Protocol
--------

Clients of memcached communicate with server through TCP connections.
(A UDP interface is also available; details are below under "UDP
protocol.") A given running memcached server listens on some
(configurable) port; clients connect to that port, send commands to
the server, read responses, and eventually close the connection.

There is no need to send any command to end the session. A client may
just close the connection at any moment it no longer needs it. Note,
however, that clients are encouraged to cache their connections rather
than reopen them every time they need to store or retrieve data.  This
is because memcached is especially designed to work very efficiently
with a very large number (many hundreds, more than a thousand if
necessary) of open connections. Caching connections will eliminate the
overhead associated with establishing a TCP connection (the overhead
of preparing for a new connection on the server side is insignificant
compared to this).

There are two kinds of data sent in the memcache protocol: text lines
and unstructured data.  Text lines are used for commands from clients
and responses from servers. Unstructured data is sent when a client
wants to store or retrieve data. The server will transmit back
unstructured data in exactly the same way it received it, as a byte
stream. The server doesn't care about byte order issues in
unstructured data and isn't aware of them. There are no limitations on
characters that may appear in unstructured data; however, the reader
of such data (either a client or a server) will always know, from a
preceding text line, the exact length of the data block being
transmitted.

Text lines are always terminated by \r\n. Unstructured data is _also_
terminated by \r\n, even though \r, \n or any other 8-bit characters
may also appear inside the data. Therefore, when a client retrieves
data from a server, it must use the length of the data block (which it
will be provided with) to determine where the data block ends, and not
the fact that \r\n follows the end of the data block, even though it
does.

Keys
----

Data stored by memcached is identified with the help of a key. A key
is a text string which should uniquely identify the data for clients
that are interested in storing and retrieving it.  Currently the
length limit of a key is set at 250 characters (of course, normally
clients wouldn't need to use such long keys); the key must not include
control characters or whitespace.

Commands
--------

There are three types of commands.

Storage commands (there are six: "set", "add", "replace", "append"
"prepend" and "cas") ask the server to store some data identified by a
key. The client sends a command line, and then a data block; after
that the client expects one line of response, which will indicate
success or failure.

Retrieval commands ("get", "gets", "gat", and "gats") ask the server to
retrieve data corresponding to a set of keys (one or more keys in one
request). The client sends a command line, which includes all the
requested keys; after that for each item the server finds it sends to
the client one response line with information about the item, and one
data block with the item's data; this continues until the server
finished with the "END" response line.

All other commands don't involve unstructured data. In all of them,
the client sends one command line, and expects (depending on the
command) either one line of response, or several lines of response
ending with "END" on the last line.

A command line always starts with the name of the command, followed by
parameters (if any) delimited by whitespace. Command names are
lower-case and are case-sensitive.

Meta Commands [EXPERIMENTAL: MAY CHANGE]
-------------

Meta commands are a set of new ASCII-based commands. They follow the same
structure of the basic commands but have a new flexible feature set.
Meta commands incorporate most features available in the binary protocol, as
well as a flag system to make the commands flexible rather than having a
large number of high level commands. These commands completely replace the
usage of basic Storage and Retrieval commands.

Meta commands are EXPERIMENTAL and may change syntax as of this writing. They
are documented below the basic commands.

These work mixed with normal protocol commands on the same connection. All
existing commands continue to work. The meta commands will not replace
specialized commands that do not sit in the Storage or Retrieval categories
noted in the 'Commands' section above.

All meta commands follow a basic syntax:

<cm> <key> <flag1> <flag2> <...>\r\n

Where <cm> is a 2 character command code.

Responses look like:

<RC> <flag1> <flag2> <...>\r\n

Where <RC> is a 2 character return code. The number of flags returned are
based off of the flags supplied.

Flags are single character codes, ie 'q' or 'k' or 'I', which adjust the
behavior of the command. The flags are reflected in the response. The order of
which tokens are consumed or returned depend on the order of the flags given.
For example, a metaget with flags of 'st' would return tokens for "size" and
"TTL remaining" in that order. 'ts' would return "TTL remaining" then "size".

Flags are single character codes, ie 'q' or 'k' or 'O', which adjust the
behavior of a command. Flags may contain token arguments, which come after the
flag and before the next space or newline, ie 'Oopaque' or 'Kuserkey'. Flags
can return new data or reflect information, in the same order they were
supplied in the request. Sending an 't' flag with a get for an item with 20
seconds of TTL remaining, would return 't20' in the response.

Syntax errors are handled the same as noted under 'Error strings' section
below.

For usage examples beyond basic syntax, please see the wiki:
https://github.com/memcached/memcached/wiki/MetaCommands

Expiration times
----------------

Some commands involve a client sending some kind of expiration time
(relative to an item or to an operation requested by the client) to
the server. In all such cases, the actual value sent may either be
Unix time (number of seconds since January 1, 1970, as a 32-bit
value), or a number of seconds starting from current time. In the
latter case, this number of seconds may not exceed 60*60*24*30 (number
of seconds in 30 days); if the number sent by a client is larger than
that, the server will consider it to be real Unix time value rather
than an offset from current time.

Note that a TTL of 1 will sometimes immediately expire. Time is internally
updated on second boundaries, which makes expiration time roughly +/- 1s.
This more proportionally affects very low TTL's.

Error strings
-------------

Each command sent by a client may be answered with an error string
from the server. These error strings come in three types:

- "ERROR\r\n"

  means the client sent a nonexistent command name.

- "CLIENT_ERROR <error>\r\n"

  means some sort of client error in the input line, i.e. the input
  doesn't conform to the protocol in some way. <error> is a
  human-readable error string.

- "SERVER_ERROR <error>\r\n"

  means some sort of server error prevents the server from carrying
  out the command. <error> is a human-readable error string. In cases
  of severe server errors, which make it impossible to continue
  serving the client (this shouldn't normally happen), the server will
  close the connection after sending the error line. This is the only
  case in which the server closes a connection to a client.


In the descriptions of individual commands below, these error lines
are not again specifically mentioned, but clients must allow for their
possibility.

Authentication
--------------

Optional username/password token authentication (see -Y option). Used by
sending a fake "set" command with any key:

set <key> <flags> <exptime> <bytes>\r\n
username password\r\n

key, flags, and exptime are ignored for authentication. Bytes is the length
of the username/password payload.

- "STORED\r\n" indicates success. After this point any command should work
  normally.

- "CLIENT_ERROR [message]\r\n" will be returned if authentication fails for
  any reason.

Storage commands
----------------

First, the client sends a command line which looks like this:

<command name> <key> <flags> <exptime> <bytes> [noreply]\r\n
cas <key> <flags> <exptime> <bytes> <cas unique> [noreply]\r\n

- <command name> is "set", "add", "replace", "append" or "prepend"

  "set" means "store this data".

  "add" means "store this data, but only if the server *doesn't* already
  hold data for this key".

  "replace" means "store this data, but only if the server *does*
  already hold data for this key".

  "append" means "add this data to an existing key after existing data".

  "prepend" means "add this data to an existing key before existing data".

  The append and prepend commands do not accept flags or exptime.
  They update existing data portions, and ignore new flag and exptime
  settings.

  "cas" is a check and set operation which means "store this data but
  only if no one else has updated since I last fetched it."

- <key> is the key under which the client asks to store the data

- <flags> is an arbitrary 16-bit unsigned integer (written out in
  decimal) that the server stores along with the data and sends back
  when the item is retrieved. Clients may use this as a bit field to
  store data-specific information; this field is opaque to the server.
  Note that in memcached 1.2.1 and higher, flags may be 32-bits, instead
  of 16, but you might want to restrict yourself to 16 bits for
  compatibility with older versions.

