.\" Copyright (c) 2010 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.TH AIO 7 2024-06-15 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
.SH NAME
aio \- POSIX asynchronous I/O overview
.SH DESCRIPTION
The POSIX asynchronous I/O (AIO) interface allows applications
to initiate one or more I/O operations that are performed
asynchronously (i.e., in the background).
The application can elect to be notified of completion of
the I/O operation in a variety of ways:
by delivery of a signal, by instantiation of a thread,
or no notification at all.
.P
The POSIX AIO interface consists of the following functions:
.TP
.BR aio_read (3)
Enqueue a read request.
This is the asynchronous analog of
.BR read (2).
.TP
.BR aio_write (3)
Enqueue a write request.
This is the asynchronous analog of
.BR write (2).
.TP
.BR aio_fsync (3)
Enqueue a sync request for the I/O operations on a file descriptor.
This is the asynchronous analog of
.BR fsync (2)
and
.BR fdatasync (2).
.TP
.BR aio_error (3)
Obtain the error status of an enqueued I/O request.
.TP
.BR aio_return (3)
Obtain the return status of a completed I/O request.
.TP
.BR aio_suspend (3)
Suspend the caller until one or more of a specified set of
I/O requests completes.
.TP
.BR aio_cancel (3)
Attempt to cancel outstanding I/O requests on a specified
file descriptor.
.TP
.BR lio_listio (3)
Enqueue multiple I/O requests using a single function call.
.P
The
.I aiocb
("asynchronous I/O control block") structure defines
parameters that control an I/O operation.
An argument of this type is employed with all of the functions listed above.
This structure has the following form:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
#include <aiocb.h>
\&
struct aiocb {
    /* The order of these fields is implementation\-dependent */
\&
    int             aio_fildes;     /* File descriptor */
    off_t           aio_offset;     /* File offset */
    volatile void  *aio_buf;        /* Location of buffer */
    size_t          aio_nbytes;     /* Length of transfer */
    int             aio_reqprio;    /* Request priority */
    struct sigevent aio_sigevent;   /* Notification method */
    int             aio_lio_opcode; /* Operation to be performed;
                                       lio_listio() only */
\&
    /* Various implementation\-internal fields not shown */
};
\&
/* Operation codes for \[aq]aio_lio_opcode\[aq]: */
\&
enum { LIO_READ, LIO_WRITE, LIO_NOP };
.EE
.in
.P
The fields of this structure are as follows:
.TP
.I aio_fildes
The file descriptor on which the I/O operation is to be performed.
.TP
.I aio_offset
This is the file offset at which the I/O operation is to be performed.
.TP
.I aio_buf
This is the buffer used to transfer data for a read or write operation.
.TP
.I aio_nbytes
This is the size of the buffer pointed to by
.IR aio_buf .
.TP
.I aio_reqprio
This field specifies a value that is subtracted
from the calling thread's real-time priority in order to
determine the priority for execution of this I/O request (see
.BR pthread_setschedparam (3)).
The specified value must be between 0 and the value returned by
.IR sysconf(_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX) .
This field is ignored for file synchronization operations.
.TP
.I aio_sigevent
This field is a structure that specifies how the caller is
to be notified when the asynchronous I/O operation completes.
Possible values for
.I aio_sigevent.sigev_notify
are
.BR SIGEV_NONE ,
.BR SIGEV_SIGNAL ,
and
.BR SIGEV_THREAD .
See
.BR sigevent (3type)
for further details.
.TP
.I aio_lio_opcode
The type of operation to be performed; used only for
.BR lio_listio (3).
.P
In addition to the standard functions listed above,
the GNU C library provides the following extension to the POSIX AIO API:
.TP
.BR aio_init (3)
Set parameters for tuning the behavior of the glibc POSIX AIO implementation.
.SH ERRORS
.TP
.B EINVAL
The
.I aio_reqprio
field of the
.I aiocb
structure was less than 0,
or was greater than the limit returned by the call
.IR sysconf(_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX) .
.SH STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2008.
.SH HISTORY
POSIX.1-2001.
glibc 2.1.
.SH NOTES
It is a good idea to zero out the control block buffer before use (see
.BR memset (3)).
The control block buffer and the buffer pointed to by
.I aio_buf
must not be changed while the I/O operation is in progress.
