                                                   tiling.num_columns, tiling.num_rows,
                                                   options,
                                                   &tiled_image);
    if (error.code != 0) {
      std::cerr << "Could not generate grid image: " << error.message << "\n";
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
  else if (tiling_method == "tili") {
    heif_tiled_image_parameters tiled_params{};
    tiled_params.version = 1;
    tiled_params.image_width = tiling.image_width;
    tiled_params.image_height = tiling.image_height;
    tiled_params.tile_width = tiling.tile_width;
    tiled_params.tile_height = tiling.tile_height;
    tiled_params.offset_field_length = 32;
    tiled_params.size_field_length = 24;
    tiled_params.tiles_are_sequential = 1;

    heif_error error = heif_context_add_tiled_image(ctx, &tiled_params, options, encoder, &tiled_image);
    if (error.code != 0) {
      std::cerr << "Could not generate tili image: " << error.message << "\n";
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
#endif
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
  else if (tiling_method == "unci") {
    heif_unci_image_parameters params{};
    params.version = 1;
    params.image_width = tiling.image_width;
    params.image_height = tiling.image_height;
    params.tile_width = tiling.tile_width;
    params.tile_height = tiling.tile_height;
    params.compression = unci_compression;

    InputImage prototype_image = tile_generator->get_image(0,0, output_bit_depth);

    heif_error error = heif_context_add_empty_unci_image(ctx, &params, options, prototype_image.image.get(), &tiled_image);
    if (error.code != 0) {
      std::cerr << "Could not generate unci image: " << error.message << "\n";
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
#endif
  else {
    assert(false);
    exit(10);
  }


  // --- add all the image tiles

  std::cout << "encoding tiled image, tile size: " << tiling.tile_width << "x" << tiling.tile_height
            << " image size: " << tiling.image_width << "x" << tiling.image_height << "\n";

  int tile_width = 0, tile_height = 0;

  for (uint32_t ty = 0; ty < tile_generator->nRows(); ty++)
    for (uint32_t tx = 0; tx < tile_generator->nColumns(); tx++) {
      InputImage input_image = tile_generator->get_image(tx,ty, output_bit_depth);

      if (tile_width == 0) {
        tile_width = heif_image_get_primary_width(input_image.image.get());
        tile_height = heif_image_get_primary_height(input_image.image.get());

        if (tile_width <= 0 || tile_height <= 0) {
          std::cerr << "Could not read input image size correctly\n";
          return nullptr;
        }
      }

      heif_error error;
      error = heif_image_extend_to_size_fill_with_zero(input_image.image.get(), tile_width, tile_height);
      if (error.code) {
        std::cerr << error.message << "\n";
      }

      std::cout << "encoding tile " << ty+1 << " " << tx+1
                << " (of " << tile_generator->nRows() << "x" << tile_generator->nColumns() << ")  \r";
      std::cout.flush();

      error = heif_context_add_image_tile(ctx, tiled_image, tx, ty,
                                          input_image.image.get(),
                                          encoder);
      if (error.code != 0) {
        std::cerr << "Could not encode HEIF/AVIF file: " << error.message << "\n";
        return nullptr;
      }
    }

  std::cout << "\n";

  return tiled_image;
}


template <typename T>
std::vector<T> parse_comma_separated_numeric_arguments(std::string arg,
                                                       std::vector<T> max_val)
{
  std::istringstream ss(arg);
  std::string token;

  std::vector<T> results;

  for (size_t i = 0 ; i<max_val.size(); i++) {

    if (!std::getline(ss, token, ',')) return {};
    try {
      size_t pos;
      unsigned long val = std::stoul(token, &pos);
      if (pos != token.size()) return {}; // extra non-numeric characters
      if (val > max_val[i]) return {};
      results.push_back(static_cast<T>(val));
    } catch (...) {
      return {};
    }
  }

  // There should be no extra tokens
  if (ss.rdbuf()->in_avail() != 0) return {};

  return results;
}

bool prefix_compare(const char* a, const char* b)
{
  auto minLen = std::min(strlen(a), strlen(b));
  return strncmp(a,b,minLen) == 0;
}


bool set_metadata_compression_method(const std::string& arg)
{
  if (arg == "auto") {
    metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_auto;
    return true;
  }
  else if (arg == "off") {
    metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_off;
    return true;
  }
  else if (arg == "brotli") {
    metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_brotli;
    return true;
  }
  else if (arg == "deflate") {
    metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_deflate;
    return true;
  }
  else if (arg == "zlib") {
    metadata_compression_method = heif_metadata_compression_zlib;
    return true;
  }
  else {
    std::cerr << "Unknown metadata compression method '" << arg << "'. Choose between {auto,off,deflate,zlib,brotli}\n";
    return false;
  }
}



class LibHeifInitializer
{
public:
  LibHeifInitializer() { heif_init(nullptr); }

