File: Linguistics.lyx

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#LyX 2.5 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 643
\begin_document
\begin_header
\save_transient_properties true
\origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Modules/
\textclass article
\begin_preamble
%% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
%\floatstyle{plaintop}
%\restylefloat{tableau}

% Backwards compatibility for forest 1.x
% If you use forest 2.0.1 or later, you can delete this
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  \@ifpackagelater{forest}{2016/02/20}{}{%
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      linguistics preamble/.style={sn edges, baseline, for tree={align=center}}
    }
    \preto\forest@do{%
      \forestOpreto{\forest@root}{given options}{linguistics preamble,}%
    }
  }
}{}

% Formatted references to (sub-)examples via prettyref
\newrefformat{lex}{example~(\ref{#1})}
\end_preamble
\use_default_options false
\begin_modules
linguistics
\end_modules
\maintain_unincluded_children no
\begin_local_layout
Counter examplei
	PrettyFormat         "Example|Examples ##"
End

Counter subexamplei
	PrettyFormat         "Example|Examples ##"
End
\end_local_layout
\language english
\language_package default
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\index Index
\shortcut idx
\color #008000
\end_index
\secnumdepth 3
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation indent
\paragraph_indentation default
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\math_numbering_side default
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\end_header

\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Jürgen Spitzmüller
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "spitz@lyx.org"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
\SpecialChar LyX
 v.
 2.5
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
 provides to linguists.
 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered examples,
 interlinear glosses,
 OT tableaux,
 semantic markup,
 structure trees,
 Discourse Representation Structures,
 and phonetic symbols (IPA).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Aims and Prerequisites
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Basically,
 this paper describes the features of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
 as of version 1.6.0.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Modules
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for any document.
 In order to use the Linguistics module,
 go to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Modules
\family default
,
 select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Linguistics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 from the list of available modules,
 and hit the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform me,
 if not).
 However,
 in order to use all the features,
 you need to have the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages installed:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
covington.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 This is the base package used for numbered examples,
 glosses and semantic markup.
 Note that at least version 2.11 of the covington package is required to use all features.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "covington"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
csquotes.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "csquotes"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 Needed for the 
\emph on
Meaning
\emph default
 character style and for glosses.
 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks,
 depending on the language in use.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "csquotes"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
drs.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "drs"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 Needed for 
\emph on
Discourse Representation Structures
\emph default
.
 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required if you use DRS with covington features.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "drs"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
float.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "float"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
 This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "float"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
forest.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 This package is used to generate structure trees.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "forest"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
pict2e.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "pict2e"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 Needed for 
\emph on
Duplex Condition DRS
\emph default
es.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "pict2e"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate

\emph on
varwidth.sty
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "varwidth"
literal "true"

\end_inset

:
 Needed by covington (as of version 2.11) for gloss comments.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Installed on your system:
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "package"
arg   "varwidth"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Numbered Examples
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
 There are three variants:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
This is a multiline example [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (multiline)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
it can have several paragraphs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
This is a single example
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "lex:single-example"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Numbered Example (consecutive)
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
This is a subexample
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "lex:subexample"

\end_inset

 [Style 
\emph on
Subexample
\emph default
]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subexample
And another one
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:numbering"

\end_inset

Numbering Examples and Equations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default,
 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 re-uses the 
\family typewriter
equation
\family default
 counter for examples,
 that is,
 mathematical equations and linguistic examples are numbered subsequently (which is also reflected in the \SpecialChar LyX
 workarea).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use both equations and examples and want to have separate numbering for each of them,
 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 provides the option 
\emph on
owncounter
\emph default
 which causes examples to use their own counter,
 
\family typewriter
covex
\family default
.
 In order to activate this,
 add to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Local Layout
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PackageOptions covington owncounter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Counter examplei
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
	LabelString          "(
\backslash
arabic{examplei})"
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
	StepOtherCounter      none
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Counter subexamplei
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
	LabelString  "(
\backslash
arabic{examplei}) (
\backslash
alph{subexamplei})"
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This separates the numbering of examples and equations both in the output and the workarea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Referring to Numbered Examples
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
References to examples are produced as usual:
 insert a label to the example and a cross-reference via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross references
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Simple references which only output the number look like this:
 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "lex:single-example"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "lex:subexample"

