=head1 NAME

Imager::Draw - Draw primitives to images

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Imager;
  use Imager::Fill;

  $img = ...;
  $blue = Imager::Color->new( 0, 0, 255 );
  $fill = Imager::Fill->new(hatch=>'stipple');

  $img->line(color=>$blue, x1=>10, x2=>100,
                           y1=>20, y2=>50, aa=>1, endp=>1 );

  $img->polyline(points=>[[$x0,$y0], [$x1,$y1], [$x2,$y2]],
                 color=>$blue);
  $img->polyline(x=>[$x0,$x1,$x2], y=>[$y0,$y1,$y2], aa=>1);

  $img->box(color=> $blue, xmin=> 10, ymin=>30,
                           xmax=>200, ymax=>300, filled=>1);
  $img->box(fill=>$fill);

  $img->arc(color=>$blue, r=>20, x=>200, y=>100,
            d1=>10, d2=>20 );

  $img->circle(color=>$blue, r=>50, x=>200, y=>100);

  $img->polygon(points=>[[$x0,$y0], [$x1,$y1], [$x2,$y2]], 
                color=>$blue);

  $img->polygon(x=>[$x0,$x1,$x2], y=>[$y0,$y1,$y2]);
  
  $img->flood_fill(x=>50, y=>50, color=>$color);

  $img->setpixel(x=>50, y=>70, color=>$color);

  $img->setpixel(x=>[ 50, 60, 70 ], y=>[20, 30, 40], color=>$color);

  my $color = $img->getpixel(x=>50, y=>70);

  my @colors = $img->getpixel(x=>[ 50, 60, 70 ], y=>[20, 30, 40]);

  # drawing text
  my $font = Imager::Font->new(...) or die;
  $img->string(x => 50, y => 70,
               font => $font,
               string => "Hello, World!",
               color => 'red',
               size => 30,
               aa => 1);

  # bottom right-hand corner of the image
  $img->align_string(x => $img->getwidth() - 1,
                     y => $img->getheight() - 1,
                     halign => 'right',
                     valign => 'bottom',
                     string => 'Imager',
                     font => $font,
                     size => 12);

  # low-level functions
  my @colors = $img->getscanline(y=>50, x=>10, width=>20);
  
  $img->setscanline(y=>60, x=>20, pixels=>\@colors);

  my @samples = $img->getsamples(y=>50, x=>10, width=>20, 
                                 channels=>[ 2, 0 ]);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

It is possible to draw with graphics primitives onto images.  Such
primitives include boxes, arcs, circles, polygons and lines.  The
coordinate system in Imager has the origin C<(0,0)> in the upper left
corner of an image.  For non antialiasing operation all coordinates are 
rounded towards the nearest integer.  For antialiased operations floating
point coordinates are used.

Drawing is assumed to take place in a coordinate system of infinite
resolution.  This is the typical convention and really only matters when
it is necessary to check for off-by-one cases.  Typically it's usefull to 
think of C<(10, 20)> as C<(10.00, 20.00)> and consider the consiquences.

=head2 Color Parameters

X<color parameters>The C<color> parameter for any of the drawing
methods can be an L<Imager::Color> object, a simple scalar that
Imager::Color can understand, a hashref of parameters that
Imager::Color->new understands, or an arrayref of red, green, blue
values, for example:

  $image->box(..., color=>'red');
  $image->line(..., color=>'#FF0000');
  $image->flood_fill(..., color=>[ 255, 0, 255 ]);

=head2 Fill Parameters

X<fill parameters>All filled primitives, i.e. C<arc()>, C<box()>,
C<circle()>, C<polygon()> and the C<flood_fill()> method can take a
C<fill> parameter instead of a C<color> parameter which can either be
an Imager::Fill object, or a reference to a hash containing the
parameters used to create the fill, for example:

  $image->box(..., fill=>{ hatch => 'check1x1' });
  my $fillimage = Imager->new;
  $fillimage->read(file=>$somefile) or die;
  $image->flood_fill(..., fill=>{ image=>$fillimage });

Currently you can create opaque or transparent plain color fills,
hatched fills, image based fills and fountain fills.  See
L<Imager::Fill> for more information.