  ~LibHeifInitializer() { heif_deinit(); }
};


int do_encode_images(heif_context*, heif_encoder*, heif_encoding_options* options, const std::vector<std::string>& args);
int do_encode_sequence(heif_context*, heif_encoder*, heif_encoding_options* options, std::vector<std::string> args);


int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
  // This takes care of initializing libheif and also deinitializing it at the end to free all resources.
  LibHeifInitializer initializer;

  std::vector<std::string> raw_params;


  while (true) {
    int option_index = 0;
    int c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hq:Lo:vPp:t:b:Ae:C:TSV"
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
        "U"
#endif
        , long_options, &option_index);
    if (c == -1)
      break;

    switch (c) {
      case 'h':
        show_help(argv[0]);
        return 0;
      case 'v':
        heif_examples::show_version();
        return 0;
      case 'q':
        quality = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case 'L':
        lossless = true;
        break;
      case 'o':
        output_filename = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_VERBOSE:
        logging_level++;
        break;
      case 'P':
        option_show_parameters = true;
        break;
      case 'p':
        raw_params.push_back(optarg);
        break;
      case 't':
        thumbnail_bbox_size = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case 'b':
        output_bit_depth = atoi(optarg);
        if (output_bit_depth < 9 || output_bit_depth > 16) {
          std::cerr << "Bit depth for input HDR images must be 9-16 bits.\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case 'A':
        force_enc_av1f = true;
        break;
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
        case 'U':
        force_enc_uncompressed = true;
        break;
#endif
      case 'e':
        encoderId = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_NCLX_MATRIX_COEFFICIENTS:
        nclx_matrix_coefficients = (uint16_t) strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 0);
        break;
      case OPTION_NCLX_COLOUR_PRIMARIES:
        nclx_colour_primaries = (uint16_t) strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 0);
        break;
      case OPTION_NCLX_TRANSFER_CHARACTERISTIC:
        nclx_transfer_characteristic = (uint16_t) strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 0);
        break;
      case OPTION_NCLX_FULL_RANGE_FLAG:
        nclx_full_range = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case OPTION_PITM_DESCRIPTION:
        property_pitm_description = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_HEVC_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_hevc = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_VVC_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_vvc = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_AVC_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_avc = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_JPEG_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_jpeg = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_JPEG2000_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_jpeg2000 = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_USE_HTJ2K_COMPRESSION:
        force_enc_htj2k = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_PLUGIN_DIRECTORY: {
        int nPlugins;
        heif_error error = heif_load_plugins(optarg, nullptr, &nPlugins, 0);
        if (error.code) {
          std::cerr << "Error loading libheif plugins: " << error.message << "\n";
          return 1;
        }

