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<a name="Functions-and-Variables-for-Display"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="maxima_8.html#Functions-and-Variables-for-Command-Line" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Functions and Variables for Command Line</a>, Up: <a href="maxima_6.html#Command-Line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="maxima_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="maxima_423.html#Function-and-Variable-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Functions-and-Variables-for-Display-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.3 Functions and Variables for Display</h3>

<a name="g_t_0025edispflag"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002f_0025edispflag"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-_0025edispflag"></a>Option variable: <strong>%edispflag</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>%edispflag</code> is <code>true</code>, Maxima displays <code>%e</code> to a negative
exponent as a quotient.  For example, <code>%e^-x</code> is displayed as
<code>1/%e^x</code>.  See also <code><a href="#exptdispflag">exptdispflag</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) %e^-10;
                               - 10
(%o1)                        %e
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) %edispflag:true$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) %e^-10;
                               1
(%o3)                         ----
                                10
                              %e
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Exponential-and-logarithm-functions">Exponential and logarithm functions</a>
&middot;<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="absboxchar"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fabsboxchar"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-absboxchar"></a>Option variable: <strong>absboxchar</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>!</code>
</p>
<p><code>absboxchar</code> is the character used to draw absolute value
signs around expressions which are more than one line tall.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) abs((x^3+1));
                            ! 3    !
(%o1)                       !x  + 1!
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>


<a name="declare_005findex_005fproperties"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fdeclare_005findex_005fproperties"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-declare_005findex_005fproperties"></a>Function: <strong>declare_index_properties</strong> <em>(<var>a</var>, [<var>p_1</var>, <var>p_2</var>, <var>p_3</var>, ...])</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-declare_005findex_005fproperties-1"></a>Function: <strong>declare_index_properties</strong> <em>([<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>c</var>, ...], [<var>p_1</var>, <var>p_2</var>, <var>p_3</var>, ...])</em></dt>
<dd><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fpostsubscript"></a></dd><dt><a name="index-postsubscript"></a>Symbol: <strong>postsubscript</strong></dt>
<dd><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fpostsuperscript"></a></dd><dt><a name="index-postsuperscript"></a>Symbol: <strong>postsuperscript</strong></dt>
<dd><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fpresuperscript"></a></dd><dt><a name="index-presuperscript"></a>Symbol: <strong>presuperscript</strong></dt>
<dd><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fpresubscript"></a></dd><dt><a name="index-presubscript"></a>Symbol: <strong>presubscript</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>Declares the properties of indices applied to the symbol <var>a</var>
or each of the of symbols <var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>c</var>, ....
If multiple symbols are given,
the whole list of properties applies to each symbol.
</p>
<p>Given a symbol with indices, <code><var>a</var>[<var>i_1</var>, <var>i_2</var>, <var>i_3</var>, ...]</code>,
the <code>k</code>-th property <var>p_k</var> applies to the <code>k</code>-th index <var>i_k</var>.
There may be any number of index properties, in any order. 
</p>
<p>Each property <var>p_k</var> must one of these four recognized properties:
<code>postsubscript</code>, <code>postsuperscript</code>, <code>presuperscript</code>, or <code>presubscript</code>,
to denote indices which are displayed, respectively,
to the right and below, to the right and above, to the left and above, or to the left and below.
</p>
<p>Index properties apply only to the 2-dimensional display of indexed variables
(i.e., when <code><a href="#display2d">display2d</a></code> is <code>true</code>)
and TeX output via <code>tex</code>.
Otherwise, index properties are ignored.
Index properties do not change the input of indexed variables,
do not change the algebraic properties of indexed variables,
and do not change the 1-dimensional display of indexed variables.
</p>
<p><code>declare_index_properties</code> quotes (does not evaluate) its arguments.
</p>
<p><code>remove_index_properties</code> removes index properties.
<code>kill</code> also removes index properties (and all other properties).
</p>
<p><code>get_index_properties</code> retrieves index properties.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<p>Given a symbol with indices, <code><var>a</var>[<var>i_1</var>, <var>i_2</var>, <var>i_3</var>, ...]</code>,
the <code>k</code>-th property <var>p_k</var> applies to the <code>k</code>-th index <var>i_k</var>.
There may be any number of index properties, in any order. 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [presubscript, postsubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) declare_index_properties (B, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presuperscript]);
(%o2)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) declare_index_properties (C, [postsuperscript, presubscript,
 presubscript, presuperscript]);
(%o3)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) A[w, x];
(%o4)                           A
                               w x
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) B[w, x, y];
                             y w, x
(%o5)                         B
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) C[w, x, y, z];
                                z w
(%o6)                            C
                             x, y
</pre></div>