- <exptime> is expiration time. If it's 0, the item never expires
  (although it may be deleted from the cache to make place for other
  items). If it's non-zero (either Unix time or offset in seconds from
  current time), it is guaranteed that clients will not be able to
  retrieve this item after the expiration time arrives (measured by
  server time). If a negative value is given the item is immediately
  expired.

- <bytes> is the number of bytes in the data block to follow, *not*
  including the delimiting \r\n. <bytes> may be zero (in which case
  it's followed by an empty data block).

- <cas unique> is a unique 64-bit value of an existing entry.
  Clients should use the value returned from the "gets" command
  when issuing "cas" updates.

- "noreply" optional parameter instructs the server to not send the
  reply.  NOTE: if the request line is malformed, the server can't
  parse "noreply" option reliably.  In this case it may send the error
  to the client, and not reading it on the client side will break
  things.  Client should construct only valid requests.

After this line, the client sends the data block:

<data block>\r\n

- <data block> is a chunk of arbitrary 8-bit data of length <bytes>
  from the previous line.

After sending the command line and the data block the client awaits
the reply, which may be:

- "STORED\r\n", to indicate success.

- "NOT_STORED\r\n" to indicate the data was not stored, but not
because of an error. This normally means that the
condition for an "add" or a "replace" command wasn't met.

- "EXISTS\r\n" to indicate that the item you are trying to store with
a "cas" command has been modified since you last fetched it.

- "NOT_FOUND\r\n" to indicate that the item you are trying to store
with a "cas" command did not exist.


Retrieval command:
------------------

The retrieval commands "get" and "gets" operate like this:

get <key>*\r\n
gets <key>*\r\n

- <key>* means one or more key strings separated by whitespace.

After this command, the client expects zero or more items, each of
which is received as a text line followed by a data block. After all
the items have been transmitted, the server sends the string

"END\r\n"

to indicate the end of response.

Each item sent by the server looks like this:

VALUE <key> <flags> <bytes> [<cas unique>]\r\n
<data block>\r\n

- <key> is the key for the item being sent

- <flags> is the flags value set by the storage command

- <bytes> is the length of the data block to follow, *not* including
  its delimiting \r\n

- <cas unique> is a unique 64-bit integer that uniquely identifies
  this specific item.

- <data block> is the data for this item.

If some of the keys appearing in a retrieval request are not sent back
by the server in the item list this means that the server does not
hold items with such keys (because they were never stored, or stored
but deleted to make space for more items, or expired, or explicitly
deleted by a client).


Deletion
--------

The command "delete" allows for explicit deletion of items:

delete <key> [noreply]\r\n

- <key> is the key of the item the client wishes the server to delete

- "noreply" optional parameter instructs the server to not send the
  reply.  See the note in Storage commands regarding malformed
  requests.

The response line to this command can be one of:

- "DELETED\r\n" to indicate success

- "NOT_FOUND\r\n" to indicate that the item with this key was not
  found.

See the "flush_all" command below for immediate invalidation
of all existing items.


Increment/Decrement
-------------------

Commands "incr" and "decr" are used to change data for some item
in-place, incrementing or decrementing it. The data for the item is
treated as decimal representation of a 64-bit unsigned integer.  If
the current data value does not conform to such a representation, the
incr/decr commands return an error (memcached <= 1.2.6 treated the
bogus value as if it were 0, leading to confusion). Also, the item
must already exist for incr/decr to work; these commands won't pretend
that a non-existent key exists with value 0; instead, they will fail.

The client sends the command line:

incr <key> <value> [noreply]\r\n

or

decr <key> <value> [noreply]\r\n

- <key> is the key of the item the client wishes to change

- <value> is the amount by which the client wants to increase/decrease
the item. It is a decimal representation of a 64-bit unsigned integer.

- "noreply" optional parameter instructs the server to not send the
  reply.  See the note in Storage commands regarding malformed
  requests.

The response will be one of:

- "NOT_FOUND\r\n" to indicate the item with this value was not found

- <value>\r\n , where <value> is the new value of the item's data,
  after the increment/decrement operation was carried out.

Note that underflow in the "decr" command is caught: if a client tries
to decrease the value below 0, the new value will be 0.  Overflow in
the "incr" command will wrap around the 64 bit mark.

Note also that decrementing a number such that it loses length isn't
guaranteed to decrement its returned length.  The number MAY be
space-padded at the end, but this is purely an implementation
optimization, so you also shouldn't rely on that.

Touch
-----

The "touch" command is used to update the expiration time of an existing item
without fetching it.

touch <key> <exptime> [noreply]\r\n

- <key> is the key of the item the client wishes the server to touch

- <exptime> is expiration time. Works the same as with the update commands
  (set/add/etc). This replaces the existing expiration time. If an existing
  item were to expire in 10 seconds, but then was touched with an
  expiration time of "20", the item would then expire in 20 seconds.

- "noreply" optional parameter instructs the server to not send the
  reply.  See the note in Storage commands regarding malformed
  requests.

The response line to this command can be one of:

- "TOUCHED\r\n" to indicate success

- "NOT_FOUND\r\n" to indicate that the item with this key was not
  found.

Get And Touch
-------------

The "gat" and "gats" commands are used to fetch items and update the
expiration time of an existing items.

gat <exptime> <key>*\r\n
gats <exptime> <key>*\r\n

- <exptime> is expiration time.

- <key>* means one or more key strings separated by whitespace.

After this command, the client expects zero or more items, each of
which is received as a text line followed by a data block. After all
the items have been transmitted, the server sends the string

"END\r\n"

to indicate the end of response.

Each item sent by the server looks like this:

VALUE <key> <flags> <bytes> [<cas unique>]\r\n
<data block>\r\n

- <key> is the key for the item being sent

- <flags> is the flags value set by the storage command

- <bytes> is the length of the data block to follow, *not* including
  its delimiting \r\n

- <cas unique> is a unique 64-bit integer that uniquely identifies
  this specific item.

- <data block> is the data for this item.

Meta Debug
----------

The meta debug command is a human readable dump of all available internal
metadata of an item, minus the value.

me <key>\r\n

- <key> means one key string.

The response looks like:

ME <key> <k>=<v>*\r\n

A miss looks like:

EN\r\n

Each of the keys and values are the internal data for the item.

exp   = expiration time
la    = time in seconds since last access
cas   = CAS ID
fetch = whether an item has been fetched before
cls   = slab class id
size  = total size in bytes

Others may be added.

Meta Get
--------

The meta get command is the generic command for retrieving key data from
memcached. Based on the flags supplied, it can replace all of the commands:
"get", "gets", "gat", "gats", "touch", as well as adding new options.

mg <key> <flags>*\r\n

- <key> means one key string. Unlike "get" metaget can only take a single key.

- <flags> are a set of single character codes ended with a space or newline.
  flags may have strings after the initial character.

After this command, the client expects an item to be returned, received as a
text line followed by an optional data block.

If a response line appearing in a retrieval request is not sent back
by the server this means that the server does not
have the item (because it was never stored, or stored
but deleted to make space for more items, or expired, or explicitly
deleted by a client).

An item sent by the server looks like:

VA <size> <flags>*\r\n
<data block>\r\n

- <size> is the size of <data block> in bytes, minus the \r\n

- <flags>* are tokens returned by the server, based on the flags supplied.
  They are added in order specified by the flags sent.

- <data block> is the data for this item. Note that the data block is
  optional, requiring the 'v' flag to be supplied.