These buffers must remain valid until the I/O operation completes.
.P
Simultaneous asynchronous read or write operations using the same
.I aiocb
structure yield undefined results.
.P
The current Linux POSIX AIO implementation is provided in user space by glibc.
This has a number of limitations, most notably that maintaining multiple
threads to perform I/O operations is expensive and scales poorly.
Work has been in progress for some time on a kernel
state-machine-based implementation of asynchronous I/O
(see
.BR io_submit (2),
.BR io_setup (2),
.BR io_cancel (2),
.BR io_destroy (2),
.BR io_getevents (2)),
but this implementation hasn't yet matured to the point where
the POSIX AIO implementation can be completely
reimplemented using the kernel system calls.
.\" http://lse.sourceforge.net/io/aio.html
.\" http://lse.sourceforge.net/io/aionotes.txt
.\" http://lwn.net/Articles/148755/
.SH EXAMPLES
The program below opens each of the files named in its command-line
arguments and queues a request on the resulting file descriptor using
.BR aio_read (3).
The program then loops,
periodically monitoring each of the I/O operations
that is still in progress using
.BR aio_error (3).
Each of the I/O requests is set up to provide notification by delivery
of a signal.
After all I/O requests have completed,
the program retrieves their status using
.BR aio_return (3).
.P
The
.B SIGQUIT
signal (generated by typing control-\[rs]) causes the program to request
cancelation of each of the outstanding requests using
.BR aio_cancel (3).
.P
Here is an example of what we might see when running this program.
In this example, the program queues two requests to standard input,
and these are satisfied by two lines of input containing
"abc" and "x".
.P
.in +4n
.EX
$ \fB./a.out /dev/stdin /dev/stdin\fP
opened /dev/stdin on descriptor 3
opened /dev/stdin on descriptor 4
aio_error():
    for request 0 (descriptor 3): In progress
    for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
\fBabc\fP
I/O completion signal received
aio_error():
    for request 0 (descriptor 3): I/O succeeded
    for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
aio_error():
    for request 1 (descriptor 4): In progress
\fBx\fP
I/O completion signal received
aio_error():
    for request 1 (descriptor 4): I/O succeeded
All I/O requests completed
aio_return():
    for request 0 (descriptor 3): 4
    for request 1 (descriptor 4): 2
.EE
.in
.SS Program source
\&
.EX
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <aio.h>
#include <signal.h>
\&
#define BUF_SIZE 20     /* Size of buffers for read operations */
\&
#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
\&
struct ioRequest {      /* Application\-defined structure for tracking
                           I/O requests */
    int           reqNum;
    int           status;
    struct aiocb *aiocbp;
};
\&
static volatile sig_atomic_t gotSIGQUIT = 0;
                        /* On delivery of SIGQUIT, we attempt to
                           cancel all outstanding I/O requests */
\&
static void             /* Handler for SIGQUIT */
quitHandler(int sig)
{
    gotSIGQUIT = 1;
}
\&
#define IO_SIGNAL SIGUSR1   /* Signal used to notify I/O completion */
\&
static void                 /* Handler for I/O completion signal */
aioSigHandler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *ucontext)
{
    if (si\->si_code == SI_ASYNCIO) {
        write(STDOUT_FILENO, "I/O completion signal received\[rs]n", 31);
\&
        /* The corresponding ioRequest structure would be available as
               struct ioRequest *ioReq = si\->si_value.sival_ptr;
           and the file descriptor would then be available via
               ioReq\->aiocbp\->aio_fildes */
    }
}
\&
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    struct sigaction sa;
    int s;
    int numReqs;        /* Total number of queued I/O requests */
    int openReqs;       /* Number of I/O requests still in progress */
\&
    if (argc < 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <pathname> <pathname>...\[rs]n",
                argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
\&
    numReqs = argc \- 1;
\&
    /* Allocate our arrays. */
\&
    struct ioRequest *ioList = calloc(numReqs, sizeof(*ioList));
    if (ioList == NULL)
        errExit("calloc");
\&
    struct aiocb *aiocbList = calloc(numReqs, sizeof(*aiocbList));
    if (aiocbList == NULL)
        errExit("calloc");
\&
    /* Establish handlers for SIGQUIT and the I/O completion signal. */
\&
    sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
    sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
\&
    sa.sa_handler = quitHandler;
    if (sigaction(SIGQUIT, &sa, NULL) == \-1)
        errExit("sigaction");
\&
    sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
    sa.sa_sigaction = aioSigHandler;
