//******************************************************************************
//
// File:    DataOutputStream.java
// Package: edu.rit.io
// Unit:    Class edu.rit.io.DataOutputStream
//
// This Java source file is copyright (C) 2009 by Alan Kaminsky. All rights
// reserved. For further information, contact the author, Alan Kaminsky, at
// ark@cs.rit.edu.
//
// This Java source file is part of the Parallel Java Library ("PJ"). PJ is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
// General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
// PJ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
// WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
// combined work based on this library. Thus, the terms and conditions of the
// GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.
//
// As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you
// permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
// executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent modules, and
// to copy and distribute the resulting executable under terms of your choice,
// provided that you also meet, for each linked independent module, the terms
// and conditions of the license of that module. An independent module is a
// module which is not derived from or based on this library. If you modify this
// library, you may extend this exception to your version of the library, but
// you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this
// exception statement from your version.
//
// A copy of the GNU General Public License is provided in the file gpl.txt. You
// may also obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License on the World Wide
// Web at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html.
//
//******************************************************************************

package edu.rit.io;

import java.io.FilterOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;

/**
 * Class DataOutputStream provides an output stream that writes primitive data
 * types and strings in binary form. It behaves similarly to class
 * java.io.DataOutputStream, except the methods for writing types byte, short,
 * char, int, long, and String are implemented differently. These methods write
 * an integer value using a variable number of bytes, as described below. This
 * can save space in the file if small integer values are written more
 * frequently than large integer values. The resulting byte stream can be read
 * using class {@linkplain DataInputStream}.
 * <P>
 * Note that class DataOutputStream does <I>not</I> implement interface
 * java.io.DataOutput, because the methods do not obey the contract specified in
 * that interface.
 *
 * @author  Alan Kaminsky
 * @version 18-Dec-2009
 */
public class DataOutputStream
	extends FilterOutputStream
	{

// Exported constructors.

	/**
	 * Construct a new data output stream.
	 *
	 * @param  out  Underlying output stream.
	 */
	public DataOutputStream
		(OutputStream out)
		{
		super (out);
		}

// Exported operations.