<p>Index properties apply only to the 2-dimensional display of indexed variables and TeX output.
Otherwise, index properties are ignored.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [presubscript, postsubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) A[w, x];
(%o2)                           A
                               w x
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) tex (A[w, x]);
$${}_{w}A_{x}$$
(%o3)                         false
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) display2d: false $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) A[w, x];
(%o5) A[w,x]
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) display2d: true $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i7) grind (A[w, x]);
A[w,x]$
(%o7)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i8) stringdisp: true $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i9) string (A[w, x]);
(%o9)                       &quot;A[w,x]&quot;
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="get_005findex_005fproperties"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fget_005findex_005fproperties"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-get_005findex_005fproperties"></a>Function: <strong>get_index_properties</strong> <em>(<var>a</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns the properties for <var>a</var> established by <code>declare_index_properties</code>.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#remove_005findex_005fproperties">remove_index_properties</a></code>.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="remove_005findex_005fproperties"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fremove_005findex_005fproperties"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-remove_005findex_005fproperties"></a>Function: <strong>remove_index_properties</strong> <em>(<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>c</var>, ...)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Removes the properties established by <code>declare_index_properties</code>.
All index properties are removed from each symbol <var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>c</var>, ....
</p>
<p><code>remove_index_properties</code> quotes (does not evaluate) its arguments.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="display_005findex_005fseparator"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fdisplay_005findex_005fseparator"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-display_005findex_005fseparator"></a>Symbol property: <strong>display_index_separator</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>When a symbol <var>A</var> has index display properties declared via <code>declare_index_properties</code>,
the value of the property <code>display_index_separator</code>
is the string or other expression which is displayed between indices.
</p>
<p>The value of <code>display_index_separator</code>
is assigned by <code>put(<var>A</var>, <var>S</var>, display_index_separator)</code>,
where <var>S</var> is a string or other expression.
The assigned value is retrieved by <code>get(<var>A</var>, display_index_separator)</code>.
</p>
<p>The display index separator <var>S</var> can be a string, including an empty string,
or <code>false</code>, indicating the default separator, or any expression.
If not a string and not <code>false</code>, the property value is coerced to a string via <code>string</code>.
</p>
<p>If no display index separator is assigned, the default separator is used.
The default separator is a comma.
There is no way to change the default separator.
</p>
<p>Each symbol has its own value of <code>display_index_separator</code>.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="maxima_62.html#put">put</a></code>, <code><a href="maxima_62.html#get">get</a></code>, and <code><a href="#declare_005findex_005fproperties">declare_index_properties</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>    
<p>When a symbol <var>A</var> has index display properties,
the value of the property <code>display_index_separator</code>
is the string or other expression which is displayed between indices.
The value is assigned by <code>put(<var>A</var>, <var>S</var>, display_index_separator)</code>,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) put (A, &quot;;&quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o2)                           ;
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w;x
(%o3)                           A
                             y;z
</pre></div>

<p>The assigned value is retrieved by <code>get(<var>A</var>, display_index_separator)</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) put (A, &quot;;&quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o2)                           ;
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) get (A, display_index_separator);
(%o3)                           ;
</pre></div>

