.. include:: header.rst

.. contents:: Table of contents
  :depth: 2
  :backlinks: none

tutorial
========

The fundamental feature of starting and downloading torrents in libtorrent is
achieved by creating a *session*, which provides the context and a container for
torrents. This is done with via the session class, most of its interface is
documented under session_handle though.

To add a torrent to the session, you fill in an add_torrent_params object and
pass it either to add_torrent() or async_add_torrent().

``add_torrent()`` is a blocking call which returns a torrent_handle.

For example:

.. code:: c++

	#include <libtorrent/session.hpp>
	#include <libtorrent/add_torrent_params.hpp>
	#include <libtorrent/torrent_handle.hpp>
	#include <libtorrent/magnet_uri.hpp>

	int main(int argc, char const* argv[])
	{
		if (argc != 2) {
			fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <magnet-url>\n");
			return 1;
		}
		lt::session ses;

		lt::add_torrent_params atp = lt::parse_magnet_uri(argv[1]);
		atp.save_path = "."; // save in current dir
		lt::torrent_handle h = ses.add_torrent(atp);

		// ...
	}

Once you have a torrent_handle, you can affect it as well as querying status.
First, let's extend the example to print out messages from the bittorrent engine
about progress and events happening under the hood. libtorrent has a mechanism
referred to as *alerts* to communicate back information to the client application.

Clients can poll a session for new alerts via the pop_alerts() call. This
function fills in a vector of alert pointers with all new alerts since the last
call to this function. The pointers are owned by the session object at will
become invalidated by the next call to pop_alerts().

The alerts form a class hierarchy with alert as the root class. Each specific
kind of alert may include additional state, specific to the kind of message. All
alerts implement a message() function that prints out pertinent information
of the alert message. This can be convenient for simply logging events.

For programmatically react to certain events, use alert_cast to attempt
a down cast of an alert object to a more specific type.

In order to print out events from libtorrent as well as exiting when the torrent
completes downloading, we can poll the session for alerts periodically and print
them out, as well as listening for the torrent_finished_alert, which is posted
when a torrent completes.

.. include:: ../examples/bt-get.cpp
	:code: c++
	:tab-width: 2
	:start-after: */

alert masks
-----------

The output from this program will be quite verbose, which is probably a good
starting point to get some understanding of what's going on. Alerts are
categorized into alert categories. Each category can be enabled and disabled
independently via the *alert mask*.

The alert mask is a configuration option offered by libtorrent. There are many
configuration options, see settings_pack. The alert_mask setting is an integer
of the category flags ORed together.

For instance, to only see the most pertinent alerts, the session can be
constructed like this:

.. code:: c++

	lt::settings_pack pack;
	pack.set_int(lt::settings_pack::alert_mask
		, lt::alert_category::error
		| lt::alert_category::storage
		| lt::alert_category::status);

	lt::session ses(pack);

Configuration options can be updated after the session is started by calling
apply_settings(). Some settings are best set before starting the session
though, like listen_interfaces, to avoid race conditions. If you start the
session with the default settings and then immediately change them, there will
still be a window where the default settings apply.

Changing the settings may trigger listen sockets to close and re-open and
NAT-PMP, UPnP updates to be sent. For this reason, it's typically a good idea
to batch settings updates into a single call.

session destruction
-------------------

The session destructor is blocking by default. When shutting down, trackers
will need to be contacted to stop torrents and other outstanding operations
need to be cancelled. Shutting down can sometimes take several seconds,
primarily because of trackers that are unresponsive (and time out) and also
DNS servers that are unresponsive. DNS lookups are especially difficult to
abort when stalled.

In order to be able to start destruction asynchronously, one can call
session::abort().

This call returns a session_proxy object, which is a handle keeping the session
state alive while shutting it down. It deliberately does not provide any of the
session operations, since it's shutting down.

After having a session_proxy object, the session destructor does not block.
However, the session_proxy destructor *will*.

This can be used to shut down multiple sessions or other parts of the
application in parallel.

asynchronous operations
-----------------------

Essentially any call to a member function of session or torrent_handle that
returns a value is a blocking synchronous call. Meaning it will post a message
to the main libtorrent thread and wait for a response. Such calls may be
expensive, and in applications where stalls should be avoided (such as user
interface threads), blocking calls should be avoided.

In the example above, session::add_torrent() returns a torrent_handle and is
thus blocking. For higher efficiency, async_add_torrent() will post a message
to the main thread to add a torrent, and post the resulting torrent_handle back
in an alert (add_torrent_alert). This is especially useful when adding a lot
of torrents in quick succession, as there's no stall in between calls.

