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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
<refentry id="pluto8">
  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>IPSEC-PLUTO</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
    <refmiscinfo class="date">29 June 2014</refmiscinfo>
    <refmiscinfo class="source">Libreswan</refmiscinfo>
    <refmiscinfo class="version">@@IPSECVERSION@@</refmiscinfo>
    <refmiscinfo class="manual">Executable programs</refmiscinfo>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv id="name">
    <refname>ipsec-pluto</refname>
    <refname>pluto</refname>
    <refpurpose>Internet Key Exchange daemon</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <!-- body begins here -->
  <refsynopsisdiv id="synopsis">

    <cmdsynopsis>

      <command>ipsec pluto</command>
      <arg choice="opt">--help</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--version</arg>
      <sbr/>
      <arg choice="opt">--nofork</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--rundir <replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--leak-detective</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--efence-protect</arg>
      <sbr/>
      <arg choice="opt">--stderrlog</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--logfile <replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--log-no-time</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--log-no-append</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--log-no-ip</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--log-no-audit</arg>
      <sbr/>
      <arg choice="opt">--config <replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--secretsfile <replaceable>secrets-file</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--ipsecdir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--nssdir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--coredir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></arg>
      <sbr/>
      <arg choice="opt">--vendorid <replaceable>VID</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--uniqueids</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--virtual-private <replaceable>network_list</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--keep-alive <replaceable>delay_sec</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--force-busy</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--crl-strict</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--crlcheckinterval</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--listen <replaceable>ipaddr</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--nhelpers <replaceable>number</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--seedbits <replaceable>numbits</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--statsbin <replaceable>filename</replaceable></arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--secctx-attr-type <replaceable>number</replaceable></arg>
      <sbr/>
      <arg choice="opt">--use-xfrm</arg>
      <arg choice="opt">--use-bsdkame</arg>
    </cmdsynopsis>

  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1 id="description">

    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> is
      <application>Libreswan's</application> Internet Key Exchange
      (IKE) daemon.
    </para>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> is not normally run directly.  Instead
      the daemon is controlled the hosts <citerefentry>
      <refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle> <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
      </citerefentry> system (such as
      <citerefentry> <refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
      <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> </citerefentry> or <citerefentry>
      <refentrytitle>rc</refentrytitle> <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
      </citerefentry>) or the command <command>ipsec</command> (see
      <citerefentry> <refentrytitle>ipsec</refentrytitle>
      <manvolnum>8</manvolnum> </citerefentry>).
    </para>

    <para>
      For more general information on <application>Libreswan</application>
      see <citerefentry> <refentrytitle>libreswan</refentrytitle>
      <manvolnum>7</manvolnum> </citerefentry>.
    </para>

    <para>
      For information on how to configure
      <application>Libreswan</application> and the
      <command>pluto</command> daemon see <citerefentry>
      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
      </citerefentry>.
    </para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>
	Help Options
      </title>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--help</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      show <command>pluto's</command> usage message
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--version</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      show <application>Libreswan's</application> version details
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

    <refsect2 id="starting">
      <title>Starting pluto</title>

      <para>
	When starting, <command>pluto</command> attempts to create a
	lockfile with the name
	<filename>@@RUNDIR@@/pluto.pid</filename>.  If the lockfile
	cannot be created, <command>pluto</command> exits - this
	prevents multiple <command>pluto</command>s from competing.
	Any "leftover" lockfile must be manually removed before
	<command>pluto</command> will run.  <command>pluto</command>
	then writes its <replaceable>PID</replaceable> into this file
	so that scripts can find it.  <command>pluto</command> then
	forks and the parent exits (this is the conventional "daemon
	fork").
      </para>

      <para>
	The following options alter how <command>pluto</command> starts:
      </para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--nofork</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      disable "daemon fork"
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      In addition, after the lock file and control socket are
	      created, print the line "Pluto initialized" to standard
	      out.
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--rundir <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable></filename></option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
	    <para>
	      change the <filename>run</filename> directory from the
	      default <filename>@@RUNDIR@@</filename>)
	    </para>
            <para>
	      The <filename>run</filename> directory contains:
	      <variablelist>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>
		    <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable>/pluto.ctl</filename>
		  </term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      the socket through which <command>whack</command>
		      communicates with <command>pluto</command>
		    </para>
		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>
		    <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable>/pluto.pid</filename>
		  </term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      the lockfile to prevent multiple
		      <command>pluto</command> instances
		    </para>
		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
	      </variablelist>
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--leak-detective</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      enable leak detective
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--efence-protect</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      enable efence protection
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>

