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|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<head>
<title>Penlight Documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../ldoc_fixed.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div id="container">
<div id="product">
<div id="product_logo"></div>
<div id="product_name"><big><b></b></big></div>
<div id="product_description"></div>
</div> <!-- id="product" -->
<div id="main">
<!-- Menu -->
<div id="navigation">
<br/>
<h1>Penlight</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/lunarmodules/Penlight">GitHub Project</a></li>
<li><a href="../index.html">Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Reading_Data_Files">Reading Data Files </a></li>
<li><a href="#Reading_Unstructured_Text_Data">Reading Unstructured Text Data </a></li>
<li><a href="#Reading_Columnar_Data">Reading Columnar Data </a></li>
<li><a href="#Reading_Configuration_Files">Reading Configuration Files </a></li>
<li><a href="#Lexical_Scanning">Lexical Scanning </a></li>
<li><a href="#XML">XML </a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Manual</h2>
<ul class="nowrap">
<li><a href="../manual/01-introduction.md.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/02-arrays.md.html">Tables and Arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/03-strings.md.html">Strings. Higher-level operations on strings.</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/04-paths.md.html">Paths and Directories</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/05-dates.md.html">Date and Time</a></li>
<li><strong>Data</strong></li>
<li><a href="../manual/07-functional.md.html">Functional Programming</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/08-additional.md.html">Additional Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="../manual/09-discussion.md.html">Technical Choices</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Libraries</h2>
<ul class="nowrap">
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.html">pl</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.app.html">pl.app</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.array2d.html">pl.array2d</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.class.html">pl.class</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.compat.html">pl.compat</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.comprehension.html">pl.comprehension</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.config.html">pl.config</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.data.html">pl.data</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.dir.html">pl.dir</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.file.html">pl.file</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.func.html">pl.func</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.import_into.html">pl.import_into</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.input.html">pl.input</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.lapp.html">pl.lapp</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html">pl.lexer</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.luabalanced.html">pl.luabalanced</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.operator.html">pl.operator</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.path.html">pl.path</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.permute.html">pl.permute</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.pretty.html">pl.pretty</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.seq.html">pl.seq</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.sip.html">pl.sip</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.strict.html">pl.strict</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.stringio.html">pl.stringio</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.stringx.html">pl.stringx</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.tablex.html">pl.tablex</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.template.html">pl.template</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.test.html">pl.test</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.text.html">pl.text</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.types.html">pl.types</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.url.html">pl.url</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.utils.html">pl.utils</a></li>
<li><a href="../libraries/pl.xml.html">pl.xml</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Classes</h2>
<ul class="nowrap">
<li><a href="../classes/pl.Date.html">pl.Date</a></li>
<li><a href="../classes/pl.List.html">pl.List</a></li>
<li><a href="../classes/pl.Map.html">pl.Map</a></li>
<li><a href="../classes/pl.MultiMap.html">pl.MultiMap</a></li>
<li><a href="../classes/pl.OrderedMap.html">pl.OrderedMap</a></li>
<li><a href="../classes/pl.Set.html">pl.Set</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<ul class="nowrap">
<li><a href="../examples/seesubst.lua.html">seesubst.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/sipscan.lua.html">sipscan.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/symbols.lua.html">symbols.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/test-cmp.lua.html">test-cmp.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/test-data.lua.html">test-data.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/test-listcallbacks.lua.html">test-listcallbacks.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/test-pretty.lua.html">test-pretty.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/test-symbols.lua.html">test-symbols.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testclone.lua.html">testclone.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testconfig.lua.html">testconfig.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testglobal.lua.html">testglobal.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testinputfields.lua.html">testinputfields.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testinputfields2.lua.html">testinputfields2.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/testxml.lua.html">testxml.lua</a></li>
<li><a href="../examples/which.lua.html">which.lua</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2>Data</h2>
<p><a name="Reading_Data_Files"></a></p>
<h3>Reading Data Files</h3>
<p>The first thing to consider is this: do you actually need to write a custom file
reader? And if the answer is yes, the next question is: can you write the reader
in as clear a way as possible? Correctness, Robustness, and Speed; pick the first
two and the third can be sorted out later, <em>if necessary</em>.</p>
<p>A common sort of data file is the configuration file format commonly used on Unix
systems. This format is often called a <em>property</em> file in the Java world.</p>
<pre>
# Read timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
read.timeout=<span class="number">10</span>
# Write timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
write.timeout=<span class="number">10</span>
</pre>
<p>Here is a simple Lua implementation:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- property file parsing with Lua string patterns
</span>props = []
<span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">io</span>.<span class="function-name">lines</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> line:<span class="function-name">find</span>(<span class="string">'#'</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="keyword">true</span>) ~= <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> line:<span class="function-name">find</span>(<span class="string">'^%s*$'</span>) <span class="keyword">then</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> var,value = line:<span class="function-name">match</span>(<span class="string">'([^=]+)=(.*)'</span>)
props[var] = value
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>Very compact, but it suffers from a similar disease in equivalent Perl programs;
it uses odd string patterns which are 'lexically noisy'. Noisy code like this
slows the casual reader down. (For an even more direct way of doing this, see the
next section, 'Reading Configuration Files')</p>
<p>Another implementation, using the Penlight libraries:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- property file parsing with extended string functions
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
stringx.<span class="function-name">import</span>()
props = []
<span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">io</span>.<span class="function-name">lines</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> line:<span class="function-name">startswith</span>(<span class="string">'#'</span>) <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> line:<span class="function-name">isspace</span>() <span class="keyword">then</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> var,value = line:<span class="function-name">splitv</span>(<span class="string">'='</span>)
props[var] = value
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>This is more self-documenting; it is generally better to make the code express
the <em>intention</em>, rather than having to scatter comments everywhere - comments are
necessary, of course, but mostly to give the higher view of your intention that
cannot be expressed in code. It is slightly slower, true, but in practice the
speed of this script is determined by I/O, so further optimization is unnecessary.</p>
<p><a name="Reading_Unstructured_Text_Data"></a></p>
<h3>Reading Unstructured Text Data</h3>
<p>Text data is sometimes unstructured, for example a file containing words. The
<a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#">pl.input</a> module has a number of functions which makes processing such files
easier. For example, a script to count the number of words in standard input
using <code>import.words</code>:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- countwords.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> k = <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> w <span class="keyword">in</span> input.<span class="function-name">words</span>(<span class="global">io</span>.stdin) <span class="keyword">do</span>
k = k + <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(<span class="string">'count'</span>,k)
</pre>
<p>Or this script to calculate the average of a set of numbers using <a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#numbers">input.numbers</a>:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- average.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> k = <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> sum = <span class="number">0</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> input.<span class="function-name">numbers</span>(<span class="global">io</span>.stdin) <span class="keyword">do</span>
sum = sum + n
k = k + <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(<span class="string">'average'</span>,sum/k)
</pre>
<p>These scripts can be improved further by <em>eliminating loops</em> In the last case,
there is a perfectly good function <a href="../libraries/pl.seq.html#sum">seq.sum</a> which can already take a sequence of
numbers and calculate these numbers for us:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- average2.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> total,n = seq.<span class="function-name">sum</span>(input.<span class="function-name">numbers</span>())
<span class="global">print</span>(<span class="string">'average'</span>,total/n)
</pre>
<p>A further simplification here is that if <code>numbers</code> or <code>words</code> are not passed an
argument, they will grab their input from standard input. The first script can
be rewritten:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- countwords2.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(<span class="string">'count'</span>,seq.<span class="function-name">count</span>(input.<span class="function-name">words</span>()))
</pre>
<p>A useful feature of a sequence generator like <code>numbers</code> is that it can read from
a string source. Here is a script to calculate the sums of the numbers on each
line in a file:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- sums.lua
</span><span class="keyword">for</span> line <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">io</span>.<span class="function-name">lines</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(seq.<span class="function-name">sum</span>(input.<span class="function-name">numbers</span>(line))
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p><a name="Reading_Columnar_Data"></a></p>
<h3>Reading Columnar Data</h3>
<p>It is very common to find data in columnar form, either space or comma-separated,
perhaps with an initial set of column headers. Here is a typical example:</p>
<pre>
EventID Magnitude LocationX LocationY LocationZ
<span class="number">981124001</span> <span class="number">2.0</span> <span class="number">18988.4</span> <span class="number">10047.1</span> <span class="number">4149.7</span>
<span class="number">981125001</span> <span class="number">0.8</span> <span class="number">19104.0</span> <span class="number">9970.4</span> <span class="number">5088.7</span>
<span class="number">981127003</span> <span class="number">0.5</span> <span class="number">19012.5</span> <span class="number">9946.9</span> <span class="number">3831.2</span>
...