<p>The display index separator <var>S</var> can be a string, including an empty string,
or <code>false</code>, indicating the default separator, or any expression.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w, x
(%o2)                           A
                            y, z
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) put (A, &quot;-&quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o3)                           -
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w-x
(%o4)                           A
                             y-z
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) put (A, &quot; &quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o5)                            
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w x
(%o6)                           A
                             y z
</pre><pre class="example">(%i7) put (A, &quot;&quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o7) 
</pre><pre class="example">(%i8) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 wx
(%o8)                           A
                              yz
</pre><pre class="example">(%i9) put (A, false, display_index_separator);
(%o9)                         false
</pre><pre class="example">(%i10) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w, x
(%o10)                          A
                            y, z
</pre><pre class="example">(%i11) put (A, 'foo, display_index_separator);
(%o11)                         foo
</pre><pre class="example">(%i12) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 wfoox
(%o12)                          A
                           yfooz
</pre></div>

<p>If no display index separator is assigned, the default separator is used.
The default separator is a comma.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) A[w, x, y, z];
                                 w, x
(%o2)                           A
                            y, z
</pre></div>

<p>Each symbol has its own value of <code>display_index_separator</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) declare_index_properties (A, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript,
 presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o1)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) put (A, &quot; &quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o2)                            
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) declare_index_properties (B, [postsuperscript, postsuperscript, presubscript, presubscript]);
(%o3)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) put (B, &quot;;&quot;, display_index_separator);
(%o4)                           ;
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) A[w, x, y, z] + B[w, x, y, z];
                            w;x       w x
(%o5)                      B    +    A
                        y;z       y z
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="disp"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fdisp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-disp"></a>Function: <strong>disp</strong> <em>(<var>expr_1</var>, <var>expr_2</var>, &hellip;)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>is like <code><a href="#display">display</a></code> but only the value of the arguments are displayed rather
than equations.  This is useful for complicated arguments which don&rsquo;t have names 
or where only the value of the argument is of interest and not the name.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#ldisp">ldisp</a></code> and <code><a href="#print">print</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) b[1,2]:x-x^2$
(%i2) x:123$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) disp(x, b[1,2], sin(1.0));
                               123

                                  2
                             x - x

                       0.8414709848078965

(%o3)                         done
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="display"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fdisplay"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-display"></a>Function: <strong>display</strong> <em>(<var>expr_1</var>, <var>expr_2</var>, &hellip;)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Displays equations whose left side is <var>expr_i</var> unevaluated, and whose right
side is the value of the expression centered on the line.  This function is 
useful in blocks and <code><a href="maxima_175.html#for">for</a></code> statements in order to have intermediate results
displayed.  The arguments to <code>display</code> are usually atoms, subscripted 
variables, or function calls.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#ldisplay">ldisplay</a></code>, <code><a href="#disp">disp</a></code>, and <code><a href="#ldisp">ldisp</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) b[1,2]:x-x^2$
(%i2) x:123$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) display(x, b[1,2], sin(1.0));
                             x = 123

                                      2
                         b     = x - x
                          1, 2

                  sin(1.0) = 0.8414709848078965

(%o3)                         done
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="display2d"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fdisplay2d"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-display2d"></a>Option variable: <strong>display2d</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>true</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>display2d</code> is <code>true</code>,
the console display is an attempt to present mathematical expressions
as they might appear in books and articles,
using only letters, numbers, and some punctuation characters.
This display is sometimes called the &quot;pretty printer&quot; display.
</p>
<p>When <code>display2d</code> is <code>true</code>,
Maxima attempts to honor the global variable for line length, <code>linel</code>.
When an atom (symbol, number, or string) would otherwise cause a line to exceed <code>linel</code>,
the atom may be printed in pieces on successive lines,
with a continuation character (backslash, <code>\</code>) at the end of the leading piece;
however, in some cases, such atoms are printed without a line break,
and the length of the line is greater than <code>linel</code>.
</p>
<p>When <code>display2d</code> is <code>false</code>,
the console display is a 1-dimensional or linear form
which is the same as the output produced by <code>grind</code>.
</p>
<p>When <code>display2d</code> is <code>false</code>,
the value of <code><a href="maxima_16.html#stringdisp">stringdisp</a></code> is ignored,
and strings are always displayed with quote marks.
</p>
<p>When <code>display2d</code> is <code>false</code>,
Maxima attempts to honor <code>linel</code>,
but atoms are not broken across lines,
and the actual length of an output line may exceed <code>linel</code>.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#leftjust">leftjust</a></code> to switch between a left justified and a centered
display of equations.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) x/(x^2+1);
                               x
(%o1)                        ------
                              2
                             x  + 1
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) display2d:false$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) x/(x^2+1);
(%o3) x/(x^2+1)
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="display_005fformat_005finternal"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fdisplay_005fformat_005finternal"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-display_005fformat_005finternal"></a>Option variable: <strong>display_format_internal</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>display_format_internal</code> is <code>true</code>, expressions are displayed
without being transformed in ways that hide the internal mathematical
representation.  The display then corresponds to what <code><a href="maxima_33.html#inpart">inpart</a></code> returns
rather than <code><a href="maxima_33.html#part">part</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">User     part       inpart
a-b;      a - b     a + (- 1) b

