.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.TH inet_net_pton 3 2024-06-15 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
.SH NAME
inet_net_pton, inet_net_ntop \- Internet network number conversion
.SH LIBRARY
Resolver library
.RI ( libresolv ", " \-lresolv )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <arpa/inet.h>
.P
.BI "int inet_net_pton(int " af ", const char *" pres ,
.BI "                  void " netp [. nsize "], size_t " nsize );
.BI "char *inet_net_ntop(int " af ,
.BI "                  const void " netp [(. bits " - CHAR_BIT + 1) / CHAR_BIT],"
.BI "                  int " bits ,
.BI "                  char " pres [. psize "], size_t " psize );
.fi
.P
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.P
.BR inet_net_pton (),
.BR inet_net_ntop ():
.nf
    Since glibc 2.20:
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE
    Before glibc 2.20:
        _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions convert network numbers between
presentation (i.e., printable) format and network (i.e., binary) format.
.P
For both functions,
.I af
specifies the address family for the conversion;
the only supported value is
.BR AF_INET .
.SS inet_net_pton()
The
.BR inet_net_pton ()
function converts
.IR pres ,
a null-terminated string containing an Internet network number in
presentation format to network format.
The result of the conversion, which is in network byte order,
is placed in the buffer pointed to by
.IR netp .
(The
.I netp
argument typically points to an
.I in_addr
structure.)
The
.I nsize
argument specifies the number of bytes available in
.IR netp .
.P
On success,
.BR inet_net_pton ()
returns the number of bits in the network number field
of the result placed in
.IR netp .
For a discussion of the input presentation format and the return value,
see NOTES.
.P
.IR Note :
the buffer pointed to by
.I netp
should be zeroed out before calling
.BR inet_net_pton (),
since the call writes only as many bytes as are required
for the network number (or as are explicitly specified by
.IR pres ),
which may be less than the number of bytes in a complete network address.
.SS inet_net_ntop()
The
.BR inet_net_ntop ()
function converts the network number in the buffer pointed to by
.I netp
to presentation format;
.I *netp
is interpreted as a value in network byte order.
The
.I bits
argument specifies the number of bits in the network number in
.IR *netp .
.P
The null-terminated presentation-format string
is placed in the buffer pointed to by
.IR pres .
The
.I psize
argument specifies the number of bytes available in
.IR pres .
The presentation string is in CIDR format:
a dotted-decimal number representing the network address,
followed by a slash, and the size of the network number in bits.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success,
.BR inet_net_pton ()
returns the number of bits in the network number.
On error, it returns \-1, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.P
On success,
.BR inet_net_ntop ()
returns
.IR pres .
On error, it returns NULL, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EAFNOSUPPORT
.I af
specified a value other than
.BR AF_INET .
.TP
.B EMSGSIZE
The size of the output buffer was insufficient.
.TP
.B ENOENT
.RB ( inet_net_pton ())
.I pres
was not in correct presentation format.
.SH STANDARDS
None.
.SH NOTES
.SS Input presentation format for inet_net_pton()
The network number may be specified either
as a hexadecimal value
or in dotted-decimal notation.
.P
Hexadecimal values are indicated by an initial "0x" or "0X".
The hexadecimal digits populate the nibbles (half octets) of the
network number from left to right in network byte order.
.\" If the hexadecimal string is short, the remaining nibbles are zeroed.
.P
In dotted-decimal notation, up to four octets are specified,
as decimal numbers separated by dots.
Thus, any of the following forms are accepted:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
a.b.c.d
a.b.c
a.b
a
.EE
.in
.P
Each part is a number in the range 0 to 255 that
populates one byte of the resulting network number,
going from left to right, in network-byte (big endian) order.
Where a part is omitted, the resulting byte in the network number is zero.
.\" Reading other man pages, some other implementations treat
.\" 	'c' in a.b.c as a 16-bit number that populates right-most two bytes
.\"     'b' in a.b as a 24-bit number that populates right-most three bytes
.P
For either hexadecimal or dotted-decimal format,
the network number can optionally be followed by a slash
and a number in the range 0 to 32,
which specifies the size of the network number in bits.
.SS Return value of inet_net_pton()
The return value of
.BR inet_net_pton ()
is the number of bits in the network number field.
If the input presentation string terminates with a slash and
an explicit size value, then that size becomes the return value of
.BR inet_net_pton ().
Otherwise, the return value,
.IR bits ,
is inferred as follows:
.IP \[bu] 3
If the most significant byte of the network number is
greater than or equal to 240,
then
.I bits
is 32.