In the example above, we don't actually use the torrent_handle for anything, so
converting it to use async_add_torrent() is just a matter of replacing the
add_torrent() call with async_add_torrent().

torrent_status_updates
----------------------

To get updates to the status of torrents, call post_torrent_updates() on the
session object. This will cause libtorrent to post a state_update_alert
containing torrent_status objects for all torrents whose status has *changed*
since the last call to post_torrent_updates().

The state_update_alert looks something like this:

.. code:: c++

	struct state_update_alert : alert
	{
		virtual std::string message() const;
		std::vector<torrent_status> status;
	};

The ``status`` field only contains the torrent_status for torrents with
updates since the last call. It may be empty if no torrent has updated its
state. This feature is critical for scalability.

See the torrent_status object for more information on what is in there.
Perhaps the most interesting fields are ``total_payload_download``,
``total_payload_upload``, ``num_peers`` and ``state``.

resuming torrents
-----------------

Since bittorrent downloads pieces of files in random order, it's not trivial to
resume a partial download. When resuming a download, the bittorrent engine must
restore the state of the downloading torrent, specifically which parts of the
file(s) are downloaded. There are two approaches to doing this:

1. read every piece of the downloaded files from disk and compare it against its
   expected hash.
2. save, to disk, the state of which pieces (and partial pieces) are downloaded,
   and load it back in again when resuming.

If no resume data is provided with a torrent that's added, libtorrent will
employ (1) by default.

To save resume data, call save_resume_data() on the torrent_handle object.
This will ask libtorrent to generate the resume data and post it back in
a save_resume_data_alert. If generating the resume data fails for any reason,
a save_resume_data_failed_alert is posted instead.

Exactly one of those alerts will be posted for every call to
save_resume_data(). This is an important property when shutting down a
session with multiple torrents, every resume alert must be handled before
resuming with shut down. Any torrent may fail to save resume data, so the client
would need to keep a count of the outstanding resume files, decremented on
either save_resume_data_alert or save_resume_data_failed_alert.

The save_resume_data_alert looks something like this:

.. code:: c++

	struct save_resume_data_alert : torrent_alert
	{
		virtual std::string message() const;

		// the resume data
		add_torrent_params params;
	};

The ``params`` field is an add_torrent_params object containing all the state
to add the torrent back to the session again. This object can be serialized
using write_resume_data() or write_resume_data_buf(), and de-serialized
with read_resume_data().

example
-------

Here's an updated version of the above example with the following updates:

1. not using blocking calls
2. printing torrent status updates rather than the raw log
3. saving and loading resume files

.. include:: ../examples/bt-get2.cpp
	:code: c++
	:tab-width: 2
	:start-after: */

session state
-------------

On construction, a session object is configured by a session_params object. The
session_params object notably contain session_settings, the state of the DHT
node (e.g. routing table), the session's IP filter as well as the disk I/O
back-end and dht storage to use.

There are functions to serialize and de-serialize the session_params object to
help in  restoring session state from last run. Doing so is especially helpful
for bootstrapping the DHT, using nodes from last run.

Before destructing the session object, call ``session::session_state()`` to get
the current state as a session_params object.

Call write_session_params() or write_session_params_buf() to serialize the state
into a bencoded entry or to a flat buffer (``std::vector<char>``) respectively.

On startup, before constructing the session object, load the buffer back from
disk and call read_session_params() to de-serialize it back into a session_params
object. Before passing it into the session constructor is your chance to set
update the settings_pack (``params``) member of settings_params, or configuring
the disk_io_constructor.

example
-------

Another updated version of the above example with the following updates:

1. load and save session_params to file ".session"
2. allow shutting down on ``SIGINT``

.. include:: ../examples/bt-get3.cpp
	:code: c++
	:tab-width: 2
	:start-after: */

torrent files
-------------

To add torrent files to a session (as opposed to a magnet link), it must first
be loaded into a torrent_info object.

The torrent_info object can be created either by filename a buffer or a
bencoded structure. When adding by filename, there's a sanity check limit on the
size of the file, for adding arbitrarily large torrents, load the file outside
of the constructor.

The torrent_info object provides an opportunity to query information about the
.torrent file as well as mutating it before adding it to the session.

bencoding
---------

bencoded structures is the default data storage format used by bittorrent, such
as .torrent files, tracker announce and scrape responses and some wire protocol
extensions. libtorrent provides an efficient framework for decoding bencoded
data through bdecode() function.

There are two separate mechanisms for *encoding* and *decoding*. When decoding,
use the bdecode() function that returns a bdecode_node. When encoding, use
bencode() taking an entry object.

The key property of bdecode() is that it does not copy any data out of the
buffer that was parsed. It builds the tree structures of references pointing
into the buffer. The buffer must stay alive and valid for as long as the
bdecode_node is in use.

For performance details on bdecode(), see the `blog post`_ about it.

.. _`blog post`: https://blog.libtorrent.org/2015/03/bdecode-parsers/