           a            - 1
a/b;       -         a b
           b
                       1/2
sqrt(x);   sqrt(x)    x

          4 X        4
X*4/3;    ---        - X
           3         3
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="with_005fdefault_005f2d_005fdisplay"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fwith_005fdefault_005f2d_005fdisplay"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-with_005fdefault_005f2d_005fdisplay"></a>Function: <strong>with_default_2d_display</strong> <em>(expr)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>While maxima by default realizes 2d Output using ASCII-Art some frontend
change that to TeX, MathML or a specific XML dialect that better suits
the needs for this specific frontend. <code>with_default_2d_display</code>
temporarily switches maxima to the default 2D ASCII Art formatter for
outputting the result of <code>expr</code>.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="maxima_182.html#set_005falt_005fdisplay">set_alt_display</a></code> and <code><a href="#display2d">display2d</a></code>.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>


<a name="dispterms"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fdispterms"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-dispterms"></a>Function: <strong>dispterms</strong> <em>(<var>expr</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Displays <var>expr</var> in parts one below the other.  That is, first the operator
of <var>expr</var> is displayed, then each term in a sum, or factor in a product, or
part of a more general expression is displayed separately.  This is useful if
<var>expr</var> is too large to be otherwise displayed.  For example if <code>P1</code>,
<code>P2</code>, &hellip;  are very large expressions then the display program may run
out of storage space in trying to display <code>P1 + P2 + ...</code>  all at once.
However, <code>dispterms (P1 + P2 + ...)</code> displays <code>P1</code>, then below it
<code>P2</code>, etc.  When not using <code>dispterms</code>, if an exponential expression
is too wide to be displayed as <code>A^B</code> it appears as <code>expt (A, B)</code> (or
as <code>ncexpt (A, B)</code> in the case of <code>A^^B</code>).
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) dispterms(2*a*sin(x)+%e^x);

+

2 a sin(x)

  x
%e

(%o1)                         done
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="expt"></a><a name="ncexpt"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fexpt"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-expt"></a>Special symbol: <strong>expt</strong> <em>(<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fncexpt"></a></dd><dt><a name="index-ncexpt"></a>Special symbol: <strong>ncexpt</strong> <em>(<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>If an exponential expression is too wide to be displayed as
<code><var>a</var>^<var>b</var></code> it appears as <code>expt (<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>)</code> (or as
<code>ncexpt (<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>)</code> in the case of <code><var>a</var>^^<var>b</var></code>).
</p>
<p><code>expt</code> and <code>ncexpt</code> are not recognized in input.
</p></dd></dl>