.IP \[bu]
Otherwise,
if the most significant byte of the network number is
greater than or equal to 224,
then
.I bits
is 4.
.IP \[bu]
Otherwise,
if the most significant byte of the network number is
greater than or equal to 192,
then
.I bits
is 24.
.IP \[bu]
Otherwise,
if the most significant byte of the network number is
greater than or equal to 128,
then
.I bits
is 16.
.IP \[bu]
Otherwise,
.I bits
is 8.
.P
If the resulting
.I bits
value from the above steps is greater than or equal to 8,
but the number of octets specified in the network number exceed
.IR "bits/8" ,
then
.I bits
is set to 8 times the number of octets actually specified.
.SH EXAMPLES
The program below demonstrates the use of
.BR inet_net_pton ()
and
.BR inet_net_ntop ().
It uses
.BR inet_net_pton ()
to convert the presentation format network address provided in
its first command-line argument to binary form, displays the return value from
.BR inet_net_pton ().
It then uses
.BR inet_net_ntop ()
to convert the binary form back to presentation format,
and displays the resulting string.
.P
In order to demonstrate that
.BR inet_net_pton ()
may not write to all bytes of its
.I netp
argument, the program allows an optional second command-line argument,
a number used to initialize the buffer before
.BR inet_net_pton ()
is called.
As its final line of output,
the program displays all of the bytes of the buffer returned by
.BR inet_net_pton ()
allowing the user to see which bytes have not been touched by
.BR inet_net_pton ().
.P
An example run, showing that
.BR inet_net_pton ()
infers the number of bits in the network number:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out 193.168\fP
inet_net_pton() returned: 24
inet_net_ntop() yielded:  193.168.0/24
Raw address:              c1a80000
.EE
.in
.P
Demonstrate that
.BR inet_net_pton ()
does not zero out unused bytes in its result buffer:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out 193.168 0xffffffff\fP
inet_net_pton() returned: 24
inet_net_ntop() yielded:  193.168.0/24
Raw address:              c1a800ff
.EE
.in
.P
Demonstrate that
.BR inet_net_pton ()
will widen the inferred size of the network number,
if the supplied number of bytes in the presentation
string exceeds the inferred value:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out 193.168.1.128\fP
inet_net_pton() returned: 32
inet_net_ntop() yielded:  193.168.1.128/32
Raw address:              c1a80180
.EE
.in
.P
Explicitly specifying the size of the network number overrides any
inference about its size
(but any extra bytes that are explicitly specified will still be used by
.BR inet_net_pton ():
to populate the result buffer):
.P
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out 193.168.1.128/24\fP
inet_net_pton() returned: 24
inet_net_ntop() yielded:  193.168.1/24
Raw address:              c1a80180
.EE
.in
.SS Program source
.\" SRC BEGIN (inet_net_pton.c)
.EX
/* Link with "\-lresolv" */
\&
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
\&
#define errExit(msg)    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \[rs]
                        } while (0)
\&
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char buf[100];
    struct in_addr addr;
    int bits;
\&
    if (argc < 2) {
        fprintf(stderr,
                "Usage: %s presentation\-form [addr\-init\-value]\[rs]n",
                argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
\&
    /* If argv[2] is supplied (a numeric value), use it to initialize
       the output buffer given to inet_net_pton(), so that we can see
       that inet_net_pton() initializes only those bytes needed for
       the network number. If argv[2] is not supplied, then initialize
       the buffer to zero (as is recommended practice). */
\&
    addr.s_addr = (argc > 2) ? strtod(argv[2], NULL) : 0;
\&
    /* Convert presentation network number in argv[1] to binary. */
\&
    bits = inet_net_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &addr, sizeof(addr));
    if (bits == \-1)
        errExit("inet_net_ntop");
\&
    printf("inet_net_pton() returned: %d\[rs]n", bits);
\&
    /* Convert binary format back to presentation, using \[aq]bits\[aq]
       returned by inet_net_pton(). */
\&
    if (inet_net_ntop(AF_INET, &addr, bits, buf, sizeof(buf)) == NULL)
        errExit("inet_net_ntop");
\&
    printf("inet_net_ntop() yielded:  %s\[rs]n", buf);
\&
    /* Display \[aq]addr\[aq] in raw form (in network byte order), so we can
       see bytes not displayed by inet_net_ntop(); some of those bytes
       may not have been touched by inet_net_ntop(), and so will still
       have any initial value that was specified in argv[2]. */
\&
    printf("Raw address:              %x\[rs]n", htonl(addr.s_addr));
\&
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.EE
.\" SRC END
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR inet (3),
.BR networks (5)