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<div class="section" id="the-llvm-lexicon">
<h1>The LLVM Lexicon<a class="headerlink" href="#the-llvm-lexicon" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This document is a work in progress!</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="definitions">
<h2>Definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#definitions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="a">
<h3>A<a class="headerlink" href="#a" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt><strong>ADCE</strong></dt><dd><p>Aggressive Dead Code Elimination</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>AST</strong></dt><dd><p>Abstract Syntax Tree.</p>
<p>Due to Clang’s influence (mostly the fact that parsing and semantic
analysis are so intertwined for C and especially C++), the typical
working definition of AST in the LLVM community is roughly “the
compiler’s first complete symbolic (as opposed to textual)
representation of an input program”.
As such, an “AST” might be a more general graph instead of a “tree”
(consider the symbolic representation for the type of a typical “linked
list node”). This working definition is closer to what some authors
call an “annotated abstract syntax tree”.</p>
<p>Consult your favorite compiler book or search engine for more details.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="b">
<h3>B<a class="headerlink" href="#b" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple" id="lexicon-bb-vectorization">
<dt><strong>BB Vectorization</strong></dt><dd><p>Basic-Block Vectorization</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>BDCE</strong></dt><dd><p>Bit-tracking dead code elimination. Some bit-wise instructions (shifts,
ands, ors, etc.) “kill” some of their input bits – that is, they make it
such that those bits can be either zero or one without affecting control or
data flow of a program. The BDCE pass removes instructions that only
compute these dead bits.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>BURS</strong></dt><dd><p>Bottom Up Rewriting System — A method of instruction selection for code
generation. An example is the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.program-transformation.org/Transform/BURG">BURG</a> tool.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="c">
<h3>C<a class="headerlink" href="#c" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>CFI</strong></dt><dd><p>Call Frame Information. Used in DWARF debug info and in C++ unwind info
to show how the function prolog lays out the stack frame.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>CIE</strong></dt><dd><p>Common Information Entry. A kind of CFI used to reduce the size of FDEs.
The compiler creates a CIE which contains the information common across all
the FDEs. Each FDE then points to its CIE.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>CSE</strong></dt><dd><p>Common Subexpression Elimination. An optimization that removes common
subexpression computation. For example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(a+b)*(a+b)</span></code> has two
subexpressions that are the same: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(a+b)</span></code>. This optimization would
perform the addition only once and then perform the multiply (but only if
it’s computationally correct/safe).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="d">
<h3>D<a class="headerlink" href="#d" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>DAG</strong></dt><dd><p>Directed Acyclic Graph</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="derived-pointer"></span><dl class="simple" id="derived-pointers">
<dt><strong>Derived Pointer</strong></dt><dd><p>A pointer to the interior of an object, such that a garbage collector is
unable to use the pointer for reachability analysis. While a derived pointer
is live, the corresponding object pointer must be kept in a root, otherwise
the collector might free the referenced object. With copying collectors,
derived pointers pose an additional hazard that they may be invalidated at
any <a class="reference internal" href="#safe-point">safe point</a>. This term is used in opposition to <a class="reference internal" href="#object-pointer">object pointer</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>DSA</strong></dt><dd><p>Data Structure Analysis</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>DSE</strong></dt><dd><p>Dead Store Elimination</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="e">
<h3>E<a class="headerlink" href="#e" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt><strong>ento</strong></dt><dd><p>This namespace houses the
<a class="reference external" href="https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangStaticAnalyzer.html">Clang Static Analyzer</a>.
It is an abbreviation of <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology">entomology</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><em>“Entomology is the scientific study of insects.”</em></p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>In the past, this namespace had not only the name <cite>GR</cite> (aka. Graph Reachability)
but also <cite>entoSA</cite>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="f">
<h3>F<a class="headerlink" href="#f" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>FCA</strong></dt><dd><p>First Class Aggregate</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>FDE</strong></dt><dd><p>Frame Description Entry. A kind of CFI used to describe the stack frame of
one function.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="g">
<h3>G<a class="headerlink" href="#g" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>GC</strong></dt><dd><p>Garbage Collection. The practice of using reachability analysis instead of
explicit memory management to reclaim unused memory.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>GEP</strong></dt><dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetElementPtr</span></code>. An LLVM IR instruction that is used to get the address
of a subelement of an aggregate data structure. It is documented in detail
<a class="reference external" href="https://llvm.org/docs/GetElementPtr.html">here</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>GVN</strong></dt><dd><p>Global Value Numbering. GVN is a pass that partitions values computed by a
function into congruence classes. Values ending up in the same congruence
class are guaranteed to be the same for every execution of the program.