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#fields">input.fields</a> is designed to extract several columns, given some delimiter
(default to whitespace). Here is a script to calculate the average X location of
all the events:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- avg-x.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="global">io</span>.<span class="function-name">read</span>() <span class="comment">-- skip the header line
</span><span class="keyword">local</span> sum,count = seq.<span class="function-name">sum</span>(input.<span class="function-name">fields</span> {<span class="number">3</span>})
<span class="global">print</span>(sum/count)
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#fields">input.fields</a> is passed either a field count, or a list of column indices,
starting at one as usual. So in this case we're only interested in column 3. If
you pass it a field count, then you get every field up to that count:</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">for</span> id,mag,locX,locY,locZ <span class="keyword">in</span> input.<span class="function-name">fields</span> (<span class="number">5</span>) <span class="keyword">do</span>
....
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#fields">input.fields</a> by default tries to convert each field to a number. It will skip
lines which clearly don't match the pattern, but will abort the script if there
are any fields which cannot be converted to numbers.</p>
<p>The second parameter is a delimiter, by default spaces. ' ' is understood to mean
'any number of spaces', i.e. '%s+'. Any Lua string pattern can be used.</p>
<p>The third parameter is a <em>data source</em>, by default standard input (defined by
<a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#create_getter">input.create_getter</a>.) It assumes that the data source has a <code>read</code> method which
brings in the next line, i.e. it is a 'file-like' object. As a special case, a
string will be split into its lines:</p>
<pre>
> <span class="keyword">for</span> x,y <span class="keyword">in</span> input.<span class="function-name">fields</span>(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="string">' '</span>,<span class="string">'10 20\n30 40\n'</span>) <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="global">print</span>(x,y) <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">20</span>
<span class="number">30</span> <span class="number">40</span>
</pre>
<p>Note the default behaviour for bad fields, which is to show the offending line
number:</p>
<pre>
> <span class="keyword">for</span> x,y <span class="keyword">in</span> input.<span class="function-name">fields</span>(<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="string">' '</span>,<span class="string">'10 20\n30 40x\n'</span>) <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="global">print</span>(x,y) <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="number">10</span> <span class="number">20</span>
line <span class="number">2</span>: cannot <span class="function-name">convert</span> <span class="string">'40x'</span> to number
</pre>
<p>This behaviour of <a href="../libraries/pl.input.html#fields">input.fields</a> is appropriate for a script which you want to
fail immediately with an appropriate <em>user</em> error message if conversion fails.
The fourth optional parameter is an options table: <code>{no_fail=true}</code> means that
conversion is attempted but if it fails it just returns the string, rather as AWK
would operate. You are then responsible for checking the type of the returned
field. <code>{no_convert=true}</code> switches off conversion altogether and all fields are
returned as strings.</p>
<p>Sometimes it is useful to bring a whole dataset into memory, for operations such
as extracting columns. Penlight provides a flexible reader specifically for
reading this kind of data, using the <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#">data</a> module. Given a file looking like this:</p>
<pre>
x,y
<span class="number">10</span>,<span class="number">20</span>
<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">5</span>
<span class="number">40</span>,<span class="number">50</span>
</pre>
<p>Then <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">data.read</a> will create a table like this, with each row represented by a
sublist:</p>
<pre>
> t = data.<span class="function-name">read</span> <span class="string">'test.txt'</span>
> pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span>(t)
{{<span class="number">10</span>,<span class="number">20</span>},{<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">5</span>},{<span class="number">40</span>,<span class="number">50</span>},fieldnames={<span class="string">'x'</span>,<span class="string">'y'</span>},delim=<span class="string">','</span>}
</pre>
<p>You can now analyze this returned table using the supplied methods. For instance,
the method <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#Data.column_by_name">column_by_name</a> returns a table of all the values of that column.</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- testdata.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
d = data.<span class="function-name">read</span>(<span class="string">'fev.txt'</span>)
<span class="keyword">for</span> _,name <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">ipairs</span>(d.fieldnames) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> col = d:<span class="function-name">column_by_name</span>(name)
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="global">type</span>(col[<span class="number">1</span>]) == <span class="string">'number'</span> <span class="keyword">then</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> total,n = seq.<span class="function-name">sum</span>(col)
utils.<span class="function-name">printf</span>(<span class="string">"Average for %s is %f\n"</span>,name,total/n)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">data.read</a> tries to be clever when given data; by default it expects a first
line of column names, unless any of them are numbers. It tries to deduce the
column delimiter by looking at the first line. Sometimes it guesses wrong; these
things can be specified explicitly. The second optional parameter is an options
table: can override <code>delim</code> (a string pattern), <code>fieldnames</code> (a list or
comma-separated string), specify <code>no_convert</code> (default is to convert), numfields
(indices of columns known to be numbers, as a list) and <code>thousands_dot</code> (when the
thousands separator in Excel CSV is '.')</p>
<p>A very powerful feature is a way to execute SQL-like queries on such data:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- queries on tabular data
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> d = data.<span class="function-name">read</span>(<span class="string">'xyz.txt'</span>)
<span class="keyword">local</span> q = d:<span class="global">select</span>(<span class="string">'x,y,z where x > 3 and z < 2 sort by y'</span>)
<span class="keyword">for</span> x,y,z <span class="keyword">in</span> q <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(x,y,z)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>Please note that the format of queries is restricted to the following syntax:</p>
<pre>
FIELDLIST [ <span class="string">'where'</span> CONDITION ] [ <span class="string">'sort by'</span> FIELD [asc|desc]]
</pre>
<p>Any valid Lua code can appear in <code>CONDITION</code>; remember it is <em>not</em> SQL and you
have to use <code>==</code> (this warning comes from experience.)</p>
<p>For this to work, <em>field names must be Lua identifiers</em>. So <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">read</a> will massage
fieldnames so that all non-alphanumeric chars are replaced with underscores.