=head2 List of primitives

=over

=item line

  $img->line(color=>$green, x1=>10, x2=>100,
                            y1=>20, y2=>50, aa=>1, endp=>1 );

X<line method>Draws a line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2).  The endpoint
(x2,y2) is drawn by default.  If endp of 0 is specified then the
endpoint will not be drawn.  If C<aa> is set then the line will be
drawn antialiased.  The I<antialias> parameter is still available for
backwards compatibility.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x1, y1 - starting point of the line.  Required.

=item *

x2, y2 - end point of the line. Required.

=item *

color - the color of the line.  See L<"Color Parameters">.  Default:
black.

=item *

endp - if zero the end point of the line is not drawn.  Default: 1 -
the end point is drawn.  This is useful to set to 0 when drawning a
series of connected lines.

=item *

aa - if true the line is drawn anti-aliased.  Default: 0.

=back

=item polyline

  $img->polyline(points=>[[$x0,$y0],[$x1,$y1],[$x2,$y2]],color=>$red);
  $img->polyline(x=>[$x0,$x1,$x2], y=>[$y0,$y1,$y2], aa=>1);

X<polyline method>Polyline is used to draw multilple lines between a
series of points.  The point set can either be specified as an
arrayref to an array of array references (where each such array
represents a point).  The other way is to specify two array
references.

The I<antialias> parameter is still available for backwards compatibility.

=over

=item *

points - a reference to an array of references to arrays containing
the co-ordinates of the points in the line, for example:

  my @points = ( [ 0, 0 ], [ 100, 0 ], [ 100, 100 ], [ 0, 100 ] );
  $img->polyline(points => \@points);

=item *

x, y - each is an array of x or y ordinates.  This is an alternative
to supplying the C<points> parameter.

  # same as the above points example
  my @x = ( 0, 100, 100, 0 );
  my @y = ( 0, 0, 100, 100 );
  $img->polyline(x => \@x, y => \@y);

=item *

color - the color of the line.  See L<"Color Parameters">.  Default:
black.

=item *

aa - if true the line is drawn anti-aliased.  Default: 0.  Can also be
supplied as C<antialias> for backward compatibility.

=back

=item box

  $blue = Imager::Color->new( 0, 0, 255 );
  $img->box(color => $blue, xmin=>10, ymin=>30, xmax=>200, ymax=>300, 
            filled=>1);

X<box method>If any of the edges of the box are ommited it will snap
to the outer edge of the image in that direction.  If C<filled> is
ommited the box is drawn as an outline.  Instead of a color it is
possible to use a C<fill> pattern:

  $fill = Imager::Fill->new(hatch=>'stipple');
  $img->box(fill=>$fill);  # fill entire image with a given fill pattern

  $img->box(xmin=>10, ymin=>30, xmax=>150, ymax=>60,
            fill => { hatch=>'cross2' });

Also if a color is omitted a color with (255,255,255,255) is used
instead.  [NOTE: This may change to use C<$img-E<gt>fgcolor()> in the future].

Box does not support fractional coordinates yet.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

xmin - left side of the box.  Default: 0 (left edge of the image)

=item *

ymin - top side of the box.  Default: 0 (top edge of the image)

=item *

xmax - right side of the box.  Default: $img->getwidth-1. (right edge
of the image)

=item *

ymax - bottom side of the box.  Default: $img->getheight-1. (bottom
edge of the image)

Note: xmax and ymax are I<inclusive> - the number of pixels drawn for
a filled box is (xmax-xmin+1) * (ymax-ymin+1).

=item *

box - a reference to an array of (left, top, right, bottom)
co-ordinates.  This is an alternative to supplying xmin, ymin, xmax,
ymax and overrides their values.

=item *

color - the color of the line.  See L<"Color Parameters">.  Default:
white.  This is ignored if the filled parameter 

=item *

filled - if non-zero the box is filled with I<color> instead of
outlined.  Default: an outline is drawn.

=item *

fill - the fill for the box.  If this is supplied then the box will be
filled.  See L<"Fill Parameters">.