    if (sigaction(IO_SIGNAL, &sa, NULL) == \-1)
        errExit("sigaction");
\&
    /* Open each file specified on the command line, and queue
       a read request on the resulting file descriptor. */
\&
    for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
        ioList[j].reqNum = j;
        ioList[j].status = EINPROGRESS;
        ioList[j].aiocbp = &aiocbList[j];
\&
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes = open(argv[j + 1], O_RDONLY);
        if (ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes == \-1)
            errExit("open");
        printf("opened %s on descriptor %d\[rs]n", argv[j + 1],
                ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes);
\&
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_buf = malloc(BUF_SIZE);
        if (ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_buf == NULL)
            errExit("malloc");
\&
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_nbytes = BUF_SIZE;
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_reqprio = 0;
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_offset = 0;
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_sigevent.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_sigevent.sigev_signo = IO_SIGNAL;
        ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_sigevent.sigev_value.sival_ptr =
                                &ioList[j];
\&
        s = aio_read(ioList[j].aiocbp);
        if (s == \-1)
            errExit("aio_read");
    }
\&
    openReqs = numReqs;
\&
    /* Loop, monitoring status of I/O requests. */
\&
    while (openReqs > 0) {
        sleep(3);       /* Delay between each monitoring step */
\&
        if (gotSIGQUIT) {
\&
            /* On receipt of SIGQUIT, attempt to cancel each of the
               outstanding I/O requests, and display status returned
               from the cancelation requests. */
\&
            printf("got SIGQUIT; canceling I/O requests: \[rs]n");
\&
            for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
                if (ioList[j].status == EINPROGRESS) {
                    printf("    Request %zu on descriptor %d:", j,
                            ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes);
                    s = aio_cancel(ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes,
                            ioList[j].aiocbp);
                    if (s == AIO_CANCELED)
                        printf("I/O canceled\[rs]n");
                    else if (s == AIO_NOTCANCELED)
                        printf("I/O not canceled\[rs]n");
                    else if (s == AIO_ALLDONE)
                        printf("I/O all done\[rs]n");
                    else
                        perror("aio_cancel");
                }
            }
\&
            gotSIGQUIT = 0;
        }
\&
        /* Check the status of each I/O request that is still
           in progress. */
\&
        printf("aio_error():\[rs]n");
        for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
            if (ioList[j].status == EINPROGRESS) {
                printf("    for request %zu (descriptor %d): ",
                        j, ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes);
                ioList[j].status = aio_error(ioList[j].aiocbp);
\&
                switch (ioList[j].status) {
                case 0:
                    printf("I/O succeeded\[rs]n");
                    break;
                case EINPROGRESS:
                    printf("In progress\[rs]n");
                    break;
                case ECANCELED:
                    printf("Canceled\[rs]n");
                    break;
                default:
                    perror("aio_error");
                    break;
                }
\&
                if (ioList[j].status != EINPROGRESS)
                    openReqs\-\-;
            }
        }
    }
\&
    printf("All I/O requests completed\[rs]n");
\&
    /* Check status return of all I/O requests. */
\&
    printf("aio_return():\[rs]n");
    for (size_t j = 0; j < numReqs; j++) {
        ssize_t s;
\&
        s = aio_return(ioList[j].aiocbp);
        printf("    for request %zu (descriptor %d): %zd\[rs]n",
                j, ioList[j].aiocbp\->aio_fildes, s);
    }
\&
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.EE
.SH SEE ALSO
.ad l
.nh
.BR io_cancel (2),
.BR io_destroy (2),
.BR io_getevents (2),
.BR io_setup (2),
.BR io_submit (2),
.BR aio_cancel (3),
.BR aio_error (3),
.BR aio_init (3),
.BR aio_read (3),
.BR aio_return (3),
.BR aio_write (3),
.BR lio_listio (3)
.P
"Asynchronous I/O Support in Linux 2.5",
Bhattacharya, Pratt, Pulavarty, and Morgan,
Proceedings of the Linux Symposium, 2003,
.UR https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2003/ols2003\-pages\-351\-366.pdf
.UE