<a name="exptdispflag"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fexptdispflag"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-exptdispflag"></a>Option variable: <strong>exptdispflag</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>true</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>exptdispflag</code> is <code>true</code>, Maxima displays expressions
with negative exponents using quotients.  See also <code><a href="#g_t_0025edispflag">%edispflag</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) exptdispflag:true;
(%o1)                         true
(%i2) 10^-x;
                                1
(%o2)                          ---
                                 x
                               10
(%i3) exptdispflag:false;
(%o3)                         false
(%i4) 10^-x;
                                - x
(%o4)                         10
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Expressions">Expressions</a>
&middot;<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="grind"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fgrind"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-grind"></a>Function: <strong>grind</strong> <em>(<var>expr</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>The function <code>grind</code> prints <var>expr</var> to the console in a form suitable
for input to Maxima.  <code>grind</code> always returns <code>done</code>.
</p>
<p>When <var>expr</var> is the name of a function or macro, <code>grind</code> prints the
function or macro definition instead of just the name.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="maxima_16.html#string">string</a></code>, which returns a string instead of printing its
output.  <code>grind</code> attempts to print the expression in a manner which makes
it slightly easier to read than the output of <code>string</code>.
</p>
<p><code>grind</code> evaluates its argument.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) aa + 1729;
(%o1)                       aa + 1729
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) grind (%);
aa+1729$
(%o2)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) [aa, 1729, aa + 1729];
(%o3)                 [aa, 1729, aa + 1729]
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) grind (%);
[aa,1729,aa+1729]$
(%o4)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) matrix ([aa, 17], [29, bb]);
                           [ aa  17 ]
(%o5)                      [        ]
                           [ 29  bb ]
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) grind (%);
matrix([aa,17],[29,bb])$
(%o6)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i7) set (aa, 17, 29, bb);
(%o7)                   {17, 29, aa, bb}
</pre><pre class="example">(%i8) grind (%);
{17,29,aa,bb}$
(%o8)                         done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i9) exp (aa / (bb + 17)^29);
                                aa
                            -----------
                                     29
                            (bb + 17)
(%o9)                     %e
</pre><pre class="example">(%i10) grind (%);
%e^(aa/(bb+17)^29)$
(%o10)                        done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i11) expr: expand ((aa + bb)^10);
         10           9        2   8         3   7         4   6
(%o11) bb   + 10 aa bb  + 45 aa  bb  + 120 aa  bb  + 210 aa  bb
         5   5         6   4         7   3        8   2
 + 252 aa  bb  + 210 aa  bb  + 120 aa  bb  + 45 aa  bb
        9        10
 + 10 aa  bb + aa
</pre><pre class="example">(%i12) grind (expr);
bb^10+10*aa*bb^9+45*aa^2*bb^8+120*aa^3*bb^7+210*aa^4*bb^6
     +252*aa^5*bb^5+210*aa^6*bb^4+120*aa^7*bb^3+45*aa^8*bb^2
     +10*aa^9*bb+aa^10$
(%o12)                        done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i13) string (expr);
(%o13) bb^10+10*aa*bb^9+45*aa^2*bb^8+120*aa^3*bb^7+210*aa^4*bb^6\
+252*aa^5*bb^5+210*aa^6*bb^4+120*aa^7*bb^3+45*aa^8*bb^2+10*aa^9*\
bb+aa^10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i14) cholesky (A):= block ([n : length (A), L : copymatrix (A),
  p : makelist (0, i, 1, length (A))],
  for i thru n do for j : i thru n do
  (x : L[i, j], x : x - sum (L[j, k] * L[i, k], k, 1, i - 1),
  if i = j then p[i] : 1 / sqrt(x) else L[j, i] : x * p[i]),
  for i thru n do L[i, i] : 1 / p[i],
  for i thru n do for j : i + 1 thru n do L[i, j] : 0, L)$
define: warning: redefining the built-in function cholesky
</pre><pre class="example">(%i15) grind (cholesky);
cholesky(A):=block(
         [n:length(A),L:copymatrix(A),
          p:makelist(0,i,1,length(A))],
         for i thru n do
             (for j from i thru n do
                  (x:L[i,j],x:x-sum(L[j,k]*L[i,k],k,1,i-1),
                   if i = j then p[i]:1/sqrt(x)
                       else L[j,i]:x*p[i])),
         for i thru n do L[i,i]:1/p[i],
         for i thru n do (for j from i+1 thru n do L[i,j]:0),L)$
(%o15)                        done
</pre><pre class="example">(%i16) string (fundef (cholesky));
(%o16) cholesky(A):=block([n:length(A),L:copymatrix(A),p:makelis\
t(0,i,1,length(A))],for i thru n do (for j from i thru n do (x:L\
[i,j],x:x-sum(L[j,k]*L[i,k],k,1,i-1),if i = j then p[i]:1/sqrt(x\
) else L[j,i]:x*p[i])),for i thru n do L[i,i]:1/p[i],for i thru \
n do (for j from i+1 thru n do L[i,j]:0),L)
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fgrind"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-grind-1"></a>Option variable: <strong>grind</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>When the variable <code>grind</code> is <code>true</code>, the output of <code>string</code> and
<code><a href="maxima_75.html#stringout">stringout</a></code> has the same format as that of <code>grind</code>; otherwise no
attempt is made to specially format the output of those functions.  The default
value of the variable <code>grind</code> is <code>false</code>.
</p>
<p><code>grind</code> can also be specified as an argument of <code><a href="maxima_8.html#playback">playback</a></code>.  When
<code>grind</code> is present, <code>playback</code> prints input expressions in the same
format as the <code>grind</code> function.  Otherwise, no attempt is made to specially
format input expressions.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="ibase"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fibase"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-ibase"></a>Option variable: <strong>ibase</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>10</code>
</p>
<p><code>ibase</code> is the base for integers read by Maxima.
</p>
<p><code>ibase</code> may be assigned any integer between 2 and 36 (decimal), inclusive.
When <code>ibase</code> is greater than 10,
the numerals comprise the decimal numerals 0 through 9
plus letters of the alphabet <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, <code>C</code>, &hellip;,
as needed to make <code>ibase</code> digits in all.
Letters are interpreted as digits only if the first digit is 0 through 9.
</p>
<p>Uppercase and lowercase letters are not distinguished.
The numerals for base 36, the largest acceptable base,
comprise 0 through 9 and <code>A</code> through <code>Z</code>.
</p>
<p>Whatever the value of <code>ibase</code>,
when an integer is terminated by a decimal point,
it is interpreted in base 10.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#obase">obase</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<p><code>ibase</code> less than 10 (for example binary numbers).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) ibase : 2 $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) obase;
(%o2)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) 1111111111111111;
(%o3)                         65535
</pre></div>