In that respect, congruency is a compile-time approximation of equivalence
of values at runtime.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="h">
<h3>H<a class="headerlink" href="#h" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple" id="heap">
<dt><strong>Heap</strong></dt><dd><p>In garbage collection, the region of memory which is managed using
reachability analysis.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="i">
<h3>I<a class="headerlink" href="#i" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>ICE</strong></dt><dd><p>Internal Compiler Error. This abbreviation is used to describe errors
that occur in LLVM or Clang as they are compiling source code. For example,
if a valid C++ source program were to trigger an assert in Clang when
compiled, that could be referred to as an “ICE”.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>IPA</strong></dt><dd><p>Inter-Procedural Analysis. Refers to any variety of code analysis that
occurs between procedures, functions or compilation units (modules).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>IPO</strong></dt><dd><p>Inter-Procedural Optimization. Refers to any variety of code optimization
that occurs between procedures, functions or compilation units (modules).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>ISel</strong></dt><dd><p>Instruction Selection</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="l">
<h3>L<a class="headerlink" href="#l" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>LCSSA</strong></dt><dd><p>Loop-Closed Static Single Assignment Form</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>LGTM</strong></dt><dd><p>“Looks Good To Me”. In a review thread, this indicates that the
reviewer thinks that the patch is okay to commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>LICM</strong></dt><dd><p>Loop Invariant Code Motion</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>LSDA</strong></dt><dd><p>Language Specific Data Area. C++ “zero cost” unwinding is built on top a
generic unwinding mechanism. As the unwinder walks each frame, it calls
a “personality” function to do language specific analysis. Each function’s
FDE points to an optional LSDA which is passed to the personality function.
For C++, the LSDA contain info about the type and location of catch
statements in that function.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Load-VN</strong></dt><dd><p>Load Value Numbering</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>LTO</strong></dt><dd><p>Link-Time Optimization</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="m">
<h3>M<a class="headerlink" href="#m" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>MC</strong></dt><dd><p>Machine Code</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="n">
<h3>N<a class="headerlink" href="#n" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple" id="nfc">
<dt><strong>NFC</strong></dt><dd><p>“No functional change”. Used in a commit message to indicate that a patch
is a pure refactoring/cleanup.
Usually used in the first line, so it is visible without opening the
actual commit email.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="o">
<h3>O<a class="headerlink" href="#o" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<span id="object-pointer"></span><dl class="simple" id="object-pointers">
<dt><strong>Object Pointer</strong></dt><dd><p>A pointer to an object such that the garbage collector is able to trace
references contained within the object. This term is used in opposition to
<a class="reference internal" href="#derived-pointer">derived pointer</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="p">
<h3>P<a class="headerlink" href="#p" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>PR</strong></dt><dd><p>Problem report. A bug filed on <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.llvm.org/enter_bug.cgi">the LLVM Bug Tracking System</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>PRE</strong></dt><dd><p>Partial Redundancy Elimination</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="r">
<h3>R<a class="headerlink" href="#r" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><strong>RAUW</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Replace All Uses With. The functions <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">User::replaceUsesOfWith()</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Value::replaceAllUsesWith()</span></code>, and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Constant::replaceUsesOfWithOnConstant()</span></code> implement the replacement of one
Value with another by iterating over its def/use chain and fixing up all of
the pointers to point to the new value. See
also <a class="reference external" href="ProgrammersManual.html#iterating-over-def-use-use-def-chains">def/use chains</a>.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>Reassociation</strong></dt><dd><p>Rearranging associative expressions to promote better redundancy elimination
and other optimization. For example, changing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(A+B-A)</span></code> into <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(B+A-A)</span></code>,
permitting it to be optimized into <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(B+0)</span></code> then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(B)</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>RFC</strong></dt><dd><p>Request for Comment. An email sent to a project mailing list in order to
solicit feedback on a proposed change.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<span id="roots"></span><dl class="simple" id="stack-roots">
<dt><strong>Root</strong></dt><dd><p>In garbage collection, a pointer variable lying outside of the <a class="reference internal" href="#heap">heap</a> from
which the collector begins its reachability analysis. In the context of code
generation, “root” almost always refers to a “stack root” — a local or
temporary variable within an executing function.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>RPO</strong></dt><dd><p>Reverse postorder</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s">
<h3>S<a class="headerlink" href="#s" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl id="safe-point">
<dt><strong>Safe Point</strong></dt><dd><p>In garbage collection, it is necessary to identify <a class="reference internal" href="#stack-roots">stack roots</a> so that
reachability analysis may proceed. It may be infeasible to provide this
information for every instruction, so instead the information is
calculated only at designated safe points. With a copying collector,
<a class="reference internal" href="#derived-pointers">derived pointers</a> must not be retained across safe points and <a class="reference internal" href="#object-pointers">object
pointers</a> must be reloaded from stack roots.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SDISel</strong></dt><dd><p>Selection DAG Instruction Selection.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SCC</strong></dt><dd><p>Strongly Connected Component</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SCCP</strong></dt><dd><p>Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SLP</strong></dt><dd><p>Superword-Level Parallelism, same as <a class="reference internal" href="#lexicon-bb-vectorization"><span class="std std-ref">Basic-Block Vectorization</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Splat</strong></dt><dd><p>Splat refers to a vector of identical scalar elements.</p>
<p>The term is based on the PowerPC Altivec instructions that provided
this functionality in hardware. For example, “vsplth” and the corresponding
software intrinsic “vec_splat()”. Examples of other hardware names for this
action include “duplicate” (ARM) and “broadcast” (x86).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SRoA</strong></dt><dd><p>Scalar Replacement of Aggregates</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>SSA</strong></dt><dd><p>Static Single Assignment</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Stack Map</strong></dt><dd><p>In garbage collection, metadata emitted by the code generator which
identifies <a class="reference internal" href="#roots">roots</a> within the stack frame of an executing function.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="t">
<h3>T<a class="headerlink" href="#t" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><strong>TBAA</strong></dt><dd><p>Type-Based Alias Analysis</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
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