package Mojo::IOLoop::Delay;
use Mojo::Base 'Mojo::Promise';

sub begin {
  my ($self, $offset, $len) = @_;
  $self->{pending}++;
  my $id = $self->{counter}++;
  return sub { $self->_step($id, $offset // 1, $len, @_) };
}

sub pass { $_[0]->begin->(@_) }

sub steps {
  my ($self, @steps) = @_;
  $self->{steps} = \@steps;
  $self->ioloop->next_tick($self->begin);
  return $self;
}

sub _step {
  my ($self, $id, $offset, $len) = (shift, shift, shift, shift);

  $self->{args}[$id]
    = [@_ ? defined $len ? splice @_, $offset, $len : splice @_, $offset : ()];
  return $self if $self->{fail} || --$self->{pending} || $self->{lock};
  local $self->{lock} = 1;
  my @args = map {@$_} @{delete $self->{args}};

  $self->{counter} = 0;
  if (my $cb = shift @{$self->{steps}}) {
    unless (eval { $self->$cb(@args); 1 }) {
      my $err = $@;
      @{$self}{qw(fail steps)} = (1, []);
      return $self->reject($err);
    }
  }

  ($self->{steps} = []) and return $self->resolve(@args)
    unless $self->{counter};
  $self->ioloop->next_tick($self->begin) unless $self->{pending};
  return $self;
}

1;

=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

Mojo::IOLoop::Delay - Promises/A+ and flow-control helpers

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Mojo::IOLoop::Delay;

  # Synchronize multiple non-blocking operations
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop::Delay->new;
  $delay->steps(sub { say 'BOOM!' });
  for my $i (1 .. 10) {
    my $end = $delay->begin;
    Mojo::IOLoop->timer($i => sub {
      say 10 - $i;
      $end->();
    });
  }
  $delay->wait;

  # Sequentialize multiple non-blocking operations
  Mojo::IOLoop::Delay->new->steps(

    # First step (simple timer)
    sub {
      my $delay = shift;
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(2 => $delay->begin);
      say 'Second step in 2 seconds.';
    },

    # Second step (concurrent timers)
    sub {
      my ($delay, @args) = @_;
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(1 => $delay->begin);
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => $delay->begin);
      say 'Third step in 3 seconds.';
    },

    # Third step (the end)
    sub {
      my ($delay, @args) = @_;
      say 'And done after 5 seconds total.';
    }
  )->wait;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

L<Mojo::IOLoop::Delay> adds flow-control helpers to L<Mojo::Promise>, which can
help you avoid deep nested closures that often result from continuation-passing
style.

  use Mojo::IOLoop;

  # These deep nested closures are often referred to as "Callback Hell"
  Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => sub {
    my loop = shift;

    say '3 seconds';
    Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => sub {
      my $loop = shift;

      say '6 seconds';
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => sub {
        my $loop = shift;

        say '9 seconds';
        Mojo::IOLoop->stop;
      });
    });
  });

  Mojo::IOLoop->start;

The idea behind L<Mojo::IOLoop::Delay> is to turn the nested closures above into
a flat series of closures. In the example below, the call to L</"begin"> creates
a code reference that we can pass to L<Mojo::IOLoop/"timer"> as a callback, and
that leads to the next closure in the series when executed.

  use Mojo::IOLoop;

  # Instead of nested closures we now have a simple chain of steps
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop->delay(
    sub {
      my $delay = shift;
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => $delay->begin);
    },
    sub {
      my $delay = shift;
      say '3 seconds';
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => $delay->begin);
    },
    sub {
      my $delay = shift;
      say '6 seconds';
      Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => $delay->begin);
    },
    sub {
      my $delay = shift;
      say '9 seconds';
    }
  );
  $delay->wait;

Another positive side effect of this pattern is that we do not need to call
L<Mojo::IOLoop/"start"> and L<Mojo::IOLoop/"stop"> manually, because we know
exactly when our chain of L</"steps"> has reached the end. So
L<Mojo::Promise/"wait"> can stop the event loop automatically if it had to be
started at all in the first place.

=head1 ATTRIBUTES

L<Mojo::IOLoop::Delay> inherits all attributes from L<Mojo::Promise>.

=head1 METHODS

L<Mojo::IOLoop::Delay> inherits all methods from L<Mojo::Promise> and implements
the following new ones.

=head2 begin

  my $cb = $delay->begin;
  my $cb = $delay->begin($offset);
  my $cb = $delay->begin($offset, $len);

Indicate an active event by incrementing the event counter, the returned
code reference can be used as a callback, and needs to be executed when the
event has completed to decrement the event counter again. When all code
references generated by this method have been executed and the event counter has
reached zero, L</"steps"> will continue.

  # Capture all arguments except for the first one (invocant)
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop->delay(sub {
    my ($delay, $err, $stream) = @_;
    ...
  });
  Mojo::IOLoop->client({port => 3000} => $delay->begin);
  $delay->wait;

Arguments passed to the returned code reference are spliced with the given
offset and length, defaulting to an offset of C<1> with no default length. The
arguments are then combined in the same order L</"begin"> was called, and passed
together to the next step.

  # Capture all arguments
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop->delay(sub {
    my ($delay, $loop, $err, $stream) = @_;
    ...
  });
  Mojo::IOLoop->client({port => 3000} => $delay->begin(0));
  $delay->wait;

  # Capture only the second argument
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop->delay(sub {
    my ($delay, $err) = @_;
    ...
  });
  Mojo::IOLoop->client({port => 3000} => $delay->begin(1, 1));
  $delay->wait;

  # Capture and combine arguments
  my $delay = Mojo::IOLoop->delay(sub {
    my ($delay, $three_err, $three_stream, $four_err, $four_stream) = @_;
    ...
  });
  Mojo::IOLoop->client({port => 3000} => $delay->begin);
  Mojo::IOLoop->client({port => 4000} => $delay->begin);
  $delay->wait;

=head2 pass

  $delay = $delay->pass;
  $delay = $delay->pass(@args);

Shortcut for passing values between L</"steps">.

  # Longer version
  $delay->begin(0)->(@args);

=head2 steps

  $delay = $delay->steps(sub {...}, sub {...});

Sequentialize multiple events, every time the event counter reaches zero a
callback will run, the first one automatically runs during the next reactor tick
unless it is delayed by incrementing the event counter. This chain will continue
until there are no remaining callbacks, a callback does not increment the event
counter or an exception gets thrown in a callback. Finishing the chain will also
result in the promise being fulfilled, or if an exception got thrown it will be
rejected.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Mojolicious>, L<Mojolicious::Guides>, L<https://mojolicious.org>.

=cut