=head1 NAME

Imager::Filters - Entire Image Filtering Operations

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Imager;

  $img = ...;

  $img->filter(type=>'autolevels');
  $img->filter(type=>'autolevels', lsat=>0.2);
  $img->filter(type=>'turbnoise')

  # and lots of others

  load_plugin("dynfilt/dyntest.so")
    or die "unable to load plugin\n";

  $img->filter(type=>'lin_stretch', a=>35, b=>200);

  unload_plugin("dynfilt/dyntest.so")
    or die "unable to load plugin\n";

  $out = $img->difference(other=>$other_img);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Filters are operations that have similar calling interface.

=over

=item filter

Parameters:

=over

=item *

type - the type of filter, see L</Types of Filters>.

=item *

many other possible parameters, see L</Types of Filters> below.

=back

=back

=head2 Types of Filters

Here is a list of the filters that are always avaliable in Imager.
This list can be obtained by running the C<filterlist.perl> script
that comes with the module source.

  Filter          Arguments   Default value
  autolevels      lsat        0.1
                  usat        0.1
                  skew        0

  bumpmap         bump lightx lighty
                  elevation   0
                  st          2

  bumpmap_complex bump
                  channel     0
                  tx          0
                  ty          0
                  Lx          0.2
                  Ly          0.4
                  Lz          -1 
                  cd          1.0 
                  cs          40.0
                  n           1.3
                  Ia          (0 0 0)
                  Il          (255 255 255)
                  Is          (255 255 255)

  contrast        intensity

  conv            coef

  fountain        xa ya xb yb
                  ftype        linear
                  repeat       none
                  combine      none
                  super_sample none
                  ssample_param 4
                  segments(see below)

  gaussian        stddev

  gradgen         xo yo colors 
                  dist         0

  hardinvert

  mosaic          size         20

  noise           amount       3
                  subtype      0

  postlevels      levels       10

  radnoise        xo           100
                  yo           100
                  ascale       17.0
                  rscale       0.02

  turbnoise       xo           0.0
                  yo           0.0
                  scale        10.0

  unsharpmask     stddev       2.0
                  scale        1.0

  watermark       wmark
                  pixdiff      10
                  tx           0
                  ty           0

All parameters must have some value but if a parameter has a default
value it may be omitted when calling the filter function.

Every one of these filters modifies the image in place.

A reference of the filters follows:

=over

=item autolevels

scales the value of each channel so that the values in the image will
cover the whole possible range for the channel.  I<lsat> and I<usat>
truncate the range by the specified fraction at the top and bottom of
the range respectivly.

  # increase contrast, losing little detail
  $img->filter(type=>"autolevels")
    or die $img->errstr;

  # increase contrast, losing 20% of highlight at top and bottom range
  $img->filter(type=>"autolevels", lsat=>0.2, usat=>0.2)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item bumpmap

uses the channel I<elevation> image I<bump> as a bumpmap on your
image, with the light at (I<lightx>, I<lightty>), with a shadow length
of I<st>.

  $img->filter(type=>"bumpmap", bump=>$bumpmap_img,
               lightx=>10, lighty=>10, st=>5)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item bumpmap_complex

uses the channel I<channel> image I<bump> as a bumpmap on your image.
If Lz<0 the three L parameters are considered to be the direction of
the light.  If Lz>0 the L parameters are considered to be the light
position.  I<Ia> is the ambient colour, I<Il> is the light colour,
I<Is> is the color of specular highlights.  I<cd> is the diffuse
coefficient and I<cs> is the specular coefficient.  I<n> is the
shininess of the surface.

  $img->filter(type=>"bumpmap_complex", bump=>$bumpmap_img)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item contrast

scales each channel by I<intensity>.  Values of I<intensity> < 1.0
will reduce the contrast.