        // Note: since we process the option within the loop, we can only consider the '-v' flags coming before the plugin loading option.
        if (logging_level > 0) {
          std::cout << nPlugins << " plugins loaded from directory " << optarg << "\n";
        }
        break;
      }
      case OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_WIDTH:
        tiled_image_width = (int) strtol(optarg, nullptr, 0);
        break;
      case OPTION_TILED_IMAGE_HEIGHT:
        tiled_image_height = (int) strtol(optarg, nullptr, 0);
        break;
      case OPTION_TILING_METHOD:
        tiling_method = optarg;
        if (tiling_method != "grid"
#if WITH_UNCOMPRESSED_CODEC
            && tiling_method != "unci"
#endif
#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
            && tiling_method != "tili"
#endif
          ) {
          std::cerr << "Invalid tiling method '" << tiling_method << "'\n";
          exit(5);
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_CUT_TILES:
        cut_tiles = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case OPTION_UNCI_COMPRESSION: {
        std::string option(optarg);
        if (option == "none") {
          unci_compression = heif_unci_compression_off;
        }
        else if (option == "brotli") {
          unci_compression = heif_unci_compression_brotli;
        }
        else if (option == "deflate") {
          unci_compression = heif_unci_compression_deflate;
        }
        else if (option == "zlib") {
          unci_compression = heif_unci_compression_zlib;
        }
        else {
          std::cerr << "Invalid unci compression method '" << option << "'\n";
          exit(5);
        }
        break;
      }
      case 'C':
        chroma_downsampling = optarg;
        if (chroma_downsampling != "nn" &&
            chroma_downsampling != "nearest-neighbor" &&
            chroma_downsampling != "average" &&
            chroma_downsampling != "sharp-yuv") {
          fprintf(stderr, "Undefined chroma downsampling algorithm.\n");
          exit(5);
        }
        if (chroma_downsampling == "nn") { // abbreviation
          chroma_downsampling = "nearest-neighbor";
        }
#if !HAVE_LIBSHARPYUV
        if (chroma_downsampling == "sharp-yuv") {
          std::cerr << "Error: sharp-yuv chroma downsampling method has not been compiled into libheif.\n";
          return 5;
        }
#endif
        break;
      case 'T':
        use_tiling = true;
        break;
      case 'S':
        encode_sequence = true;
        break;
      case 'V':
        use_video_handler = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_TIMEBASE:
        sequence_timebase = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_DURATIONS:
        sequence_durations = atoi(optarg);
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_FPS:
        if (strcmp(optarg,"29.97")==0) {
          sequence_durations = 1001;
          sequence_timebase = 30000;
        }
        else {
          double fps = std::atof(optarg);
          sequence_timebase = 90000;
          sequence_durations = (uint32_t)(90000 / fps + 0.5);
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_REPETITIONS:
        if (strcmp(optarg, "infinite")==0) {
          sequence_repetitions = heif_sequence_maximum_number_of_repetitions;
        }
        else {
          sequence_repetitions = atoi(optarg);
          if (sequence_repetitions == 0) {
            std::cerr << "Sequence repetitions may not be 0.\n";
            return 5;
          }
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_GOP_STRUCTURE:
        if (prefix_compare(optarg, "intra-only")) {
          sequence_gop_structure = heif_sequence_gop_structure_intra_only;
        }
        else if (prefix_compare(optarg, "low-delay") || prefix_compare(optarg, "p")) {
          sequence_gop_structure = heif_sequence_gop_structure_lowdelay;
        }
        else if (prefix_compare(optarg, "unrestricted") || prefix_compare(optarg, "b")) {
          sequence_gop_structure = heif_sequence_gop_structure_unrestricted;
        }
        else {
          std::cerr << "Invalid GOP structure argument\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_MIN_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE:
        sequence_keyframe_distance_min = atoi(optarg);
        if (sequence_keyframe_distance_min < 0) {
          std::cerr << "Keyframe distance must be >= 0\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_KEYFRAME_DISTANCE:
        sequence_keyframe_distance_max = atoi(optarg);
        if (sequence_keyframe_distance_max < 0) {
          std::cerr << "Keyframe distance must be >= 0\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_MAX_FRAMES:
        sequence_max_frames = atoi(optarg);
        if (sequence_max_frames <= 0) {
          std::cerr << "Maximum number of frames must be >= 1\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_COLOR_PROFILE_PRESET:
        if (strcmp(optarg, "auto")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_automatic;
        }
        else if (strcmp(optarg, "custom")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_custom;
        }
        else if (strcmp(optarg, "compatible")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_compatible;
        }
        else if (strcmp(optarg, "601")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_601;
        }
        else if (strcmp(optarg, "709")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_709;
        }
        else if (strcmp(optarg, "2020")==0) {
          output_color_profile_preset = heif_output_nclx_color_profile_preset_Rec_2020;
        }
        else {
          std::cerr << "Invalid color-profile preset.\n";
          return 5;
        }
        break;
      case OPTION_VMT_METADATA_FILE:
        vmt_metadata_file = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_BINARY_METADATA_TRACK:
        binary_metadata_track = true;
        break;
      case OPTION_METADATA_TRACK_URI:
        metadata_track_uri = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_SET_CLLI: {
        auto clli_args = parse_comma_separated_numeric_arguments<uint16_t>(optarg,
                                                                           {
                                                                             std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max(),
                                                                             std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()
                                                                           });
        if (clli_args.empty()) {
          std::cerr << "Invalid arguments for --clli option.\n";
        }
        else {
          heif_content_light_level clliVal;
          clliVal.max_content_light_level = clli_args[0];
          clliVal.max_pic_average_light_level = clli_args[1];
          clli = clliVal;
        }
        break;
      }
      case OPTION_SET_PASP: {
        auto pasp_args = parse_comma_separated_numeric_arguments<uint32_t>(optarg,
                                                                           {
                                                                             std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max(),
                                                                             std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()
                                                                           });
        if (pasp_args.empty()) {
          std::cerr << "Invalid arguments for --pasp option.\n";
        }
        else {
          pixel_aspect_ratio aspect_ratio;
          aspect_ratio.h = pasp_args[0];
          aspect_ratio.v = pasp_args[1];
          pasp = aspect_ratio;
        }
        break;
      }
      case OPTION_ADD_MIME_ITEM:
        option_mime_item_type = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_MIME_ITEM_FILE:
        option_mime_item_file = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_MIME_ITEM_NAME:
        option_mime_item_name = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_METADATA_COMPRESSION: {
        bool success = set_metadata_compression_method(optarg);
        if (!success) {
          exit(5);
        }
        break;
      }
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_GIMI_TRACK_ID:
        option_gimi_track_id = optarg;
        break;
      case OPTION_SEQUENCES_SAI_DATA_FILE:
        option_sai_data_file = optarg;
        break;
    }
  }

  if (quality < 0 || quality > 100) {
    std::cerr << "Invalid quality factor. Must be between 0 and 100.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if ((force_enc_av1f ? 1 : 0) + (force_enc_vvc ? 1 : 0) + (force_enc_uncompressed ? 1 : 0) + (force_enc_jpeg ? 1 : 0) +
      (force_enc_jpeg2000 ? 1 : 0) + (force_enc_avc ? 1 : 0) + (force_enc_hevc ? 1 : 0) > 1) {
    std::cerr << "Choose at most one output compression format.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (encode_sequence && (use_tiling || cut_tiles)) {
    std::cerr << "Image sequences cannot be used together with tiling.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (sequence_timebase <= 0) {
    std::cerr << "Sequence clock tick rate cannot be zero.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (sequence_durations <= 0) {
    std::cerr << "Sequence frame durations cannot be zero.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (encode_sequence && !option_mime_item_file.empty()) {
    std::cerr << "MIME item cannot be added to sequence-only files.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (!option_sai_data_file.empty() && !encode_sequence) {
    std::cerr << "Image SAI data can only be used with sequences.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (logging_level > 0) {
    logging_level += 2;