=back

=item arc

  $img->arc(color=>$red, r=>20, x=>200, y=>100, d1=>10, d2=>20 );

This creates a filled red arc with a 'center' at (200, 100) and spans
10 degrees and the slice has a radius of 20. [NOTE: arc has a BUG in
it right now for large differences in angles.]
It's also possible to supply a C<fill> parameter.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - center of the filled arc.  Default: center of the image.

=item *

r - radius of the arc.  Default: 1/3 of min(image height, image width).

=item *

d1 - starting angle of the arc, in degrees.  Default: 0

=item *

d2 - ending angle of the arc, in degrees.  Default: 361.

=item *

color - the color of the filled arc.  See L<"Color Parameters">.
Default: white.  Overridden by C<fill>.

=item *

fill - the fill for the filled arc.  See L<"Fill Parameters">

=item *

aa - if true the filled arc is drawn anti-aliased.  Default: false.

Anti-aliased arc() is experimental for now, I'm not entirely happy
with the results in some cases.

=back

  # arc going through angle zero:
  $img->arc(d1=>320, d2=>40, x=>100, y=>100, r=>50, color=>'blue');

  # complex fill arc
  $img->arc(d1=>135, d2=>45, x=>100, y=>150, r=>50, 
            fill=>{ solid=>'red', combine=>'diff' });

=item circle

  $img->circle(color=>$green, r=>50, x=>200, y=>100, aa=>1, filled=>1);

This creates an antialiased green circle with its center at (200, 100)
and has a radius of 50.  It's also possible to supply a C<fill> parameter
instead of a color parameter.

  $img->circle(r => 50, x=> 150, y => 150, fill=>{ hatch => 'stipple' });

The circle is always filled but that might change, so always pass a 
filled=>1 parameter if you want it to be filled.

=over

=item *

x, y - center of the filled circle.  Default: center of the image.

=item *

r - radius of the circle.  Default: 1/3 of min(image height, image width).

=item *

color - the color of the filled circle.  See L<"Color Parameters">.
Default: white.  Overridden by C<fill>.

=item *

fill - the fill for the filled circle.  See L<"Fill Parameters">

=item *

aa - if true the filled circle is drawn anti-aliased.  Default: false.

=back

=item polygon

  $img->polygon(points=>[[$x0,$y0],[$x1,$y1],[$x2,$y2]],color=>$red);
  $img->polygon(x=>[$x0,$x1,$x2], y=>[$y0,$y1,$y2], fill=>$fill);

Polygon is used to draw a filled polygon.  Currently the polygon is
always drawn antialiased, although that will change in the future.
Like other antialiased drawing functions its coordinates can be
specified with floating point values.  As with other filled shapes 
it's possible to use a C<fill> instead of a color.

=over

=item *

points - a reference to an array of references to arrays containing
the co-ordinates of the points in the line, for example:

  my @points = ( [ 0, 0 ], [ 100, 0 ], [ 100, 100 ], [ 0, 100 ] );
  $img->polygon(points => \@points);

=item *

x, y - each is an array of x or y ordinates.  This is an alternative
to supplying the C<points> parameter.

  # same as the above points example
  my @x = ( 0, 100, 100, 0 );
  my @y = ( 0, 0, 100, 100 );
  $img->polygon(x => \@x, y => \@y);

=item *

color - the color of the filled polygon.  See L<"Color Parameters">.
Default: black.  Overridden by C<fill>.

=item *

fill - the fill for the filled circle.  See L<"Fill Parameters">

=back

=item flood_fill

You can fill a region that all has the same color using the
flood_fill() method, for example:

  $img->flood_fill(x=>50, y=>50, color=>$color);

will fill all regions the same color connected to the point (50, 50).

You can also fill with a complex fill:

  $img->flood_fill(x=>50, y=>50, fill=>{ hatch=>'cross1x1' });

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - the start point of the fill.  

=item *

color - the color of the filled area.  See L<"Color Parameters">.
Default: white.  Overridden by C<fill>.

=item *

fill - the fill for the filled area.  See L<"Fill Parameters">

=back

=item setpixel

  $img->setpixel(x=>50, y=>70, color=>$color);
  $img->setpixel(x=>[ 50, 60, 70 ], y=>[20, 30, 40], color=>$color);

setpixel() is used to set one or more individual pixels.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - either integers giving the co-ordinates of the pixel to set or
array references containing a set of pixels to be set.