\end_inset

.
 If you want the numbers to be embraced in parentheses,
 as is the convention,
 select the parenthetical format instead:
 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "lex:single-example"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "lex:subexample"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For more convenient referencing,
 you can also use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

formatted references
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 that automatically add the 
\emph on
example
\emph default
 string and embrace the number in parentheses,
 as in 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand formatted
reference "lex:single-example"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
nolink "false"
tuple "list"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand formatted
reference "lex:subexample"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"
nolink "false"
tuple "list"

\end_inset

.
 However,
 as the cross-reference packages that are employed by \SpecialChar LyX
 to produce such references do not know 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
,
 you will need to add some preamble code to make this work,
 and the code depends on your choice in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator
Format Packages
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In what follows,
 we describe the necessary settings for English documents.
 If you write in a different language (or prefer other terminology),
 adapt the 
\emph on
example
\emph default
 strings in their different casing and number variant (
\emph on
examples
\emph default
,
 
\emph on
Example
\emph default
,
 
\emph on
Examples
\emph default
).
 For languages that always uppercase nouns (such as German),
 use uppercase variants in all cases:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
With 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

prettyref and varioref
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (which we use in this document),
 add:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
newrefformat{lex}{example~(
\backslash
ref{#1})}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the 
\emph on
prettyref
\emph default
 package is rather simple and supports no optional plural (
\emph on
examples
\emph default
) or uppercase (
\emph on
Example
\emph default
,
 
\emph on
Examples
\emph default
) variants (which you could otherwise select in the cross-references dialog or context menu).
 Also note that the definition depends on which prefix you use in your labels.
 The definition above assumes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lex:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

,
 which is the prefix automatically inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
 for linguistic examples and subexamples.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
With 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

refstyle and varioref
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (which is the default setting for new documents),
 add:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
newref{lex}{
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    name = {example~},
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    names = {examples~},
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    Name = {Example~},
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    Names = {Examples~},
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    refcmd = (
\backslash
ref{#1})
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As with 
\emph on
prettyref
\emph default
,
 the definition depends on which prefix you use in your labels.
 The definition above assumes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lex:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

,
 which is the prefix automatically inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
 for linguistic examples and subexamples.
 Other than 
\emph on
prettyref
\emph default
,
 
\emph on
refstyle
\emph default
 supports plural and uppercasing,
 both can be selected for individual references in the cross-references dialog or context menu.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
With 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cleveref and varioref
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

,
 add:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% We must load cleveref manually,
 as it needs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% to be loaded before covington!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
usepackage{cleveref}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
crefname{covex}{example}{examples}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
Crefname{covex}{Example}{Examples}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
creflabelformat{covex}{
\backslash
textup{(#2#1#3)}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
AddToHook{env/covsubexamples/begin}{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  
\backslash
crefalias{enumi}{covex}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% The following is not needed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% with option 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

owncounter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
AddToHook{env/covexamples/begin}{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  
\backslash
crefalias{equation}{covex}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Other than 
\emph on
prettyref
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
refstyle
\emph default
,
 
\emph on
cleveref
\emph default
 does not use the prefix to determine the references type,
 but the used \SpecialChar TeX
 counter.
 As elaborated above (
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand formatted
reference "subsec:numbering"

\end_inset

),
 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 re-uses the 
\family typewriter
equation
\family default
 counter for examples by default;
 for sub-examples,
 it is the 
\family typewriter
enumi
\family default
 (=
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

first-level enumeration) counter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you separate numbering for equations and examples as documented in 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand formatted
reference "subsec:numbering"

\end_inset

,
 you can omit the last part of the code (as indicated by the comment in the code).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Also,
 other than 
\emph on
refstyle
\emph default
 (but like
\emph on
 zref-clever
\emph default
),
 plural is not selected in the dialog or context menu,
 the package automatically chooses it if a reference points to multiple examples.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Finally,
 with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

zref-clever and zref-vario
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

,
 use this code:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
zcRefTypeSetup{covex}{
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  Name-sg = Example ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  name-sg = example ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  Name-pl = Examples ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  name-pl = examples ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  refbounds-first-sg = {,(,),} ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  refbounds = {(,,,)} ,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
AddToHook{env/covsubexs/begin}{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
   
