@node uninorm.h
@chapter Normalization forms (composition and decomposition) @code{<uninorm.h>}

@cindex normal forms
@cindex normalizing
This include file defines functions for transforming Unicode strings to one
of the four normal forms, known as NFC, NFD, NKFC, NFKD.  These
transformations involve decomposition and --- for NFC and NFKC --- composition
of Unicode characters.

@menu
* Decomposition of characters::
* Composition of characters::
* Normalization of strings::
* Normalizing comparisons::
* Normalization of streams::
@end menu

@node Decomposition of characters
@section Decomposition of Unicode characters

@cindex decomposing
The following enumerated values are the possible types of decomposition of a
Unicode character.

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_CANONICAL
Denotes canonical decomposition.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_FONT
UCD marker: @code{<font>}.  Denotes a font variant (e.g@. a blackletter form).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_NOBREAK
UCD marker: @code{<noBreak>}.
Denotes a no-break version of a space or hyphen.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_INITIAL
UCD marker: @code{<initial>}.
Denotes an initial presentation form (Arabic).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_MEDIAL
UCD marker: @code{<medial>}.
Denotes a medial presentation form (Arabic).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_FINAL
UCD marker: @code{<final>}.
Denotes a final presentation form (Arabic).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_ISOLATED
UCD marker: @code{<isolated>}.
Denotes an isolated presentation form (Arabic).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_CIRCLE
UCD marker: @code{<circle>}.
Denotes an encircled form.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_SUPER
UCD marker: @code{<super>}.
Denotes a superscript form.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_SUB
UCD marker: @code{<sub>}.
Denotes a subscript form.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_VERTICAL
UCD marker: @code{<vertical>}.
Denotes a vertical layout presentation form.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_WIDE
UCD marker: @code{<wide>}.
Denotes a wide (or zenkaku) compatibility character.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_NARROW
UCD marker: @code{<narrow>}.
Denotes a narrow (or hankaku) compatibility character.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_SMALL
UCD marker: @code{<small>}.
Denotes a small variant form (CNS compatibility).
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_SQUARE
UCD marker: @code{<square>}.
Denotes a CJK squared font variant.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_FRACTION
UCD marker: @code{<fraction>}.
Denotes a vulgar fraction form.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Constant int UC_DECOMP_COMPAT
UCD marker: @code{<compat>}.
Denotes an otherwise unspecified compatibility character.
@end deftypevr

The following constant denotes the maximum size of decomposition of a single
Unicode character.

@deftypevr Macro {unsigned int} UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH
This macro expands to a constant that is the required size of buffer passed to
the @code{uc_decomposition} and @code{uc_canonical_decomposition} functions.
@end deftypevr

The following functions decompose a Unicode character.

@deftypefun int uc_decomposition (ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc}, int@tie{}*@var{decomp_tag}, ucs4_t@tie{}*@var{decomposition})
Returns the character decomposition mapping of the Unicode character @var{uc}.
@var{decomposition} must point to an array of at least
@code{UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH} @code{ucs_t} elements.

When a decomposition exists, @code{@var{decomposition}[0..@var{n}-1]} and
@code{*@var{decomp_tag}} are filled and @var{n} is returned.  Otherwise -1 is
returned.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int uc_canonical_decomposition (ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc}, ucs4_t@tie{}*@var{decomposition})
Returns the canonical character decomposition mapping of the Unicode character
@var{uc}.  @var{decomposition} must point to an array of at least
@code{UC_DECOMPOSITION_MAX_LENGTH} @code{ucs_t} elements.

When a decomposition exists, @code{@var{decomposition}[0..@var{n}-1]} is filled
and @var{n} is returned.  Otherwise -1 is returned.

Note: This function returns the (simple) ``canonical decomposition'' of
@var{uc}.  If you want the ``full canonical decomposition'' of @var{uc},
that is, the recursive application of ``canonical decomposition'', use the
function @code{u*_normalize} with argument @code{UNINORM_NFD} instead.
@end deftypefun

@node Composition of characters
@section Composition of Unicode characters

@cindex composing, Unicode characters
@cindex combining, Unicode characters
The following function composes a Unicode character from two Unicode
characters.

@deftypefun ucs4_t uc_composition (ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc1}, ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc2})
Attempts to combine the Unicode characters @var{uc1}, @var{uc2}.
@var{uc1} is known to have canonical combining class 0.

Returns the combination of @var{uc1} and @var{uc2}, if it exists.
Returns 0 otherwise.

Not all decompositions can be recombined using this function.  See the Unicode
file @file{CompositionExclusions.txt} for details.
@end deftypefun

@node Normalization of strings
@section Normalization of strings

The Unicode standard defines four normalization forms for Unicode strings.
The following type is used to denote a normalization form.

@deftp Type uninorm_t
An object of type @code{uninorm_t} denotes a Unicode normalization form.
This is a scalar type; its values can be compared with @code{==}.
@end deftp

The following constants denote the four normalization forms.

@deftypevr Macro uninorm_t UNINORM_NFD
Denotes Normalization form D: canonical decomposition.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Macro uninorm_t UNINORM_NFC
Normalization form C: canonical decomposition, then canonical composition.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Macro uninorm_t UNINORM_NFKD
Normalization form KD: compatibility decomposition.
@end deftypevr

@deftypevr Macro uninorm_t UNINORM_NFKC
Normalization form KC: compatibility decomposition, then canonical composition.
@end deftypevr

The following functions operate on @code{uninorm_t} objects.