=item *

color - the color of the pixels drawn.  See L<"Color Parameters">.
Default: white.

=back

=item getpixel

  my $color = $img->getpixel(x=>50, y=>70);
  my @colors = $img->getpixel(x=>[ 50, 60, 70 ], y=>[20, 30, 40]);
  my $colors_ref = $img->getpixel(x=>[ 50, 60, 70 ], y=>[20, 30, 40]);

getpixel() is used to retrieve one or more individual pixels.

For either method you can supply a single set of co-ordinates as
scalar x and y parameters, or set each to an arrayref of ordinates.

When called with arrays, getpixel() will return a list of colors in
list context, and an arrayref in scalar context.

To receive floating point colors from getpixel, set the C<type>
parameter to 'float'.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - either integers giving the co-ordinates of the pixel to set or
array references containing a set of pixels to be set.

=item *

type - the type of color object to return, either C<'8bit'> for
Imager::Color objects or C<'float'> for Imager::Color::Float objects.
Default: C<'8bit'>.

=back

=item string

  my $font = Imager::Font->new(file=>"foo.ttf");
  $img->string(x => 50, y => 70,
               string => "Hello, World!",
               font => $font,
               size => 30,
               aa => 1,
               color => 'white');

Draws text on the image.

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - the point to draw the text from.  If C<align> is 0 this is the
top left of the string.  If C<align> is 1 (the default) then this is
the left of the string on the baseline.  Required.

=item *

string - the text to draw.  Required unless you supply the C<text>
parameter.

=item *

font - an L<Imager::Font> object representing the font to draw the
text with.  Required.

=item *

aa - if non-zero the output will be anti-aliased.  Default: the value
set in Imager::Font->new() or 0 if not set.

=item *

align - if non-zero the point supplied in (x,y) will be on the
base-line, if zero then (x,y) will be at the top-left of the string.

ie. if drawing the string "yA" and align is 0 the point (x,y) will
aligned with the top of the A.  If align is 1 (the default) it will be
aligned with the baseline of the font, typically bottom of the A,
depending on the font used.

Default: the value set in Imager::Font->new, or 1 if not set.

=item *

channel - if present, the text will be written to the specified
channel of the image and the color parameter will be ignore.

=item *

color - the color to draw the text in.  Default: the color supplied to
Imager::Font->new, or red if none.

=item *

size - the point size to draw the text at.  Default: the size supplied
to Imager::Font->new, or 15.

=item *

sizew - the width scaling to draw the text at.  Default: the value of
C<size>.

=item *

utf8 - for drivers that support it, treat the string as UTF8 encoded.
For versions of perl that support Unicode (5.6 and later), this will
be enabled automatically if the C<string> parameter is already a UTF8
string. See L<Imager::Font/"UTF8"> for more information.

=item *

vlayout - for drivers that support it, draw the text vertically.
Note: I haven't found a font that has the appropriate metrics yet.

=item *

text - alias for the C<string> parameter.

=back

On error, string() returns false and you can use $img->errstr to get
the reason for the error.

=item align_string

Draws text aligned around a point on the image.

  # "Hello" centered at 100, 100 in the image.
  my ($left, $top, $right, $bottom) = 
    $img->align_string(string=>"Hello",
                       x=>100, y=>100, 
                       halign=>'center', valign=>'center', 
                       font=>$font);

Parameters:

=over

=item *

x, y - the point to draw the text from.  If C<align> is 0 this is the
top left of the string.  If C<align> is 1 (the default) then this is
the left of the string on the baseline.  Required.

=item *

string - the text to draw.  Required unless you supply the C<text> parameter.

=item *

font - an L<Imager::Font> object representing the font to draw the
text with.  Required.

=item *

aa - if non-zero the output will be anti-aliased

=item *

valign - vertical alignment of the text against (x,y)

=over

=item *

top - Point is at the top of the text.

=item *

bottom - Point is at the bottom of the text.

=item *

baseline - Point is on the baseline of the text.  This is the default.

=item *

center - Point is vertically centered within the text.

=back

=item *

halign - horizontal alignment of the text against (x,y)

=over

=item *

left - The point is at the left of the text.  This is the default.