\backslash
zcsetup{countertype={enumi=covex}}%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% The following is not needed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% with option 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

owncounter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
AddToHook{env/covexamples/begin}{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
  
\backslash
zcsetup{countertype={equation=covex}}%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As with 
\emph on
cleveref
\emph default
,
 the type is determined via counter.
 So if you separate example and equation numbering,
 you can omit the last part of the code.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that 
\emph on
zref-clever
\emph default
 provides support for even more variants (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.,
 different grammatical case such as genitive,
 dative,
 accusative,
 if these differ formally from the nominative,
 or optional abbreviated forms such as 
\emph on
ex
\emph default
.) which can also be used with \SpecialChar LyX
 via the custom options of the cross-reference dialog.
 Please refer to the 
\emph on
zref-clever
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "zref-clever"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details on how to include these in the above definitions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note,
 finally,
 that the 
\family typewriter

\backslash
AddToHook
\family default
 command used in some of the definitions is only available in fairly recent versions of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
If you want the formatted references also to appear that way in the workarea or cross-references dialog,
 add this to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Local Layout
\family default
 (as we have done for the current document):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Counter examplei
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    PrettyFormat 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Example|Examples ##
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Counter subexamplei
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
    PrettyFormat 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Example|Examples ##
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Adaptations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All example variants can be customized in many details via optional arguments.
 These can be inserted via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Examples options
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Subexamples options
\family default
,
 respectively.
 Please refer to the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For adjustments that should apply for the whole document,
 these options can be passed to the 
\family typewriter

\backslash
setexampleoptions
\family default
 macro (please use \SpecialChar TeX
 mode for this purpose).
 Again,
 please refer to the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the case of consecutive examples and subexamples,
 there are some more extra insets available:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
To modify the numbering of an individual example,
 you can use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Numbering
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
To add judgment markers (such as * or ?) to example sentences,
 use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Judgment
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
To add text that precedes an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data),
 use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator
Example Preamble
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Subexample Preamble.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
To add text that follows an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data),
 use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator
Example Postamble
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Subexample Postamble.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Please consult the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details on all these features.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Interlinear Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses,
 which can be inserted via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Inset
\family default
:
 
\emph on
Interlinear Gloss (2
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines)
\emph default
 provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair consisting of the original language representation and and interlinear,
 i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
 word-to-word translation) plus free translation,
 the 
\emph on
Interlinear Gloss (3
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines)
\emph default
 provides an additional gloss line (this third line is usually needed to give morphological or phonological information next to the gloss pair).
 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output,
 i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.,
 the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
 The original language representation (first line in the gloss) is input in the Gloss inset directly,
 the other information in specific sub-insets (
\family sans
Interlinear Gloss
\family default
 or with the 3-line-gloss 
\family sans
Interlinear Gloss (Line 1)
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Interlinear Gloss (Line 2)
\family default
,
 respectively,
 and 
\family sans
Gloss Translation
\family default
).
 \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically inserts these sub-insets if you insert a new gloss.
 They can also be inserted manually by means of 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Gloss Translation
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Interlinear Gloss
\family default
.
 It does not matter where you insert these sub-insets,
 they are always printed in the right order.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Optionally,
 you can also insert comments to the example sentence or each of the gloss lines via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Sentence Comment
\family default
 (for the example sentence) or 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Gloss Comment
\family default
 (for the respective gloss line).
 These comments will be printed to the right of the respective line,
 again independently to where you have inserted them in the \SpecialChar LyX
 window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally you can also insert gloss options via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Gloss Options
\family default
.
 These options let you customize the line appearance,
 add example numbers or preceding text.
 Please refer to the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that the gloss support has been completely rewritten for \SpecialChar LyX
 2.4.
 It now uses the new and enhanced 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 (2.0) gloss macros.
 Due to the major changes,
 old glosses cannot be converted to the new style.
 Instead,
 the old insets are imported (and saved in the document as a 
\family sans
Local Layout
\family default
).
 Likewise,
 new gloss insets are converted to \SpecialChar TeX
 code if you export to a previous \SpecialChar LyX
 version.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example for a 
\emph on
two-line Gloss
\emph default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (2 Lines)
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
C'est     un exemple simple
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is
\end_layout