If the request did not ask for a value in the response (v) flag, the server
response looks like:

OK <flags>*\r\n

If the request resulted in a miss, the response looks like:

EN\r\n

Unless the (q) flag was supplied, which suppresses the status code for a miss.

The flags used by the 'mg' command are:

- c: return item cas token
- f: return client flags token
- h: return whether item has been hit before as a 0 or 1
- k: return key as a token
- l: return time since item was last accessed in seconds
- O(token): opaque value, consumes a token and copies back with response
- q: use noreply semantics for return codes.
- s: return item size token
- t: return item TTL remaining in seconds (-1 for unlimited)
- u: don't bump the item in the LRU
- v: return item value in <data block>

These flags can modify the item:
- N(token): vivify on miss, takes TTL as a argument
- R(token): if token is less than remaining TTL win for recache
- T(token): update remaining TTL

These extra flags can be added to the response:
- W: client has "won" the recache flag
- X: item is stale
- Z: tem has already sent a winning flag

The flags are now repeated with detailed information where useful:

- h: return whether item has been hit before as a 0 or 1
- l: return time since item was last accessed in seconds

The above two flags return the value of "hit before?" and "last access time"
before the command was processed. Otherwise this would always show a 1 for
hit or always show an access time of "0" unless combined with the "u" flag.

- O(token): opaque value, consumes a token and copies back with response

The O(opaque) token is used by this and other commands to allow easier
pipelining of requests while saving bytes on the wire for responses. For
example: if pipelining three get commands together, you may not know which
response belongs to which without also retrieving the key. If the key is very
long this can generate a lot of traffic, especially if the data block is very
small. Instead, you can supply an "O" flag for each mg with tokens of "1" "2"
and "3", to match up responses to the request.

Opaque tokens may be up to 32 bytes in length, and are a string similar to
keys.

- q: use noreply semantics for return codes.

Noreply is a method of reducing the amount of data sent back by memcached to
the client for normal responses. In the case of metaget, if an item is not
available the "VA" line is normally not sent, and the response is terminated by
"EN\r\n".

With noreply enabled, the "EN\r\n" marker is suppressed. This allows you to
pipeline several mg's together and read all of the responses without the
"EN\r\n" lines in the middle.

Errors are always returned.

- u: don't bump the item in the LRU

It is possible to access an item without causing it to be "bumped" to the head
of the LRU. This also avoids marking an item as being hit or updating its last
access time.

- v: return item value in <data block>

The data block for a metaget response is optional, requiring this flag to be
passed in. The response code also changes from "OK" to "VA <size>"

These flags can modify the item:
- N(token): vivify on miss, takes TTL as a argument

Used to help with so called "dog piling" problems with recaching of popular
items. If supplied, and metaget does not find the item in cache, it will
create a stub item with the key and TTL as supplied. If such an item is
created a 'W' flag is added to the response to indicate to a client that they
have "won" the right to recache an item.

The automatically created item has 0 bytes of data.

Further requests will see a 'Z' flag to indicate that another client has
already received the win flag.

Can be combined with CAS flags to gate the update further.

- R(token): if token is less than remaining TTL win for recache

Similar to and can be combined with 'N'. If the remaining TTL of an item is
below the supplied token, return a 'W' flag to indicate the client has "won"
the right to recache an item. This allows refreshing an item before it leads to
a miss.

- T(token): update remaining TTL

Similar to "touch" and "gat" commands, updates the remaining TTL of an item if
hit.

These extra flags can be added to the response:
- W: client has "won" the recache flag

When combined with N or R flags, a client may be informed they have "won"
ownership of a cache item. This allows a single client to be atomically
notified that it should cache or update an item. Further clients requesting
the item can use the existing data block (if valid or stale), retry, wait, or
take some other action while the item is missing.

This is used when the act of recaching an item can cause undue load on another
system (CPU, database accesses, time, and so on).

- X: item is stale

Items can be marked as stale by the metadelete command. This indicates to the
client that an object needs to be updated, and that it should make a decision
o if potentially stale data is safe to use.

This is used when you want to convince clients to recache an item, but it's
safe to use pre-existing data while the recache happens.

- Z: item has already sent a winning flag

When combined with the X flag, or the client N or R flags, this extra response
flag indicates to a client that a different client is responsible for
recaching this item. If there is data supplied it may use it, or the client
may decide to retry later or take some other action.

Meta Set
--------

The meta set command a generic command for storing data to memcached. Based
on the flags supplied, it can replace all storage commands (see token M) as
well as adds new options.

ms <key> <flags>*\r\n

- <key> means one key string.

- <flags> are a set of single character codes ended with a space or newline.
  flags may have strings after the initial character.

After this line, the client sends the data block:

<data block>\r\n

- <data block> is a chunk of arbitrary 8-bit data of length supplied by an 'S'
  flag and token from the request line. If no 'S' flag is supplied the data
  is assumed to be 0 length.

After sending the command line and the data block the client awaits
the reply, which is of the format:

<CD> <flags> <tokens>*\r\n

Where CD is one of:

- "OK" (STORED), to indicate success.

- "NS" (NOT_STORED), to indicate the data was not stored, but not
because of an error.

- "EX" (EXISTS), to indicate that the item you are trying to store with
CAS semantics has been modified since you last fetched it.

- "NF" (NOT_FOUND), to indicate that the item you are trying to store
with CAS semantics did not exist.

The flags used by the 'ms' command are:

- C(token): compare CAS value when storing item
- F(token): set client flags to token (32 bit unsigned numeric)
- I: invalidate. set-to-invalid if supplied CAS is older than item's CAS
- k: return key as a token
- O(token): opaque value, consumes a token and copies back with response
- q: use noreply semantics for return codes
- S(token): size of <data block> to store
- T(token): Time-To-Live for item, see "Expiration" above.
- M(token): mode switch to change behavior to add, replace, append, prepend

The flags are now repeated with detailed information where useful:

- C(token): compare CAS value when storing item

Similar to the basic "cas" command, only store item if the supplied token
matches the current CAS value of the item. When combined with the 'I' flag, a
CAS value that is _lower_ than the current value may be accepted, but the item
will be marked as "stale", returning the X flag with mget requests.

- F(token): set client flags to token (32 bit unsigned numeric)

Sets flags to 0 if not supplied.

- I: invalid. set-to-invalid if CAS is older than it should be.

Functional when combined with 'C' flag above.

- O(token): opaque value, consumes a token and copies back with response

See description under 'Meta Get'

- q: use noreply semantics for return codes

Noreply is a method of reducing the amount of data sent back by memcached to
the client for normal responses. In the case of metaset, a response that
would start with "OK" will not be sent. Any other code, such as "EX"
(EXISTS) will still be returned.

Errors are always returned.

- M(token): mode switch. Takes a single character for the mode.

E: "add" command. LRU bump and return NS if item exists. Else
add.
A: "append" command. If item exists, append the new value to its data.
P: "prepend" command. If item exists, prepend the new value to its data.
R: "replace" command. Set only if item already exists.
S: "set" command. The default mode, added for completeness.

The "cas" command is supplanted by specifying the cas value with the 'C' flag.
Append and Prepend modes will also respect a supplied cas value.

Meta Delete
-----------

The meta delete command allows for explicit deletion of items, as well as
marking items as "stale" to allow serving items as stale during revalidation.

md <key> <flags>*\r\n

- <key> means one key string.

- <flags> are a set of single character codes ended with a space or newline.
  flags may have strings after the initial character.

The response is in the format:

<CD> <flags> <tokens>*\r\n

Where CD is one of:

- "OK" (DELETED), to indicate success

- "NF" (NOT_FOUND), to indicate that the item with this key was not found.