  # higher contrast
  $img->filter(type=>"contrast", intensity=>1.3)
    or die $img->errstr;

  # lower contrast
  $img->filter(type=>"contrast", intensity=>0.8)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item conv

performs 2 1-dimensional convolutions on the image using the values
from I<coef>.  I<coef> should be have an odd length and the sum of the
coefficients must be non-zero.

  # sharper
  $img->filter(type=>"conv", coef=>[-0.5, 2, -0.5 ])
    or die $img->errstr;

  # blur
  $img->filter(type=>"conv", coef=>[ 1, 2, 1 ])
    or die $img->errstr;

=item fountain

renders a fountain fill, similar to the gradient tool in most paint
software.  The default fill is a linear fill from opaque black to
opaque white.  The points A(xa, ya) and B(xb, yb) control the way the
fill is performed, depending on the ftype parameter:

=over

=item linear

the fill ramps from A through to B.

=item bilinear

the fill ramps in both directions from A, where AB defines the length
of the gradient.

=item radial

A is the center of a circle, and B is a point on it's circumference.
The fill ramps from the center out to the circumference.

=item radial_square

A is the center of a square and B is the center of one of it's sides.
This can be used to rotate the square.  The fill ramps out to the
edges of the square.

=item revolution

A is the centre of a circle and B is a point on it's circumference.  B
marks the 0 and 360 point on the circle, with the fill ramping
clockwise.

=item conical

A is the center of a circle and B is a point on it's circumference.  B
marks the 0 and point on the circle, with the fill ramping in both
directions to meet opposite.

=back

The I<repeat> option controls how the fill is repeated for some
I<ftype>s after it leaves the AB range:

=over

=item none

no repeats, points outside of each range are treated as if they were
on the extreme end of that range.

=item sawtooth

the fill simply repeats in the positive direction

=item triangle

the fill repeats in reverse and then forward and so on, in the
positive direction

=item saw_both

the fill repeats in both the positive and negative directions (only
meaningful for a linear fill).

=item tri_both

as for triangle, but in the negative direction too (only meaningful
for a linear fill).

=back

By default the fill simply overwrites the whole image (unless you have
parts of the range 0 through 1 that aren't covered by a segment), if
any segments of your fill have any transparency, you can set the
I<combine> option to 'normal' to have the fill combined with the
existing pixels.  See the description of I<combine> in L<Imager::Fill>.

If your fill has sharp edges, for example between steps if you use
repeat set to 'triangle', you may see some aliased or ragged edges.
You can enable super-sampling which will take extra samples within the
pixel in an attempt anti-alias the fill.

The possible values for the super_sample option are:

=over

=item none

no super-sampling is done

=item grid

a square grid of points are sampled.  The number of points sampled is
the square of ceil(0.5 + sqrt(ssample_param)).

=item random

a random set of points within the pixel are sampled.  This looks
pretty bad for low ssample_param values.

=item circle

the points on the radius of a circle within the pixel are sampled.
This seems to produce the best results, but is fairly slow (for now).

=back

You can control the level of sampling by setting the ssample_param
option.  This is roughly the number of points sampled, but depends on
the type of sampling.

The segments option is an arrayref of segments.  You really should use
the L<Imager::Fountain> class to build your fountain fill.  Each
segment is an array ref containing:

=over

=item start

a floating point number between 0 and 1, the start of the range of
fill parameters covered by this segment.

=item middle

a floating point number between start and end which can be used to
push the color range towards one end of the segment.

=item end

a floating point number between 0 and 1, the end of the range of fill
parameters covered by this segment.  This should be greater than
start.

=item c0

=item c1

The colors at each end of the segment.  These can be either
Imager::Color or Imager::Color::Float objects.

=item segment type

The type of segment, this controls the way the fill parameter varies
over the segment. 0 for linear, 1 for curved (unimplemented), 2 for
sine, 3 for sphere increasing, 4 for sphere decreasing.

=item color type

The way the color varies within the segment, 0 for simple RGB, 1 for
hue increasing and 2 for hue decreasing.

