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<a name="Introduction-to-numericalio"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="maxima_222.html#Functions-and-Variables-for-plain_002dtext-input-and-output" accesskey="n" rel="next">Functions and Variables for plain-text input and output</a>, Previous: <a href="maxima_217.html#mnewton_002dpkg" accesskey="p" rel="previous">mnewton-pkg</a>, Up: <a href="maxima_220.html#numericalio_002dpkg" accesskey="u" rel="up">numericalio-pkg</a> [<a href="maxima_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="maxima_264.html#g_t_0423_043a_0430_0437_0430_0442_0435_043b_044c-_0444_0443_043d_043a_0446_0438_0439-_0438-_043f_0435_0440_0435_043c_0435_043d_043d_044b_0445" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Introduction-to-numericalio-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">62.1 Introduction to numericalio</h3>
<p><code>numericalio</code> is a collection of functions to read and write files and streams.
Functions for plain-text input and output
can read and write numbers (integer, float, or bigfloat), symbols, and strings.
Functions for binary input and output
can read and write only floating-point numbers.
</p>
<p>If there already exists a list, matrix, or array object to store input data,
<code>numericalio</code> input functions can write data into that object.
Otherwise, <code>numericalio</code> can guess, to some degree, the structure of an object
to store the data, and return that object.
</p>
<a name="Plain_002dtext-input-and-output"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">62.1.1 Plain-text input and output</h4>
<p>In plain-text input and output,
it is assumed that each item to read or write is an atom:
an integer, float, bigfloat, string, or symbol,
and not a rational or complex number or any other kind of nonatomic expression.
The <code>numericalio</code> functions may attempt to do something sensible faced with nonatomic expressions,
but the results are not specified here and subject to change.
</p>
<p>Atoms in both input and output files have the same format as
in Maxima batch files or the interactive console.
In particular, strings are enclosed in double quotes,
backslash <code>\</code> prevents any special interpretation of the next character,
and the question mark <code>?</code> is recognized at the beginning of a symbol
to mean a Lisp symbol (as opposed to a Maxima symbol).
No continuation character (to join broken lines) is recognized.
</p>
<a name="Separator-flag-values-for-input"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">62.1.2 Separator flag values for input</h4>
<p>The functions for plain-text input and output take an optional argument,
<var>separator_flag</var>, that tells what character separates data.
</p>
<p>For plain-text input, these values of <var>separator_flag</var> are recognized:
<code>comma</code> for comma separated values,
<code>pipe</code> for values separated by the vertical bar character <code>|</code>,
<code>semicolon</code> for values separated by semicolon <code>;</code>,
and <code>space</code> for values separated by space or tab characters.
Equivalently, the separator may be specified as a string of one character:
<code>","</code> (comma), <code>"|"</code> (pipe), <code>";"</code> (semicolon),
<code>" "</code> (space), or <code>" "</code> (tab).
</p>
<p>If the file name ends in <code>.csv</code> and <var>separator_flag</var> is not specified,
<code>comma</code> is assumed.
If the file name ends in something other than <code>.csv</code> and <code>separator_flag</code> is not specified,
<code>space</code> is assumed.
</p>
<p>In plain-text input, multiple successive space and tab characters count as a single separator.
However, multiple comma, pipe, or semicolon characters are significant.
Successive comma, pipe, or semicolon characters (with or without intervening spaces or tabs)
are considered to have <code>false</code> between the separators.
For example, <code>1234,,Foo</code> is treated the same as <code>1234,false,Foo</code>.
</p>
<a name="Separator-flag-values-for-output"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">62.1.3 Separator flag values for output</h4>
<p>For plain-text output, <code>tab</code>, for values separated by the tab character,
is recognized as a value of <var>separator_flag</var>,
as well as <code>comma</code>, <code>pipe</code>, <code>semicolon</code>, and <code>space</code>.
</p>
<p>In plain-text output, <code>false</code> atoms are written as such;
a list <code>[1234, false, Foo]</code> is written <code>1234,false,Foo</code>,
and there is no attempt to collapse the output to <code>1234,,Foo</code>.
</p>
<a name="Binary-floating_002dpoint-input-and-output"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">62.1.4 Binary floating-point input and output</h4>
<p><code>numericalio</code> functions can read and write 8-byte IEEE 754 floating-point numbers.
These numbers can be stored either least significant byte first or most significant byte first,
according to the global flag set by <code>assume_external_byte_order</code>.
If not specified, <code>numericalio</code> assumes the external byte order is most-significant byte first.
</p>
<p>Other kinds of numbers are coerced to 8-byte floats;
<code>numericalio</code> cannot read or write binary non-numeric data.
</p>
<p>Some Lisp implementations do not recognize IEEE 754 special values
(positive and negative infinity, not-a-number values, denormalized values).
The effect of reading such values with <code>numericalio</code> is undefined.
</p>
<p><code>numericalio</code> includes functions to open a stream for reading or writing a stream of bytes.
</p>
<a name="Item_003a-numericalio_002fnode_002fFunctions-and-Variables-for-plain_002dtext-input-and-output"></a><hr>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="maxima_222.html#Functions-and-Variables-for-plain_002dtext-input-and-output" accesskey="n" rel="next">Functions and Variables for plain-text input and output</a>, Previous: <a href="maxima_217.html#mnewton_002dpkg" accesskey="p" rel="previous">mnewton-pkg</a>, Up: <a href="maxima_220.html#numericalio_002dpkg" accesskey="u" rel="up">numericalio-pkg</a> [<a href="maxima_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="maxima_264.html#g_t_0423_043a_0430_0437_0430_0442_0435_043b_044c-_0444_0443_043d_043a_0446_0438_0439-_0438-_043f_0435_0440_0435_043c_0435_043d_043d_044b_0445" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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