    if (logging_level > 4) {
      logging_level = 4;
    }
  }


  // ==============================================================================

  struct heif_encoder* encoder = nullptr;

  if (list_encoders) {
    show_list_of_all_encoders();
    return 0;
  }

  // --- determine output compression format (from output filename or command line parameter)

  heif_compression_format compressionFormat;

  if (force_enc_av1f) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_AV1;
  }
  else if (force_enc_vvc) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_VVC;
  }
  else if (force_enc_avc) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_AVC;
  }
  else if (force_enc_uncompressed) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_uncompressed;
  }
  else if (force_enc_jpeg) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_JPEG;
  }
  else if (force_enc_jpeg2000) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_JPEG2000;
  }
  else if (force_enc_htj2k) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_HTJ2K;
  }
  else if (force_enc_hevc) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_HEVC;
  }
  else {
    compressionFormat = guess_compression_format_from_filename(output_filename);
  }

  if (compressionFormat == heif_compression_undefined) {
    compressionFormat = heif_compression_HEVC;
  }


  // --- select encoder

  std::shared_ptr<heif_context> context(heif_context_alloc(),
                                        [](heif_context* c) { heif_context_free(c); });
  if (!context) {
    std::cerr << "Could not create context object\n";
    return 1;
  }


#define MAX_ENCODERS 10
  const heif_encoder_descriptor* encoder_descriptors[MAX_ENCODERS];
  int count = heif_get_encoder_descriptors(compressionFormat,
                                           nullptr,
                                           encoder_descriptors, MAX_ENCODERS);
#undef MAX_ENCODERS

  const heif_encoder_descriptor* active_encoder_descriptor = nullptr;
  if (count > 0) {
    int idx = 0;
    if (encoderId != nullptr) {
      for (int i = 0; i <= count; i++) {
        if (i == count) {
          std::cerr << "Unknown encoder ID. Choose one from the list below.\n";
          show_list_of_encoders(encoder_descriptors, count);
          return 5;
        }

        if (strcmp(encoderId, heif_encoder_descriptor_get_id_name(encoder_descriptors[i])) == 0) {
          idx = i;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    heif_error error = heif_context_get_encoder(context.get(), encoder_descriptors[idx], &encoder);
    if (error.code) {
      std::cerr << error.message << "\n";
      return 5;
    }

    active_encoder_descriptor = encoder_descriptors[idx];
  }
  else {
    std::cerr << "No " << get_compression_format_name(compressionFormat) << " encoder available.\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (option_show_parameters) {
    list_encoder_parameters(encoder);
    heif_encoder_release(encoder);
    return 0;
  }

  if (optind > argc - 1) {
    show_help(argv[0]);
    return 0;
  }


  if (lossless && !heif_encoder_descriptor_supports_lossless_compression(active_encoder_descriptor)) {
    std::cerr << "Warning: the selected encoder does not support lossless encoding. Encoding in lossy mode.\n";
    lossless = false;
  }

  // If we were given a list of filenames and no '-o' option, check whether the last filename is the desired output filename.

  if (output_filename.empty() && argc>1) {
    if (guess_compression_format_from_filename(argv[argc-1]) != heif_compression_undefined) {
      output_filename = argv[argc-1];
      argc--;
    }
  }

  std::vector<std::string> args;
  for (; optind < argc; optind++) {
    args.emplace_back(argv[optind]);
  }


  // If we get a list of image filenames, but no '-o' option, assume that the last option
  // denotes the output filename.

  if (output_filename.empty() && args.size() > 1) {
    output_filename = args.back();
    args.pop_back();
  }


  if (!lossless) {
    heif_encoder_set_lossy_quality(encoder, quality);
  }

  heif_encoder_set_logging_level(encoder, logging_level);

  set_params(encoder, raw_params);
  struct heif_encoding_options* options = heif_encoding_options_alloc();
  options->save_two_colr_boxes_when_ICC_and_nclx_available = (uint8_t) two_colr_boxes;

  if (chroma_downsampling == "average") {
    options->color_conversion_options.preferred_chroma_downsampling_algorithm = heif_chroma_downsampling_average;
    options->color_conversion_options.only_use_preferred_chroma_algorithm = true;
  }
  else if (chroma_downsampling == "sharp-yuv") {
    options->color_conversion_options.preferred_chroma_downsampling_algorithm = heif_chroma_downsampling_sharp_yuv;
    options->color_conversion_options.only_use_preferred_chroma_algorithm = true;
  }
  else if (chroma_downsampling == "nearest-neighbor") {
    options->color_conversion_options.preferred_chroma_downsampling_algorithm = heif_chroma_downsampling_nearest_neighbor;
    options->color_conversion_options.only_use_preferred_chroma_algorithm = true;
  }