=back

Don't forget to use Imager::Fountain instead of building your own.
Really.  It even loads GIMP gradient files.

  # build the gradient the hard way - linear from black to white,
  # then back again
  my @simple =
   (
     [   0, 0.25, 0.5, 'black', 'white', 0, 0 ],
     [ 0.5. 0.75, 1.0, 'white', 'black', 0, 0 ],
   );
  # across
  my $linear = $img->copy;
  $linear->filter(type   => "fountain",
                  ftype  => 'linear',
                  repeat => 'sawtooth',
                  xa     => 0,
                  ya     => $linear->getheight / 2,
                  xb     => $linear->getwidth - 1,
                  yb     => $linear->getheight / 2)
    or die $linear->errstr;
  # around
  my $revolution = $img->copy;
  $revolution->filter(type   => "fountain",
                      ftype  => 'revolution',
                      xa     => $revolution->getwidth / 2,
                      ya     => $revolution->getheight / 2,
                      xb     => $revolution->getwidth / 2,
                      yb     => 0)
    or die $revolution->errstr;
  # out from the middle
  my $radial = $img->copy;
  $radial->filter(type   => "fountain",
                  ftype  => 'radial',
                  xa     => $im->getwidth / 2,
                  ya     => $im->getheight / 2,
                  xb     => $im->getwidth / 2,
                  yb     => 0)
    or die $radial->errstr;
                           
=item gaussian

performs a gaussian blur of the image, using I<stddev> as the standard
deviation of the curve used to combine pixels, larger values give
bigger blurs.  For a definition of Gaussian Blur, see:

  http://www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/~igc/tch/mx4002/notes/node99.html

Values of C<stddev> around 0.5 provide a barely noticable blur, values
around 5 provide a very strong blur.

  # only slightly blurred
  $img->filter(type=>"gaussian", stddev=>0.5)
    or die $img->errstr;

  # more strongly blurred
  $img->filter(type=>"gaussian", stddev=>5)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item gradgen

renders a gradient, with the given I<colors> at the corresponding
points (x,y) in I<xo> and I<yo>.  You can specify the way distance is
measured for color blending by setting I<dist> to 0 for Euclidean, 1
for Euclidean squared, and 2 for Manhattan distance.

  $img->filter(type="gradgen", 
               xo=>[ 10, 50, 10 ], 
               yo=>[ 10, 50, 50 ],
               colors=>[ qw(red blue green) ]);

=item hardinvert

inverts the image, black to white, white to black.  All channels are
inverted, including the alpha channel if any.

  $img->filter(type=>"hardinvert")
    or die $img->errstr;

=item mosaic

produces averaged tiles of the given I<size>.

  $img->filter(type=>"mosaic", size=>5)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item noise

adds noise of the given I<amount> to the image.  If I<subtype> is
zero, the noise is even to each channel, otherwise noise is added to
each channel independently.

  # monochrome noise
  $img->filter(type=>"noise", amount=>20, subtype=>0)
    or die $img->errstr;

  # color noise
  $img->filter(type=>"noise", amount=>20, subtype=>1)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item radnoise

renders radiant Perlin turbulent noise.  The centre of the noise is at
(I<xo>, I<yo>), I<ascale> controls the angular scale of the noise ,
and I<rscale> the radial scale, higher numbers give more detail.

  $img->filter(type=>"radnoise", xo=>50, yo=>50,
               ascale=>1, rscale=>0.02)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item postlevels

alters the image to have only I<levels> distinct level in each
channel.

  $img->filter(type=>"postlevels", levels=>10)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item turbnoise

renders Perlin turbulent noise.  (I<xo>, I<yo>) controls the origin of
the noise, and I<scale> the scale of the noise, with lower numbers
giving more detail.

  $img->filter(type=>"turbnoise", xo=>10, yo=>10, scale=>10)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item unsharpmask

performs an unsharp mask on the image.  This is the result of
subtracting a gaussian blurred version of the image from the original.
I<stddev> controls the stddev parameter of the gaussian blur.  Each
output pixel is: in + I<scale> * (in - blurred).