However, the <code>original_fieldnames</code> field always contains the original un-massaged
fieldnames.</p>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">read</a> can handle standard CSV files fine, although doesn't try to be a
full-blown CSV parser. With the <code>csv=true</code> option, it's possible to have
double-quoted fields, which may contain commas; then trailing commas become
significant as well.</p>
<p>Spreadsheet programs are not always the best tool to
process such data, strange as this might seem to some people. This is a toy CSV
file; to appreciate the problem, imagine thousands of rows and dozens of columns
like this:</p>
<pre>
Department Name,Employee ID,Project,Hours Booked
sales,<span class="number">1231</span>,overhead,<span class="number">4</span>
sales,<span class="number">1255</span>,overhead,<span class="number">3</span>
engineering,<span class="number">1501</span>,development,<span class="number">5</span>
engineering,<span class="number">1501</span>,maintenance,<span class="number">3</span>
engineering,<span class="number">1433</span>,maintenance,<span class="number">10</span>
</pre>
<p>The task is to reduce the dataset to a relevant set of rows and columns, perhaps
do some processing on row data, and write the result out to a new CSV file. The
<a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#Data.write_row">write_row</a> method uses the delimiter to write the row to a file;
<code>Data.select_row</code> is like <code>Data.select</code>, except it iterates over <em>rows</em>, not
fields; this is necessary if we are dealing with a lot of columns!</p>
<pre>
names = {[<span class="number">1501</span>]=<span class="string">'don'</span>,[<span class="number">1433</span>]=<span class="string">'dilbert'</span>}
keepcols = {<span class="string">'Employee_ID'</span>,<span class="string">'Hours_Booked'</span>}
t:<span class="function-name">write_row</span> (outf,{<span class="string">'Employee'</span>,<span class="string">'Hours_Booked'</span>})
q = t:<span class="function-name">select_row</span> {
fields=keepcols,
where=<span class="keyword">function</span>(row) <span class="keyword">return</span> row[<span class="number">1</span>]==<span class="string">'engineering'</span> <span class="keyword">end</span>
}
<span class="keyword">for</span> row <span class="keyword">in</span> q <span class="keyword">do</span>
row[<span class="number">1</span>] = names[row[<span class="number">1</span>]]
t:<span class="function-name">write_row</span>(outf,row)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p><code>Data.select_row</code> and <code>Data.select</code> can be passed a table specifying the query; a
list of field names, a function defining the condition and an optional parameter
<code>sort_by</code>. It isn't really necessary here, but if we had a more complicated row
condition (such as belonging to a specified set) then it is not generally
possible to express such a condition as a query string, without resorting to
hackery such as global variables.</p>
<p>With 1.0.3, you can specify explicit conversion functions for selected columns.
For instance, this is a log file with a Unix date stamp:</p>
<pre>
Time Message
<span class="number">1266840760</span> +# EE7C0600006F0D00C00F06010302054000000308010A00002B00407B00
<span class="number">1266840760</span> closure data <span class="number">0.000000</span> <span class="number">1972</span> <span class="number">1972</span> <span class="number">0</span>
<span class="number">1266840760</span> ++ <span class="number">1266840760</span> EE <span class="number">1</span>
<span class="number">1266840760</span> +# EE7C0600006F0D00C00F06010302054000000408020A00002B00407B00
<span class="number">1266840764</span> closure data <span class="number">0.000000</span> <span class="number">1972</span> <span class="number">1972</span> <span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>We would like the first column as an actual date object, so the <code>convert</code>
field sets an explicit conversion for column 1. (Note that we have to explicitly
convert the string to a number first.)</p>
<pre>
Date = <span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl.Date'</span>
<span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="function-name">date_convert</span> (ds)
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="function-name">Date</span>(<span class="global">tonumber</span>(ds))
<span class="keyword">end</span>
d = data.<span class="function-name">read</span>(f,{convert={[<span class="number">1</span>]=date_convert},last_field_collect=<span class="keyword">true</span>})
</pre>
<p>This gives us a two-column dataset, where the first column contains <a href="../classes/pl.Date.html#">Date</a> objects
and the second column contains the rest of the line. Queries can then easily
pick out events on a day of the week:</p>
<pre>
q = d:<span class="global">select</span> <span class="string">"Time,Message where Time:weekday_name()=='Sun'"</span>
</pre>
<p>Data does not have to come from files, nor does it necessarily come from the lab
or the accounts department. On Linux, <code>ps aux</code> gives you a full listing of all
processes running on your machine. It is straightforward to feed the output of
this command into <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">data.read</a> and perform useful queries on it. Notice that
non-identifier characters like '%' get converted into underscores:</p>
<pre>
<span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
f = <span class="global">io</span>.<span class="function-name">popen</span> <span class="string">'ps aux'</span>
s = data.<span class="function-name">read</span> (f,{last_field_collect=<span class="keyword">true</span>})
f:<span class="function-name">close</span>()
<span class="global">print</span>(s.fieldnames)
<span class="global">print</span>(s:<span class="function-name">column_by_name</span> <span class="string">'USER'</span>)
qs = <span class="string">'COMMAND,_MEM where _MEM > 5 and USER=="steve"'</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> name,mem <span class="keyword">in</span> s:<span class="global">select</span>(qs) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="global">print</span>(mem,name)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>I've always been an admirer of the AWK programming language; with <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#filter">filter</a> you
can get Lua programs which are just as compact:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- printxy.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
data.<span class="function-name">filter</span> <span class="string">'x,y where x > 3'</span>
</pre>
<p>It is common enough to have data files without headers of field names.
<a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">data.read</a> makes a special exception for such files if all fields are numeric.
Since there are no column names to use in query expressions, you can use AWK-like
column indexes, e.g. '$1,$2 where $1 > 3'. I have a little executable script on
my system called <code>lf</code> which looks like this:</p>
<pre>
#!/usr/bin/env lua
<span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl.data'</span>.<span class="function-name">filter</span>(arg[<span class="number">1</span>])
</pre>
<p>And it can be used generally as a filter command to extract columns from data.
(The column specifications may be expressions or even constants.)</p>
<pre>
$ <span class="function-name">lf</span> <span class="string">'$1,$5/10'</span> < test.dat
</pre>
<p>(As with AWK, please note the single-quotes used in this command; this prevents
the shell trying to expand the column indexes. If you are on Windows, then you
must quote the expression in double-quotes so
it is passed as one argument to your batch file.)</p>
<p>As a tutorial resource, have a look at <a href="../examples/test-data.lua.html#">test-data.lua</a> in the PL tests directory
for other examples of use, plus comments.</p>
<p>The data returned by <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">read</a> or constructed by <code>Data.copy_select</code> from a query is
basically just an array of rows: <code>{{1,2},{3,4}}</code>. So you may use <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">read</a> to pull
in any array-like dataset, and process with any function that expects such a
implementation. In particular, the functions in <a href="../libraries/pl.array2d.html#">array2d</a> will work fine with
this data. In fact, these functions are available as methods; e.g.