@deftypefun bool uninorm_is_compat_decomposing (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf})
Tests whether the normalization form @var{nf} does compatibility decomposition.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun bool uninorm_is_composing (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf})
Tests whether the normalization form @var{nf} includes canonical composition.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun uninorm_t uninorm_decomposing_form (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf})
Returns the decomposing variant of the normalization form @var{nf}.
This maps NFC,NFD @arrow{} NFD and NFKC,NFKD @arrow{} NFKD.
@end deftypefun

The following functions apply a Unicode normalization form to a Unicode string.

@deftypefun {uint8_t *} u8_normalize (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uint8_t@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
@deftypefunx {uint16_t *} u16_normalize (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uint16_t@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
@deftypefunx {uint32_t *} u32_normalize (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uint32_t@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
Returns the specified normalization form of a string.

The @var{resultbuf} and @var{lengthp} arguments are as described in
chapter @ref{Conventions}.
@end deftypefun

@node Normalizing comparisons
@section Normalizing comparisons

@cindex comparing, ignoring normalization
The following functions compare Unicode string, ignoring differences in
normalization.

@deftypefun int u8_normcmp (const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
@deftypefunx int u16_normcmp (const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
@deftypefunx int u32_normcmp (const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
Compares @var{s1} and @var{s2}, ignoring differences in normalization.

@var{nf} must be either @code{UNINORM_NFD} or @code{UNINORM_NFKD}.

If successful, sets @code{*@var{resultp}} to -1 if @var{s1} < @var{s2},
0 if @var{s1} = @var{s2}, 1 if @var{s1} > @var{s2}, and returns 0.
Upon failure, returns -1 with @code{errno} set.
@end deftypefun

@cindex comparing, ignoring normalization, with collation rules
@cindex comparing, with collation rules, ignoring normalization
@deftypefun {char *} u8_normxfrm (const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, char@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
@deftypefunx {char *} u16_normxfrm (const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, char@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
@deftypefunx {char *} u32_normxfrm (const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s}, size_t@tie{}@var{n}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, char@tie{}*@var{resultbuf}, size_t@tie{}*@var{lengthp})
Converts the string @var{s} of length @var{n} to a NUL-terminated byte
sequence, in such a way that comparing @code{u8_normxfrm (@var{s1})} and
@code{u8_normxfrm (@var{s2})} with the @code{u8_cmp2} function is equivalent to
comparing @var{s1} and @var{s2} with the @code{u8_normcoll} function.

@var{nf} must be either @code{UNINORM_NFC} or @code{UNINORM_NFKC}.

The @var{resultbuf} and @var{lengthp} arguments are as described in
chapter @ref{Conventions}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int u8_normcoll (const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint8_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
@deftypefunx int u16_normcoll (const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint16_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
@deftypefunx int u32_normcoll (const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s1}, size_t@tie{}@var{n1}, const@tie{}uint32_t@tie{}*@var{s2}, size_t@tie{}@var{n2}, uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}*@var{resultp})
Compares @var{s1} and @var{s2}, ignoring differences in normalization, using
the collation rules of the current locale.

@var{nf} must be either @code{UNINORM_NFC} or @code{UNINORM_NFKC}.

If successful, sets @code{*@var{resultp}} to -1 if @var{s1} < @var{s2},
0 if @var{s1} = @var{s2}, 1 if @var{s1} > @var{s2}, and returns 0.
Upon failure, returns -1 with @code{errno} set.
@end deftypefun

@node Normalization of streams
@section Normalization of streams of Unicode characters

@cindex stream, normalizing a
A ``stream of Unicode characters'' is essentially a function that accepts an
@code{ucs4_t} argument repeatedly, optionally combined with a function that
``flushes'' the stream.

@deftp Type {struct uninorm_filter}
This is the data type of a stream of Unicode characters that normalizes its
input according to a given normalization form and passes the normalized
character sequence to the encapsulated stream of Unicode characters.
@end deftp

@deftypefun {struct uninorm_filter *} uninorm_filter_create (uninorm_t@tie{}@var{nf}, int@tie{}(*@var{stream_func})@tie{}(void@tie{}*@var{stream_data}, ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc}), void@tie{}*@var{stream_data})
Creates and returns a normalization filter for Unicode characters.

The pair (@var{stream_func}, @var{stream_data}) is the encapsulated stream.
@code{@var{stream_func} (@var{stream_data}, @var{uc})} receives the Unicode
character @var{uc} and returns 0 if successful, or -1 with @code{errno} set
upon failure.

Returns the new filter, or NULL with @code{errno} set upon failure.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int uninorm_filter_write (struct@tie{}uninorm_filter@tie{}*@var{filter}, ucs4_t@tie{}@var{uc})
Stuffs a Unicode character into a normalizing filter.
Returns 0 if successful, or -1 with @code{errno} set upon failure.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int uninorm_filter_flush (struct@tie{}uninorm_filter@tie{}*@var{filter})
Brings data buffered in the filter to its destination, the encapsulated stream.

Returns 0 if successful, or -1 with @code{errno} set upon failure.

Note! If after calling this function, additional characters are written
into the filter, the resulting character sequence in the encapsulated stream
will not necessarily be normalized.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int uninorm_filter_free (struct@tie{}uninorm_filter@tie{}*@var{filter})
Brings data buffered in the filter to its destination, the encapsulated stream,
then closes and frees the filter.

Returns 0 if successful, or -1 with @code{errno} set upon failure.
@end deftypefun