=item *

start - The point is at the start point of the text.

=item *

center - The point is horizontally centered within the text.

=item *

right - The point is at the right end of the text.

=item *

end - The point is at the end point of the text.

=back

=item *

channel - if present, the text will be written to the specified
channel of the image and the color parameter will be ignore.

=item *

color - the color to draw the text in.  Default: the color supplied to
Imager::Font->new, or red if none.

=item *

size - the point size to draw the text at.  Default: the size supplied
to Imager::Font->new, or 15.

=item *

sizew - the width scaling to draw the text at.  Default: the value of
C<size>.

=item *

utf8 - for drivers that support it, treat the string as UTF8 encoded.
For versions of perl that support Unicode (5.6 and later), this will
be enabled automatically if the C<string> parameter is already a UTF8
string. See L<Imager::Font/"UTF8"> for more information.

=item *

vlayout - for drivers that support it, draw the text vertically.
Note: I haven't found a font that has the appropriate metrics yet.

=item *

text - alias for the C<string> parameter.

=back

On success returns a list of bounds of the drawn text, in the order
left, top, right, bottom.

On error, align_string() returns an empty list and you can use
$img->errstr to get the reason for the error.

=item setscanline

Set all or part of a horizontal line of pixels to an image.  This
method is most useful in conjuction with L</getscanline>.

The parameters you can pass are:

=over

=item *

y - vertical position of the scanline.  This parameter is required.

=item *

x - position to start on the scanline.  Default: 0

=item *

pixels - either a reference to an array containing Imager::Color
objects, an reference to an array containing Imager::Color::Float
objects or a scalar containing packed color data.

See L</"Packed Color Data"> for information on the format of packed
color data.

=item *

type - the type of pixel data supplied.  If you supply an array
reference of object then this is determined automatically.  If you
supply packed color data this defaults to '8bit', if your data is
packed floating point color data then set this to 'float'.

You can use float or 8bit samples with any image.

=back

Returns the number of pixels set.

Each of the following sets 5 pixels from (5, 10) through (9, 10) to
blue, red, blue, red, blue:

  my $red_color = Imager::Color->new(255, 0, 0);
  my $blue_color = Imager::Color->new(0, 0, 255);

  $image->setscanline(y=>10, x=>5, pixels=>
                      [ ($blue_color, $red_color) x 2, $blue_color ]);

  # use floating point color instead, for 16-bit plus images
  my $red_colorf = Imager::Color::Float->new(1.0, 0, 0);
  my $blue_colorf = Imager::Color::Float->new(0, 0, 1.0);

  $image->setscanline(y=>10, x=>5, pixels=>
                      [ ($blue_colorf, $red_colorf) x 2, $blue_colorf ]);

  # packed 8-bit data
  $image->setscanline(y=>10, x=>5, pixels=>
                      pack("C*", ((0, 0, 255, 255), (255, 0, 0, 255)) x 2,
                            (0, 0, 255, 255)));

  # packed floating point samples
  $image->setscanline(y=>10, x=>5, type=>'float', pixels=>
                      pack("d*", ((0, 0, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0, 0, 1.0)) x 2,
                            (0, 0, 1.0, 1.0)));


Copy even rows from one image to another:

  for (my $y = 0; $y < $im2->getheight; $y+=2) {
    $im1->setscanline(y=>$y,
                      pixels=>scalar($im2->getscanline(y=>$y)));
  }


Set the blue channel to 0 for all pixels in an image.  This could be
done with convert too:

  for my $y (0..$im->getheight-1) {
    my $row = $im->getscanline(y=>$y);
    $row =~ s/(..).(.)/$1\0$2/gs;
    $im->setscanline(y=>$y, pixels=>$row);
  }

=item getscanline

Read all or part of a horizonatal line of pixels from an image.  This
method is most useful in conjunction with L</setscanline>.

The parameters you can pass are:

=over

=item *

y - vertical position of the scanline.  This parameter is required.

=item *

x - position to start on the scanline.  Default: 0

=item *

width - number of pixels to read.  Default: $img->getwidth - x

=item *

type - the type of pixel data to return.  Default: C<8bit>.

Permited values are C<8bit> and C<float>.