<a href="../libraries/pl.array2d.html#flatten">array2d.flatten</a> can be called directly like so to give us a one-dimensional list:</p>
<pre>
v = data.<span class="function-name">read</span>(<span class="string">'dat.txt'</span>):<span class="function-name">flatten</span>()
</pre>
<p>The data is also in exactly the right shape to be treated as matrices by
<a href="http://lua-users.org/wiki/LuaMatrix">LuaMatrix</a>:</p>
<pre>
> matrix = <span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'matrix'</span>
> m = <span class="function-name">matrix</span>(data.<span class="function-name">read</span> <span class="string">'mat.txt'</span>)
> = m
<span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">0.2</span> <span class="number">0.3</span>
<span class="number">0.2</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">0.1</span>
<span class="number">0.1</span> <span class="number">0.2</span> <span class="number">1</span>
> = m^<span class="number">2</span> <span class="comment">-- same as m*m
</span><span class="number">1.07</span> <span class="number">0.46</span> <span class="number">0.62</span>
<span class="number">0.41</span> <span class="number">1.06</span> <span class="number">0.26</span>
<span class="number">0.24</span> <span class="number">0.42</span> <span class="number">1.05</span>
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#write">write</a> will write matrices back to files for you.</p>
<p>Finally, for the curious, the global variable <code>_DEBUG</code> can be used to print out
the actual iterator function which a query generates and dynamically compiles. By
using code generation, we can get pretty much optimal performance out of
arbitrary queries.</p>
<pre>
> lua -lpl -<span class="function-name">e</span> <span class="string">"_DEBUG=true"</span> -<span class="function-name">e</span> <span class="string">"data.filter 'x,y where x > 4 sort by x'"</span> < test.txt
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">function</span> (t)
<span class="keyword">local</span> i = <span class="number">0</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> v
<span class="keyword">local</span> ls = {}
<span class="keyword">for</span> i,v <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">ipairs</span>(t) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> v[<span class="number">1</span>] > <span class="number">4</span> <span class="keyword">then</span>
ls[#ls+<span class="number">1</span>] = v
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="global">table</span>.<span class="function-name">sort</span>(ls,<span class="keyword">function</span>(v1,v2)
<span class="keyword">return</span> v1[<span class="number">1</span>] < v2[<span class="number">1</span>]
<span class="keyword">end</span>)
<span class="keyword">local</span> n = #ls
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">function</span>()
i = i + <span class="number">1</span>
v = ls[i]
<span class="keyword">if</span> i > n <span class="keyword">then</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> v[<span class="number">1</span>],v[<span class="number">2</span>]
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="number">10</span>,<span class="number">20</span>
<span class="number">40</span>,<span class="number">50</span>
</pre>
<p><a name="Reading_Configuration_Files"></a></p>
<h3>Reading Configuration Files</h3>
<p>The <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#">config</a> module provides a simple way to convert several kinds of
configuration files into a Lua table. Consider the simple example:</p>
<pre>
# test.config
# Read timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
read.timeout=<span class="number">10</span>
# Write timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
write.timeout=<span class="number">5</span>
#acceptable ports
ports = <span class="number">1002</span>,<span class="number">1003</span>,<span class="number">1004</span>
</pre>
<p>This can be easily brought in using <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> and the result shown using
<a href="../libraries/pl.pretty.html#write">pretty.write</a>:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- readconfig.lua
</span><span class="keyword">local</span> config = <span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl.config'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> pretty= <span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl.pretty'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> t = config.<span class="function-name">read</span>(arg[<span class="number">1</span>])
<span class="global">print</span>(pretty.<span class="function-name">write</span>(t))
</pre>
<p>and the output of <code>lua readconfig.lua test.config</code> is:</p>
<pre>
{
ports = {
<span class="number">1002</span>,
<span class="number">1003</span>,
<span class="number">1004</span>
},
write_timeout = <span class="number">5</span>,
read_timeout = <span class="number">10</span>
}
</pre>
<p>That is, <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> will bring in all key/value pairs, ignore # comments, and
ensure that the key names are proper Lua identifiers by replacing non-identifier
characters with '_'. If the values are numbers, then they will be converted. (So
the value of <code>t.write_timeout</code> is the number 5). In addition, any values which
are separated by commas will be converted likewise into an array.</p>
<p>Any line can be continued with a backslash. So this will all be considered one
line:</p>
<pre>
names=one,two,three, \
four,five,six,seven, \
eight,nine,ten
</pre>
<p>Windows-style INI files are also supported. The section structure of INI files
translates naturally to nested tables in Lua:</p>
<pre>
; test.ini
[timeouts]
read=<span class="number">10</span> ; Read timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
write=<span class="number">5</span> ; Write timeout <span class="keyword">in</span> seconds
[portinfo]
ports = <span class="number">1002</span>,<span class="number">1003</span>,<span class="number">1004</span>
</pre>
<p> The output is:</p>
<pre>
{
portinfo = {
ports = {
<span class="number">1002</span>,
<span class="number">1003</span>,
<span class="number">1004</span>
}
},
timeouts = {
write = <span class="number">5</span>,
read = <span class="number">10</span>
}
}
</pre>
<p>You can now refer to the write timeout as <code>t.timeouts.write</code>.</p>
<p>As a final example of the flexibility of <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a>, if passed this simple
comma-delimited file</p>
<pre>
one,two,three
<span class="number">10</span>,<span class="number">20</span>,<span class="number">30</span>
<span class="number">40</span>,<span class="number">50</span>,<span class="number">60</span>
<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">3</span>
</pre>
<p>it will produce the following table:</p>
<pre>
{
{ <span class="string">"one"</span>, <span class="string">"two"</span>, <span class="string">"three"</span> },
{ <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="number">30</span> },
{ <span class="number">40</span>, <span class="number">50</span>, <span class="number">60</span> },
{ <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span> }
}
</pre>
<p><a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> isn't designed to read all CSV files in general, but intended to
support some Unix configuration files not structured as key-value pairs, such as
'/etc/passwd'.</p>
<p>This function is intended to be a Swiss Army Knife of configuration readers, but
it does have to make assumptions, and you may not like them. So there is an
optional extra parameter which allows some control, which is table that may have
the following fields:</p>
<pre>
{
variablilize = <span class="keyword">true</span>,
convert_numbers = <span class="global">tonumber</span>,
trim_space = <span class="keyword">true</span>,
list_delim = <span class="string">','</span>,
trim_quotes = <span class="keyword">true</span>,
ignore_assign = <span class="keyword">false</span>,
keysep = <span class="string">'='</span>,
smart = <span class="keyword">false</span>,
}
</pre>
<p><code>variablilize</code> is the option that converted <code>write.timeout</code> in the first example
to the valid Lua identifier <code>write_timeout</code>. If <code>convert_numbers</code> is true, then
an attempt is made to convert any string that starts like a number. You can
specify your own function (say one that will convert a string like '5224 kb' into
a number.)</p>
<p><code>trim_space</code> ensures that there is no starting or trailing whitespace with
values, and <code>list_delim</code> is the character that will be used to decide whether to
split a value up into a list (it may be a Lua string pattern such as '%s+'.)</p>
<p>For instance, the password file in Unix is colon-delimited:</p>
<pre>
t = config.<span class="function-name">read</span>(<span class="string">'/etc/passwd'</span>,{list_delim=<span class="string">':'</span>})
</pre>
<p>This produces the following output on my system (only last two lines shown):</p>
<pre>
{
...
{
<span class="string">"user"</span>,
<span class="string">"x"</span>,
<span class="string">"1000"</span>,
<span class="string">"1000"</span>,
<span class="string">"user,,,"</span>,
<span class="string">"/home/user"</span>,
<span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>
},
{
<span class="string">"sdonovan"</span>,
<span class="string">"x"</span>,
<span class="string">"1001"</span>,
<span class="string">"1001"</span>,
<span class="string">"steve donovan,28,,"</span>,
<span class="string">"/home/sdonovan"</span>,
<span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>
}
}
</pre>
<p>You can get this into a more sensible format, where the usernames are the keys,
with this (the <a href="../libraries/pl.tablex.html#pairmap">tablex.pairmap</a> function must return value, key!)</p>
<pre>
t = tablex.<span class="function-name">pairmap</span>(<span class="keyword">function</span>(k,v) <span class="keyword">return</span> v,v[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="keyword">end</span>,t)
</pre>
<p>and you get:</p>
<pre>
{ ...
sdonovan = {
<span class="string">"sdonovan"</span>,
<span class="string">"x"</span>,
<span class="string">"1001"</span>,
<span class="string">"1001"</span>,
<span class="string">"steve donovan,28,,"</span>,
<span class="string">"/home/sdonovan"</span>,
<span class="string">"/bin/bash"</span>
}
...