  // --- if no output filename was given, synthesize one from the first input image filename

  if (output_filename.empty()) {
    const std::string& first_input_filename = args[0];

    std::string filename_without_suffix;
    std::string::size_type dot_position = first_input_filename.find_last_of('.');
    if (dot_position != std::string::npos) {
      filename_without_suffix = first_input_filename.substr(0, dot_position);
    }
    else {
      filename_without_suffix = first_input_filename;
    }

    std::string suffix = suffix_for_compression_format(compressionFormat);
    output_filename = filename_without_suffix + '.' + suffix;
  }


  int ret;

  if (!encode_sequence) {
    ret = do_encode_images(context.get(), encoder, options, args);
  }
  else {
    ret = do_encode_sequence(context.get(), encoder, options, args);
  }

  if (ret != 0) {
    heif_encoding_options_free(options);
    heif_encoder_release(encoder);
    return ret;
  }


  // --- write HEIF file

  heif_error error = heif_context_write_to_file(context.get(), output_filename.c_str());
  if (error.code) {
    std::cerr << error.message << "\n";
    return 5;
  }

  heif_encoding_options_free(options);
  heif_encoder_release(encoder);

  return 0;
}


int do_encode_images(heif_context* context, heif_encoder* encoder, heif_encoding_options* options, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
{
  std::shared_ptr<heif_image> primary_image;

  bool is_primary_image = true;

  std::vector<heif_item_id> encoded_image_ids;

  for (std::string input_filename : args) {

    InputImage input_image = load_image(input_filename, output_bit_depth);

    std::shared_ptr<heif_image> image = input_image.image;

    heif_image_tiling tiling{};
    std::shared_ptr<input_tiles_generator> tile_generator;
    if (use_tiling) {
      tile_generator = determine_input_images_tiling(input_filename, tiled_input_x_y);
      if (tile_generator) {
        tiling.version = 1;

        tiling.num_columns = tile_generator->nColumns();
        tiling.num_rows = tile_generator->nRows();
        tiling.tile_width = heif_image_get_primary_width(image.get());
        tiling.tile_height = heif_image_get_primary_height(image.get());
        tiling.image_width = tiling.num_columns * tiling.tile_width;
        tiling.image_height = tiling.num_rows * tiling.tile_height;
        tiling.number_of_extra_dimensions = 0;
      }

      if (tiled_image_width) tiling.image_width = tiled_image_width;
      if (tiled_image_height) tiling.image_height = tiled_image_height;

      if (!tile_generator || tile_generator->nTiles()==1) {
        std::cerr << "Cannot enumerate input tiles. Please use filenames with the two tile coordinates in the name.\n";
        return 5;
      }
    }
    else if (cut_tiles != 0) {
      auto cutting_tile_generator = std::make_shared<input_tiles_generator_cut_image>(input_filename.c_str(),
                                                                         cut_tiles, output_bit_depth);
      tile_generator = cutting_tile_generator;

      tiling.num_columns = tile_generator->nColumns();
      tiling.num_rows = tile_generator->nRows();
      tiling.tile_width = cut_tiles;
      tiling.tile_height = cut_tiles;
      tiling.image_width = cutting_tile_generator->get_image_width();
      tiling.image_height = cutting_tile_generator->get_image_height();
      tiling.number_of_extra_dimensions = 0;
    }

    if (!primary_image) {
      primary_image = image;
    }

#if HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
    if (run_benchmark) {
      gettimeofday(&time_encoding_start, nullptr);
    }
#endif

    heif_color_profile_nclx* nclx;
    heif_error error = create_output_nclx_profile_and_configure_encoder(encoder, &nclx, primary_image,
                                                                        lossless, output_color_profile_preset);
    if (error.code) {
      std::cerr << error.message << "\n";
      return 5;
    }

    options->save_alpha_channel = (uint8_t) master_alpha;
    options->output_nclx_profile = nclx;
    options->image_orientation = input_image.orientation;

    if (premultiplied_alpha) {
      heif_image_set_premultiplied_alpha(image.get(), premultiplied_alpha);
    }

    heif_image_handle* handle;

    if (use_tiling || cut_tiles > 0) {
      handle = encode_tiled(context, encoder, options, output_bit_depth, tile_generator, tiling);
    }
    else {
      error = heif_context_encode_image(context,
                                        image.get(),
                                        encoder,
                                        options,
                                        &handle);
      if (error.code != 0) {
        heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
        std::cerr << "Could not encode HEIF/AVIF file: " << error.message << "\n";
        return 1;
      }
    }

    if (handle==nullptr) {
      std::cerr << "Could not encode image\n";
      return 1;
    }

    if (clli) {
      heif_image_handle_set_content_light_level(handle, &*clli);
    }

    if (pasp) {
      heif_image_handle_set_pixel_aspect_ratio(handle, pasp->h, pasp->v);
    }

    if (is_primary_image) {
      heif_context_set_primary_image(context, handle);
    }

    encoded_image_ids.push_back(heif_image_handle_get_item_id(handle));