<p><code>ibase</code> greater than 10.
Letters are interpreted as digits only if the first digit is 0
through 9 which means that hexadecimal numbers might need to
be prepended by a 0.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) ibase : 16 $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) obase;
(%o2)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) 1000;
(%o3)                         4096
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) abcd;
(%o4)                         abcd
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) symbolp (abcd);
(%o5)                         true
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) 0abcd;
(%o6)                         43981
</pre><pre class="example">(%i7) symbolp (0abcd);
(%o7)                         false
</pre></div>

<p>When an integer is terminated by a decimal point,
it is interpreted in base 10.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) ibase : 36 $
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) obase;
(%o2)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) 1234;
(%o3)                         49360
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) 1234.;
(%o4)                         1234
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Console-interaction">Console interaction</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="ldisp"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fldisp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-ldisp"></a>Function: <strong>ldisp</strong> <em>(<var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Displays expressions <var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var> to the console as
printed output.  <code>ldisp</code> assigns an intermediate expression label to each
argument and returns the list of labels.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#disp">disp</a></code>, <code><a href="#display">display</a></code>, and <code><a href="#ldisplay">ldisplay</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) e: (a+b)^3;
                                   3
(%o1)                       (b + a)
(%i2) f: expand (e);
                     3        2      2      3
(%o2)               b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a
(%i3) ldisp (e, f);
                                   3
(%t3)                       (b + a)

                     3        2      2      3
(%t4)               b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a

(%o4)                      [%t3, %t4]
(%i4) %t3;
                                   3
(%o4)                       (b + a)
(%i5) %t4;
                     3        2      2      3
(%o5)               b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="ldisplay"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fldisplay"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-ldisplay"></a>Function: <strong>ldisplay</strong> <em>(<var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Displays expressions <var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var> to the console as
printed output.  Each expression is printed as an equation of the form
<code>lhs = rhs</code> in which <code>lhs</code> is one of the arguments of <code>ldisplay</code>
and <code>rhs</code> is its value.  Typically each argument is a variable.
<code><a href="#ldisp">ldisp</a></code> assigns an intermediate expression label to each equation and
returns the list of labels.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#display">display</a></code>, <code><a href="#disp">disp</a></code>, and <code><a href="#ldisp">ldisp</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) e: (a+b)^3;
                                   3
(%o1)                       (b + a)
(%i2) f: expand (e);
                     3        2      2      3
(%o2)               b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a
(%i3) ldisplay (e, f);
                                     3
(%t3)                     e = (b + a)

