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/* Copyright (C) 2007 Viktor T. Toth <http://www.vttoth.com/>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
* useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
* warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* Deriving the Friedmann-equations of cosmology
*
*/
("Deriving the Friedmann-equations of cosmology" )$
if get('ctensor,'version)=false then load(ctensor);
("We start with the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric")$
("This metric describes a homogeneous, isotropic universe.")$
("Our coordinate system is spherical:")$
dim:4;
ct_coords:[t,r,u,v];
lg:ident(4);
lg[2,2]:-a^2/(1-k*r^2);
lg[3,3]:-a^2*r^2;
lg[4,4]:-a^2*r^2*sin(u)^2;
dependencies(a(t));
cmetric();
("Let us review the contravariant and covariant metric tensor:")$
ug;
lg;
("And let us calculate the Einstein tensor.")$
derivabbrev:true;
christof(mcs);
ricci(true);
einstein(true);
("The Weyl tensor is null. No gravitational waves in this metric!")$
weyl(true);
("The energy-momentum tensor is that of an ideal fluid with")$
("energy density e and pressure p:")$
T:-p*ident(4);
T[1,1]:e;
T;
("The Einstein field equations are reduced to two differential equations:")$
expand(ein[1,1]/3=(8*%pi*G*T[1,1]+L)/3);
expand(ein[2,2]-ein[1,1]/3)/2=factor(8*%pi*G*(T[2,2]-T[1,1]/3)/2)+(L-L/3)/2;
("These two are known as the Friedmann equations of cosmology.")$
("The size of the universe is proportional to the scale factor a;")$
("L (Lambda) is the infamous cosmological constant; k (=0, +1, or -1)")$
("determines the curvature (flat, closed, or open universe, respectively.)")$
/* End of demo -- comment line needed by MAXIMA to resume demo menu */
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