    // write EXIF to HEIC
    if (!input_image.exif.empty()) {
      // Note: we do not modify the EXIF Orientation here because we want it to match the HEIF transforms.
      // TODO: is this a good choice? Or should we set it to 1 (normal) so that other, faulty software will not transform it once more?

      error = heif_context_add_exif_metadata(context, handle,
                                             input_image.exif.data(), (int) input_image.exif.size());
      if (error.code != 0) {
        heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
        std::cerr << "Could not write EXIF metadata: " << error.message << "\n";
        return 1;
      }
    }

    // write XMP to HEIC
    if (!input_image.xmp.empty()) {
      error = heif_context_add_XMP_metadata2(context, handle,
                                             input_image.xmp.data(), (int) input_image.xmp.size(),
                                             metadata_compression_method);
      if (error.code != 0) {
        heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
        std::cerr << "Could not write XMP metadata: " << error.message << "\n";
        return 1;
      }
    }

    if (thumbnail_bbox_size > 0) {
      // encode thumbnail

      struct heif_image_handle* thumbnail_handle;

      options->save_alpha_channel = master_alpha && thumb_alpha;

      error = heif_context_encode_thumbnail(context,
                                            image.get(),
                                            handle,
                                            encoder,
                                            options,
                                            thumbnail_bbox_size,
                                            &thumbnail_handle);
      if (error.code) {
        heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
        std::cerr << "Could not generate thumbnail: " << error.message << "\n";
        return 5;
      }

      if (thumbnail_handle) {
        heif_image_handle_release(thumbnail_handle);
      }
    }

#if HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
    if (run_benchmark) {
      gettimeofday(&time_encoding_end, nullptr);
    }
#endif

    heif_image_handle_release(handle);
    heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);

    is_primary_image = false;
  }

  if (!property_pitm_description.empty()) {
    heif_image_handle* primary_image_handle;
    struct heif_error err = heif_context_get_primary_image_handle(context, &primary_image_handle);
    if (err.code) {
      std::cerr << "No primary image set, cannot set user description\n";
      return 5;
    }

    heif_item_id pitm_id = heif_image_handle_get_item_id(primary_image_handle);

    heif_property_user_description udes;
    udes.lang = nullptr;
    udes.name = nullptr;
    udes.tags = nullptr;
    udes.description = property_pitm_description.c_str();
    err = heif_item_add_property_user_description(context, pitm_id, &udes, nullptr);
    if (err.code) {
      std::cerr << "Cannot set user description\n";
      return 5;
    }

    heif_image_handle_release(primary_image_handle);
  }

#if HEIF_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
  if (add_pyramid_group && encoded_image_ids.size() > 1) {
    heif_error error = heif_context_add_pyramid_entity_group(context, encoded_image_ids.data(), encoded_image_ids.size(), nullptr);
    if (error.code) {
      std::cerr << "Cannot set multi-resolution pyramid: " << error.message << "\n";
      return 5;
    }
  }
#endif

  // --- add extra MIME item with user data

  if (!option_mime_item_file.empty() || !option_mime_item_type.empty()) {
    if (option_mime_item_file.empty() || option_mime_item_type.empty()) {
      std::cerr << "Options --add-mime-item and --mime-item-file have to be used together\n";
      return 5;
    }

    std::ifstream istr(option_mime_item_file.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
    if (!istr) {
      std::cerr << "Failed to open file for MIME item: '" << option_mime_item_file << "'\n";
      return 5;
    }

    // Get size by seeking to the end (thanks to ios::ate)
    std::streamsize size = istr.tellg();
    if (size < 0) {
      std::cerr << "Querying size of file '" << option_mime_item_file << "' failed.\n";
      return 5;
    }

    std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(size);

    // Seek back to beginning and read
    istr.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
    istr.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buffer.data()), size);

    heif_item_id itemId;
    heif_context_add_mime_item(context, option_mime_item_type.c_str(),
                               metadata_compression_method,
                               buffer.data(), (int)buffer.size(),
                               &itemId);

    if (!option_mime_item_name.empty()) {
      heif_item_set_item_name(context, itemId, option_mime_item_name.c_str());
    }
  }

  if (run_benchmark) {
    double psnr = compute_psnr(primary_image.get(), output_filename);
    std::cout << "PSNR: " << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << psnr << " ";

#if HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY
    double t = (double) (time_encoding_end.tv_sec - time_encoding_start.tv_sec) + (double) (time_encoding_end.tv_usec - time_encoding_start.tv_usec) / 1000000.0;
    std::cout << "time: " << std::setprecision(1) << std::fixed << t << " ";
#endif

    std::ifstream istr(output_filename.c_str());
    istr.seekg(0, std::ios_base::end);
    std::streamoff size = istr.tellg();
    std::cout << "size: " << size << "\n";
  }

  return 0;
}




std::vector<std::string> deflate_input_filenames(const std::string& filename_example)
{
  std::regex pattern(R"((.*\D)?(\d+)(\..+)$)");
  std::smatch match;

  if (!std::regex_match(filename_example, match, pattern)) {
    return {filename_example};
  }

  std::string prefix = match[1];