                       3        2      2      3
(%t4)             f = b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a

(%o4)                      [%t3, %t4]
(%i4) %t3;
                                     3
(%o4)                     e = (b + a)
(%i5) %t4;
                       3        2      2      3
(%o5)             f = b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="leftjust"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fleftjust"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-leftjust"></a>Option variable: <strong>leftjust</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>leftjust</code> is <code>true</code>, equations in 2D-display are drawn left
justified rather than centered.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#display2d">display2d</a></code> to switch between 1D- and 2D-display.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) expand((x+1)^3);
                        3      2
(%o1)                  x  + 3 x  + 3 x + 1
(%i2) leftjust:true$
(%i3) expand((x+1)^3);
       3      2
(%o3) x  + 3 x  + 3 x + 1
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="linel"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002flinel"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-linel"></a>Option variable: <strong>linel</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>79</code>
</p>
<p><code>linel</code> is the assumed width (in characters) of the console display for the
purpose of displaying expressions.  <code>linel</code> may be assigned any value by
the user, although very small or very large values may be impractical.  Text
printed by built-in Maxima functions, such as error messages and the output of
<code><a href="maxima_5.html#describe">describe</a></code>, is not affected by <code>linel</code>.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="lispdisp"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002flispdisp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-lispdisp"></a>Option variable: <strong>lispdisp</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>lispdisp</code> is <code>true</code>, Lisp symbols are displayed with a leading
question mark <code>?</code>.  Otherwise, Lisp symbols are displayed with no leading
mark. This has the same effect for 1-d and 2-d display.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) lispdisp: false$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i2) ?foo + ?bar;
(%o2)                       foo + bar
</pre><pre class="example">(%i3) lispdisp: true$
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) ?foo + ?bar;
(%o4)                      ?foo + ?bar
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>