- "EX" (EXISTS), to indicate that the supplied CAS token does not match the
  stored item.

The flags used by the 'md' command are:

- C(token): compare CAS value
- I: invalidate. mark as stale, bumps CAS.
- k: return key
- O(token): opaque to copy back.
- q: noreply
- T(token): updates TTL, only when paired with the 'I' flag

The flags are now repeated with detailed information where useful:

- C(token): compare CAS value

Can be used to only delete or mark-stale if a supplied CAS value matches.

- I: invalidate. mark as stale, bumps CAS.

Instead of removing an item, this will give the item a new CAS value and mark
it as stale. This means when it is later fetched by metaget, the client will
be supplied an 'X' flag to show the data is stale and needs to be recached.

- O(token): opaque to copy back.

See description under 'Meta Get'

- q: noreply

See description under 'Meta Set'. In the case of meta delete, this will hide
response lines with the code "DE". It will still return any other responses.

- T(token): updates TTL, only when paired with the 'I' flag

When marking an item as stale with 'I', the 'T' flag can be used to update the
TTL as well; limiting the amount of time an item will live while stale and
waiting to be recached.

Meta Arithmetic
---------------

The meta arithmetic command allows for basic operations against numerical
values. This replaces the "incr" and "decr" commands. Values are unsigned
64bit integers. Decrementing will reach 0 rather than underflow. Incrementing
can overflow.

ma <key> <flags>*\r\n

- <key> means one key string.

- <flags> are a set of single character codes ended with a space or newline.
  flags may have strings after the initial character.

The response is in the format:

<CD> <flags> <tokens>*\r\n

Where CD is one of:

- "OK" to indicate success

- "NF" (NOT_FOUND), to indicate that the item with this key was not found.

- "NS" (NOT_STORED), to indicate that the item was not created as requested
  after a miss.

- "EX" (EXISTS), to indicate that the supplied CAS token does not match the
  stored item.

If the 'v' flag is supplied, the response is formatted as:

VA <size> <flags>*\r\n
<number>\r\n

The flags used by the 'ma' command are:

- C(token): compare CAS value (see mset)
- N(token): auto create item on miss with supplied TTL
- J(token): initial value to use if auto created after miss (default 0)
- D(token): delta to apply (decimal unsigned 64-bit number, default 1)
- T(token): update TTL on success
- M(token): mode switch to change between incr and decr modes.
- q: use noreply semantics for return codes (see details under mset)
- t: return current TTL
- c: return current CAS
- v: return new value

The flags are now repeated with detailed information where useful:

- C(token): compare CAS value

Can be used to only incr/decr if a supplied CAS value matches. A new CAS value
is generated after a delta is applied. Add the 'c' flag to get the new CAS
value after success.

- N(token): auto create item on miss with supplied TTL

Similar to mget, on a miss automatically create the item. A value can be
seeded using the J flag.

- J(token): initial value

An unsigned 64-bit integer which will be seeded as the value on a miss. Must be
combined with an N flag.

- D(token): delta to apply

An unsigned integer to either add or subtract from the currently stored
number.

- T(token): update TTL

On success, sets the remaining TTL to the supplied value.

-M(token): mode switch. Takes a single character for the mode.

I: Increment mode (default)
+: Alias for increment
D: Decrement mode
-: Alias for decrement

Meta No-Op
----------

The meta no-op command exists solely to return a static response code. It
takes no flags, no arguments.

"mn\r\n"

This returns the static response:

"MN\r\n"

This command is useful when used with the 'q' flag and pipelining commands.
For example, with 'mg' the response lines are blank on miss when the 'q' flag
is supplied. If pipelining several 'mg's together with noreply semantics, an
"mn\r\n" command can be tagged to the end of the chain, which will return an
"MN\r\n", signalling to a client that all previous commands have been
processed.

Slabs Reassign
--------------

NOTE: This command is subject to change as of this writing.

The slabs reassign command is used to redistribute memory once a running
instance has hit its limit. It might be desirable to have memory laid out
differently than was automatically assigned after the server started.

slabs reassign <source class> <dest class>\r\n

- <source class> is an id number for the slab class to steal a page from

A source class id of -1 means "pick from any valid class"

- <dest class> is an id number for the slab class to move a page to

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate the page has been scheduled to move

- "BUSY [message]" to indicate a page is already being processed, try again
  later.

- "BADCLASS [message]" a bad class id was specified

- "NOSPARE [message]" source class has no spare pages

- "NOTFULL [message]" dest class must be full to move new pages to it

- "UNSAFE [message]" source class cannot move a page right now

- "SAME [message]" must specify different source/dest ids.

Slabs Automove
--------------

NOTE: This command is subject to change as of this writing.

The slabs automove command enables a background thread which decides on its
own when to move memory between slab classes. Its implementation and options
will likely be in flux for several versions. See the wiki/mailing list for
more details.

The automover can be enabled or disabled at runtime with this command.

slabs automove <0|1>

- 0|1|2 is the indicator on whether to enable the slabs automover or not.

The response should always be "OK\r\n"

- <0> means to set the thread on standby

- <1> means to return pages to a global pool when there are more than 2 pages
  worth of free chunks in a slab class. Pages are then re-assigned back into
  other classes as-needed.

- <2> is a highly aggressive mode which causes pages to be moved every time
  there is an eviction. It is not recommended to run for very long in this
  mode unless your access patterns are very well understood.

LRU Tuning
----------

Memcached supports multiple LRU algorithms, with a few tunables. Effort is
made to have sane defaults however you are able to tune while the daemon is
running.

The traditional model is "flat" mode, which is a single LRU chain per slab
class. The newer (with `-o modern` or `-o lru_maintainer`) is segmented into
HOT, WARM, COLD. There is also a TEMP LRU. See doc/new_lru.txt for details.

lru <tune|mode|temp_ttl> <option list>

- "tune" takes numeric arguments "percent hot", "percent warm",
  "max hot factor", "max warm age factor". IE: "lru tune 10 25 0.1 2.0".
  This would cap HOT_LRU at 10% of the cache, or tail is idle longer than
  10% of COLD_LRU. WARM_LRU is up to 25% of cache, or tail is idle longer
  than 2x COLD_LRU.

- "mode" <flat|segmented>: "flat" is traditional mode. "segmented" uses
  HOT|WARM|COLD split. "segmented" mode requires `-o lru_maintainer` at start
  time. If switching from segmented to flat mode, the background thread will
  pull items from HOT|WARM into COLD queue.

- "temp_ttl" <ttl>: If TTL is less than zero, disable usage of TEMP_LRU. If
  zero or above, items set with a TTL lower than this will go into TEMP_LRU
  and be unevictable until they naturally expire or are otherwise deleted or
  replaced.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate a successful update of the settings.

- "ERROR [message]" to indicate a failure or improper arguments.

LRU_Crawler
-----------

NOTE: This command (and related commands) are subject to change as of this
writing.

The LRU Crawler is an optional background thread which will walk from the tail
toward the head of requested slab classes, actively freeing memory for expired
items. This is useful if you have a mix of items with both long and short
TTL's, but aren't accessed very often. This system is not required for normal
usage, and can add small amounts of latency and increase CPU usage.

lru_crawler <enable|disable>

- Enable or disable the LRU Crawler background thread.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate the crawler has been started or stopped.