  auto p = std::filesystem::absolute(std::filesystem::path(prefix));
  std::filesystem::path directory = p.parent_path();
  std::string filename_prefix = p.filename().string(); // TODO: we could also use u8string(), but it is not well supported in C++20
  std::string number = match[2];
  std::string suffix = match[3];


  std::string patternString = filename_prefix + "(\\d+)" + suffix + "$";
  pattern = patternString;

  uint32_t digits = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
  uint32_t start = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
  uint32_t end = 0;

  for (const auto& dirEntry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(directory))
  {
    if (dirEntry.is_regular_file()) {
      std::string s{dirEntry.path().filename().string()};

      if (std::regex_match(s, match, pattern)) {
        digits = std::min(digits, (uint32_t)match[1].length());

        uint32_t number = std::stoi(match[1]);
        start = std::min(start, number);
        end = std::max(end, number);
      }
    }
  }


  std::vector<std::string> files;

  for (uint32_t i=start;i<=end;i++)
  {
    std::stringstream sstr;

    sstr << prefix << std::setw(digits) << std::setfill('0') << i << suffix;

    std::filesystem::path p = directory / sstr.str();
    files.emplace_back(p.string());
  }

  return files;
}


std::optional<uint8_t> nibble_to_val(char c)
{
  if (c>='0' && c<='9') {
    return c - '0';
  }
  if (c>='a' && c<='f') {
    return c - 'a' + 10;
  }
  if (c>='A' && c<='F') {
    return c - 'A' + 10;
  }

  return std::nullopt;
}

// Convert hex data to raw binary. Ignore any non-hex characters.
static std::vector<uint8_t> hex_to_binary(const std::string& line)
{
  std::vector<uint8_t> data;
  uint8_t current_value = 0;

  bool high_nibble = true;
  for (auto c : line) {
    auto v = nibble_to_val(c);
    if (v) {
      if (high_nibble) {
        current_value = static_cast<uint8_t>(*v << 4);
        high_nibble = false;
      }
      else {
        current_value |= *v;
        data.push_back(current_value);
        high_nibble = true;
      }
    }
  }

  return data;
}


int encode_vmt_metadata_track(heif_context* context, heif_track* visual_track,
                              const std::string& track_uri, bool binary)
{
  // --- add metadata track

  heif_track* track = nullptr;

  heif_track_options* track_options = heif_track_options_alloc();
  heif_track_options_set_timescale(track_options, 1000);

  heif_context_add_uri_metadata_sequence_track(context, track_uri.c_str(), track_options, &track);
  heif_raw_sequence_sample* sample = heif_raw_sequence_sample_alloc();


  std::ifstream istr(vmt_metadata_file.c_str());

  std::regex pattern(R"((\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d).(\d\d\d) -->$)");

  static std::vector<uint8_t> prev_metadata;
  static std::optional<uint32_t> prev_ts;

  std::string line;
  while (std::getline(istr, line))
  {
    std::smatch match;

    if (!std::regex_match(line, match, pattern)) {
      continue;
    }

    std::string hh = match[1];
    std::string mm = match[2];
    std::string ss = match[3];
    std::string mil = match[4];

    uint32_t ts = (std::stoi(hh) * 3600 * 1000 +
                   std::stoi(mm) * 60 * 1000 +
                   std::stoi(ss) * 1000 +
                   std::stoi(mil));

    std::vector<uint8_t> concat;

    if (binary) {
      while (std::getline(istr, line)) {
        if (line.empty()) {
          break;
        }

        std::vector<uint8_t> binaryData = hex_to_binary(line);
        concat.insert(concat.end(), binaryData.begin(), binaryData.end());
      }

    }
    else {
      while (std::getline(istr, line)) {
        if (line.empty()) {
          break;
        }

        concat.insert(concat.end(), line.data(), line.data() + line.length());
        concat.push_back('\n');
      }

      concat.push_back(0);
    }

    if (prev_ts) {
      heif_raw_sequence_sample_set_data(sample, (const uint8_t*)prev_metadata.data(), prev_metadata.size());
      heif_raw_sequence_sample_set_duration(sample, ts - *prev_ts);
      heif_track_add_raw_sequence_sample(track, sample);
    }

    prev_ts = ts;
    prev_metadata = concat;
  }

  // --- flush last metadata packet

  heif_raw_sequence_sample_set_data(sample, (const uint8_t*)prev_metadata.data(), prev_metadata.size());
  heif_raw_sequence_sample_set_duration(sample, 1);
  heif_track_add_raw_sequence_sample(track, sample);

  // --- add track reference

  heif_track_add_reference_to_track(track, heif_track_reference_type_description, visual_track);

  // --- release all objects

  heif_raw_sequence_sample_release(sample);
  heif_track_options_release(track_options);
  heif_track_release(track);

  return 0;
}



int do_encode_sequence(heif_context* context, heif_encoder* encoder, heif_encoding_options* options, std::vector<std::string> args)
{
  if (args.size() == 1) {
    args = deflate_input_filenames(args[0]);
  }

  size_t currImage = 0;

  size_t nImages = args.size();
  if (sequence_max_frames && nImages > static_cast<size_t>(sequence_max_frames)) {
    nImages = sequence_max_frames;
  }