<a name="negsumdispflag"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fnegsumdispflag"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-negsumdispflag"></a>Option variable: <strong>negsumdispflag</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>true</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>negsumdispflag</code> is <code>true</code>, <code>x - y</code> displays as <code>x - y</code>
instead of as <code>- y + x</code>.  Setting it to <code>false</code> causes the special
check in display for the difference of two expressions to not be done.  One
application is that thus <code>a + %i*b</code> and <code>a - %i*b</code> may both be
displayed the same way.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="obase"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fobase"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-obase"></a>Option variable: <strong>obase</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>10</code>
</p>
<p><code>obase</code> is the base for integers displayed by Maxima.
</p>
<p><code>obase</code> may be assigned any integer between 2 and 36 (decimal), inclusive.
When <code>obase</code> is greater than 10,
the numerals comprise the decimal numerals 0 through 9
plus capital letters of the alphabet A, B, C, &hellip;, as needed.
A leading 0 digit is displayed if the leading digit is otherwise a letter.
The numerals for base 36, the largest acceptable base,
comprise 0 through 9, and A through Z.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#ibase">ibase</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) obase : 2;
(%o1)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i10) 2^8 - 1;
(%o10)                      11111111
</pre><pre class="example">(%i11) obase : 8;
(%o3)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i4) 8^8 - 1;
(%o4)                       77777777
</pre><pre class="example">(%i5) obase : 16;
(%o5)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i6) 16^8 - 1;
(%o6)                       0FFFFFFFF
</pre><pre class="example">(%i7) obase : 36;
(%o7)                          10
</pre><pre class="example">(%i8) 36^8 - 1;
(%o8)                       0ZZZZZZZZ
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Console-interaction">Console interaction</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="pfeformat"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fpfeformat"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-pfeformat"></a>Option variable: <strong>pfeformat</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>pfeformat</code> is <code>true</code>, a ratio of integers is displayed with the
solidus (forward slash) character, and an integer denominator <code>n</code> is
displayed as a leading multiplicative term <code>1/n</code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) pfeformat: false$
(%i2) 2^16/7^3;
                              65536
(%o2)                         -----
                               343
(%i3) (a+b)/8;
                              b + a
(%o3)                         -----
                                8
(%i4) pfeformat: true$ 
(%i5) 2^16/7^3;
(%o5)                       65536/343
(%i6) (a+b)/8;
(%o6)                      1/8 (b + a)
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="powerdisp"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fpowerdisp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-powerdisp"></a>Option variable: <strong>powerdisp</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>powerdisp</code> is <code>true</code>,
a sum is displayed with its terms in order of increasing power.
Thus a polynomial is displayed as a truncated power series,
with the constant term first and the highest power last.
</p>
<p>By default, terms of a sum are displayed in order of decreasing power.
</p>
<p>Example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) powerdisp:true;
(%o1)                         true
(%i2) x^2+x^3+x^4;
                           2    3    4
(%o2)                     x  + x  + x
(%i3) powerdisp:false;
(%o3)                         false
(%i4) x^2+x^3+x^4;
                           4    3    2
(%o4)                     x  + x  + x
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="print"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdeffn_002fprint"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-print"></a>Function: <strong>print</strong> <em>(<var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Evaluates and displays <var>expr_1</var>, &hellip;, <var>expr_n</var> one after another,
from left to right, starting at the left edge of the console display.
</p>
<p>The value returned by <code>print</code> is the value of its last argument.
<code>print</code> does not generate intermediate expression labels.
</p>
<p>See also <code><a href="#display">display</a></code>, <code><a href="#disp">disp</a></code>, <code><a href="#ldisplay">ldisplay</a></code>, and
<code><a href="#ldisp">ldisp</a></code>.  Those functions display one expression per line, while
<code>print</code> attempts to display two or more expressions per line.
</p>
<p>To display the contents of a file, see <code><a href="maxima_75.html#printfile">printfile</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) r: print (&quot;(a+b)^3 is&quot;, expand ((a+b)^3), &quot;log (a^10/b) is&quot;,
      radcan (log (a^10/b)))$
            3        2      2      3
(a+b)^3 is b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a  log (a^10/b) is 

                                              10 log(a) - log(b) 
(%i2) r;
(%o2)                  10 log(a) - log(b)
(%i3) disp (&quot;(a+b)^3 is&quot;, expand ((a+b)^3), &quot;log (a^10/b) is&quot;,
      radcan (log (a^10/b)))$
                           (a+b)^3 is

                     3        2      2      3
                    b  + 3 a b  + 3 a  b + a

                         log (a^10/b) is

                       10 log(a) - log(b)
</pre></div>

<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-functions">Display functions</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="sqrtdispflag"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fsqrtdispflag"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-sqrtdispflag"></a>Option variable: <strong>sqrtdispflag</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>true</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>sqrtdispflag</code> is <code>false</code>, causes <code>sqrt</code> to display with
exponent 1/2.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Mathematical-functions">Mathematical functions</a>
&middot;<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="stardisp"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fstardisp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-stardisp"></a>Option variable: <strong>stardisp</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>stardisp</code> is <code>true</code>, multiplication is
displayed with an asterisk <code>*</code> between operands.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>

<a name="ttyoff"></a><a name="Item_003a-Command_002fdefvr_002fttyoff"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-ttyoff"></a>Option variable: <strong>ttyoff</strong></dt>
<dd><p>Default value: <code>false</code>
</p>
<p>When <code>ttyoff</code> is <code>true</code>, output expressions are not displayed.
Output expressions are still computed and assigned labels.  See <code><a href="maxima_8.html#labels">labels</a></code>.
</p>
<p>Text printed by built-in Maxima functions, such as error messages and the output
of <code><a href="maxima_5.html#describe">describe</a></code>, is not affected by <code>ttyoff</code>.
</p>
<div class=categorybox>
Categories:<a href="maxima_424.html#Category_003a-Display-flags-and-variables">Display flags and variables</a>
&middot;</div></dd></dl>


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