.\" Copyright (c) 1996 Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
.\"                and Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
.\"
.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
.\"
.\" This is combined from many sources, including notes by aeb and
.\" research by esr.  Portions derive from a writeup by Roman Czyborra.
.\"
.\" Last changed by David Starner <dstarner98@aasaa.ofe.org>.
.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1996,1997,1998
.\"         ISHIKAWA Mutsumi, all rights reserved.
.\" Translated Mon Jul 21 03:46:21 JST 1997
.\"         by ISHIKAWA Mutsumi <ishikawa@linux.or.jp> 
.\" Updated Fri Dec  3 JST 1999 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
.\" Updated Fri Jan  4 JST 2002 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
.\"
.\" WORD:	ligature	
.\"
.TH CHARSETS 7 2001-05-07 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH ̾
charsets \- ץޤλ鸫ʸåȤȹݲ
.SH 
Linux Ϲݲ줿ڥ졼ƥ󥰥ƥǤ롣
Linux ͡ʥ桼ƥƥ䡢 console ɥ饤Фʤɤ
ǥХɥ饤Фϡƥ󥢥ե٥åȤʤɤ
ޥ󥬥ʸå (multilingual character sets) 򥵥ݡȤƤ롣
ˤϥƥ󥢥ե٥åʸꥷʸ
ʸӥʸإ֥饤ʸʤɤޤޤ졢
ȯ (diacritical marks)ȡ (ligatures) ʤɤ
ȤȤǤ롣
.LP
Υޥ˥奢ڡǤϡץޤλߤۤʤʸ絬
(character-set standards) ȡ Linux ˤɤŬ礵뤫Ȥ
ȤˤĤƽҤ٤롣ǤϡASCII, ISO 8859, KOI8-R, Unicode, ISO 2022,
ISO 4873 γƵʤˤĤƵ롣
Ǥϼºݤ˥ʸåȤȤƻȤƤʸåȤܤ
¾ΥƥǻȤƤ̵ΤΤϽŻ뤷ʤ
.LP
glibc 2.2.3 ǸбƤѤƤʸåȤ
ʥꥹȤϰʲ̤:
ISO-8859-{1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,13,15}, CP1251, UTF-8, EUC-{KR,JP,TW},
KOI8-{R,U}, GB2312, GB18030, GBK, BIG5, BIG5-HKSCS, TIS-620 (Ʊ)
(롼ޥ˥ ISO-8859-16 ڤؤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ)

.SH ASCII
ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange) 
7ӥåʸθȤʤäΤǤꡢ
ȤȤƸ(American English) Τ˥ǥ󤵤줿
ߤϡECMA-6 ɸƤ롣
.LP
ɥĸ졢ե󥹸졢ڥʤɤ 7 ӥåȤб뤿ᡢ
ASCII Υɥ뵭¾̲ߵ֤
ѸʸΤΤ֤͡Ѽ郎¸ߤ롣
ƻȤ٤ǤϤʤ
GNU libc  ASCII δʥѡåȤǤʤʸåȤΥ
бƤʤ
(ʸåȤ ISO-646 ȤΤ롣
 ASCII ȶᤤطˤꡢʸ֤뤳ȤǧƤ)
.LP
Linux ƹ߷פ줿ϡɥΤ˽񤫤줿Τǡ
Ϥᤫ ASCII 򥵥ݡȤƤ롣