- "ERROR [message]" something went wrong while enabling or disabling.

lru_crawler sleep <microseconds>

- The number of microseconds to sleep in between each item checked for
  expiration. Smaller numbers will obviously impact the system more.
  A value of "0" disables the sleep, "1000000" (one second) is the max.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK"

- "CLIENT_ERROR [message]" indicating a format or bounds issue.

lru_crawler tocrawl <32u>

- The maximum number of items to inspect in a slab class per run request. This
  allows you to avoid scanning all of very large slabs when it is unlikely to
  find items to expire.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK"

- "CLIENT_ERROR [message]" indicating a format or bound issue.

lru_crawler crawl <classid,classid,classid|all>

- Takes a single, or a list of, numeric classids (ie: 1,3,10). This instructs
  the crawler to start at the tail of each of these classids and run to the
  head. The crawler cannot be stopped or restarted until it completes the
  previous request.

  The special keyword "all" instructs it to crawl all slabs with items in
  them.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate successful launch.

- "BUSY [message]" to indicate the crawler is already processing a request.

- "BADCLASS [message]" to indicate an invalid class was specified.

lru_crawler metadump <classid,classid,classid|all|hash>

- Similar in function to the above "lru_crawler crawl" command, this function
  outputs one line for every valid item found in the matching slab classes.
  Similar to "cachedump", but does not lock the cache and can return all
  items, not just 1MB worth.

  if "hash" is specified instead of a classid or "all", the crawler will dump
  items by directly walking the hash table instead of the LRU's. This makes it
  more likely all items will be visited once as LRU reordering and locking can
  cause frequently accessed items to be missed.

  Lines are in "key=value key2=value2" format, with value being URI encoded
  (ie: %20 for a space).

  The exact keys available are subject to change, but will include at least:

  "key", "exp" (expiration time), "la", (last access time), "cas",
  "fetch" (if item has been fetched before).

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate successful launch.

- "BUSY [message]" to indicate the crawler is already processing a request.

- "BADCLASS [message]" to indicate an invalid class was specified.

Watchers
--------

Watchers are a way to connect to memcached and inspect what's going on
internally. This is an evolving feature so new endpoints should show up over
time.

watch <fetchers|mutations|evictions>

- Turn connection into a watcher. Options can be stacked and are
  space-separated. Logs will be sent to the watcher until it disconnects.

The response line could be one of:

- "OK" to indicate the watcher is ready to send logs.

- "ERROR [message]" something went wrong while enabling.

The response format is in "key=value key2=value2" format, for easy parsing.
Lines are prepending with "ts=" for a timestamp and "gid=" for a global ID
number of the log line. Given how logs are collected internally they may be
printed out of order. If this is important the GID may be used to put log
lines back in order.

The value of keys (and potentially other things) are "URI encoded". Since most
keys used conform to standard ASCII, this should have no effect. For keys with
less standard or binary characters, "%NN"'s are inserted to represent the
byte, ie: "n%2Cfoo" for "n,foo".

The arguments are:

- "fetchers": Currently emits logs every time an item is fetched internally.
  This means a "set" command would also emit an item_get log, as it checks for
  an item before replacing it. Multigets should also emit multiple lines.

- "mutations": Currently emits logs when an item is stored in most cases.
  Shows errors for most cases when items cannot be stored.

- "evictions": Shows some information about items as they are evicted from the
  cache. Useful in seeing if items being evicted were actually used, and which
  keys are getting removed.

Statistics
----------

The command "stats" is used to query the server about statistics it
maintains and other internal data. It has two forms. Without
arguments:

stats\r\n

it causes the server to output general-purpose statistics and
settings, documented below.  In the other form it has some arguments:

stats <args>\r\n

Depending on <args>, various internal data is sent by the server. The
kinds of arguments and the data sent are not documented in this version
of the protocol, and are subject to change for the convenience of
memcache developers.


General-purpose statistics
--------------------------

Upon receiving the "stats" command without arguments, the server sends
a number of lines which look like this:

STAT <name> <value>\r\n

The server terminates this list with the line

END\r\n

In each line of statistics, <name> is the name of this statistic, and
<value> is the data.  The following is the list of all names sent in
response to the "stats" command, together with the type of the value
sent for this name, and the meaning of the value.

In the type column below, "32u" means a 32-bit unsigned integer, "64u"
means a 64-bit unsigned integer. '32u.32u' means two 32-bit unsigned
integers separated by a colon (treat this as a floating point number).