      <title>
	Logging
      </title>

      <para>
	All logging, including diagnostics, are sent to <citerefentry>
	<refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle>
	<manvolnum>3</manvolnum> </citerefentry> with
	<property>facility=authpriv</property>; it decides where to
	put these messages.  The following options alter this
	behaviour:
      </para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--stderrlog</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      direct logging to standard error instead of a log file
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Often combined with <option>--nofork</option> debugging
	      <command>pluto</command>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--logfile <filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename></option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      direct logging to <filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename>
	      instead of  <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>3</manvolnum> </citerefentry>
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>logfile=<filename><replaceable>filename</replaceable></filename></property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--log-no-time</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      do not include a timestamp prefix when logging to a file
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>logtime=no</property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--log-no-append</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      do not append to the end of an existing log file
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>logappend=no</property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--log-no-ip</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      do not include IP addresses when logging
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>logip=no</property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--log-no-audit</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      do not generate audit logs (on systems that support
	      Linux Auditing)
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>audit-log=no</property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>
	Configuration Files
      </title>

      <para>
	The following options overide <command>pluto's</command>
	default configuration parameters:
      </para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--config <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      specify a
	      <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> file containing
	      additional configuration parameters
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      The "config" section of
	      <replaceable>filename</replaceable> will be loaded.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Normally, <command>pluto</command> is started using
	      <command>ipsec start</command>, and that passes the
	      parameter <option>--config
	      <filename>@@IPSEC_CONF@@</filename></option> so that the
	      default configuration is read.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--secretsfile <replaceable>secrets-file</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      specify the file for authentication secrets
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      This name is
	      subject to "globbing" as in <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> </citerefentry>, so every file
	      with a matching name is processed.  Quoting is generally
	      needed to prevent the shell from doing the globbing.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Default is <filename>@@IPSEC_SECRETS@@</filename>.  See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.secrets</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--ipsecdir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      the directory containing additional configuration files
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Default is <filename>@@IPSEC_CONFDDIR@@</filename>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--nssdir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      the directory containing the NSS trust store
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Default is <filename>@@IPSEC_NSSDIR@@</filename>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--coredir <replaceable>dirname</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      the directory to write a core file should
	      <command>pluto</command> abort
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Default is <filename>@@RUNDIR@@</filename>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>

      <title>
	Other Options
      </title>

      <para>
	The following options tweak <command>pluto's</command>
	behaviour:
      </para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--vendorid <replaceable>VID</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--uniqueids</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      require all connections to have a unique identifier
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      If this option has been selected, whenever a new ISAKMP SA
	      is established, any connection with the same Peer ID but a
	      different Peer IP address is unoriented (causing all its
	      SAs to be deleted). This helps clean up dangling SAs when
	      a connection is lost and then regained at another IP
	      address.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--virtual-private <replaceable>network_list</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      Pluto supports RFC 3947 NAT-Traversal.  The allowed range behind the NAT routers is submitted using the
	      <option>--virtual-private</option> option.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> for the syntax
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--keep-alive <replaceable>delay_sec</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      The <option>--keep-alive</option> sets the delay (in
	      seconds) of these keep-alive packets. The newer NAT-T
	      standards support <emphasis>port floating</emphasis>, and
	      Libreswan enables this per default.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--force-busy</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      If this option has been selected, pluto will be forced to
	      be "busy". In this state, which happens when there is a
	      Denial of Service attack, will force pluto to use cookies
	      before accepting new incoming IKE packets.  Cookies are
	      send and required in ikev1 Aggressive Mode and in ikev2.
	      This option is mostly used for testing purposes, but can
	      be selected by paranoid administrators as well.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--crl-strict</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      reject authentication using X.509 until a valid
	      certificate revocation list has been loaded
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--crlcheckinterval</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--listen <replaceable>ipaddr</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--nhelpers <replaceable>number</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      specify the number of threads to use when offloading
	      cryptographic operations
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Pluto can also use helper children to off-load
	      cryptographic operations. This behavior can be fine tuned
	      using the <option>--nhelpers</option>. Pluto will start
	      <emphasis>(n-1)</emphasis> of them, where
	      <emphasis>n</emphasis> is the number of CPU's you have
	      (including hypherthreaded CPU's). A value of
	      <emphasis>0</emphasis> forces pluto to do all operations
	      in the main process. A value of <emphasis>-1</emphasis>
	      tells pluto to perform the above calculation. Any other
	      value forces the number to that amount.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>nhelpers=<filename><replaceable>number</replaceable></filename></property>.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--seedbits <replaceable>numbits</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      specify the number of seed bits to read from the RNG
	      before starting
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      Pluto uses the NSS crypto library as its random source.
	      Some government Three Letter Agency requires that pluto
	      reads 440 bits from /dev/random and feed this into the NSS
	      RNG before drawing random from the NSS library, despite
	      the NSS library itself already seeding its internal state.
	      As this process can block pluto for an extended time, the
	      default is to not perform this redundant seeding. The
	      <option>--seedbits</option> option can be used to specify
	      the number of bits that will be pulled from /dev/random
	      and seeded into the NSS RNG.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      See  <citerefentry>
	      <refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	      <property>seedbits=<filename><replaceable>number</replaceable></filename></property>.
	    </para>
	    <para>
	      This option
	      should not be used by most people.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--statsbin <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--secctx-attr-type <replaceable>number</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>
	<command>Libreswan</command> supports different IPstacks on
	different operating systems.  Since most IPstacks have died the
	list is very short:
      </para>

