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.. _colormapnorm-tutorial:
Colormap Normalization
======================
Objects that use colormaps by default linearly map the colors in the
colormap from data values *vmin* to *vmax*. For example::
pcm = ax.pcolormesh(x, y, Z, vmin=-1., vmax=1., cmap='RdBu_r')
will map the data in *Z* linearly from -1 to +1, so *Z=0* will
give a color at the center of the colormap *RdBu_r* (white in this
case).
Matplotlib does this mapping in two steps, with a normalization from
[0,1] occurring first, and then mapping onto the indices in the
colormap. Normalizations are classes defined in the
:func:`matplotlib.colors` module. The default, linear normalization is
:func:`matplotlib.colors.Normalize`.
Artists that map data to color pass the arguments *vmin* and *vmax* to
construct a :func:`matplotlib.colors.Normalize` instance, then call it:
.. ipython::
In [1]: import matplotlib as mpl
In [2]: norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=-1.,vmax=1.)
In [3]: norm(0.)
Out[3]: 0.5
However, there are sometimes cases where it is useful to map data to
colormaps in a non-linear fashion.
Logarithmic
-----------
One of the most common transformations is to plot data by taking
its logarithm (to the base-10). This transformation is useful to
display changes across disparate scales. Using :func:`colors.LogNorm`
normalizes the data via :math:`log_{10}`. In the example below,
there are two bumps, one much smaller than the other. Using
:func:`colors.LogNorm`, the shape and location of each bump can clearly
be seen:
.. plot:: users/plotting/examples/colormap_normalizations_lognorm.py
:include-source:
Symmetric logarithmic
---------------------
Similarly, it sometimes happens that there is data that is positive
and negative, but we would still like a logarithmic scaling applied to
both. In this case, the negative numbers are also scaled
logarithmically, and mapped to smaller numbers; e.g., if `vmin=-vmax`,
then they the negative numbers are mapped from 0 to 0.5 and the
positive from 0.5 to 1.
Since the logarithm of values close to zero tends toward infinity, a
small range around zero needs to be mapped linearly. The parameter
*linthresh* allows the user to specify the size of this range
(-*linthresh*, *linthresh*). The size of this range in the colormap is
set by *linscale*. When *linscale* == 1.0 (the default), the space used
for the positive and negative halves of the linear range will be equal
to one decade in the logarithmic range.
.. plot:: users/plotting/examples/colormap_normalizations_symlognorm.py
:include-source:
Power-law
---------
Sometimes it is useful to remap the colors onto a power-law
relationship (i.e. :math:`y=x^{\gamma}`, where :math:`\gamma` is the
power). For this we use the :func:`colors.PowerNorm`. It takes as an
argument *gamma* (*gamma* == 1.0 will just yield the default linear
normalization):
.. note::
There should probably be a good reason for plotting the data using
this type of transformation. Technical viewers are used to linear
and logarithmic axes and data transformations. Power laws are less
common, and viewers should explicitly be made aware that they have
been used.
.. plot:: users/plotting/examples/colormap_normalizations_power.py
:include-source:
Discrete bounds
---------------
Another normaization that comes with matplolib is
:func:`colors.BoundaryNorm`. In addition to *vmin* and *vmax*, this
takes as arguments boundaries between which data is to be mapped. The
colors are then linearly distributed between these "bounds". For
instance:
.. ipython::
In [2]: import matplotlib.colors as colors
In [3]: bounds = np.array([-0.25, -0.125, 0, 0.5, 1])
In [4]: norm = colors.BoundaryNorm(boundaries=bounds, ncolors=4)
In [5]: print(norm([-0.2,-0.15,-0.02, 0.3, 0.8, 0.99]))
[0 0 1 2 3 3]
Note unlike the other norms, this norm returns values from 0 to *ncolors*-1.
.. plot:: users/plotting/examples/colormap_normalizations_bounds.py
:include-source:
Custom normalization: Two linear ranges
---------------------------------------
It is possible to define your own normalization. In the following
example, we modify :func:`colors:SymLogNorm` to use different linear
maps for the negative data values and the positive. (Note that this
example is simple, and does not validate inputs or account for complex
cases such as masked data)
.. note::
This may appear soon as :func:`colors.OffsetNorm`.
As above, non-symmetric mapping of data to color is non-standard
practice for quantitative data, and should only be used advisedly. A
practical example is having an ocean/land colormap where the land and
ocean data span different ranges.
.. plot:: users/plotting/examples/colormap_normalizations_custom.py
:include-source:
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