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<a name="Characters"></a>
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<p>
Next: <a href="maxima_256.html#String-Processing" accesskey="n" rel="next">String Processing</a>, Previous: <a href="maxima_254.html#String-Input-and-Output" accesskey="p" rel="previous">String Input and Output</a>, Up: <a href="maxima_252.html#stringproc_002dpkg" accesskey="u" rel="up">stringproc-pkg</a> &nbsp; [<a href="maxima_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="maxima_264.html#g_t_0423_043a_0430_0437_0430_0442_0435_043b_044c-_0444_0443_043d_043a_0446_0438_0439-_0438-_043f_0435_0440_0435_043c_0435_043d_043d_044b_0445" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="Characters-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">71.3 Characters</h3>

<p>Characters are strings of length 1.
</p>
<a name="adjust_005fexternal_005fformat"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fadjust_005fexternal_005fformat"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-adjust_005fexternal_005fformat"></a>Function: <strong>adjust_external_format</strong> <em>() </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints information about the current external format of the Lisp reader 
and in case the external format encoding differs from the encoding of the 
application which runs Maxima <code>adjust_external_format</code> tries to adjust 
the encoding or prints some help or instruction.
<code>adjust_external_format</code> returns <code>true</code> when the external format has 
been changed and <code>false</code> otherwise.
</p>
<p>Functions like <a href="#cint">cint</a>, <a href="#unicode">unicode</a>, <a href="maxima_257.html#octets_005fto_005fstring">octets_to_string</a> 
and <a href="maxima_257.html#string_005fto_005foctets">string_to_octets</a> need UTF-8 as the external format of the 
Lisp reader to work properly over the full range of Unicode characters. 
</p>
<p>Examples (Maxima on Windows, March 2016): 
Using <code>adjust_external_format</code> when the default external format 
is not equal to the encoding provided by the application.
</p>
<p>1. Command line Maxima
</p>
<p>In case a terminal session is preferred it is recommended to use Maxima compiled 
with SBCL. Here Unicode support is provided by default and calls to 
<code>adjust_external_format</code> are unnecessary. 
</p>
<p>If Maxima is compiled with CLISP or GCL it is recommended to change 
the terminal encoding from CP850 to CP1252. 
<code>adjust_external_format</code> prints some help. 
</p>
<p>CCL reads UTF-8 while the terminal input is CP850 by default. 
CP1252 is not supported by CCL. <code>adjust_external_format</code> 
prints instructions for changing the terminal encoding and external format 
both to iso-8859-1.
</p>
<p>2. wxMaxima
</p>
<p>In wxMaxima SBCL reads CP1252 by default but the input from the application 
is UTF-8 encoded. Adjustment is needed. 
</p>
<p>Calling <code>adjust_external_format</code> and restarting Maxima 
permanently changes the default external format to UTF-8.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1)adjust_external_format();
The line
(setf sb-impl::*default-external-format* :utf-8)
has been appended to the init file
C:/Users/Username/.sbclrc
Please restart Maxima to set the external format to UTF-8.
(%i1) false
</pre></div>

<p>Restarting Maxima.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) adjust_external_format();
The external format is currently UTF-8
and has not been changed.
(%i1) false
</pre></div>





</dd></dl>

<a name="alphacharp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002falphacharp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-alphacharp"></a>Function: <strong>alphacharp</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>)  </em></dt>
<dd>  
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is an alphabetic character. 
</p>
<p>To identify a non-US-ASCII character as an alphabetic character 
the underlying Lisp must provide full Unicode support. 
E.g. a German umlaut is detected as an alphabetic character with SBCL in GNU/Linux 
but not with GCL. 
(In Windows Maxima, when compiled with SBCL, must be set to UTF-8. 
See <a href="#adjust_005fexternal_005fformat">adjust_external_format</a> for more.) 
</p>
<p>Example: Examination of non-US-ASCII characters.
</p>
<p>The underlying Lisp (SBCL, GNU/Linux) is able to convert the typed character 
into a Lisp character and to examine.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) alphacharp(&quot;&uuml;&quot;);
(%o1)                          true
</pre></div>

<p>In GCL this is not possible. An error break occurs.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) alphacharp(&quot;u&quot;);
(%o1)                          true
(%i2) alphacharp(&quot;&uuml;&quot;);

package stringproc: &uuml; cannot be converted into a Lisp character.
 -- an error.
</pre></div>