|-----------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------|
| Name                  | Type    | Meaning                                   |
|-----------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------|
| pid                   | 32u     | Process id of this server process         |
| uptime                | 32u     | Number of secs since the server started   |
| time                  | 32u     | current UNIX time according to the server |
| version               | string  | Version string of this server             |
| pointer_size          | 32      | Default size of pointers on the host OS   |
|                       |         | (generally 32 or 64)                      |
| rusage_user           | 32u.32u | Accumulated user time for this process    |
|                       |         | (seconds:microseconds)                    |
| rusage_system         | 32u.32u | Accumulated system time for this process  |
|                       |         | (seconds:microseconds)                    |
| curr_items            | 64u     | Current number of items stored            |
| total_items           | 64u     | Total number of items stored since        |
|                       |         | the server started                        |
| bytes                 | 64u     | Current number of bytes used              |
|                       |         | to store items                            |
| max_connections       | 32u     | Max number of simultaneous connections    |
| curr_connections      | 32u     | Number of open connections                |
| total_connections     | 32u     | Total number of connections opened since  |
|                       |         | the server started running                |
| rejected_connections  | 64u     | Conns rejected in maxconns_fast mode      |
| connection_structures | 32u     | Number of connection structures allocated |
|                       |         | by the server                             |
| response_obj_oom      | 64u     | Connections closed by lack of memory      |
| response_obj_count    | 64u     | Total response objects in use             |
| response_obj_bytes    | 64u     | Total bytes used for resp. objects. is a  |
|                       |         | subset of bytes from read_buf_bytes.      |
| read_buf_count        | 64u     | Total read/resp buffers allocated         |
| read_buf_bytes        | 64u     | Total read/resp buffer bytes allocated    |
| read_buf_bytes_free   | 64u     | Total read/resp buffer bytes cached       |
| read_buf_oom          | 64u     | Connections closed by lack of memory      |
| reserved_fds          | 32u     | Number of misc fds used internally        |
| cmd_get               | 64u     | Cumulative number of retrieval reqs       |
| cmd_set               | 64u     | Cumulative number of storage reqs         |
| cmd_flush             | 64u     | Cumulative number of flush reqs           |
| cmd_touch             | 64u     | Cumulative number of touch reqs           |
| get_hits              | 64u     | Number of keys that have been requested   |
|                       |         | and found present                         |
| get_misses            | 64u     | Number of items that have been requested  |
|                       |         | and not found                             |
| get_expired           | 64u     | Number of items that have been requested  |
|                       |         | but had already expired.                  |
| get_flushed           | 64u     | Number of items that have been requested  |
|                       |         | but have been flushed via flush_all       |
| delete_misses         | 64u     | Number of deletions reqs for missing keys |
| delete_hits           | 64u     | Number of deletion reqs resulting in      |
|                       |         | an item being removed.                    |
| incr_misses           | 64u     | Number of incr reqs against missing keys. |
| incr_hits             | 64u     | Number of successful incr reqs.           |
| decr_misses           | 64u     | Number of decr reqs against missing keys. |
| decr_hits             | 64u     | Number of successful decr reqs.           |
| cas_misses            | 64u     | Number of CAS reqs against missing keys.  |
| cas_hits              | 64u     | Number of successful CAS reqs.            |
| cas_badval            | 64u     | Number of CAS reqs for which a key was    |
|                       |         | found, but the CAS value did not match.   |
| touch_hits            | 64u     | Number of keys that have been touched     |
|                       |         | with a new expiration time                |
| touch_misses          | 64u     | Number of items that have been touched    |
|                       |         | and not found                             |
| auth_cmds             | 64u     | Number of authentication commands         |
|                       |         | handled, success or failure.              |
| auth_errors           | 64u     | Number of failed authentications.         |
| idle_kicks            | 64u     | Number of connections closed due to       |
|                       |         | reaching their idle timeout.              |
| evictions             | 64u     | Number of valid items removed from cache  |
|                       |         | to free memory for new items              |
| reclaimed             | 64u     | Number of times an entry was stored using |
|                       |         | memory from an expired entry              |
| bytes_read            | 64u     | Total number of bytes read by this server |
|                       |         | from network                              |
| bytes_written         | 64u     | Total number of bytes sent by this server |
|                       |         | to network                                |
| limit_maxbytes        | size_t  | Number of bytes this server is allowed to |
|                       |         | use for storage.                          |
| accepting_conns       | bool    | Whether or not server is accepting conns  |
| listen_disabled_num   | 64u     | Number of times server has stopped        |
|                       |         | accepting new connections (maxconns).     |
| time_in_listen_disabled_us                                                  |
|                       | 64u     | Number of microseconds in maxconns.       |
| threads               | 32u     | Number of worker threads requested.       |
|                       |         | (see doc/threads.txt)                     |
| conn_yields           | 64u     | Number of times any connection yielded to |
|                       |         | another due to hitting the -R limit.      |
| hash_power_level      | 32u     | Current size multiplier for hash table    |
| hash_bytes            | 64u     | Bytes currently used by hash tables       |
| hash_is_expanding     | bool    | Indicates if the hash table is being      |
|                       |         | grown to a new size                       |
| expired_unfetched     | 64u     | Items pulled from LRU that were never     |
|                       |         | touched by get/incr/append/etc before     |
|                       |         | expiring                                  |
| evicted_unfetched     | 64u     | Items evicted from LRU that were never    |
|                       |         | touched by get/incr/append/etc.           |
| evicted_active        | 64u     | Items evicted from LRU that had been hit  |
|                       |         | recently but did not jump to top of LRU   |
| slab_reassign_running | bool    | If a slab page is being moved             |
| slabs_moved           | 64u     | Total slab pages moved                    |
| crawler_reclaimed     | 64u     | Total items freed by LRU Crawler          |
| crawler_items_checked | 64u     | Total items examined by LRU Crawler       |
| lrutail_reflocked     | 64u     | Times LRU tail was found with active ref. |
|                       |         | Items can be evicted to avoid OOM errors. |
| moves_to_cold         | 64u     | Items moved from HOT/WARM to COLD LRU's   |
| moves_to_warm         | 64u     | Items moved from COLD to WARM LRU         |
| moves_within_lru      | 64u     | Items reshuffled within HOT or WARM LRU's |
| direct_reclaims       | 64u     | Times worker threads had to directly      |
|                       |         | reclaim or evict items.                   |
| lru_crawler_starts    | 64u     | Times an LRU crawler was started          |
| lru_maintainer_juggles                                                      |
|                       | 64u     | Number of times the LRU bg thread woke up |
| slab_global_page_pool | 32u     | Slab pages returned to global pool for    |
|                       |         | reassignment to other slab classes.       |
| slab_reassign_rescues | 64u     | Items rescued from eviction in page move  |
| slab_reassign_evictions_nomem                                               |
|                       | 64u     | Valid items evicted during a page move    |
|                       |         | (due to no free memory in slab)           |
| slab_reassign_chunk_rescues                                                 |
|                       | 64u     | Individual sections of an item rescued    |
|                       |         | during a page move.                       |
| slab_reassign_inline_reclaim                                                |
|                       | 64u     | Internal stat counter for when the page   |
|                       |         | mover clears memory from the chunk        |
|                       |         | freelist when it wasn't expecting to.     |
| slab_reassign_busy_items                                                    |
|                       | 64u     | Items busy during page move, requiring a  |
|                       |         | retry before page can be moved.           |
| slab_reassign_busy_deletes                                                  |
|                       | 64u     | Items busy during page move, requiring    |
|                       |         | deletion before page can be moved.        |
| log_worker_dropped    | 64u     | Logs a worker never wrote due to full buf |
| log_worker_written    | 64u     | Logs written by a worker, to be picked up |
| log_watcher_skipped   | 64u     | Logs not sent to slow watchers.           |
| log_watcher_sent      | 64u     | Logs written to watchers.                 |
| unexected_napi_ids    | 64u     | Number of times an unexpected napi id is  |
|                       |         | is received. See doc/napi_ids.txt         |
| round_robin_fallback  | 64u     | Number of times napi id of 0 is received  |
|                       |         | resulting in fallback to round robin      |
|                       |         | thread selection. See doc/napi_ids.txt    |
|-----------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------|

Settings statistics
-------------------
CAVEAT: This section describes statistics which are subject to change in the
future.

The "stats" command with the argument of "settings" returns details of
the settings of the running memcached.  This is primarily made up of
the results of processing commandline options.

Note that these are not guaranteed to return in any specific order and
this list may not be exhaustive.  Otherwise, this returns like any
other stats command.

|-------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------|
| Name              | Type     | Meaning                                      |
|-------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------|
| maxbytes          | size_t   | Maximum number of bytes allowed in the cache |
| maxconns          | 32       | Maximum number of clients allowed.           |
| tcpport           | 32       | TCP listen port.                             |
| udpport           | 32       | UDP listen port.                             |
| inter             | string   | Listen interface.                            |
| verbosity         | 32       | 0 = none, 1 = some, 2 = lots                 |
| oldest            | 32u      | Age of the oldest honored object.            |
| evictions         | on/off   | When off, LRU evictions are disabled.        |
| domain_socket     | string   | Path to the domain socket (if any).          |
| umask             | 32 (oct) | umask for the creation of the domain socket. |
| growth_factor     | float    | Chunk size growth factor.                    |
| chunk_size        | 32       | Minimum space allocated for key+value+flags. |
| num_threads       | 32       | Number of threads (including dispatch).      |
| stat_key_prefix   | char     | Stats prefix separator character.            |
| detail_enabled    | bool     | If yes, stats detail is enabled.             |
| reqs_per_event    | 32       | Max num IO ops processed within an event.    |
| cas_enabled       | bool     | When no, CAS is not enabled for this server. |
| tcp_backlog       | 32       | TCP listen backlog.                          |
| auth_enabled_sasl | yes/no   | SASL auth requested and enabled.             |
| item_size_max     | size_t   | maximum item size                            |
| maxconns_fast     | bool     | If fast disconnects are enabled              |
| hashpower_init    | 32       | Starting size multiplier for hash table      |
| slab_reassign     | bool     | Whether slab page reassignment is allowed    |
| slab_automove     | bool     | Whether slab page automover is enabled       |
| slab_automove_ratio                                                         |
|                   | float    | Ratio limit between young/old slab classes   |
| slab_automove_window                                                        |
|                   | 32u      | Internal algo tunable for automove           |
| slab_chunk_max    | 32       | Max slab class size (avoid unless necessary) |
| hash_algorithm    | char     | Hash table algorithm in use                  |
| lru_crawler       | bool     | Whether the LRU crawler is enabled           |
| lru_crawler_sleep | 32       | Microseconds to sleep between LRU crawls     |
| lru_crawler_tocrawl                                                         |
|                   | 32u      | Max items to crawl per slab per run          |
| lru_maintainer_thread                                                       |
|                   | bool     | Split LRU mode and background threads        |
| hot_lru_pct       | 32       | Pct of slab memory reserved for HOT LRU      |
| warm_lru_pct      | 32       | Pct of slab memory reserved for WARM LRU     |
| hot_max_factor    | float    | Set idle age of HOT LRU to COLD age * this   |
| warm_max_factor   | float    | Set idle age of WARM LRU to COLD age * this  |
| temp_lru          | bool     | If yes, items < temporary_ttl use TEMP_LRU   |
| temporary_ttl     | 32u      | Items with TTL < this are marked  temporary  |
| idle_time         | 0        | Drop connections that are idle this many     |
|                   |          | seconds (0 disables)                         |
| watcher_logbuf_size                                                         |
|                   | 32u      | Size of internal (not socket) write buffer   |
|                   |          | per active watcher connected.                |
| worker_logbuf_size| 32u      | Size of internal per-worker-thread buffer    |
|                   |          | which the background thread reads from.      |
| read_obj_mem_limit| 32u      | Megabyte limit for conn. read/resp buffers.  |
| track_sizes       | bool     | If yes, a "stats sizes" histogram is being   |
|                   |          | dynamically tracked.                         |
| inline_ascii_response                                                       |
|                   | bool     | Does nothing as of 1.5.15                    |
| drop_privileges   | bool     | If yes, and available, drop unused syscalls  |
|                   |          | (see seccomp on Linux, pledge on OpenBSD)    |
| memory_file       | char     | Warm restart memory file path, if enabled    |
|-------------------+----------+----------------------------------------------|