\end_inset

 an example simple
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:4
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is a simple example
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
GroupGlossedWords
\family default
 in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just put braces in TeX mode 
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout

\end_inset

around those words
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\end_inset

).
 Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
 work area;
 this will not affect the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a three-line gloss;
 the procedure is basically the same:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hoc est aliud exemplum
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:4
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is another  example
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:6
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is another example
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
fsii={
\backslash
normalfont
\backslash
scshape}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Note how we have used the gloss options here to make the second line be typeset in small caps.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you want to have numbered glosses,
 either insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph,
 as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
\begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller  Aale
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    skeertuig                   is  vol       palings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:4
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    hovercraft                 is 
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
full of
\end_layout

\end_inset

 eels
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:6
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Do you have matches?
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
or use the 
\emph on
ex
\emph default
 gloss option:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ex
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller  Aale
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    skeertuig                   is  vol       palings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:4
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
My    hovercraft                 is 
\begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
full of
\end_layout

\end_inset

 eels
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:6
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Do you have matches?
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Tips & Tricks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default,
 page breaks might occur within glosses,
 which is not desirable.
 You can avoid most of them by entering 
\emph on
noglossbreaks
\emph default
 to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar ldots
\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator
Class Options\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom
\family default
.
 If page breaks still occur,
 you can wrap the whole gloss into a box (via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
Frameless
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Footnotes in Glosses
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although you can insert a footnote in a 
\emph on
Glosse
\emph default
 inset,
 LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
 If you need footnotes,
 put 
\family typewriter

\backslash
footnotemark
\family default
 in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should appear,
 and
\family typewriter
 
\backslash
footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
\family default
,
 also in TeX mode,
 right behind the 
\emph on
Gloss
\emph default
 inset.
 If you need several footnotes,
 just insert multiple of these constructs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use the linguistics module with 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 presentations,
 there are some caveats:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you want to use glosses in 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
,
 you need to put it in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

fragile
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 frame.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Older versions of the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 package (before version 1.1) do not play with the 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 class out of the box,
 since both 
\emph on
beamer
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 try to define the commands 
\family typewriter

\backslash
example
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter

\backslash
examples
\family default
.
 In these older versions of 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
,
 this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 error.
 You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Local Layout
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Provides covington 1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
AddToPreamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
		
\backslash
let
\backslash
example
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
		
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexample
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
		
\backslash
let
\backslash
examples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
		
\backslash
let
\backslash
endexamples
\backslash
relax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
		
\backslash
usepackage{covington}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
EndPreamble
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Press 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

validate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

OK
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 This effectively defuncts 
\emph on
beamer's
\emph default
 example(s) environment in favor of 
\emph on
covington's
\emph default
 (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.,
 you can use the 
\family sans
Numbered Example
\family default
 styles,
 but not 
\emph on
beamer's
\emph default
 
\family sans
Example
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Examples
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As of v.
 1.1 of 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
,
 this problem is solved.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Optimality Theory Tableaux
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells,
 cf.
 the 
\emph on
EmbeddedObjects
\emph default
 manual).
 However,
 you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
 and you might want to have a 
\emph on
List of Tableaux
\emph default
,
 similar to the 
\emph on
List of Tables
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module provides support for both.
 In 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Floats
\family default
,
 you will find a Tableaux float:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float tableau
placement h
alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
/atikap/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Onset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
NoCoda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Dep
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\noun on
Max
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.ka
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
\end_inset

a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a.ti.kap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
*!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example Tableau
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that by default,
 the caption is always placed below the tableaux in the output,
 no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
 window.
 To get the Tableau captions on top,
 put the following code in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
floatstyle{plaintop}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use a KOMA class,
 use the following code instead:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
floatstyle{komaabove}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
restylefloat{tableau}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A List of Tableaux inset can be found in 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Lists & TOC
\family default
.
 It looks like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset FloatList tableau

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common in linguistics:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Concept (in small caps):
 