}
</pre>
<p>Many common Unix configuration files can be read by tweaking these parameters.
For <code>/etc/fstab</code>, the options <code>{list_delim='%s+',ignore_assign=true}</code> will
correctly separate the columns. It's common to find 'KEY VALUE' assignments in
files such as <code>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</code>; the options <code>{keysep=' '}</code> make
<a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> return a table where each KEY has a value VALUE.</p>
<p>Files in the Linux <code>procfs</code> usually use ':` as the field delimiter:</p>
<pre>
> t = config.<span class="function-name">read</span>(<span class="string">'/proc/meminfo'</span>,{keysep=<span class="string">':'</span>})
> = t.MemFree
<span class="number">220140</span> kB
</pre>
<p>That result is a string, since <a href="https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</a> doesn't like it, but defining the
<code>convert_numbers</code> option as `function(s) return tonumber((s:gsub(' kB$','')))
end` will get the memory figures as actual numbers in the result. (The extra
parentheses are necessary so that <a href="https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</a> only gets the first result from
<code>gsub</code>). From `tests/test-config.lua':</p>
<pre>
<span class="function-name">testconfig</span>(<span class="string">[[
MemTotal: 1024748 kB
MemFree: 220292 kB
]]</span>,
{ MemTotal = <span class="number">1024748</span>, MemFree = <span class="number">220292</span> },
{
keysep = <span class="string">':'</span>,
convert_numbers = <span class="keyword">function</span>(s)
s = s:<span class="function-name">gsub</span>(<span class="string">' kB$'</span>,<span class="string">''</span>)
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="global">tonumber</span>(s)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
}
)
</pre>
<p>The <code>smart</code> option lets <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> make a reasonable guess for you; there
are examples in <code>tests/test-config.lua</code>, but basically these common file
formats (and those following the same pattern) can be processed directly in
smart mode: 'etc/fstab', '/proc/XXXX/status', 'ssh_config' and 'pdatedb.conf'.</p>
<p>Please note that <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#read">config.read</a> can be passed a <em>file-like object</em>; if it's not a
string and supports the <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#read">read</a> method, then that will be used. For instance, to
read a configuration from a string, use <a href="../libraries/pl.stringio.html#open">stringio.open</a>.</p>
<p><a id="lexer"/></p>
<p><a name="Lexical_Scanning"></a></p>
<h3>Lexical Scanning</h3>
<p>Although Lua's string pattern matching is very powerful, there are times when
something more powerful is needed. <a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html#scan">pl.lexer.scan</a> provides lexical scanners
which <em>tokenize</em> a string, classifying tokens into numbers, strings, etc.</p>
<pre>
> lua -lpl
Lua <span class="number">5.1</span>.<span class="number">4</span> <span class="function-name">Copyright</span> (C) <span class="number">1994</span>-<span class="number">2008</span> Lua.org, PUC-Rio
> tok = lexer.<span class="function-name">scan</span> <span class="string">'alpha = sin(1.5)'</span>
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
iden alpha
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
= =
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
iden sin
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
( (
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
number <span class="number">1.5</span>
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
) )
> = <span class="function-name">tok</span>()
(<span class="keyword">nil</span>)
</pre>
<p>The scanner is a function, which is repeatedly called and returns the <em>type</em> and
<em>value</em> of the token. Recognized basic types are 'iden','string','number', and
'space'. and everything else is represented by itself. Note that by default the
scanner will skip any 'space' tokens.</p>
<p>'comment' and 'keyword' aren't applicable to the plain scanner, which is not
language-specific, but a scanner which understands Lua is available. It
recognizes the Lua keywords, and understands both short and long comments and
strings.</p>
<pre>
> <span class="keyword">for</span> t,v <span class="keyword">in</span> lexer.<span class="function-name">lua</span> <span class="string">'for i=1,n do'</span> <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="global">print</span>(t,v) <span class="keyword">end</span>
keyword <span class="keyword">for</span>
iden i
= =
number <span class="number">1</span>
, ,
iden n
keyword <span class="keyword">do</span>
</pre>
<p>A lexical scanner is useful where you have highly-structured data which is not
nicely delimited by newlines. For example, here is a snippet of a in-house file
format which it was my task to maintain:</p>
<pre>
<span class="function-name">points</span>
(<span class="number">818344.1</span>,-<span class="number">20389.7</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818337.9</span>,-<span class="number">20389.3</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818332.5</span>,-<span class="number">20387.8</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>)
,(<span class="number">818327.4</span>,-<span class="number">20388</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818322</span>,-<span class="number">20387.7</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818316.3</span>,-<span class="number">20388.6</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>)
,(<span class="number">818309.7</span>,-<span class="number">20389.4</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818303.5</span>,-<span class="number">20390.6</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818295.8</span>,-<span class="number">20388.3</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>)
,(<span class="number">818290.5</span>,-<span class="number">20386.9</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818285.2</span>,-<span class="number">20386.1</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818279.3</span>,-<span class="number">20383.6</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>)
,(<span class="number">818274</span>,-<span class="number">20381.2</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>),(<span class="number">818274</span>,-<span class="number">20380.7</span>,-<span class="number">0.1</span>);
</pre>
<p>Here is code to extract the points using <a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html#">pl.lexer</a>:</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- assume 's' contains the text above...