  $img->filter(type=>"unsharpmask", stddev=>1, scale=>0.5)
    or die $img->errstr;

=item watermark

applies I<wmark> as a watermark on the image with strength I<pixdiff>,
with an origin at (I<tx>, I<ty>)

  $img->filter(type=>"watermark", tx=>10, ty=>50, 
               wmark=>$wmark_image, pixdiff=>50)
    or die $img->errstr;

=back

A demonstration of most of the filters can be found at:

  http://www.develop-help.com/imager/filters.html

=head2 External Filters

As of Imager 0.48 you can create perl or XS based filters and hook
them into Imager's filter() method:

=over

=item register_filter

Registers a filter so it is visible via Imager's filter() method.

  Imager->register_filter(type => 'your_filter',
                          defaults => { parm1 => 'default1' },
                          callseq => [ qw/image parm1/ ],
                          callsub => \&your_filter);
  $img->filter(type=>'your_filter', parm1 => 'something');

The following parameters are needed:

=over

=item *

type - the type value that will be supplied to filter() to use your
filter.

=item *

defaults - a hash of defaults for the filter's parameters

=item *

callseq - a reference to an array of required parameter names.

=item *

callsub - a code reference called to execute your filter.  The
parameters passed to filter() are supplied as a list of parameter
name, value ... which can be assigned to a hash.

The special parameters C<image> and C<imager> are supplied as the low
level image object from $self and $self itself respectively.

The function you supply must modify the image in place.

=back

See Imager::Filter::Mandelbrot for an example.

=back

=head2 Plugins

The plugin interface is deprecated.  Please use the Imager API, see
L</Imager::API> and L<External Filters> for details

It is possible to add filters to the module without recompiling the
module itself.  This is done by using DSOs (Dynamic shared object)
avaliable on most systems.  This way you can maintain our own filters
and not have to get me to add it, or worse patch every new version of
the Module.  Modules can be loaded AND UNLOADED at runtime.  This
means that you can have a server/daemon thingy that can do something
like:

  load_plugin("dynfilt/dyntest.so")
    or die "unable to load plugin\n";

  $img->filter(type=>'lin_stretch', a=>35, b=>200);

  unload_plugin("dynfilt/dyntest.so")
    or die "unable to load plugin\n";

Someone decides that the filter is not working as it should -
dyntest.c modified and recompiled.

  load_plugin("dynfilt/dyntest.so")
    or die "unable to load plugin\n";

  $img->filter(%hsh);

An example plugin comes with the module - Please send feedback to
addi@umich.edu if you test this.

Note: This seems to test ok on the following systems:
Linux, Solaris, HPUX, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, TRU64/OSF1, AIX.
If you test this on other systems please let me know.

=over

=item load_plugin

This is a function, not a method, exported by default.  You should
import this function explicitly for future compatibility if you need
it.

Accepts a single parameter, the name of a shared library file to load.

Returns true on success.  Check Imager->errstr on failure.

=item unload_plugin

This is a function, not a method, which is exported by default.  You
should import this function explicitly for future compatibility if you
need it.

Accepts a single parameter, the name of a shared library to unload.
This library must have been previously loaded by load_plugin().

Returns true on success.  Check Imager->errstr on failure.

=back

=head2 Image Difference

=over

=item difference

You can create a new image that is the difference between 2 other images.

  my $diff = $img->difference(other=>$other_img);

For each pixel in $img that is different to the pixel in $other_img,
the pixel from $other_img is given, otherwise the pixel is transparent
black.

This can be used for debugging image differences ("Where are they
different?"), and for optimizing animated GIFs.

Note that $img and $other_img must have the same number of channels.
The width and heigh of $diff will be the minimum of each of the width
and height of $img and $other_img.

=back

=cut