</dd></dl>

<a name="alphanumericp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002falphanumericp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-alphanumericp"></a>Function: <strong>alphanumericp</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is an alphabetic character or a digit 
(only corresponding US-ASCII characters are regarded as digits). 
</p>
<p>Note: See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="ascii"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fascii"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-ascii"></a>Function: <strong>ascii</strong> <em>(<var>int</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns the US-ASCII character corresponding to the integer <var>int</var>
which has to be less than <code>128</code>.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#unicode">unicode</a> for converting code points larger than <code>127</code>.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) for n from 0 thru 127 do ( 
        ch: ascii(n), 
        if alphacharp(ch) then sprint(ch),
        if n = 96 then newline() )$
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
</pre></div>





</dd></dl>

<a name="cequal"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcequal"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-cequal"></a>Function: <strong>cequal</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>         
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char_1</var> and <var>char_2</var> are the same character. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="cequalignore"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcequalignore"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-cequalignore"></a>Function: <strong>cequalignore</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>  
<p>Like <code>cequal</code> but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII 
characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an 
alphabetic character. See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="cgreaterp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcgreaterp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-cgreaterp"></a>Function: <strong>cgreaterp</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>  
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the code point of <var>char_1</var> is greater than the 
code point of <var>char_2</var>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="cgreaterpignore"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcgreaterpignore"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-cgreaterpignore"></a>Function: <strong>cgreaterpignore</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <code>cgreaterp</code> but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII 
characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an 
alphabetic character. See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="charp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcharp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-charp"></a>Function: <strong>charp</strong> <em>(<var>obj</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>obj</var> is a Maxima-character.
See introduction for example.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="cint"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fcint"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-cint"></a>Function: <strong>cint</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns the Unicode code point of <var>char</var> which must be a 
Maxima character, i.e. a string of length <code>1</code>.
</p>
<p>Examples: The hexadecimal code point of some characters 
(Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux). 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) obase: 16.$
(%i2) map(cint, [&quot;$&quot;,&quot;&pound;&quot;,&quot;&euro;&quot;]);
(%o2)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]
</pre></div>

<p>Warning: It is not possible to enter characters corresponding to code points 
larger than 16 bit in wxMaxima with SBCL on Windows when the external format 
has not been set to UTF-8. See <a href="#adjust_005fexternal_005fformat">adjust_external_format</a>.
</p>

<p>CMUCL doesn&rsquo;t process these characters as one character. 
<code>cint</code> then returns <code>false</code>. 
Converting a character to a code point via UTF-8-octets may serve as a workaround: 
</p>
<p><code>utf8_to_unicode(string_to_octets(character));</code>
</p>

<p>See <a href="#utf8_005fto_005funicode">utf8_to_unicode</a>, <a href="maxima_257.html#string_005fto_005foctets">string_to_octets</a>.
</p>




</dd></dl>

<a name="clessp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fclessp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-clessp"></a>Function: <strong>clessp</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if the code point of <var>char_1</var> is less than the 
code point of <var>char_2</var>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="clesspignore"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fclesspignore"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-clesspignore"></a>Function: <strong>clesspignore</strong> <em>(<var>char_1</var>, <var>char_2</var>)</em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <code>clessp</code> but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII 
characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an 
alphabetic character. See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>. 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="constituent"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fconstituent"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-constituent"></a>Function: <strong>constituent</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is a graphic character but not a space character.
A graphic character is a character one can see, plus the space character.
(<code>constituent</code> is defined by Paul Graham. 
See Paul Graham, ANSI Common Lisp, 1996, page 67.)
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) for n from 0 thru 255 do ( 
tmp: ascii(n), if constituent(tmp) then sprint(tmp) )$
! &quot; #  %  ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; &lt; = &gt; ? @ A B
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c
d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
</pre></div>






</dd></dl>


<a name="digitcharp"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fdigitcharp"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-digitcharp"></a>Function: <strong>digitcharp</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>  
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is a digit where only the corresponding 
US-ASCII-character is regarded as a digit.
</p>





</dd></dl>


<a name="lowercasep"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002flowercasep"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-lowercasep"></a>Function: <strong>lowercasep</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>   
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is a lowercase character. 
</p>
<p>Note: See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="newline_005fvariable"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdefvr_002fnewline"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-newline-1"></a>Variable: <strong>newline</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The newline character (ASCII-character 10). 
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="space_005fvariable"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdefvr_002fspace"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-space"></a>Variable: <strong>space</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The space character.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="tab_005fvariable"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdefvr_002ftab"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-tab"></a>Variable: <strong>tab</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>The tab character.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="unicode"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002funicode"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-unicode"></a>Function: <strong>unicode</strong> <em>(<var>arg</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns the character defined by <var>arg</var> which might be a Unicode code point 
or a name string if the underlying Lisp provides full Unicode support. 
</p>
<p>Example: Characters defined by hexadecimal code points
(Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux). 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) ibase: 16.$
(%i2) map(unicode, [24, 0A3, 20AC]);
(%o2)                            [$, &pound;, &euro;]
</pre></div>