  // --- optionally load SAI data to be used for the frames

  SAI_datafile sai_data;
  if (!option_sai_data_file.empty()) {
    sai_data.load_sai_data_from_file(option_sai_data_file.c_str());
  }


  uint16_t image_width=0, image_height=0;

  bool first_image = true;

  heif_track* track = nullptr;
  heif_sequence_encoding_options* encoding_options = nullptr;

  for (std::string input_filename : args) {
    currImage++;
    if (currImage > nImages) {
      break;
    }

    std::cout << "\rencoding sequence image " << currImage << "/" << nImages;
    std::cout.flush();

    InputImage input_image = load_image(input_filename, output_bit_depth);

    std::shared_ptr<heif_image> image = input_image.image;

    int w = heif_image_get_primary_width(image.get());
    int h = heif_image_get_primary_height(image.get());

    if (w > 0xFFFF || h > 0xFFFF) {
      std::cerr << "maximum image size of 65535x65535 exceeded\n";
      return 5;
    }

    if (first_image) {
      heif_track_options* track_options = heif_track_options_alloc();
      heif_track_options_set_timescale(track_options, sequence_timebase);

      if (!option_gimi_track_id.empty()) {
        heif_track_options_set_gimi_track_id(track_options, option_gimi_track_id.c_str());
      }

      if (sai_data.tai_clock_info) {
        heif_track_options_enable_sample_tai_timestamps(track_options,
                                                        sai_data.tai_clock_info,
                                                        heif_sample_aux_info_presence_optional);
      }

      if (!sai_data.gimi_content_ids.empty()) {
        heif_track_options_enable_sample_gimi_content_ids(track_options,
                                                          heif_sample_aux_info_presence_optional);
      }

      heif_context_set_sequence_timescale(context, sequence_timebase);
      heif_context_set_number_of_sequence_repetitions(context, sequence_repetitions);

      encoding_options = heif_sequence_encoding_options_alloc();
      encoding_options->gop_structure = sequence_gop_structure;
      encoding_options->keyframe_distance_min = sequence_keyframe_distance_min;
      encoding_options->keyframe_distance_max = sequence_keyframe_distance_max;
      encoding_options->save_alpha_channel = master_alpha;

      image_width = static_cast<uint16_t>(w);
      image_height = static_cast<uint16_t>(h);

      heif_context_add_visual_sequence_track(context,
                                             image_width, image_height,
                                             use_video_handler ? heif_track_type_video : heif_track_type_image_sequence,
                                             track_options,
                                             encoding_options,
                                             &track);

      heif_track_options_release(track_options);

      first_image = false;
    }

    if (image_width != static_cast<uint16_t>(w) ||
        image_height != static_cast<uint16_t>(h)) {
      std::cerr << "image '" << input_filename << "' has size " << w << "x" << h
                << " which is different from the first image size " << image_width << "x" << image_height << "\n";
      return 5;
    }

    heif_color_profile_nclx* nclx;
    heif_error error = create_output_nclx_profile_and_configure_encoder(encoder, &nclx, image, lossless, output_color_profile_preset);
    if (error.code) {
      std::cerr << error.message << "\n";
      return 5;
    }

    //seq_options->save_alpha_channel = false; // TODO: sequences with alpha ?
    encoding_options->output_nclx_profile = nclx;
    //seq_options->image_orientation = heif_orientation_normal; // input_image.orientation;  TODO: sequence rotation

    heif_image_set_duration(image.get(), sequence_durations);

    // --- set SAI data

    if (currImage-1 < sai_data.gimi_content_ids.size()) {
      if (!sai_data.gimi_content_ids[currImage-1].empty()) {
        heif_image_set_gimi_sample_content_id(image.get(), sai_data.gimi_content_ids[currImage-1].c_str());
      }
    }

    if (currImage-1 < sai_data.tai_timestamps.size()) {
      if (sai_data.tai_timestamps[currImage-1]) {
        heif_image_set_tai_timestamp(image.get(), sai_data.tai_timestamps[currImage-1]);
      }
    }

    // --- encode image

    error = heif_track_encode_sequence_image(track, image.get(), encoder, encoding_options);
    if (error.code) {
      heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
      std::cerr << "Cannot encode sequence image: " << error.message << "\n";
      return 5;
    }

    heif_nclx_color_profile_free(nclx);
  }

  std::cout << "\n";

  heif_error error = heif_track_encode_end_of_sequence(track, encoder);
  if (error.code) {
    std::cerr << "Cannot end sequence: " << error.message << "\n";
    return 5;
  }

  if (!vmt_metadata_file.empty()) {
    int ret = encode_vmt_metadata_track(context, track, metadata_track_uri, binary_metadata_track);
    if (ret) {
      return ret;
    }
  }

  heif_track_release(track);
  heif_sequence_encoding_options_release(encoding_options);


  // --- add first image as image item

  if (!use_video_handler) {
    do_encode_images(context, encoder, options, {args[0]});
  }

  return 0;
}