\begin_inset Flex Concepts
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
concept
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Expression (emphasized):
 
\begin_inset Flex Expression
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
expression
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Meaning (in single quotes):
 
\begin_inset Flex Meaning
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
meaning
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert the character styles via the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
 submenu.
 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later,
 you can redefine them in the preamble.
 To make expressions bold,
 for instance,
 insert:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
renewcommand
\backslash
lexp[1]{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similarly,
 concept (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lcon
\family default
) and meaning (
\family typewriter

\backslash
lmean
\family default
) can be modified.
 Please refer to the 
\emph on
covington
\emph default
 manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "covington"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Linguistic structure trees
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Meanwhile,
 many \SpecialChar LaTeX
 are available which help producing structure trees.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 supports the 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 package,
 which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input syntax.
 The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset,
 which can be inserted via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Inset
\family default
.
 Within this inset,
 you can insert the bracket notation used by 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 (and also by other similar packages such as 
\family sans
qtree
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a simple example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you view the PDF output,
 you will see that the input
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
\size small
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
expands to a real structure tree.
 To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
 work area,
 you can simply embed the Structure Tree inset into a Preview inset (
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preview
\family default
).
 If instant preview is correctly installed and activated,
 you should see the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
Roofs can be easily generated by means of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
Note that the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option only exists as of 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 version 2.0.
 We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous versions.
 If you use a 
\family sans
forest
\family default
 version < 2.0,
 you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use the old option 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

triangle
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

roof
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (note that the comma has special meaning,
 as it marks options):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter,
 roof]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly,
 use the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 option.
 All nodes which have the same 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

tier
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 allocated get aligned.
 Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,tier=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The package supports many additional features,
 such as movement arrows and decorations,
 that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed package documentation 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Discourse Representation Structures
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The linguistics module provides some insets to draw 
\emph on
Discourse Representation Structures
\emph default
 (DRSes) in the box notation introduced in 
\noun on
Hans Kamp
\noun default
's 
\emph on
Discourse Representation Theory
\emph default
.
 These insets can be found in 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Custom Inset
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A simple DRS is produced by 
\family sans
Discourse Representation Structure
\family default
.
 A DRS consists of the 
\emph on
conditions
\emph default
,
 which have to be inserted into the inset directly,
 and the (possibly empty) 
\emph on
referents
\emph default
 (or 
\emph on
universe
\emph default
 in DRTese),
 which have to be input in the (automatically inserted) 
\emph on
Referents
\emph default
 sub-inset.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If it is not inserted,
 you can also insert it via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
DRS Referents
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Line breaks in conditions need to be done via 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

.
 Here is a simple example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex DRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
donkey(x)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

green(x)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset

DRSes get some extra spacing for better positioning on the page.
 The 
\family sans
unspaced
\family default
 variant comes without this extra spacing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In addition to this simple DRS,
 the following conditional DRSes are provided (mainly for nesting into simple DRSes):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
The 
\family sans
If-Then DRS
\family default
 represents a conditional (implicational) sentence constructions of the form 
\emph on
if S
\begin_inset script subscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph off
1
\end_layout

\end_inset

 then S
\emph default

\begin_inset script subscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex IfThen-DRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
John(x)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

donkey(y)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

own(x,y)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
z
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

w
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
z = x
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

w = y
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

feed(z,w)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The 
\family sans
Conditional DRS
\family default
 is a more general case where you can specify an arbitrary condition (rather than using the implicational condition).
 You can insert any symbol in the condition sub-inset:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex Cond-DRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

y
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
John(x)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

donkey(y)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

own(x,y)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\wedge\!\,$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
z
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

w
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:3
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
z = x
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

w = y
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

love(w,z)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The 
\family sans
Duplex Condition DRS
\family default
 can be used to insert duplex conditions:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex QDRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x 
\begin_inset Formula $\in$
\end_inset