<p>Warning: In wxMaxima with SBCL on Windows it is not possible to convert 
code points larger than 16 bit to characters when the external format 
has not been set to UTF-8. See <a href="#adjust_005fexternal_005fformat">adjust_external_format</a> for more information.
</p>

<p>CMUCL doesn&rsquo;t process code points larger than 16 bit. 
In these cases <code>unicode</code> returns <code>false</code>. 
Converting a code point to a character via UTF-8 octets may serve as a workaround: 
</p>
<p><code>octets_to_string(unicode_to_utf8(code_point));</code>
</p>

<p>See <a href="maxima_257.html#octets_005fto_005fstring">octets_to_string</a>, <a href="#unicode_005fto_005futf8">unicode_to_utf8</a>.
</p>
<p>In case the underlying Lisp provides full Unicode support the character might be 
specified by its name. The following is possible in ECL, CLISP and SBCL, 
where in SBCL on Windows the external format has to be set to UTF-8.
<code>unicode(name)</code> is supported by CMUCL too but again limited to 16 bit 
characters. 
</p>
<p>The string argument to <code>unicode</code> is basically the same string returned by 
<code>printf</code> using the &quot;~@c&quot; specifier. 
But as shown below the prefix &quot;#\&quot; must be omitted. 
Underlines might be replaced by spaces and uppercase letters by lowercase ones.
</p>
<p>Example (continued): Characters defined by names 
(Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux). 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i3) printf(false, &quot;~@c&quot;, unicode(0DF));
(%o3)                    #\LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
(%i4) unicode(&quot;LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S&quot;);
(%o4)                                  &szlig;
(%i5) unicode(&quot;Latin small letter sharp s&quot;);
(%o5)                                  &szlig;
</pre></div>





</dd></dl>

<a name="unicode_005fto_005futf8"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002funicode_005fto_005futf8"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-unicode_005fto_005futf8"></a>Function: <strong>unicode_to_utf8</strong> <em>(<var>code_point</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns a list containing the UTF-8 code corresponding to the Unicode <var>code_point</var>.
</p>
<p>Examples: Converting Unicode code points to UTF-8 and vice versa. 
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">(%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$
(%i2) map(cint, [&quot;$&quot;,&quot;&pound;&quot;,&quot;&euro;&quot;]);
(%o2)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]
(%i3) map(unicode_to_utf8, %);
(%o3)                 [[24], [0C2, 0A3], [0E2, 82, 0AC]]
(%i4) map(utf8_to_unicode, %);
(%o4)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]
</pre></div>





</dd></dl>

<a name="uppercasep"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002fuppercasep"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-uppercasep"></a>Function: <strong>uppercasep</strong> <em>(<var>char</var>)  </em></dt>
<dd>  
<p>Returns <code>true</code> if <var>char</var> is an uppercase character. 
</p>
<p>Note: See remarks on <a href="#alphacharp">alphacharp</a>.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="us_005fascii_005fonly"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdefvr_002fus_005fascii_005fonly"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-us_005fascii_005fonly"></a>Variable: <strong>us_ascii_only</strong></dt>
<dd>
<p>This option variable affects Maxima when the character encoding 
provided by the application which runs Maxima is UTF-8 but the 
external format of the Lisp reader is not equal to UTF-8. 
</p>
<p>On GNU/Linux this is true when Maxima is built with GCL 
and on Windows in wxMaxima with GCL- and SBCL-builds. 
With SBCL it is recommended to change the external format to UTF-8. 
Setting <code>us_ascii_only</code> is unnecessary then. 
See <a href="#adjust_005fexternal_005fformat">adjust_external_format</a> for details. 
</p>
<p><code>us_ascii_only</code> is <code>false</code> by default. 
Maxima itself then (i.e. in the above described situation) parses the UTF-8 encoding.
</p>
<p>When <code>us_ascii_only</code> is set to <code>true</code> it is assumed that all strings 
used as arguments to string processing functions do not contain Non-US-ASCII characters. 
Given that promise, Maxima avoids parsing UTF-8 and strings can be processed more efficiently.
</p>





</dd></dl>

<a name="utf8_005fto_005funicode"></a><a name="Item_003a-stringproc_002fdeffn_002futf8_005fto_005funicode"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-utf8_005fto_005funicode"></a>Function: <strong>utf8_to_unicode</strong> <em>(<var>list</var>) </em></dt>
<dd>
<p>Returns a Unicode code point corresponding to the <var>list</var> which must contain 
the UTF-8 encoding of a single character.
</p>
<p>Examples: See <a href="#unicode_005fto_005futf8">unicode_to_utf8</a>.
</p>




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