	/**
	 * Write the given Boolean value to this data output stream. One byte is
	 * written, either 0 (if <TT>v</TT> is false) or 1 (if <TT>v</TT> is true).
	 *
	 * @param  v  Boolean value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeBoolean
		(boolean v)
		throws IOException
		{
		out.write (v ? 1 : 0);
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given integer value to this data output stream. This method can
	 * be used to write values of type byte, short, char, or int. From one to
	 * five bytes are written, in big-endian order, as follows:
	 * <UL>
	 * <P><LI>
	 * If &minus;64 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 63, then one byte is written,
	 * containing 0 (1 bit) followed by <TT>v</TT> (7 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;8192 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 8191, then two bytes are
	 * written, containing 10 (2 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (14 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;1048576 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 1048575, then three bytes are
	 * written, containing 110 (3 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (21 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;134217728 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 134217727, then four bytes
	 * are written, containing 1110 (4 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (28 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else five bytes are written, containing 1111 (4 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (sign-extended to 36 bits).
	 * </UL>
	 *
	 * @param  v  Integer value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeInt
		(int v)
		throws IOException
		{
		if (-64 <= v && v <= 63)
			{
			out.write (v & 0x7F);
			}
		else if (-8192 <= v && v <= 8191)
			{
			out.write (((v >> 8) & 0x3F) | 0x80);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else if (-1048576 <= v && v <= 1048575)
			{
			out.write (((v >> 16) & 0x1F) | 0xC0);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else if (-134217728 <= v && v <= 134217727)
			{
			out.write (((v >> 24) & 0x0F) | 0xE0);
			out.write (v >> 16);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else
			{
			out.write (((v >> 32) & 0x0F) | 0xF0);
			out.write (v >> 24);
			out.write (v >> 16);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given unsigned integer value to this data output stream. This
	 * method can be used to write values of type byte, short, char, or int.
	 * From one to five bytes are written, in big-endian order, as follows:
	 * <UL>
	 * <P><LI>
	 * If 0 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 127, then one byte is written, containing 0 (1
	 * bit) followed by <TT>v</TT> (7 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 128 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 16383, then two bytes are written,
	 * containing 10 (2 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (14 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 16384 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 2097151, then three bytes are written,
	 * containing 110 (3 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (21 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 2097152 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 268435455, then four bytes are
	 * written, containing 1110 (4 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (28 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else five bytes are written, containing 1111 (4 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (zero-extended to 36 bits).
	 * </UL>
	 *
	 * @param  v  Integer value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeUnsignedInt
		(int v)
		throws IOException
		{
		if (0 <= v && v <= 127)
			{
			out.write (v);
			}
		else if (128 <= v && v <= 16383)
			{
			out.write ((v >> 8) | 0x80);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else if (16384 <= v && v <= 2097151)
			{
			out.write ((v >> 16) | 0xC0);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else if (2097152 <= v && v <= 268435455)
			{
			out.write ((v >> 24) | 0xE0);
			out.write (v >> 16);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		else
			{
			out.write (0xF0);
			out.write (v >> 24);
			out.write (v >> 16);
			out.write (v >> 8);
			out.write (v);
			}
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given long value to this data output stream. From one to nine
	 * bytes are written, in big-endian order, as follows:
	 * <UL>
	 * <P><LI>
	 * If &minus;64 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 63, then one byte is written,
	 * containing 0 (1 bit) followed by <TT>v</TT> (7 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;8192 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 8191, then two bytes are
	 * written, containing 10 (2 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (14 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;1048576 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 1048575, then three bytes are
	 * written, containing 110 (3 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (21 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;134217728 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 134217727, then four bytes
	 * are written, containing 1110 (4 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (28 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;17179869184 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 17179869183, then five
	 * bytes are written, containing 11110 (5 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (35
	 * bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;2199023255552 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 2199023255551, then six
	 * bytes are written, containing 111110 (6 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (42
	 * bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;281474976710656 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 281474976710655, then
	 * seven bytes are written, containing 1111110 (7 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (49 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if &minus;36028797018963968 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 36028797018963967,
	 * then eight bytes are written, containing 11111110 (8 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (56 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else nine bytes are written, containing 11111111 (8 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (64 bits).
	 * </UL>
	 *
	 * @param  v  Integer value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeLong
		(long v)
		throws IOException
		{
		if (-64L <= v && v <= 63L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v) & 0x7F);
			}
		else if (-8192L <= v && v <= 8191L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 8L) & 0x3F) | 0x80);
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-1048576L <= v && v <= 1048575L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 16L) & 0x1F) | 0xC0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-134217728L <= v && v <= 134217727L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 24L) & 0x0F) | 0xE0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-17179869184L <= v && v <= 17179869183L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 32L) & 0x07) | 0xF0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-2199023255552L <= v && v <= 2199023255551L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 40L) & 0x03) | 0xF8);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-281474976710656L <= v && v <= 281474976710656L)
			{
			out.write (((int)(v >> 48L) & 0x01) | 0xFC);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (-36028797018963968L <= v && v <= 36028797018963968L)
			{
			out.write (0xFE);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 48L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else
			{
			out.write (0xFF);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 56L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 48L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given unsigned long value to this data output stream. From one
	 * to nine bytes are written, in big-endian order, as follows:
	 * <UL>
	 * <P><LI>
	 * If 0 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 127, then one byte is written, containing 0 (1
	 * bit) followed by <TT>v</TT> (7 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 128 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 16383, then two bytes are written,
	 * containing 10 (2 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (14 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 16384 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 2097151, then three bytes are written,
	 * containing 110 (3 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (21 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 2097152 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 268435455, then four bytes are
	 * written, containing 1110 (4 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (28 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 268435456 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 34359738367, then five bytes are
	 * written, containing 11110 (5 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (35 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 34359738368 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 4398046511103, then six bytes
	 * are written, containing 111110 (6 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (42 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 4398046511104 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 562949953421311, then seven
	 * bytes are written, containing 1111110 (7 bits) followed by <TT>v</TT> (49
	 * bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else if 562949953421312 &le; <TT>v</TT> &le; 72057594037927935, then
	 * eight bytes are written, containing 11111110 (8 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (56 bits).
	 * <P><LI>
	 * Else nine bytes are written, containing 11111111 (8 bits) followed by
	 * <TT>v</TT> (64 bits).
	 * </UL>
	 *
	 * @param  v  Integer value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeUnsignedLong
		(long v)
		throws IOException
		{
		if (0L <= v && v <= 127L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (128L <= v && v <= 16383L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L) | 0x80);
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (16384L <= v && v <= 2097151L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L) | 0xC0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (2097152L <= v && v <= 268435455L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L) | 0xE0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (268435456L <= v && v <= 34359738367L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L) | 0xF0);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (34359738368L <= v && v <= 4398046511103L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L) | 0xF8);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (4398046511104L <= v && v <= 562949953421311L)
			{
			out.write ((int)(v >> 48L) | 0xFC);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else if (562949953421312L <= v && v <= 72057594037927935L)
			{
			out.write (0xFE);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 48L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		else
			{
			out.write (0xFF);
			out.write ((int)(v >> 56L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 48L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 40L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 32L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 24L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 16L));
			out.write ((int)(v >> 8L));
			out.write ((int)(v));
			}
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given float value to this data output stream. Four bytes are
	 * written in big-endian order containing
	 * <TT>Float.floatToRawIntBits(v)</TT>.
	 *
	 * @param  v  Float value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeFloat
		(float v)
		throws IOException
		{
		int x = Float.floatToRawIntBits (v);
		out.write (x >> 24);
		out.write (x >> 16);
		out.write (x >> 8);
		out.write (x);
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given double value to this data output stream. Eight bytes are
	 * written in big-endian order containing
	 * <TT>Double.doubleToRawLongBits(v)</TT>.
	 *
	 * @param  v  Double value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeDouble
		(double v)
		throws IOException
		{
		long x = Double.doubleToRawLongBits (v);
		out.write ((int)(x >> 56L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 48L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 40L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 32L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 24L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 16L));
		out.write ((int)(x >> 8L));
		out.write ((int)(x));
		}

	/**
	 * Write the given string value to this data output stream. The length of
	 * the string is written using <TT>writeUnsignedInt()</TT>, then each
	 * character of the string is written using <TT>writeUnsignedInt()</TT>.
	 *
	 * @param  v  String value.
	 *
	 * @exception  IOException
	 *     Thrown if an I/O error occurred.
	 */
	public void writeString
		(String v)
		throws IOException
		{
		int n = v.length();
		writeUnsignedInt (n);
		for (int i = 0; i < n; ++ i)
			{
			writeUnsignedInt (v.charAt (i));
			}
		}

	}