.SH ISO 8859
ISO 8859  15 ȤΰϢ 8 ӥåʸǤ롣
 (7 ӥå)  US ASCII ޤߡ 128  159 ˤʸ֤졢
160  255 ˤ 96 Ĥθ޷ʸ֤Ƥ롣
.LP
ΤǡäȤפʤΤ ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Ǥ롣
 Linux 󥽡ɥ饤Фˤƥͥƥ֤˥ݡȤƤꡢ
.\"nakano Ǥ󤸤ʤȻפޤ
X11R6 ˤƤƱͤ˥ݡȤƤ롣ˡ
HTML δʸǤ롣
.LP
󥽡ˤ롢¾ 8859 ʸΥݡȤ
.RB ( setfont (8))
Τ褦ʥ桼⡼ɡ桼ƥƥѤDzǽˤʤ롣
Τ褦ʥ桼ƥƥѤ뤳Ȥˤꡢ󥽡ɥ饤Фˤ
륭ܡɤ EGA եåơ֥γƤѹ"桼
(user mapping)"եȥơ֥Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롣
.LP
ʲϡ줾νδñǤ롣
.TP
8859-1 (Latin-1)
Latin-1  Х˥(Albanian)˥(Catalan)ǥޡ
(Danish)(Dutch)Ѹ(English)ե(Faroese)
եɸ(Finnish)ե󥹸(French)ɥĸ(German)
ꥷ(Galician)ɸ(Irish)ɸ(Icelandic)
ꥢ(Italian)Υ륦(Norwegian)ݥȥ(Portuguese)
ڥ(Spanish)ǥ(Swedish)ȤäۤȤɤ
衼åѸ򥫥С롣
ɥĸ ij ե󥹸 oe ιӸŤ
,,ɥĸ`` ϤʤϰϤȹͤƤ롣
.TP
8859-2 (Latin-2)
Latin-2 ϥ(Slavic)(Croatian)
(Czech)ɥĸ(German)ϥ󥬥꡼(Hungarian)ݡɸ
(Polish)롼ޥ˥(Rumanian)(Slovak)
٥˥(Slovene)ȤäʸȤƥƥʸ
Ѥ롢ַϸ衼åѤθΤۤȤɤ򥵥ݡȤ롣
.TP
8859-3 (Latin-3)
Latin-3 ϥڥ(Esperanto)ꥷ(Galician)ޥ륿
(Maltese)ʤɤν񤭼δ֤ɤѤ롣
(ȥ륳(Turkish)Ϥ 8859-9 ǽ񤫤褦ˤʤäƤ)
.TP
8859-4 (Latin-4)
Latin-4 ϥȥ˥(Estonian)ȥӥ(Latvian)ȥ˥
(Lithuanian)ʸ󶡤롣Latain-4 ϡ
ܼŪˤѻߤƤ(obsolate Ǥ)
8859-10 (Latin-6)  8859-13 (Latin-7) 򻲾ȤΤȡ
.TP
8859-5
.br
֥륬ꥢ(Bulgarian)٥롼(Byelorussian)ޥɥ˥
(Macedonian)(Russian)ӥ(Serbian)饤ʸ
(Ukrainian) 򥵥ݡȤ륭ʸǤ롣 饤ʸǤ
downstroke Ĥ `ghe' Ȥʸ `heh' ɤߡ
ghe 񤯤ˤ ghe  upstroke ĤʤФʤʤ
ˤĤƤϡ
 KOI8-R ˴ؤ򻲾ȤΤȡ
.TP
8859-6
.br
ӥ(Arabic)򥵥ݡȤ롣8859-6 Υեơ֥(glyph table)
ʸη֤ʬ䤷եȤǤ롣
ΤᡢŬڤʥǥץ쥤󥸥
initial, medial, final ե˷礷ʤФʤʤ
.TP
8859-7
奮ꥷ(Modern Greek)򥵥ݡȤ롣
.TP
8859-8
niqud() Τʤإ֥饤(Hebrew)򥵥ݡȤ롣
niqud ȴإ֥饤(Biblical Hebrew)ϤʸåȤ
оݳǤ롣
Linux ǤϡΤˤ UTF-8 ޤ󥳡ǥ󥰤Ǥ롣
.TP
8859-9 (Latin-5)
ϡLatin-1 Ѽǡɸʸȥ륳(Turkish)ʸ
֤ΤǤ롣
.TP
8859-10 (Latin-6)
Latin-6 ̲(Nordic)ϰ򥫥С뤿 Latin-4 ˤϴޤޤƤʤ 
̥åȸ(Inuit)(꡼ɸ(Greenlandic)) 
(Sami)(å׸(Lappish)) äƤ롣
RFC 1345 ˤϡʳΡۤʤä `latin6' ܤƤ롣
ȡ(Skolt Sami)Ǥϡ
ˤĤΥȵ椬ɬפȤ롣
.TP
8859-11
ϵ䤵줿ɸΤ¸ߤ롣
ɸ Linux ǥΤѤ TIS-620 ƱΤǤ롣
.TP
8859-12
ʸåȤ¸ߤʤ
٥ȥʥ줬ξȤ褦Ƥ
ISO 8859 Ƥ(Ǥʤ) 96 ʸ˼ޤʤä
Linux Ǥϥ٥ȥʥ򰷤 UTF-8 ޤʸåȤǤ롣
.TP
8859-13 (Latin-7)
Хȳθ򥵥ݡȤ롣
äˡLatin-4 ¸ߤʤȥӥʸޤࡣ
.TP
8859-14 (Latin-8)
ϥȸʸåȤǤꡢ(Gaelic)ȥ륺(Welsh)
б롣
ʸåȤϸ奢ɸѤդʸޤࡣ
.TP
8859-15 (Latin-9)
ϥ桼 Latin-1 äƤʤե󥹸ȥեɸʸ
ɲäƤ롣
.TP
8859-16 (Latin-10)
ʸåȤ 8859-2 б¿θб
˥롼ޥ˥ˤϤ괰б롣
.SH KOI8-R
KOI8-R ϥˤɤѤ롢ISO ǤʤʸǤ롣
Ⱦʬ US ASCII Ǥ롣Ⱦʬ ISO 8859-5 ʬɤ
ǥ󤵤줿ʸǤ롣
KOI8-U  KOI8-R 򸵤ˤʸåȤǤꡢ
饤ʸ(Ukrainian) ˤ褯б롣
Τɤ ISO-8859 ꡼Τ褦 ISO-2022 ߴǤϤʤ
.LP
Linux Ǥ KOI8-R Υ󥽡륵ݡȤϡ
桼⡼ɤΥ桼ƥƥǼ¸Ƥ롣
ϥܡɤγƤ EGA եåơ֥ѹ
󥽡ɥ饤ФΥեȥơ֥ "桼" Ԥ