</span><span class="keyword">local</span> lexer = <span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl.lexer'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> expecting = lexer.expecting
<span class="keyword">local</span> append = <span class="global">table</span>.insert
<span class="keyword">local</span> tok = lexer.<span class="function-name">scan</span>(s)
<span class="keyword">local</span> points = {}
<span class="keyword">local</span> t,v = <span class="function-name">tok</span>() <span class="comment">-- should be 'iden','points'
</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> t ~= <span class="string">';'</span> <span class="keyword">do</span>
c = {}
<span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">'('</span>)
c.x = <span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">'number'</span>)
<span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">','</span>)
c.y = <span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">'number'</span>)
<span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">','</span>)
c.z = <span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">'number'</span>)
<span class="function-name">expecting</span>(tok,<span class="string">')'</span>)
t,v = <span class="function-name">tok</span>() <span class="comment">-- either ',' or ';'
</span> <span class="function-name">append</span>(points,c)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>The <code>expecting</code> function grabs the next token and if the type doesn't match, it
throws an error. (<a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html#">pl.lexer</a>, unlike other PL libraries, raises errors if
something goes wrong, so you should wrap your code in <a href="https://www.lua.org/manual/5.4/manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</a> to catch the error
gracefully.)</p>
<p>The scanners all have a second optional argument, which is a table which controls
whether you want to exclude spaces and/or comments. The default for <a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html#lua">lexer.lua</a>
is <code>{space=true,comments=true}</code>. There is a third optional argument which
determines how string and number tokens are to be processed.</p>
<p>The ultimate highly-structured data is of course, program source. Here is a
snippet from 'text-lexer.lua':</p>
<pre>
<span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
lines = <span class="string">[[
for k,v in pairs(t) do
if type(k) == 'number' then
print(v) -- array-like case
else
print(k,v)
end
end
]]</span>
ls = <span class="function-name">List</span>()
<span class="keyword">for</span> tp,val <span class="keyword">in</span> lexer.<span class="function-name">lua</span>(lines,{space=<span class="keyword">true</span>,comments=<span class="keyword">true</span>}) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="global">assert</span>(tp ~= <span class="string">'space'</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> tp ~= <span class="string">'comment'</span>)
<span class="keyword">if</span> tp == <span class="string">'keyword'</span> <span class="keyword">then</span> ls:<span class="function-name">append</span>(val) <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
test.<span class="function-name">asserteq</span>(ls,<span class="function-name">List</span>{<span class="string">'for'</span>,<span class="string">'in'</span>,<span class="string">'do'</span>,<span class="string">'if'</span>,<span class="string">'then'</span>,<span class="string">'else'</span>,<span class="string">'end'</span>,<span class="string">'end'</span>})
</pre>
<p>Here is a useful little utility that identifies all common global variables found
in a lua module (ignoring those declared locally for the moment):</p>
<pre>
<span class="comment">-- testglobal.lua
</span><span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> txt,err = utils.<span class="function-name">readfile</span>(arg[<span class="number">1</span>])
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> txt <span class="keyword">then</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="global">print</span>(err) <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> globals = <span class="function-name">List</span>()
<span class="keyword">for</span> t,v <span class="keyword">in</span> lexer.<span class="function-name">lua</span>(txt) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> t == <span class="string">'iden'</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> _G[v] <span class="keyword">then</span>
globals:<span class="function-name">append</span>(v)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span>(seq.<span class="function-name">count_map</span>(globals))
</pre>
<p>Rather then dumping the whole list, with its duplicates, we pass it through
<a href="../libraries/pl.seq.html#count_map">seq.count_map</a> which turns the list into a table where the keys are the values,
and the associated values are the number of times those values occur in the
sequence. Typical output looks like this:</p>
<pre>
{
<span class="global">type</span> = <span class="number">2</span>,
<span class="global">pairs</span> = <span class="number">2</span>,
<span class="global">table</span> = <span class="number">2</span>,
<span class="global">print</span> = <span class="number">3</span>,
<span class="global">tostring</span> = <span class="number">2</span>,
<span class="global">require</span> = <span class="number">1</span>,
<span class="global">ipairs</span> = <span class="number">4</span>
}
</pre>
<p>You could further pass this through <a href="../libraries/pl.tablex.html#keys">tablex.keys</a> to get a unique list of
symbols. This can be useful when writing 'strict' Lua modules, where all global
symbols must be defined as locals at the top of the file.</p>
<p>For a more detailed use of <a href="../libraries/pl.lexer.html#scan">lexer.scan</a>, please look at <a href="../examples/testxml.lua.html#">testxml.lua</a> in the
examples directory.</p>
<p><a name="XML"></a></p>
<h3>XML</h3>
<p>New in the 0.9.7 release is some support for XML. This is a large topic, and
Penlight does not provide a full XML stack, which is properly the task of a more
specialized library.</p>
<h4>Parsing and Pretty-Printing</h4>
<p>The semi-standard XML parser in the Lua universe is <a href="http://matthewwild.co.uk/projects/luaexpat/">lua-expat</a>.
In particular,
it has a function called <code>lxp.lom.parse</code> which will parse XML into the Lua Object
Model (LOM) format. However, it does not provide a way to convert this data back
into XML text. <a href="../libraries/pl.xml.html#parse">xml.parse</a> will use this function, <em>if</em> <code>lua-expat</code> is
available, and otherwise switches back to a pure Lua parser originally written by
Roberto Ierusalimschy.</p>
<p>The resulting document object knows how to render itself as a string, which is
useful for debugging:</p>
<pre>
> d = xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span> <span class="string">"<nodes><node id='1'>alice</node></nodes>"</span>
> = d
<nodes><node id=<span class="string">'1'</span>>alice</node></nodes>
> pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span> (d)
{
{
<span class="string">"alice"</span>,
attr = {
<span class="string">"id"</span>,
id = <span class="string">"1"</span>
},
tag = <span class="string">"node"</span>
},
attr = {
},
tag = <span class="string">"nodes"</span>
}
</pre>
<p>Looking at the actual shape of the data reveals the structure of LOM:</p>
<ul>
<li>every element has a <code>tag</code> field with its name</li>
<li>plus a <code>attr</code> field which is a table containing the attributes as fields, and
also as an array. It is always present.</li>
<li>the children of the element are the array part of the element, so <code>d[1]</code> is
the first child of <code>d</code>, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>It could be argued that having attributes also as the array part of <code>attr</code> is not
essential (you cannot depend on attribute order in XML) but that's how
it goes with this standard.</p>
<p><code>lua-expat</code> is another <em>soft dependency</em> of Penlight; generally, the fallback
parser is good enough for straightforward XML as is commonly found in
configuration files, etc. <code>doc.basic_parse</code> is not intended to be a proper
conforming parser (it's only sixty lines) but it handles simple kinds of
documents that do not have comments or DTD directives. It is intelligent enough
to ignore the <code><?xml</code> directive and that is about it.</p>
<p>You can get pretty-printing by explicitly calling <a href="../libraries/pl.xml.html#tostring">xml.tostring</a> and passing it
the initial indent and the per-element indent:</p>
<pre>
> = xml.<span class="global">tostring</span>(d,<span class="string">''</span>,<span class="string">' '</span>)
<nodes>
<node id=<span class="string">'1'</span>>alice</node>
</nodes>
</pre>
<p>There is a fourth argument which is the <em>attribute indent</em>:</p>
<pre>
> a = xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span> <span class="string">"<frodo name='baggins' age='50' type='hobbit'/>"</span>
> = xml.<span class="global">tostring</span>(a,<span class="string">''</span>,<span class="string">' '</span>,<span class="string">' '</span>)
<frodo
<span class="global">type</span>=<span class="string">'hobbit'</span>
name=<span class="string">'baggins'</span>
age=<span class="string">'50'</span>
/>
</pre>
<h4>Parsing and Working with Configuration Files</h4>
<p>It's common to find configurations expressed with XML these days. It's
straightforward to 'walk' the <a href="http://matthewwild.co.uk/projects/luaexpat/lom.html">LOM</a>
data and extract the data in the form you want:</p>
<pre>
<span class="global">require</span> <span class="string">'pl'</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> config = <span class="string">[[
<config>
<alpha>1.3</alpha>
<beta>10</beta>
<name>bozo</name>
</config>
]]</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> d,err = xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span>(config)
<span class="keyword">local</span> t = {}
<span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> d:<span class="function-name">childtags</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
t[item.tag] = item[<span class="number">1</span>]
<span class="keyword">end</span>
pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span>(t)
<span class="comment">--->
</span>{
beta = <span class="string">"10"</span>,
alpha = <span class="string">"1.3"</span>,
name = <span class="string">"bozo"</span>
}
</pre>
<p>The only gotcha is that here we must use the <code>Doc:childtags</code> method, which will
skip over any text elements.</p>
<p>A more involved example is this excerpt from <code>serviceproviders.xml</code>, which is
usually found at <code>/usr/share/mobile-broadband-provider-info/serviceproviders.xml</code>
on Debian/Ubuntu Linux systems.</p>
<pre>
d = xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span> <span class="string">[[
<serviceproviders format="2.0">
...