Item statistics
---------------
CAVEAT: This section describes statistics which are subject to change in the
future.

The "stats" command with the argument of "items" returns information about
item storage per slab class. The data is returned in the format:

STAT items:<slabclass>:<stat> <value>\r\n

The server terminates this list with the line

END\r\n

The slabclass aligns with class ids used by the "stats slabs" command. Where
"stats slabs" describes size and memory usage, "stats items" shows higher
level information.

The following item values are defined as of writing.

Name                   Meaning
------------------------------
number                 Number of items presently stored in this class. Expired
                       items are not automatically excluded.
number_hot             Number of items presently stored in the HOT LRU.
number_warm            Number of items presently stored in the WARM LRU.
number_cold            Number of items presently stored in the COLD LRU.
number_temp            Number of items presently stored in the TEMPORARY LRU.
age_hot                Age of the oldest item in HOT LRU.
age_warm               Age of the oldest item in WARM LRU.
age                    Age of the oldest item in the LRU.
mem_requested          Number of bytes requested to be stored in this LRU[*]
evicted                Number of times an item had to be evicted from the LRU
                       before it expired.
evicted_nonzero        Number of times an item which had an explicit expire
                       time set had to be evicted from the LRU before it
                       expired.
evicted_time           Seconds since the last access for the most recent item
                       evicted from this class. Use this to judge how
                       recently active your evicted data is.
outofmemory            Number of times the underlying slab class was unable to
                       store a new item. This means you are running with -M or
                       an eviction failed.
tailrepairs            Number of times we self-healed a slab with a refcount
                       leak. If this counter is increasing a lot, please
                       report your situation to the developers.
reclaimed              Number of times an entry was stored using memory from
                       an expired entry.
expired_unfetched      Number of expired items reclaimed from the LRU which
                       were never touched after being set.
evicted_unfetched      Number of valid items evicted from the LRU which were
                       never touched after being set.
evicted_active         Number of valid items evicted from the LRU which were
                       recently touched but were evicted before being moved to
                       the top of the LRU again.
crawler_reclaimed      Number of items freed by the LRU Crawler.
lrutail_reflocked      Number of items found to be refcount locked in the
                       LRU tail.
moves_to_cold          Number of items moved from HOT or WARM into COLD.
moves_to_warm          Number of items moved from COLD to WARM.
moves_within_lru       Number of times active items were bumped within
                       HOT or WARM.
direct_reclaims        Number of times worker threads had to directly pull LRU
                       tails to find memory for a new item.
hits_to_hot
hits_to_warm
hits_to_cold
hits_to_temp           Number of get_hits to each sub-LRU.

Note this will only display information about slabs which exist, so an empty
cache will return an empty set.

* Items are stored in a slab that is the same size or larger than the
  item.  mem_requested shows the size of all items within a
  slab. (total_chunks * chunk_size) - mem_requested shows memory
  wasted in a slab class.  If you see a lot of waste, consider tuning
  the slab factor.


Item size statistics
--------------------
CAVEAT: This section describes statistics which are subject to change in the
future.

The "stats" command with the argument of "sizes" returns information about the
general size and count of all items stored in the cache.
WARNING: In versions prior to 1.4.27 this command causes the cache server to
lock while it iterates the items. 1.4.27 and greater are safe.

The data is returned in the following format:

STAT <size> <count>\r\n

The server terminates this list with the line

END\r\n

'size' is an approximate size of the item, within 32 bytes.
'count' is the amount of items that exist within that 32-byte range.

This is essentially a display of all of your items if there was a slab class
for every 32 bytes. You can use this to determine if adjusting the slab growth
factor would save memory overhead. For example: generating more classes in the
lower range could allow items to fit more snugly into their slab classes, if
most of your items are less than 200 bytes in size.

In 1.4.27 and after, this feature must be manually enabled.

A "stats" command with the argument of "sizes_enable" will enable the
histogram at runtime. This has a small overhead to every store or delete
operation. If you don't want to incur this, leave it off.

A "stats" command with the argument of "sizes_disable" will disable the
histogram.

It can also be enabled at starttime with "-o track_sizes"

If disabled, "stats sizes" will return:

STAT sizes_status disabled\r\n

"stats sizes_enable" will return:

STAT sizes_status enabled\r\n

"stats sizes_disable" will return:

STAT sizes_status disabled\r\n

If an error happens, it will return:

STAT sizes_status error\r\n
STAT sizes_error [error_message]\r\n

CAVEAT: If CAS support is disabled, you cannot enable/disable this feature at
runtime.

Slab statistics
---------------
CAVEAT: This section describes statistics which are subject to change in the
future.

The "stats" command with the argument of "slabs" returns information about
each of the slabs created by memcached during runtime. This includes per-slab
information along with some totals. The data is returned in the format:

STAT <slabclass>:<stat> <value>\r\n
STAT <stat> <value>\r\n

The server terminates this list with the line

END\r\n

|-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| Name            | Meaning                                                  |
|-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| chunk_size      | The amount of space each chunk uses. One item will use   |
|                 | one chunk of the appropriate size.                       |
| chunks_per_page | How many chunks exist within one page. A page by         |
|                 | default is less than or equal to one megabyte in size.   |
|                 | Slabs are allocated by page, then broken into chunks.    |
| total_pages     | Total number of pages allocated to the slab class.       |
| total_chunks    | Total number of chunks allocated to the slab class.      |
| get_hits        | Total number of get requests serviced by this class.     |
| cmd_set         | Total number of set requests storing data in this class. |
| delete_hits     | Total number of successful deletes from this class.      |
| incr_hits       | Total number of incrs modifying this class.              |
| decr_hits       | Total number of decrs modifying this class.              |
| cas_hits        | Total number of CAS commands modifying this class.       |
| cas_badval      | Total number of CAS commands that failed to modify a     |
|                 | value due to a bad CAS id.                               |
| touch_hits      | Total number of touches serviced by this class.          |
| used_chunks     | How many chunks have been allocated to items.            |
| free_chunks     | Chunks not yet allocated to items, or freed via delete.  |
| free_chunks_end | Number of free chunks at the end of the last allocated   |
|                 | page.                                                    |
| active_slabs    | Total number of slab classes allocated.                  |
| total_malloced  | Total amount of memory allocated to slab pages.          |
|-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------|