.\" Thanks to Tomohiro KUBOTA for the following sections about 
.\" national standards.
.SH JIS X 0208
JIS X 0208 ܸιɸʸåȤǤ롣
¾ˤ⤤ĤܸιɸʸåȤϤ
(JIS X 0201, JIS X 0212, JIS X 0213 ʤ)줬ǤפǤ롣
ʸ 94x94  2 Хȥޥȥå֤롣
ƥХȤ 0x21-0x7e ͤġ
JIS X 0208 ʸåȤǤꡢ󥳡ǥ󥰤ǤϤʤȤդ뤳ȡ
ϡ
JIS X 0208 ȤϥƥȥǡɽˤϻȤʤȤȤǤ롣
JIS X 0208 ϡ
EUC-JP, Shift_JIS, ISO-2022-JP Ȥä󥳡ǥ󥰤
ʤȤѤ롣
EUC-JP  Linux ˤƺǤפʥ󥳡ǥ󥰤Ǥꡢ
US ASCII  JIS X 0208 ޤǤ롣
EUC-JP ǤϡJIS X 0208 ʸ 2 ХȤɽ졢
ƥХȤ JIS X 0208 ɤ 0x80 äΤǤ롣

.SH KS X 1001
KS X 1001 ϴڹιɸʸåȤǤ롣
JIS X 0208 Ʊͤˡʸ 94x94  2 Хȥޥȥå֤롣
KS X 1001  JIS X 0208 Ʊͤˡ
EUC-KR, Johab, ISO-2022-KR Ȥä󥳡ǥ󥰤ʤȤѤ롣
EUC-KR  Linux ˤƺǤפʥ󥳡ǥ󥰤Ǥꡢ
US ASCII  KS X 1001 ޤǤ롣
KS C 5601  KS X 1001 θŤ̾Ǥ롣

.SH GB 2312
GB 2312 ϡʸɽ뤿ιɸʸåȤǤ롣
JIS X 0208 Ʊͤˡʸ 94x94  2 Хȥޥȥå֤졢
EUC-CN Ѥ롣
EUC-CN  Linux ˤƺǤפʥ󥳡ǥ󥰤Ǥꡢ
US ASCII  GB 2312 ޤǤ롣
EUC-CN ϤФ GB, GB 2312, CN-GN ʤɤȸƤФ롣


.SH Big5
Big5 Ѥʸ򵭽ҤΤ˰Ū˻ȤʸåȤǤ롣
(Big5 ʸåȤȥ󥳡ǥ󥰤ξǤ롣)
 US ASCII ξ̽Ǥ롣
 ASCII ʸ 2 ХȤɽ롣
0xa1-0xfe ΥХȤ 2 Хʸ 1 ʸܤȤѤ롣
Big5 ȤγĥѤȹǹѤƤ롣
 ISO 2022 ǤϤʤ

.SH TIS 620
TIS 620 ϥιɸʸåȤǡUS ASCII ξ̽Ǥ롣
ISO 8859 ꡼Ʊͤˡʸ 0xa1-0xfe ֤롣
TIS 620  Linux ǤΤ߰ŪѤƤʸåȤǤꡢ
ޤUTF-8 ϹʸäƤ롣