<country code="za">
<provider>
<name>Cell-c</name>
<gsm>
<network-id mcc="655" mnc="07"/>
<apn value="internet">
<username>Cellcis</username>
<dns>196.7.0.138</dns>
<dns>196.7.142.132</dns>
</apn>
</gsm>
</provider>
<provider>
<name>MTN</name>
<gsm>
<network-id mcc="655" mnc="10"/>
<apn value="internet">
<dns>196.11.240.241</dns>
<dns>209.212.97.1</dns>
</apn>
</gsm>
</provider>
<provider>
<name>Vodacom</name>
<gsm>
<network-id mcc="655" mnc="01"/>
<apn value="internet">
<dns>196.207.40.165</dns>
<dns>196.43.46.190</dns>
</apn>
<apn value="unrestricted">
<name>Unrestricted</name>
<dns>196.207.32.69</dns>
<dns>196.43.45.190</dns>
</apn>
</gsm>
</provider>
<provider>
<name>Virgin Mobile</name>
<gsm>
<apn value="vdata">
<dns>196.7.0.138</dns>
<dns>196.7.142.132</dns>
</apn>
</gsm>
</provider>
</country>
....
</serviceproviders>
]]</span>
</pre>
<p>Getting the names of the providers per-country is straightforward:</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">local</span> t = {}
<span class="keyword">for</span> country <span class="keyword">in</span> d:<span class="function-name">childtags</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> providers = {}
t[country.attr.code] = providers
<span class="keyword">for</span> provider <span class="keyword">in</span> country:<span class="function-name">childtags</span>() <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="global">table</span>.<span class="function-name">insert</span>(providers,provider:<span class="function-name">child_with_name</span>(<span class="string">'name'</span>):<span class="function-name">get_text</span>())
<span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span>(t)
<span class="comment">-->
</span>{
za = {
<span class="string">"Cell-c"</span>,
<span class="string">"MTN"</span>,
<span class="string">"Vodacom"</span>,
<span class="string">"Virgin Mobile"</span>
}
....
}
</pre>
<h4>Generating XML with 'xmlification'</h4>
<p>This feature is inspired by the <code>htmlify</code> function used by
<a href="http://keplerproject.github.com/orbit/">Orbit</a> to simplify HTML generation,
except that no function environment magic is used; the <code>tags</code> function returns a
set of <em>constructors</em> for elements of the given tag names.</p>
<pre>
> nodes, node = xml.<span class="function-name">tags</span> <span class="string">'nodes, node'</span>
> = <span class="function-name">node</span> <span class="string">'alice'</span>
<node>alice</node>
> = <span class="function-name">nodes</span> { <span class="function-name">node</span> {id=<span class="string">'1'</span>,<span class="string">'alice'</span>}}
<nodes><node id=<span class="string">'1'</span>>alice</node></nodes>
</pre>
<p>The flexibility of Lua tables is very useful here, since both the attributes and
the children of an element can be encoded naturally. The argument to these tag
constructors is either a single value (like a string) or a table where the
attributes are the named keys and the children are the array values.</p>
<h4>Generating XML using Templates</h4>
<p>A template is a little XML document which contains dollar-variables. The <code>subst</code>
method on a document is fed an array of tables containing values for these
variables. Note how the parent tag name is specified:</p>
<pre>
> templ = xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span> <span class="string">"<node id='$id'>$name</node>"</span>
> = templ:<span class="function-name">subst</span> {tag=<span class="string">'nodes'</span>, {id=<span class="number">1</span>,name=<span class="string">'alice'</span>},{id=<span class="number">2</span>,name=<span class="string">'john'</span>}}
<nodes><node id=<span class="string">'1'</span>>alice</node><node id=<span class="string">'2'</span>>john</node></nodes>
</pre>
<p>Substitution is very related to <em>filtering</em> documents. One of the annoying things
about XML is that it is a document markup language first, and a data language
second. Standard parsers will assume you really care about all those extra
text elements. Consider this fragment, which has been changed by a five-year old:</p>
<pre>
T = <span class="string">[[
<weather>
boops!
<current_conditions>
<condition data='$condition'/>
<temp_c data='$temp'/>
<bo>whoops!</bo>
</current_conditions>
</weather>
]]</span>
</pre>
<p>Conformant parsers will give you text elements with the line feed after <code><current_conditions></code>
although it makes handling the data more irritating.</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">local</span> <span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="function-name">parse</span> (str)
<span class="keyword">return</span> xml.<span class="function-name">parse</span>(str,<span class="keyword">false</span>,<span class="keyword">true</span>)
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<p>Second argument means 'string, not file' and third argument means use the built-in
Lua parser (instead of LuaExpat if available) which <em>by default</em> is not interested in
keeping such strings.</p>
<p>How to remove the string <code>boops!</code>? <code>clone</code> (also called <a href="../libraries/pl.data.html#filter">filter</a> when called as a
method) copies a LOM document. It can be passed a filter function, which is applied
to each string found. The powerful thing about this is that this function receives
structural information - the parent node, and whether this was a tag name, a text
element or a attribute name:</p>
<pre>
d = <span class="function-name">parse</span> (T)
c = d:<span class="function-name">filter</span>(<span class="keyword">function</span>(s,kind,parent)
<span class="global">print</span>(stringx.<span class="function-name">strip</span>(s),kind,parent <span class="keyword">and</span> parent.tag <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">'?'</span>)
<span class="keyword">if</span> kind == <span class="string">'*TEXT'</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> #parent > <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">then</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">nil</span> <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> s
<span class="keyword">end</span>)
<span class="comment">--->
</span>weather *TAG ?
boops! *TEXT weather
current_conditions *TAG weather
condition *TAG current_conditions
$condition data condition
temp_c *TAG current_conditions
$temp data temp_c
bo *TAG current_conditions
whoops! *TEXT bo
</pre>
<p>We can pull out 'boops' and not 'whoops' by discarding text elements which are not
the single child of an element.</p>
<h4>Extracting Data using Templates</h4>
<p>Matching goes in the opposite direction. We have a document, and would like to
extract values from it using a pattern.</p>
<p>A common use of this is parsing the XML result of API queries. The
<a href="http://blog.programmableweb.com/2010/02/08/googles-secret-weather-api/">(undocumented and subsequently discontinued) Google Weather
API</a> is a
good example. Grabbing the result of
`http://www.google.com/ig/api?weather=Johannesburg,ZA" we get something like
this, after pretty-printing:</p>
<pre>
<xml_api_reply version=<span class="string">'1'</span>>
<weather module_id=<span class="string">'0'</span> tab_id=<span class="string">'0'</span> mobile_zipped=<span class="string">'1'</span> section=<span class="string">'0'</span> row=<span class="string">'0'</span>
</pre>
<p>mobile_row='0'></p>
<pre>
<forecast_information>
<city data=<span class="string">'Johannesburg, Gauteng'</span>/>
<postal_code data=<span class="string">'Johannesburg,ZA'</span>/>
<latitude_e6 data=<span class="string">''</span>/>
<longitude_e6 data=<span class="string">''</span>/>
<forecast_date data=<span class="string">'2010-10-02'</span>/>
<current_date_time data=<span class="string">'2010-10-02 18:30:00 +0000'</span>/>
<unit_system data=<span class="string">'US'</span>/>
</forecast_information>
<current_conditions>
<condition data=<span class="string">'Clear'</span>/>
<temp_f data=<span class="string">'75'</span>/>
<temp_c data=<span class="string">'24'</span>/>
<humidity data=<span class="string">'Humidity: 19%'</span>/>
<icon data=<span class="string">'/ig/images/weather/sunny.gif'</span>/>
<wind_condition data=<span class="string">'Wind: NW at 7 mph'</span>/>
</current_conditions>
<forecast_conditions>
<day_of_week data=<span class="string">'Sat'</span>/>
<low data=<span class="string">'60'</span>/>
<high data=<span class="string">'89'</span>/>
<icon data=<span class="string">'/ig/images/weather/sunny.gif'</span>/>
<condition data=<span class="string">'Clear'</span>/>
</forecast_conditions>
....