 X
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
every
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:3
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
y
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument post:4
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
secretary(y)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

hire(x,y)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The 
\family sans
Negated DRS
\family default
 adds a DRS preceded by a negation symbol:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Flex NegDRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
donkey(x)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

green(x)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Finally,
 
\family sans
DRS with Sentence above
\family default
 lets you do what it promises:
 adding a sentence above the box representation:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex SDRS
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
A donkey is green
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Argument 2
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
donkey(x)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

green(x)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\emph on
drs
\emph default
 package provides some means to customize the layout and appearance of the DRS boxes.
 Please refer to the package manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "drs"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols,
 this is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
.
 However,
 since this is frequently used by linguists,
 we will describe it (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
 or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
,
 a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
's IPA support is the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "tipa"
literal "true"

\end_inset

,
 which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
 if you follow the procedure described below.
 If you use Unicode fonts (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.,
 if you have clicked 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
 fonts
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts
\family default
),
 the package 
\emph on
xunicode
\emph default
 is loaded instead (since 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 does not work in this context).
 
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%40lyx.org).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The 
\emph on
xunicode
\emph default
 package emulates the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 output,
 but is not perfect at that,
 so some things might not look as expected.
 Furthermore,
 you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes the IPA glyphs (such as 
\emph on
CMU Serif
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
SIL Doulos
\emph default
).
 You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset listings
lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
inline false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
AtBeginDocument{%
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
newfontfamily{
\backslash
ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\backslash
def
\backslash
useTIPAfont{
\backslash
ipafont}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout

\end_inset

Additionally,
 and independent from which of the above approaches you use,
 if you want to have instant preview,
 you should have the 
\emph on
preview-latex
\emph default
 package 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "preview"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 installed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phonetic symbols.
 
\family default
This gives you an input box (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in \SpecialChar LyX
 speak),
 where you can insert the symbols.
 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
 While the cursor is inside the box,
 a toolbar opens,
 which provides the basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Currently,
 there is one symbol missing:
 the labiodental flap (added to the IPA in 2005).
 This symbol is not yet supported by the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the dashed line on its top.
 This way,
 you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
[l
\begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ai
\end_layout

\end_inset

k ðɪs]
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that,
 if you want to insert diacritics,
 the diacritics are inserted 
\emph on
after
\emph default
 the base character.
 That is to say,
 for 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
[d̥]
\end_layout

\end_inset

 you need to insert 
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
 and then the 
\family typewriter
<voiceless>
\family default
 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the 
\family typewriter
<d>
\family default
.
 If you need a diacritic alone,
 you can achieve this by inserting a blank and then the diacritic,
 as in 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard
̼
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
=
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

<space>+<Linguolabial from the IPA toolbar>
\family default
).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Given that
\emph on
 preview-latex
\emph default
 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
Display
\family default
),
 you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box.
 Alternatively to the toolbar,
 you can also insert the symbols directly via the shortcut notation which is described in the 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 manual:
 here's 
\begin_inset IPA

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
[@n Ig"zA:mpl]
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 shortcut notation:
 
\family typewriter
[@n Ig"zA:mpl
\family default
]).
 Furthermore,
 you can insert symbols via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols\SpecialChar ldots

\family default
 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.,
 from other applications) into the box.
 The output should be equal,
 no matter what input method you chose.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific IPA input box:
 [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
 In the output,
 they will be automatically transformed into the correct 
\emph on
tipa
\emph default
 macro (if not,
 please inform us).
 However,
 please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters are taken from the base document font,
 the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
 Within the IPA input box,
 on the other hand,
 the IPA font is used for all characters.
 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters,
 using the IPA input box is highly recommended.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Further information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists,
 please refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
 page on the \SpecialChar LyX
 wiki 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "linguistlyx"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "covington"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The covington package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/pkg/covington
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "csquotes"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The csquotes package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "drs"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 The drs
\emph on
 
\emph default
package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/drs
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The enumitem package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "float"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The float package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "forest"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The forest package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "linguistlyx"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Maria Gouskova,
 Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller:
 Using \SpecialChar LyX
 for Linguistic Papers.
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "pict2e"
literal "false"

\end_inset

The pict2e package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pict2e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "preview"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The preview-latex package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "tipa"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The tipa package and fonts:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "varwidth"
literal "false"

\end_inset

The varwidth package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/varwidth
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "zref-clever"
literal "false"

\end_inset

The zref-clever package:
 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/zref-clever
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document