.SH UNICODE
Unicode (ISO10646) ϡʹ֤ѤƤθƤʸ
Τˤ魯ȤŪȤʤǤ롣
Unicode ι¤ϳʸΥ󥳡ɤ 20.1 ӥåȤͿƤ롣
ۤȤɤΥԥ塼 20.1 ӥåȤ򰷤ʤΤǡ
Unicode ǡȤ 32 ӥå˥󥳡ɤ졢
16 ӥå (UTF-16)(ʸ򥨥󥳡ɤˤ
2 Ĥ 16 ӥåɬפȤʤ)
8 ӥåȥХȤ (UTF-8)Ȥư롣
Unicode ˤĤƤξϡ<http://www.unicode.org> 롣
.LP
Linux  8-bit Unicode Transformation Form(UTF-8) Ѥ Unicode 
魯 UTF-8  Unicode βĹɽǤ롣UTF-8  7 ӥåȤ
沽Τ 1 ХȤ 11 ӥåȤǤ 2 ХȤ
16 ӥåȤǤ 3 ХȤ
21 ӥåȤǤ 4 ХȤ
26 ӥåȤǤ 5 ХȤ
31 ӥåȤǤ 6 ХȤѤ롣
.LP
0,1,x 򥼥ǤդΥӥåȤȤȡХ 0xxxxxxx  Unicode Ǥ
00000000 0xxxxxxx Ȥ蘆롣ϡASCII  0xxxxxxx Ʊ
ܥΥɤǤ롣Τ褦ˡASCII ѹʤ UTF-8 ѴǤ
ASCII ΤߤȤϡɤˤƤե륵ˤƤ⡢
ѹ˴ؤƲⵤˤʤƤ褤
.LP
110xxxxx ȤХȤ 2 ХȥɤλϤޤǤ롢ơ110xxxxx 
10yyyyyy  00000xxx xxyyyyyy Ȥ褦ȤΩƤ롣ޤ
1110xxxx  3 ХȥɤλϤޤǤꡢ1110xxxx 10yyyyyy 10zzzzzz 
 xxxxyyyy yyzzzzzz Ȥ褦ȤΩƤ(UTF-8  31 ӥå
ISO 10646 ɤѤȤϡι 6 ХȥɤޤȯŸ)
.LP
ISO-8859-1 ʸåȤȤۤȤɤΥ桼ˤȤäơ
λ¤ϡASCII ϰϳȤäʸ
ĤΥХȤ沽ȤȤ̣롣ΤȤ
(UTF-8 ȤȡISO-8859-1ѤƤ)ΥƥȥեΥ
1  2 ѡ礭ʤäƤޤȤˤʤ롣
䥮ꥷѤ桼ˤȤäƤϡ
ˤäƸΥƥȤ 2 ܤ礭ˤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롣
ʤʤ餳θϤۤȤɤ ASCII ϰϳǤ롣
 16-bit ɤ򹭤ѤƤܸѤ桼ˤ
3 ХɬפȤʤ롣
Unicode ؤѴ˥르ꥺŪѴ򤹤Ф褤ʸåȤ
(ä ISO-8859-1)ŪˤѴơ֥뤬ɬפǤꡢ
16 ӥåȥɤξϤΥơ֥Ϥʤ礭ʤΤȤʤ롣
.LP
UTF-8 ϼƱŪǤ롣10xxxxxx ϽüǤꡢۤΥХȤϥɤ
ƬǤ롣UTF-8 ʸˤ ASCII ΥХȤϡˤʸȤ
ɽ뤳ȤܤƤۤäˡĤ礭ʥɤΥѡȤ
뤿ˡNUL  '/' ɬפϤʤ
.LP
ASCII  NUL  '/' ѹʤᡢͥ UTF-8 ѤƤ뤳Ȥ
ä˰ռʤƤɤͥϥХȤ򤢤路Ƥ뤫
դɬפʤ
.LP
Unicode ǡΥ󥰤ŵŪˤ Unicode Υ֥åȤ
դؤΥޥåפǤ`֥ե(subfont)'ơ֥Ѥ
Ԥ롣ͥǤϡUnicode  ӥǥ RAM ˥ɤ줿
֥եȤȤƵҤ롣ϡUTF-8 ⡼ɤǤ 512 ΰۤʤäܥ
äʸѲǽǤ뤳Ȥ̣롣
ϡܸ졢졢ڹǤϽʬǤϤʤ¾ѤǤ
ʬǤ롣
.LP
ߤΤȤ󥽡ɥ饤ФϹʸ򰷤ʤ
äơ졢䤽¾ιʸɬפʸϤ
󥽡Ǥϰʤ