/weather>
l_api_reply>
</pre>
<p>Assume that the above XML has been read into <code>google</code>. The idea is to write a
pattern looking like a template, and use it to extract some values of interest:</p>
<pre>
t = <span class="string">[[
<weather>
<current_conditions>
<condition data='$condition'/>
<temp_c data='$temp'/>
</current_conditions>
</weather>
]]</span>
<span class="keyword">local</span> res, ret = google:<span class="function-name">match</span>(t)
pretty.<span class="function-name">dump</span>(res)
</pre>
<p>And the output is:</p>
<pre>
{
condition = <span class="string">"Clear"</span>,
temp = <span class="string">"24"</span>
}
</pre>
<p>The <code>match</code> method can be passed a LOM document or some text, which will be
parsed first.</p>
<p>But what if we need to extract values from repeated elements? Match templates may
contain 'array matches' which are enclosed in '{{..}}':</p>
<pre>
<weather>
{{<forecast_conditions>
<day_of_week data=<span class="string">'$day'</span>/>
<low data=<span class="string">'$low'</span>/>
<high data=<span class="string">'$high'</span>/>
<condition data=<span class="string">'$condition'</span>/>
</forecast_conditions>}}
</weather>
</pre>
<p>And the match result is:</p>
<pre>
{
{
low = <span class="string">"60"</span>,
high = <span class="string">"89"</span>,
day = <span class="string">"Sat"</span>,
condition = <span class="string">"Clear"</span>,
},
{
low = <span class="string">"53"</span>,
high = <span class="string">"86"</span>,
day = <span class="string">"Sun"</span>,
condition = <span class="string">"Clear"</span>,
},
{
low = <span class="string">"57"</span>,
high = <span class="string">"87"</span>,
day = <span class="string">"Mon"</span>,
condition = <span class="string">"Clear"</span>,
},
{
low = <span class="string">"60"</span>,
high = <span class="string">"84"</span>,
day = <span class="string">"Tue"</span>,
condition = <span class="string">"Clear"</span>,
}
}
</pre>
<p>With this array of tables, you can use <a href="../libraries/pl.tablex.html#">tablex</a> or <a href="../classes/pl.List.html#">List</a>
to reshape into the desired form, if you choose. Just as with reading a Unix password
file with <a href="../libraries/pl.config.html#">config</a>, you can make the array into a map of days to conditions using:</p>
<pre>
<span class="backtick"><a href="../libraries/pl.tablex.html#pairmap">tablex.pairmap</a></span>(<span class="string">'|k,v| v,v.day'</span>,conditions)
</pre>
<p>(Here using the alternative string lambda option)</p>
<p>However, xml matches can shape the structure of the output. By replacing the <code>day_of_week</code>
line of the template with <code><day_of_week data='$_'/></code> we get the same effect; <code>$_</code> is
a special symbol that means that this captured value (or simply <em>capture</em>) becomes the key.</p>
<p>Note that <code>$NUMBER</code> means a numerical index, so
that <code>$1</code> is the first element of the resulting array, and so forth. You can mix
numbered and named captures, but it's strongly advised to make the numbered captures
form a proper array sequence (everything from <code>1</code> to <code>n</code> inclusive). <code>$0</code> has a
special meaning; if it is the only capture (<code>{[0]='foo'}</code>) then the table is
collapsed into 'foo'.</p>
<pre>
<weather>
{{<forecast_conditions>
<day_of_week data=<span class="string">'$_'</span>/>
<low data=<span class="string">'$1'</span>/>
<high data=<span class="string">'$2'</span>/>
<condition data=<span class="string">'$3'</span>/>
</forecast_conditions>}}
</weather>
</pre>
<p>Now the result is:</p>
<pre>
{
Tue = {
<span class="string">"60"</span>,
<span class="string">"84"</span>,
<span class="string">"Clear"</span>
},
Sun = {
<span class="string">"53"</span>,
<span class="string">"86"</span>,
<span class="string">"Clear"</span>
},
Sat = {
<span class="string">"60"</span>,
<span class="string">"89"</span>,
<span class="string">"Clear"</span>
},
Mon = {
<span class="string">"57"</span>,
<span class="string">"87"</span>,
<span class="string">"Clear"</span>
}
}
</pre>
<p>Applying matches to this config file poses another problem, because the actual
tags matched are themselves meaningful.</p>
<pre>
<config>
<alpha><span class="number">1.3</span></alpha>
<beta><span class="number">10</span></beta>
<name>bozo</name>
</config>
</pre>
<p>So there are tag 'wildcards' which are element names ending with a hyphen.</p>
<pre>
<config>
{{<key->$value</key->}}
</config>
</pre>
<p>You will then get <code>{{alpha='1.3'},...}</code>. The most convenient format would be
returned by this (note that <code>_-</code> behaves just like <code>$_</code>):</p>
<pre>
<config>
{{<_->$<span class="number">0</span></_->}}
</config>
</pre>
<p>which would return <code>{alpha='1.3',beta='10',name='bozo'}</code>.</p>
<p>We could play this game endlessly, and encode ways of converting captures, but
the scheme is complex enough, and it's easy to do the conversion later</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">local</span> numbers = {alpha=<span class="keyword">true</span>,beta=<span class="keyword">true</span>}
<span class="keyword">for</span> k,v <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="global">pairs</span>(res) <span class="keyword">do</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> numbers[v] <span class="keyword">then</span> res[k] = <span class="global">tonumber</span>(v) <span class="keyword">end</span>
<span class="keyword">end</span>
</pre>
<h4>HTML Parsing</h4>
<p>HTML is an unusually degenerate form of XML, and Dennis Schridde has contributed
a feature which makes parsing it easier. For instance, from the tests:</p>
<pre>
doc = xml.<span class="function-name">parsehtml</span> <span class="string">[[
<BODY>
Hello dolly<br>
HTML is <b>slack</b><br>
</BODY>
]]</span>
<span class="function-name">asserteq</span>(xml.<span class="global">tostring</span>(doc),<span class="string">[[
<body>
Hello dolly<br/>
HTML is <b>slack</b><br/></body>]]</span>)
</pre>
<p>That is, all tags are converted to lowercase, and empty HTML elements like <code>br</code>
are properly closed; attributes do not need to be quoted.</p>
<p>Also, DOCTYPE directives and comments are skipped. For truly badly formed HTML,
this is not the tool for you!</p>
</div> <!-- id="content" -->
</div> <!-- id="main" -->
<div id="about">
<i>generated by <a href="http://github.com/stevedonovan/LDoc">LDoc 1.5.0</a></i>
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