=back

In list context this method will return a list of Imager::Color
objects when I<type> is C<8bit>, or a list of Imager::Color::Float
objects when I<type> if C<float>.

In scalar context this returns a packed 8-bit pixels when I<type> is
C<8bit>, or a list of packed floating point pixels when I<type> is
C<float>.

The values of samples for which the image does not have channels is
undefined.  For example, for a single channel image the values of
channels 1 through 3 are undefined.

Check image for a given color:

  my $found;
  YLOOP: for my $y (0..$img->getheight-1) {
    my @colors = $img->getscanline(y=>$y);
    for my $color (@colors) {
      my ($red, $green, $blue, $alpha) = $color->rgba;
      if ($red == $test_red && $green == $test_green && $blue == $test_blue
          && $alpha == $test_alpha) {
        ++$found;
        last YLOOP;
      }
    }
  }

Or do it using packed data:

  my $found;
  my $test_packed = pack("CCCC", $test_red, $test_green, $test_blue, 
                         $test_alpha);
  YLOOP: for my $y (0..$img->getheight-1) {
    my $colors = $img->getscanline(y=>$y);
    while (length $colors) {
      if (substr($colors, 0, 4, '') eq $test_packed) {
        ++$found;
        last YLOOP;
      }
    }
  }

Some of the examples for L</setscanline> for more examples.

=item getsamples

Read specified channels from all or part of a horizontal line of
pixels from an image.

The parameters you can pass are:

=over

=item *

y - vertical position of the scanline.  This parameter is required.

=item *

x - position to start on the scanline.  Default: 0

=item *

width - number of pixels to read.  Default: $img->getwidth - x

=item *

type - the type of sample data to return.  Default: C<8bit>.

Permited values are C<8bit> and C<float>.

=item *

channels - a reference to an array of channels to return, where 0 is
the first channel.  Default: C< [ 0 .. $self->getchannels()-1 ] >

=back

In list context this will return a list of integers between 0 and 255
inclusive when I<type> is C<8bit>, or a list of floating point numbers
between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive when I<type> is C<float>.

In scalar context this will return a string of packed bytes, as with
C< pack("C*", ...) > when I<type> is C<8bit> or a string of packed
doubles as with C< pack("d*", ...) > when I<type> is C<float>.

Example: Check if any pixels in an image have a non-zero alpha
channel:

  my $has_coverage;
  for my $y (0 .. $img->getheight()-1) {
    my $alpha = $img->getsamples(y=>$y, channels=>[0]);
    if ($alpha =~ /[^\0]/) {
      ++$has_coverage;
      last;
    }
  }

Example: Convert a 2 channel grey image into a 4 channel RGBA image:

  # this could be done with convert() instead
  my $out = Imager->new(xsize => $src->getwidth(), 
                        ysize => $src->getheight(),
                        channels => 4);
  for my $y ( 0 .. $src->getheight()-1 ) {
    my $data = $src->getsamples(y=>$y, channels=>[ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]);
    $out->setscanline(y=>$y, pixels=>$data);
  }

=back

=head1 Packed Color Data

The getscanline() and setscanline() functions can work with pixels
packed into scalars.  This is useful to remove the cost of creating
color objects, but should only be used when performance is an issue.

Packed data can either be 1 byte per sample or 1 double per sample.

Each pixel returned by getscanline() or supplied to setscanline()
contains 4 samples, even if the image has fewer then 4 channels.  The
values of the extra samples as returned by getscanline() is not
specified.  The extra samples passed to setscanline() are ignored.

To produce packed 1 byte/sample pixels, use the pack C<C> template:

  my $packed_8bit_pixel = pack("CCCC", $red, $blue, $green, $alpha);

To produce packed double/sample pixels, use the pack C<d> template:

  my $packed_float_pixel = pack("dddd", $red, $blue, $green, $alpha);

=head1 BUGS

box, arc, do not support antialiasing yet.  Arc, is only filled as of
yet.  Default color is not unified yet.

=head1 AUTHOR

Tony Cook <tony@imager.perl.org>, Arnar M. Hrafnkelsson.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Imager>(3), L<Imager::Cookbook>(3)

=head1 REVISION

$Revision: 875 $

=cut