.SH "ISO 2022  ISO 4873"
ISO 2022  ISO 4873 ɸǤϡ
VT100 ư˴ŤեȥȥǥҤ٤Ƥ롣
Υǥ Linux ͥ
.BR xterm (1)
ˤ(ʬŪ)ݡȤƤ롣ɸܤڹˤƤ褯
Ѥ롣
.LP
G0, G1, G2, G3 ȸƤФ 4 Ĥο޷ʸ礬롣
ΤΤҤȤĤϡǾ̥ӥåȤ 0 Ǥ륳ɤΤθߤʸ
(ͤ G0)ޤҤȤĤϺǾ̥ӥåȤ 1 Ǥ륳ɤΤθߤ
ʸ(ͤ G1)Ǥ롣줾ο޷ʸ 94  96 ʸ
Ū 7-bitʸǤꡢ040-0177 (041-0176) 
0240-0377 (0241-0376)ΥɤȤ
G0 Ͼ 94 ʸ 041-0176 ΥɤѤ롣
.LP
ʸڤؤϥեȥե󥯥  ^N (SO ޤ LS1),
^O (SI ޤ LS0), ESC n (LS2), ESC o (LS3), ESC N (SS2), ESC O (SS3),
ESC ~ (LS1R), ESC } (LS2R), ESC | (LS3R) ȤäƹԤ롣
ե󥯥 LS\fIn\fP ϺǾ̥ӥåȤ 0 Ǥ륳ɤΤʸ
G\fIn\fP ꤹ롣
ե󥯥 LS\fIn\fPR ϺǾ̥ӥåȤ 1 Ǥ륳ɤΤʸåȤ
G\fIn\fP ꤹ롣
ե󥯥 SS\fIn\fP (Ǿ̥ӥåȤͤˤ餺)ʸΤ
ʸ G\fIn\fP (\fIn\fP=2 ޤ 3)ꤹ롣
.LP
94 ʸǤϡץ ESC ( xx (G0 ), ESC ) xx (G1
),  ESC * xx (G2 ), ESC + xx (G3 ) ˤäơG\fIn\fP ʸ
Ѥ褦˻ؼ롣
xx  "ISO 2375 International Register of Coded Character Sets" 
ƤʸޤʸǤ롣
Ȥ ESC ( @  ISO 646 ʸ G0 ȤӡESC ( A 
(ʥС()ˡݥ()) UK ʸ
򤹤롣ESC ( B (̲ߵΤ˥顼()) ASCII򤹤롣
ESC ( M  եꥫ(African languages) 򤷡ESC
( ! A  塼и(Cuban)ʸ򤹤롣ʤɤʤɡ
.LP
96-ʸǤϡץ ESC
- xx (G1 ), ESC . xx (G2 ), ECS / xx (G3 )Ѥ뤳Ȥǡ
G\fIn\fP ʸѤ褦˻ؼ롣
㤨СESC - G ϥإ֥饤ե٥å(Hebrew alphabet) 
G1 Ȥ򤹤롣
.LP
ޥХʸǤϥץ E $ xx ޤ ESC $ ( xx
(G0 ), ESC $ ) xx (G1 ), ESC $ * xx (G2 ), ESC$ + xx (G3 ) 
Ѥ뤳Ȥǡ G\fIn\fP ʸѤ褦˻ؼ롣
㤨СESC $ ( C  ڹ(Korean)ʸ G0 Ȥ򤹤롣
ESC $ B ˤä򤵤ܸʸåȤϡǶΥСǤ
ESC & @ ESC $ B ˤä򤵤褦ˤʤä
.LP
ISO 4873 Ϥ¤줿ʸѤꤹ롢ε
ϡG0 ( ASCII)ꤵ롣äơG1, G2, G3 ϺǾ̥ӥåȤ
åȤ줿ɤȤƤΤ߸ƤӽФȤǤ롣
äˡ^N  ^O Ѥ줺ESC ( xx  xx=B ȤƤΤѤ뤳ȤǤ
ESC ) xx, ESC * xx, ESC + xx Ϥ줾 ESC - xx, ESC . xx, ESC / xx 
ˤʤ롣
.SH Ϣ
.BR console (4),
.BR console_ioctl (4),
.BR console_codes (4),
.BR ascii (7),
.BR iso_8859_1 (7),
.BR unicode (7),
.BR utf-8 (7)