Connection statistics
---------------------
The "stats" command with the argument of "conns" returns information
about currently active connections and about sockets that are listening
for new connections. The data is returned in the format:

STAT <file descriptor>:<stat> <value>\r\n

The server terminates this list with the line

END\r\n

The following "stat" keywords may be present:

|---------------------+------------------------------------------------------|
| Name                | Meaning                                              |
|---------------------+------------------------------------------------------|
| addr                | The address of the remote side. For listening        |
|                     | sockets this is the listen address. Note that some   |
|                     | socket types (such as UNIX-domain) don't have        |
|                     | meaningful remote addresses.                         |
| listen_addr         | The address of the server. This field is absent      |
|                     | for listening sockets.                               |
| state               | The current state of the connection. See below.      |
| secs_since_last_cmd | The number of seconds since the most recently        |
|                     | issued command on the connection. This measures      |
|                     | the time since the start of the command, so if       |
|                     | "state" indicates a command is currently executing,  |
|                     | this will be the number of seconds the current       |
|                     | command has been running.                            |
|---------------------+------------------------------------------------------|

The value of the "state" stat may be one of the following:

|----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------|
| Name           | Meaning                                                   |
|----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------|
| conn_closing   | Shutting down the connection.                             |
| conn_listening | Listening for new connections or a new UDP request.       |
| conn_mwrite    | Writing a complex response, e.g., to a "get" command.     |
| conn_new_cmd   | Connection is being prepared to accept a new command.     |
| conn_nread     | Reading extended data, typically for a command such as    |
|                | "set" or "put".                                           |
| conn_parse_cmd | The server has received a command and is in the middle    |
|                | of parsing it or executing it.                            |
| conn_read      | Reading newly-arrived command data.                       |
| conn_swallow   | Discarding excess input, e.g., after an error has         |
|                | occurred.                                                 |
| conn_waiting   | A partial command has been received and the server is     |
|                | waiting for the rest of it to arrive (note the difference |
|                | between this and conn_nread).                             |
| conn_write     | Writing a simple response (anything that doesn't involve  |
|                | sending back multiple lines of response data).            |
|----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------|

TLS statistics
--------------

TLS is a compile-time opt-in feature available in versions 1.5.13 and later.
When compiled with TLS support and TLS termination is enabled at runtime, the
following additional statistics are available via the "stats" command.

|--------------------------------+----------+--------------------------------|
| Name                           | Type     | Meaning                        |
|--------------------------------+----------+--------------------------------|
| ssl_handshake_errors           | 64u      | Number of times the server has |
|                                |          | encountered an OpenSSL error   |
|                                |          | during handshake (SSL_accept). |
| ssl_new_sessions               | 64u      | When SSL session caching is    |
|                                |          | enabled, the number of newly   |
|                                |          | created server-side sessions.  |
|                                |          | Available only when compiled   |
|                                |          | with OpenSSL 1.1.1 or newer.   |
| time_since_server_cert_refresh | 32u      | Number of seconds that have    |
|                                |          | elapsed since the last time    |
|                                |          | certs were reloaded from disk. |
|--------------------------------+----------+--------------------------------|


Other commands
--------------

"flush_all" is a command with an optional numeric argument. It always
succeeds, and the server sends "OK\r\n" in response (unless "noreply"
is given as the last parameter). Its effect is to invalidate all
existing items immediately (by default) or after the expiration
specified.  After invalidation none of the items will be returned in
response to a retrieval command (unless it's stored again under the
same key *after* flush_all has invalidated the items). flush_all
doesn't actually free all the memory taken up by existing items; that
will happen gradually as new items are stored. The most precise
definition of what flush_all does is the following: it causes all
items whose update time is earlier than the time at which flush_all
was set to be executed to be ignored for retrieval purposes.

The intent of flush_all with a delay, was that in a setting where you
have a pool of memcached servers, and you need to flush all content,
you have the option of not resetting all memcached servers at the
same time (which could e.g. cause a spike in database load with all
clients suddenly needing to recreate content that would otherwise
have been found in the memcached daemon).

The delay option allows you to have them reset in e.g. 10 second
intervals (by passing 0 to the first, 10 to the second, 20 to the
third, etc. etc.).

"cache_memlimit" is a command with a numeric argument. This allows runtime
adjustments of the cache memory limit. It returns "OK\r\n" or an error (unless
"noreply" is given as the last parameter). If the new memory limit is higher
than the old one, the server may start requesting more memory from the OS. If
the limit is lower, and slabs_reassign+automove are enabled, free memory may
be released back to the OS asynchronously.

The argument is in megabytes, not bytes. Input gets multiplied out into
megabytes internally.

"shutdown" is a command with an optional argument used to stop memcached with
a kill signal. By default, "shutdown" alone raises SIGINT, though "graceful"
may be specified as the single argument to instead trigger a graceful shutdown
with SIGUSR1. The shutdown command is disabled by default, and can be enabled
with the -A/--enable-shutdown flag.

"version" is a command with no arguments:

version\r\n

In response, the server sends

"VERSION <version>\r\n", where <version> is the version string for the
server.

"verbosity" is a command with a numeric argument. It always succeeds,
and the server sends "OK\r\n" in response (unless "noreply" is given
as the last parameter). Its effect is to set the verbosity level of
the logging output.

"quit" is a command with no arguments:

quit\r\n

Upon receiving this command, the server closes the
connection. However, the client may also simply close the connection
when it no longer needs it, without issuing this command.

Security restrictions
---------------------

In the debug build the following commands are available for testing the
security restrictions:

"misbehave" is a command with no arguments:

misbehave\r\n

This command causes the worker thread to attempt a) opening a new socket, and
b) executing a shell command. If either one is successful, an error is
returned. Otherwise memcached returns OK.
The check is available only in Linux builds with seccomp enabled.


UDP protocol
------------

For very large installations where the number of clients is high enough
that the number of TCP connections causes scaling difficulties, there is
also a UDP-based interface. The UDP interface does not provide guaranteed
delivery, so should only be used for operations that aren't required to
succeed; typically it is used for "get" requests where a missing or
incomplete response can simply be treated as a cache miss.

Each UDP datagram contains a simple frame header, followed by data in the
same format as the TCP protocol described above. In the current
implementation, requests must be contained in a single UDP datagram, but
responses may span several datagrams. (The only common requests that would
span multiple datagrams are huge multi-key "get" requests and "set"
requests, both of which are more suitable to TCP transport for reliability
reasons anyway.)

The frame header is 8 bytes long, as follows (all values are 16-bit integers
in network byte order, high byte first):

0-1 Request ID
2-3 Sequence number
4-5 Total number of datagrams in this message
6-7 Reserved for future use; must be 0

The request ID is supplied by the client. Typically it will be a
monotonically increasing value starting from a random seed, but the client
is free to use whatever request IDs it likes. The server's response will
contain the same ID as the incoming request. The client uses the request ID
to differentiate between responses to outstanding requests if there are
several pending from the same server; any datagrams with an unknown request
ID are probably delayed responses to an earlier request and should be
discarded.

The sequence number ranges from 0 to n-1, where n is the total number of
datagrams in the message. The client should concatenate the payloads of the
datagrams for a given response in sequence number order; the resulting byte
stream will contain a complete response in the same format as the TCP
protocol (including terminating \r\n sequences).