      <variablelist>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--use-xfrm</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      linux only
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
	<varlistentry>
	  <term>
	    <option>--use-bsdkame</option>
	  </term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      BSD only
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>

      <title>
	Debugging
      </title>

      <para>
	When running <command>pluto</command> under a debugger, the
	options <option>--nofork</option> and
	<option>--stderrlog</option> are recommended.
      </para>

      <para>
	<command>pluto</command> is willing to produce a prodigious
	amount of debugging information.  There are several classes of
	debugging output, and <command>pluto</command> may be directed
	to produce a selection of them.  All lines of debugging output
	are prefixed with "|" to distinguish them from normal
	diagnostic messages.
      </para>

      <para>
	See <citerefentry>
	<refentrytitle>ipsec.conf</refentrytitle>
	<manvolnum>5</manvolnum> </citerefentry> and
	<property>plutodebug=<replaceable>options</replaceable></property>.
      </para>

      <para>
	Very occasionally it is necessary to enable debugging early in
	<command>pluto's</command> startup process.  The follow
	options enable this:
      </para>

      <variablelist>

	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug help</option> (whack only)
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      List the debugging classes recognised by
	      <command>pluto</command>.
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug none</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      Disable logging for all debugging classes.
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug base</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      Enable debug-logging.
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug cpu-usage</option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      Enable cpu-usage logging.
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

	<varlistentry>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug <replaceable>class</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
          <term>
	    <option>--no-debug <replaceable>class</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
          <term>
	    <option>--debug no-<replaceable>class</replaceable></option>
	  </term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
	      Enable (disable) logging of the specified debugging
	      <replaceable>class</replaceable> (<option>--debug
	      help</option> lists debugging classes supported by this
	      version of <command>pluto</command>).
	    </para>
          </listitem>
	</varlistentry>

      </variablelist>

    </refsect2>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="signals">

    <title>SIGNALS</title>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> responds to <constant>SIGHUP</constant>
      by issuing a suggestion that <command>ipsec listen</command>
      might have been intended.
    </para>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> exits when it receives
      <constant>SIGTERM</constant>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="exit_status">
    <title>EXIT STATUS</title>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> normally forks a daemon process, so the
      exit status is a very preliminary result.
    </para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><constant>0</constant></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>means that all is OK so far.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><constant>1</constant></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>means that something was wrong.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><constant>10</constant></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>means that the lock file already exists.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="files">
    <title>FILES</title>

    <para>
      <filename>@@RUNDIR@@/pluto.pid</filename>
      <filename>@@RUNDIR@@/pluto.ctl</filename>
      <filename>@@IPSEC_SECRETS@@</filename>
      <filename>@@IPSEC_CONF@@</filename>
    </para>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="environment">
    <title>ENVIRONMENT</title>

    <para>
      <command>pluto</command> does not use any environment variables.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="see_also">
    <title>SEE ALSO</title>

    <para>
      The rest of the Libreswan distribution, in particular
      <citerefentry>
	<refentrytitle>libreswan</refentrytitle>
	<manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="history">
    <title>HISTORY</title>

    <para>
      This code is released under the GPL terms. See the accompanying
      files CHANGES COPYING and CREDITS.* for more details.
    </para>

    <para>
      Detailed history (including FreeS/WAN and Openswan) can be found
      in the docs/ directory.
    </para>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id="bugs">
    <title>BUGS</title>

    <para>
      Please see <ulink
      url="https://github.com/libreswan/libreswan/issues">https://github.com/libreswan/libreswan/issues</ulink>
      for a list of currently known bugs and missing features.
    </para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1 id='author'>
    <title>AUTHOR</title>
    <para>
      <author><personname><firstname>Paul</firstname><surname>Wouters</surname></personname></author>
      <author><personname><firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Cagney</surname></personname></author>
    </para>
  </refsect1>
</refentry>